palliative care of head and neck oncology patients magdy amin riad professor of otolaryngology. ain...
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Palliative care of Head and neck Oncology patients
Magdy Amin Riad
Professor of Otolaryngology . Ain Shams University
Senior Lecturer in Otolaryngology. University of Dundee
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Symptom management
• Breaking difficult news.
• Pain control.
• Hydration and feeding.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Confusion , withdrawal , anxiety or anger.
• Unexpected deterioration.
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Breaking difficult news
• SettingCorridors are not appropriateTime and placeprivacy• UnderstandingLanguageHearingAnxiety
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Breaking difficult news
• What do they knowMost people have already guessed the seriousness
Denial
• Knowing moreCheck before volunteering
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Breaking difficult news
• Warn – pause – check
We found something abnormal
Pause to see response
Check if patient want to know more
Repeat with every statement
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Breaking difficult news
• More help
Difficult questions have to be answered immediately
Acknowledge the importance of the question
Check why the question is being asked
Being honest about uncertainty is acceptable
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Diagnosing pain
• At rest.
• Related to movement.
• Persisting pain
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Pain at rest
• On inspiration?
Exclude pleurisy
= NSAID
Intercostal block for pain localised to 1-3 dermatomes
Exclude rib metastases
=Consider radiotherapy
Nerve block , .
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Pain at rest
• Periodic?
Exclude colic from bowel , bladder or ureter.
=Buscopan 10-20 mg SC
+/- NSAID (diclofenac ) 75 mg IM or
100 mg PR
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Pain at rest
• Related to eating?
Exclude dental ,pharyngeal or peptic diseases.
Dental
= appropriate dental care.
Oropharyngeal ulcers
=Difflam or antiseptic mouthwash
Peptic
= ranitidine or omeprazole
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Pain at rest
• Localised to dermatome ?Exclude nerve compression .
= opioid
Exclude skeletal instability (e.g. vertebral collapse)
= immobilise
Exclude bone metastases
= dexamethasone 8 mg /day + opioid
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Pain related to movement
• Active movement only?
Muscle strain or spasm
= inject trigger point with 3-5ml bupivacaine
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Pain related to movement
• Slightest passive movement?
Exclude a fracture
=immobilise
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Pain related to movement
• By bone strain or pressure?
Exclude bone metastases
= dexamethasone 8 mg/ daily or nerve block
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Persisting pain
• Analgesic inappropriate.
• Analgesic incorrectly administered.
• Poor compliance.
• Depression.
• Unresolved fear or anger.
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Pain Scales
• Number ScaleDescribe your pain using a number from 0 to 10:0= No Pain and 10= The worst pain you've ever had.
• Word ScaleDescribe the pain using the words that best tell us how much you hurt:No pain; Mild; Moderate; Severe; Very severe; or Worst possible pain.
• Faces ScalePlace an X or point to the face that shows how much you hurt
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Some pain medications commonly used include:
• Acetaminophen - Commonly known by its brand name, Tylenol. It takes care of mild to moderate pain. It usually has very few side effects.
• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) - Aspirin and ibuprofen (Motrin), are some NSAIDs you may know. They are commonly used to reduce or prevent swelling. Some NSAIDs are available only by prescription. Others can be purchased over the counter. NSAIDs may not be the best choice for everyone because of some of their side effects.
• Narcotic Analgesics - Also called opiates. These include morphine, hydromorphone, meperidine, codeine, and oxycodone. Some narcotics are commonly combined with acetaminophen. These include Tylenol #3, Percocet, and Lortab. Narcotics are available only by prescription. Side effects may include drowsiness, stomach upset, nausea, itching, and constipation. Stool softeners or laxatives may be given if narcotics are used for more than a few days. Don't drink alcoholic beverages while taking narcotics.
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How are pain medications given?
• Pain medications are given several ways. They may be given by mouth, or through the nose or rectum. Some may be given by injection or infusion. In some cases., Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) may be used. With the use of PCA, you control a pump that gives you a small dose of medication every 10-15 minutes. When pain medications are given by epidural route, medication is given through a very small tube into the spinal column. Finally, pain relief may be provided by administering local anesthetics through a very small tube next to a nerve bundle, into a joint or directly into the surgical incision
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Pain killers in advanced disease
WHO analgesic staircase
• Paracitamol
• Codeine or dihydrocodiene
• Oral morphine Start by 10mg/day up to 600 mg /day ,median 120mg
• Titrate opioids.50% increase every third day.
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Hydration and feeding
• Anxiety and depression.
• Swallowing problems.
• Orientation , confusion.
• Constipation.
• Nausea and vomiting
• Drugs causing nausea , gastric stasis
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Hydration and feeding
• IV Infusions
1-3 litres day , for few days
• Nasogastric tubes.
1-3 weeks
• PEG tubes.
Long term feeding
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Nausea and vomiting
• Regurgitation.Inappropriate tube feedingPharyng-oesphageal obstruction
• Delayed gastric emptying.Metoclopramide10-20 mg /8 hours
• Raised intracranial pressure. Cyclizine 50 mg/8hours
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Nausea and vomiting
• Chemical causes.
Hypercalcaemia
Morphine
• Bowel obstruction.
Treat obstruction if possible
If inoperable start cyclizine 150 mg/day SC infusion
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Agitation
• Do not leave patient unattended.
• Ensure environment is safe.
• Do not use opioids to treat agitation.
• Hypoxia should be excluded .100% Oxygen via facemask
• Midazolam 2-10 mg IV or 5mg IM until settled
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Confusion
• Memory failureDementiaCerebral tumour
• Change in alertness.DrugsHypercalcaemiaCardiacPulmonarySubdural
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Confusion
Hallucinations.
Altered behaviour
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The withdrawn patient
• Usual behaviour
• Refusing help
• Confusion
• Fears ,guilt or shame.
• Clinical depression.
• Organic cause
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The withdrawn patient
• Usual behaviourOffer tome to establish trust
• Refusing helpTheir rightAcknowledge refusal and offer help in future
• Confusion
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The withdrawn patient
• Fears ,guilt or shame.
• Clinical depression.
Persistent low mood for>4weeks , for>50% of time
4 other depressive symptoms (early morning rise, diurnal variation, hopelessness..)
Lofepramine 70 mg at night up to 140 mg
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The withdrawn patient
• Organic cause
Parkinson’s
Severe fatigue
Drugs causing Parkinson’s like symptoms
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The angry patient
• Appropriateness of anger.
• Escalating anger.
• Depression
• Persisting anger.
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The angry patient
• Appropriateness of anger.
Explore cause
Show understanding without being defensive
Apologise if it is your fault
Do not apologise for others
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The angry patient
• Escalating anger
If anger is not defusing or worsening :Position yourself near exit doorSet limitsIf patient cannot accept limits =pathological angerStop interview and leave immediately
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The angry patient
• Depression
Anger can be a feature
• Persisting anger.
Consider specialist help
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Unexpected deterioration
• Drugs are the cause.
• Uncertainty about treatment.
• Comfort only.
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Unexpected deterioration
• Drugs are the cause.
Check medicationsCheck any recent additionsReduce dose
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Unexpected deterioration
• Uncertainty about treatment.
Review plans
Hour by hour deterioration review every 3 hours
Day by day deterioration review every 3 days
Further deterioration consider treatment for comfort only
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Unexpected deterioration
Comfort onlyRapid deteriorationIrreversible causeVery short prognosisPatient refusing treatment
Sedation if agitatedAnalgesia if in painSupport patient and family +/-staff
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End-of-life Care Just as Important as Cures
• Being able to have a peaceful death with dignity can be among the positive milestones in the cycle of life
• Studies show that up to 88 percent of people in our country want to die at home surrounded by their loved ones. Yet the reality is that only about one in four people have a peaceful death at home or in a hospice setting
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