paladin , pic-clor 60®, and pic-clor 80® (chloropicrin ... · paladin ®, pic-clor 60 ®, and...
TRANSCRIPT
Paladin®, Pic-Clor 60®, and Pic-Clor 80® (Chloropicrin): Drip- and Shank-applied
under Retentive Film for Strawberry
Production in California
USDA-Pacific Area-Wide Methyl Bromide Alternatives Program
Mona Othman, Shachaf Dotan, Jonathan Hunzie, and Husein Ajwa
University of California Davis, Salinas
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) EPA Registration was granted in 2010
(Arkema and United Phosphorus, Inc.) Applied only under VIF/TIF Used as a flavoring for an onion or garlic taste
in some processed cheese and meat (0.02-10 ppm) Efficacy/formulation??
Paladin: a new soil fumigant
ODOR
DMDS (PALADIN® ) has a strong, objectionable odor which can be detected at concentrations significantly below the levels that can potentially cause harm. The odor is a garlic-like or natural gas and may be confused with the odor of or propane leak.
Minimum tarp removal on the label is 14 days. With VIF/TIF tarps and for odor mitigation, minimum tarp removal is based on soil temp and the plant back chart.
Laboratory dose-response studies
80% inhibitory concentration (MIC80)
Soil
fumigant
Application rate to control 80% of pathogens population (lbs/ac)
Fusarium
Oxysporum
Pythium
ultimum
Rhizoctonia
solani
Tylenchulus
semipenetrans
Verticillium
dahlia
DMDS:Pic
(79:21) 288 144 432 72 370
MBr:Pic
(50:50) 150 75 300 38 275
Marketable yield
(g/plant)
Total yield
(g/plant)
Treatments (lbs/acre)
Relative to MBr/Pic %
Relative to MBr/Pic %
Untreated (VIF) 73 76
Paladin 79/21 @ 40 gpa (VIF) 96 96
Paladin 79/21 @ 50 gpa (VIF) 92 94
Paladin pure @ 51 gpa (VIF) 97 97
Paladin 79/21 @ 60 gpa (VIF) 95 96
PIC60 200 (VIF) 90 92
PIC60 200 fb metam (VIF) 103 103
Pic60 300 (Std) 97 97
PIC60 300 fb metam (Std) 98 99
P value = .001 P value = .001
Yield from Drip Applied Paladin and Pic Treatments in Salinas-September 2011
Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of DMDS+chloropicrin and chloropicrin+1,3-D formulations and application rates for strawberry yield and weed control under virtually impermeable films (VIF) and totally impermeable film (TIF).
Drip research area each bed is 100 feet long, each
treatment 4 beds
Shank research area
each treatment is 3 passes, each pass 11 ft wide and 280 ft long
Salina’s Research Site
Sand 67%, silt 19.25%, clay13.75%, organic matter 1.2%. pH 7.12, average soil temperature 65F.
Materials and Methods
Shank treatments were applied on October 15, 2011.
Drip treatments were applied on November 1, 2011.
Fumigants were applied under standard tarp (Std), TIF, or VIF.
Shank-applied Treatments
Treatment lbs/acre
Pic + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 60 + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 60 +Standard Film 300
Pic-Clor 80 + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 80 +Standard Film 300
Paladin 70:30 280,345,350
Paladin 65:35 260,383
Paladin 79:21 378,500
Paladin 60:40 450
Paladin50:50 400
MeBr (57:43) +Standard Film 350
Broadcast shank application
Drip-applied Treatments Pic-Clor 60 EC TIF 200
Pic-Clor 60 EC STD 300
Pic-Clor 80 EC TIF 200
Pic-Clor 80 EC STD 300
Pic-Clor 60 EC TIF 350
Pic-Clor 60 EC VIF 350
Pic EC TIF 250
Pic EC VIF 250
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 400
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 450
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 500
Paladin 65/35 EC VIF 400
Paladin 65/35 EC VIF 450
Paladin 79/21 EC VIF 478
Paladin 65/35 EC TIF 300
Paladin 65/35 EC TIF 400
Paladin 60/40 EC TIF 300
Paladin 60/40 EC TIF 400
Paladin 50/50 EC TIF 300
Paladin 79/21 EC TIF 383
Methods
Drip fumigation was done with two drip tapes per bed
Beds were tarped with VIF and TIF
Methods
Strawberry plants (Albion variety) were transplanted four weeks after the applications. November 26, 2011.
Weed evaluations were made prior to weeding activity throughout the growing season.
Methods
Fruit harvested weekly and graded as marketable and nonmarketable yield.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dia
me
ter
(in
ch
es)
Early Season Plant Diameter under TIF, March 2012
No significant difference due to treatment or plastic were found in plant diameter
Yield from Pic-Clor 60 and Pic-Clor 80 Broadcast shank injection, Salinas, CA 2012
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Untreated MeBr (57:43)+Standard
Film
Pic + TIF300lbs
Pic-Clor 60 +TIF 300lbs
Pic-Clor 60+StandardFilm 300lbs
Pic-Clor 80 +TIF 300lbs
Pic-Clor 80+StandardFilm 300lbs
To
tal
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
P=.02
Yields from Paladin broadcast shank injection in Salinas, CA 2012
200
400
600
800
1000
To
tal
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
Total Yields from Paladin Drip Application in Salinas, CA 2012
Treatment Plastic
Yield (g/plant) Treatment Plastic
Yield (g/plant)
Control TIF 846 Control VIF 840
Pic EC 250 lbs TIF 1007 Pic EC 250 lbs VIF 965
Pic-Clor 60 EC 350 lbs TIF 985 Pic-Clor 60 EC 350 lbs VIF 1018
Pic-Clor 60 EC 200 lbs TIF 855 Pic-Clor 60 EC 300 lbs std 918
Pic-Clor 80 EC 200 lbs TIF 934 Pic-Clor 80 EC 300 lbs std 952
Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs TIF 1075 Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs VIF 993
Paladin 79/21 EC 383 lbs TIF 967 Paladin 79/21 EC 478 lbs VIF 1019
Paladin 60/40 EC 400 lbs TIF 1036 Paladin 65/35 EC 450 lbs VIF 1018
Paladin 60/40 EC 300 TIF 998 Paladin 70/30 EC 500 lbs VIF 989
Paladin 50/50 EC 300 lbs TIF 975 Paladin 70/30 EC 450 lbs VIF 1017
Paladin 65/35 EC 300 lbs TIF 952 Paladin 70/30 EC 400 lbs VIF 994
P=.03, due to treatments
Selected Weeds in Salinas
Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), Lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp).
Weed Density from Shank Application Treatments Salinas, CA 2012
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
(ct/
acre
)/1
00
0
Weed Density from Drip Application Treatments Salinas, CA 2012
Treatment Plastic Total
Weed/Acre (1000)
Tratment Plastic Total
Weed/Acre (1000)
Untreated TIF 39.5 Untreated VIF 50.3
Pic-Clor 60 EC 200 lbs TIF 9.6 Pic-Clor 60 EC 300 lbs Std 24.4
Pic-Clor 80 EC 200 lbs TIF 7.5 Pic-Clor 80 EC 300 lbs Std 18.8
Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs TIF 16.6 Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs VIF 11.8
Paladin 79/21 EC 383 lbs TIF 12.6 Paladin 79/21 EC 478 lbs VIF 15.1
Paladin 60/40 EC 400 lbs TIF 8.0 Paladin 65/35 EC 450 lbs VIF 16.6
Paladin 60/40 EC 300 TIF 13.6 Paladin 70/30 EC 500 lbs VIF 18.6
Paladin 65/35 EC 300 lbs TIF 14.8 Paladin 70/30 EC 450 lbs VIF 26.6
Paladin 50/50 EC 300 lbs TIF 15.8 Paladin 70/30 EC 400 lbs VIF 26.6
Summary
No phytotoxicity or plant mortality was observed in any of the treatments. Maximum yields were obtained with Paladin 50/50 @400 lbs/ac, Paladin 60/40 @450 lbs/ac, and Paladin 79/21 @500 lbs/ac.
Undergoing research on shank and drip applications.
Thank you very much