pakistani society

8/2/2019 Pakistani Society

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Pakistan - Society

Pakistan

PAKISTANI SOCIETY IS ETHNICALLY DIVERSE yet overwe!"in#!y $%s!i"& It is !ar#e!y r%ra! yet

'eset 'y te (ro'!e"s o) y(er%r'ani*a+on& Since its in,e(en,ence in ./01 Pakistan as

en2oye, a ro'%st an, e3(an,in# econo"y--te avera#e (er ca(ita inco"e in te "i,-..4s

a((roace, te transi+on !ine se(ara+n# !ow-inco"e )ro" "i,,!e-inco"e co%ntries--'%t wea!t

is (oor!y ,istri'%te,& A "i,,!e-c!ass is e"er#in#1 '%t a narrow strat%" o) e!ite )a"i!ies "aintains

e3tre"e!y ,is(ro(or+onate contro! over te na+on5s wea!t1 an, a!"ost one-tir, o) a!!

Pakistanis !ive in (overty& It is a "a!e-,o"inate, society in wic socia! ,eve!o("ent as !a##e,

consi,era'!y 'ein, econo"ic can#e1 as revea!e, 'y s%c cri+ca! in,icators as sanita+on1

access to ea!t care1 an, !iteracy1 es(ecia!!y a"on# )e"a!es& Increasin# (o(%!a+on (ress%re on

!i"ite, reso%rces1 to#eter wit tis (a6ern o) socia! an, econo"ic ine7%ity1 was ca%sin#

increase, ,is7%iet%,e witin te society in te ear!y ..4s&

Pakistan was create, in ./01 as a o"e!an, )or $%s!i"s in So%t Asia1 an, a'o%t .0 (ercent o)

Pakistanis are $%s!i"& Te )o%n,ers o) Pakistan o(e, tat re!i#ion wo%!, (rovi,e a coerent

)oc%s )or na+ona! i,en+ty1 a )oc%s tat wo%!, s%(erse,e te co%ntry5s consi,era'!e etnic an,

!in#%is+c varia+ons& A!to%# tis as(ira+on as not 'een co"(!ete!y )%!8!!e,1 Is!a" as 'een a

(ervasive (resence in Pakistani society1 an, ,e'ate con+n%es a'o%t its a((ro(riate ro!e in

na+ona! civic !i)e& D%rin# te ..4s1 Is!a"ic ,isco%rse as 'een !ess (ro"inent in (o!i+ca!

controversy1 '%t te ro!e tat Is!a"ic !aw so%!, (!ay in te co%ntry5s a9airs an, #overnancere"ains an i"(ortant iss%e&

Tere is i""ense re#iona! ,iversity in Pakistan& Pakt%ns1 :a!oc1 P%n2a'is1 an, Sin,is are a!!

$%s!i"1 yet tey ave ,iverse c%!t%ra! tra,i+ons an, s(eak ,i9erent !an#%a#es& Etnic1 re#iona!1

an,--a'ove a!!--)a"i!y !oya!+es 8#%re )ar "ore (ro"inent!y )or te avera#e in,ivi,%a! tan ,o

na+ona! !oya!+es& P%n2a'is1 te "ost n%"ero%s etnic #ro%(1 (re,o"inate in te centra!

#overn"ent an, te "i!itary& :a!oc1 Pakt%ns1 an, Sin,is 8n, te P%n2a'i (re(on,erance at

o,,s wit teir own as(ira+ons )or (rovincia! a%tono"y& Etnic "i3in# witin eac (rovince

)%rter co"(!icates socia! an, (o!i+ca! re!a+ons&

E3(ecta+ons a, 'een raise, 'y te ret%rn o) ,e"ocracy to Pakistan in .;; a


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(ar+c%!ar!y tose concernin# wo"en an, te environ"ent1 ass%"e, a "ore centra! ro!e in

(%'!ic !i)e& As 'i!atera! an, "%!+!atera! ,eve!o("ent assistance as ,win,!e,1 non#overn"enta!

or#ani*a+ons >N?Os@ co""i6e, to econo"ic an, socia! ,eve!o("ent ave e"er#e, an, 'e#%n

to take on i"(ortant res(onsi'i!i+es& Nonete!ess1 te (ro'!e"s tat con)ront Pakistan (ose a

si#ni8cant treat to its coesion an, )%t%re&

Socio!o#ists s(eak o) a !oss o) a sense o) socia! contract a"on# Pakistanis tat as a,verse!y

a9ecte, te co%ntry5s in)rastr%ct%re te econo"y1 te e,%ca+on syste"1 te #overn"ent

'%rea%cracy1 an, even te arts& As (o(%!a+on (ress%re increases1 te )ai!%re o) te (o(%!ace to

,eve!o( a sense o) (%'!ic!y co""i6e, ci+*ensi( 'eco"es "ore an, "ore si#ni8cant& Te se!)-

centere,ness a'o%t wic e,%cator Is+a7 H%sain B%resi co"(!aine, soon a


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in te ..4s vi,eocasse6e recor,ers >)or (!ayin# Hin,i 8!"s@1 !oca!!y "an%)act%re, Ga(anese

S%*%ki cars1 an, Ka!asnikov ries& A!to%# te "a2ority o) te (eo(!e s+!! resi,e in vi!!a#es1

tey increasin#!y take socia! c%es )ro" ci+es& Vi,eocasse6e ta(es can 'e rente, in "any s"a!!

vi!!a#es1 were resi,ents a!so watc Ca'!e News Network >CNN@--censore, tro%# Is!a"a'a,--

on te!evisions tat are as n%"ero%s as ra,ios were in te .04s& Te ci+es are "ore crow,e,

tan ever (arts o) Karaci an, Laore are "ore ,ense!y (o(%!ate, even tan Daka1 te ca(ita!

o) :an#!a,es& In "any areas1 +ny S%*%ki a%to"o'i!es ave re(!ace, te 'icyc!es an,

"otorcyc!es tat were in #reat ,e"an, "ere!y a ,eca,e ear!ier& ereas %r'an vio!ence was

tra,i+ona!!y re!ate, to '!oo, )e%,s1 it as 'eco"e "ore ran,o" an, as esca!ate, ,ra"a+ca!!y&

JPOPLATION

J$en an, o"en1 ?en,er Re!a+ons

J Te Stat%s o) o"en an, te o"en5s $ove"ent

JRELI?ION

J EDCATION

J HEALTH AND ELARE

Pakistan

Pakistan - Po(%!a+on

Pakistan

In ear!y ../1 te (o(%!a+on o) Pakistan was es+"ate, to 'e M "i!!ion1 "akin# it te nint

"ost (o(%!o%s co%ntry in te wor!,& Its !an, area1 owever1 ranks tirty-secon, a"on# na+ons&

T%s Pakistan as a'o%t M (ercent o) te wor!,5s (o(%!a+on !ivin# on !ess tan 4&0 (ercent o) te

wor!,5s !an,& Te (o(%!a+on #rowt rate is a"on# te wor!,5s i#est1 ocia!!y es+"ate, at F&

(ercent (er year1 '%t (rivate!y to%#t to 'e c!oser to F&F (ercent (er year 'y "any (!anners

invo!ve, in (o(%!a+on (ro#ra"s& Pakistan5s (o(%!a+on is e3(ecte, to reac 4 "i!!ion 'y M444

an, to acco%nt )or / (ercent o) te wor!,5s (o(%!a+on #rowt 'etween ../ an, M44/&

Pakistan5s (o(%!a+on is e3(ecte, to ,o%'!e 'etween ../ an, M4MM&


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Tese 8#%res are es+"ates1 owever1 'eca%se etnic %nrest !e, te #overn"ent to (ost(one its

,ecennia! cens%s in ..& Te #overn"ent )e!t tat tensions a"on# P%n2a'is1 Sin,is1 "%a2irs

>i""i#rants or ,escen,ants o) i""i#rants )ro" In,ia@1 Pakt%ns1 an, re!i#io%s "inori+es were

s%c tat takin# te cens%s "i#t (rovoke vio!ent reac+ons )ro" #ro%(s wo )e!t tey a, 'een

%n,erco%nte,& Te .. cens%s a, s+!! not 'een carrie, o%t as o) ear!y ../& Te .; cens%s

en%"erate, ;/&M "i!!ion (ersons&

Po(%!a+on Distri'%+on an, Density

Pakistan5s (eo(!e are not even!y ,istri'%te, tro%#o%t te co%ntry& Tere is an avera#e o) /

(ersons (er s7%are ki!o"eter1 '%t te ,ensity varies ,ra"a+ca!!y1 ran#in# )ro" scarce!y

(o(%!ate, ari, areas1 es(ecia!!y in :a!ocistan1 to so"e o) te i#est %r'an ,ensi+es in te

wor!, in Karaci an, Laore&

A'o%t ; (ercent o) te (o(%!a+on !ive, in r%ra! areas in ../1 a ,ecrease o) 0 (ercent since

.04& In contrast1 te n%"'er o) (eo(!e !ivin# in %r'an areas as risen s%'stan+a!!y1 res%!+n# in

an %r'an #rowt rate o) /& (ercent 'etween .;4 an, ..&

$ore tan a!) o) Pakistan5s (o(%!a+on is 'e!ow te a#e o) 8


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&M ci!,ren1 an, on!y (ercent o) co%(!es were re#%!ar!y (rac+cin# contrace(+on&

In .M te a"i!y P!annin# Associa+on o) Pakistan1 an N?O1 ini+ate, e9orts to contain

(o(%!a+on #rowt& Tree years !ater1 te #overn"ent 'e#an to )%n, te associa+on an, note,

te nee, to re,%ce (o(%!a+on #rowt in its irst ive-Year P!an >.-4@& Te #overn"ent soon

co"'ine, its (o(%!a+on (!annin# e9orts in os(ita!s an, c!inics into a sin#!e (ro#ra"& T%s

(o(%!a+on (!annin# was a ,%a! e9ort !e, 'y te a"i!y P!annin# Associa+on an, te (%'!ic

sector&

In te "i,-.4s1 te $inistry o) Hea!t ini+ate, a (ro#ra" in wic intra%terine ,evices >IDs@

were (ro"ote,& Pay"ents were o9ere, to os(ita!s an, c!inics as incen+ves1 an, "i,wives were

traine, to treat (a+ents& Te #overn"ent was a'!e to a6ract )%n,in# )ro" "any interna+ona!

,onors1 '%t te (ro#ra" !ost s%((ort 'eca%se te tar#ets were over!y a"'i+o%s an, 'eca%se,octors an, c!inics a!!e#e,!y overre(orte, teir services to c!ai" incen+ve (ay"ents&

Te (o(%!a+on (!annin# (ro#ra" was s%s(en,e, an, s%'stan+ve!y reor#ani*e, aessen+a!!y c!inics@ an,

Re(ro,%c+ve Hea!t Centres >"ost!y en#a#e, in steri!i*a+ons@& Co""%nity (ar+ci(a+on a,

8na!!y 'eca"e a cornerstone o) te #overn"ent5s (o!icy1 an, it was o(e, tat contrace(+ve

%se wo%!, rise ,ra"a+ca!!y& Te (o(%!a+on 'y .;4 a, e3cee,e, ;/ "i!!ion&


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In (re(arin# te Si3t ive-Year P!an >.;F-;;@1 te #overn"ent (ro2ecte, a na+ona! (o(%!a+on

o) /0 "i!!ion in te year M444 i) te #rowt rate were to 'e a constant at M&; (ercent (er year1

an, o) F/ "i!!ion i) te rate were to ,ec!ine to te ,esire, M& (ercent (er year 'y ten& :y te

Sevent ive-Year P!an >.;;-.F@ (erio,1 te "%!+(ron#e, a((roac ini+ate, in te .;4s a,increase, interna+ona! ,onor assistance an, a, 'e#%n to en!ist !oca! N?Os& E9orts to i"(rove

"aterna! an, ci!, ea!t were co%(!e, wit e,%ca+on ca"(ai#ns& :eca%se o) !oca! "ores

concernin# "o,esty1 te #overn"ent avoi,e, e3(!icit re)erence to contrace(+ve ,evices an,

instea, )oc%se, its (%'!ic e,%ca+on e9orts on enco%ra#in# co%(!es to !i"it teir )a"i!y si*e to

two ci!,ren&

Te key to contro!!in# (o(%!a+on #rowt1 accor,in# to ac+vists in te wo"en5s "ove"ent1 !ies

in raisin# te socioecono"ic stat%s o) wo"en& n+! a wo"an5s stat%s is ,eter"ine, 'y

so"etin# oter tan er re(ro,%c+ve ca(a'i!i+es1 an, es(ecia!!y 'y te n%"'er o) sons se

'ears1 severe i"(e,i"ents to !owerin# (o(%!a+on #rowt rates wi!! (ersist&

$i#ra+on an, ?rowt o) $a2or Ci+es

Pakistan5s ci+es are e3(an,in# "%c )aster tan te overa!! (o(%!a+on& At in,e(en,ence in

./01 "any re)%#ees )ro" In,ia se6!e, in %r'an areas& In te .4s1 "ore tan one-a!) o) te

resi,ents o) severa! ci+es in Sin, an, P%n2a' were "%a2irs& So"e re)%#ee co!onies wereevent%a!!y reco#ni*e, as ci+es in teir own ri#t&

:etween . an, .;1 te %r'an (o(%!a+on 7%a,r%(!e,& Te ann%a! %r'an #rowt rate

,%rin# te .4s an, .4s was "ore tan (ercent& Tis 8#%re ,ro((e, s!i#t!y in te .04s

to /&/ (ercent& :etween .;4 an, ear!y ../1 it avera#e, a'o%t /& (ercent& :y ear!y ../1

a'o%t FM (ercent o) a!! Pakistanis !ive, in %r'an areas1 wit F (ercent o) te tota! (o(%!a+on

!ivin# in tree ci+es o) over "i!!ion ina'itants eac--Laore1 aisa!a'a,1 an, Karaci&

Te key reason )or "i#ra+on to %r'an areas as 'een te !i"ite, o((ort%nity )or econo"ic

a,vance"ent an, "o'i!ity in r%ra! areas& Te econo"ic an, (o!i+ca! contro! tat !oca! !an,!or,s

e3ercise in "%c o) te co%ntrysi,e as !e, to tis sit%a+on&


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Te %r'an "i#rant is a!"ost invaria'!y a "a!e& He retains is +es wit is vi!!a#e1 an, is ri#ts

tere are acknow!e,#e, !on# a)or"er!y Lya!!(%r@ is s%c a city& Te town o) Karaci

e3(an,e, ra(i,!y to 'eco"e a center o) rai! an, sea trans(ort as a conse7%ence o) :ri+s r%!e

an, as conse7%ence o) te o(enin# o) "assive irri#a+on (ro2ects an, te increase in a#ric%!t%ra!

e3(orts& T%s1 Pakistan5s two !ar#est ci+es1 Karaci an, Laore1 i!!%strate ow ,i9erin# re#iona!

an, socioc%!t%ra! istories ave sa(e, te varia+ons a"on# Pakistan5s ci+es&

Karaci a'sor'e, tens o) to%san,s o) "%a2irs )o!!owin# in,e(en,ence in ./01 #rew near!y

two an, one-a!) +"es )ro" ./ to .1 an, near!y ,o%'!e, a#ain in te )o!!owin# ,eca,e&

Karaci is 'y )ar Pakistan5s !ar#est city an, is s+!! ra(i,!y #rowin#& In te ear!y ..4s te

(o(%!a+on e3cee,e, 4 "i!!ion&


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Karaci5s ra(i, #rowt as 'een ,irect!y re!ate, to te overa!! econo"ic #rowt in te co%ntry&

Te (ar++on o) :ri+s In,ia into te in,e(en,ent states o) Pakistan an, In,ia (ro"(te, an

in%3 into Pakistan o) $%s!i" "ercants )ro" vario%s (arts o) te new1 Hin,%-"a2ority In,ia&

Tese "ercants1 wo" socio!o#ist Ha"*a A!avi re)ers to as sa!ariat1 a, "oney to invest an,

receive, %n%s%a! enco%ra#e"ent )ro" te #overn"ent1 wic wante, to (ro"ote te #rowt o)

te new state&

Karaci at 8rst ,eve!o(e, in iso!a+on& Re!a+ve!y )ew (eo(!e )ro" o%t!yin# areas were en#a#e, in

r%nnin# its )actories1 an, te city a, !i6!e i"(act on Pakistan5s c%!t%ra! )a'ric& :%t wen te

econo"ies o) so%tern Sin, an, (arts o) P%n2a' 'e#an to e3(an,1 !ar#e n%"'ers o) "i#rants

oo,e, te city in searc o) work >#enera!!y !ow-(ayin# 2o's@1 an, Karaci 'eco"e te %' o)

te na+on5s co""erce& Te city1 owever1 a!so as serio%s (ro'!e"s& It as te (oorest s!%"s in

te co%ntry1 an, it s%9ers )ro" serio%s interetnic conict as a conse7%ence o) te in%3 o)

"any co"(e+n# #ro%(s& It was te site o) consi,era'!e vio!ence in te !ate .;4s as "%a2irs

so!i,i8e, teir !oca! (ower 'ase vis--vis te Pakt%ns an, na+ve Sin,is&

Laore1 Pakistan5s secon, !ar#est city1 contrasts "arke,!y wit Karaci& it 2%st %n,er a!) te

(o(%!a+on o) Karaci1 it is re#ar,e, as te c%!t%ra! n%c!e%s o) P%n2a'& Resi,ents o) Laore take

s(ecia! (ri,e in teir city5s (ysica! 'ea%ty1 es(ecia!!y in its $%#a! arcitect%re1 wic inc!%,es

te :a,sai $os7%e1 Sa!i"ar ?ar,ens1 Laore ort1 an, Gaan#ir5s to"'& In te ear!iest e3tant

istorica! re)erence to te city1 in A&D& F4 te Cinese trave!er %an =an# ,escri'e, it as a !ar#e

:ra"anica! city& A center o) !earnin# 'y te twe!


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I"(act o) $i#ra+on to te Persian ?%!) Co%ntries

Pakistan a, a severe 'a!ance o) (ay"ents ,e8cit in te .04s& To ,ea! wit tis ,e8cit1 as we!!

as to stren#ten +es wit te Is!a"ic states in te $i,,!e East1 te #overn"ent o) =%!87ar A!i

:%6o enco%ra#e, 'ot ski!!e, an, %nski!!e, "en to work in te Persian ?%!) co%ntries& Te

#overn"ent set %( a (ro#ra" %n,er te $inistry o) La'o%r1 $an(ower1 an, Overseas Pakistanis

to re#%!ate tis "i#ra+on an, a!so secon,e, "i!itary troo(s to "any o) te ?%!) states&

:y te "i,-.;4s1 wen tis te"(orary "i#ra+on was at its ei#t1 tere were es+"ate, to 'e

"ore tan M "i!!ion Pakistanis in te Persian ?%!) states re"in# "ore tan SUF 'i!!ion every

year& At te (eak1 te re"i6ances acco%nte, )or a!"ost a!) o) te co%ntry5s )orei#n-e3can#e

earnin#s& :y ..4 new e"(!oy"ent o((ort%ni+es were ,ecreasin#1 an, te ..4-. Persian

?%!) ar )orce, "any workers to ret%rn 7%ick!y to Pakistan& orkers ave on!y s!ow!y ret%rne,

to te ?%!) since te war en,e,&

Te "a2ority o) te e"i#rants are workin#-c!ass "en1 wo trave! a!one1 !eavin# teir wives an,

ci!,ren 'ein, wit teir e3ten,e, )a"i!ies in Pakistan& Tese "en are wi!!in# to sacri8ce years

wit teir )a"i!ies )or wat tey see as teir on!y cance to esca(e (overty in a society wit

!i"ite, %(war, "o'i!ity& A st%,y in te o!, 7%arter >te inner wa!!e, city@ o) Laore in .;0

s%##este, tat a!) o) a!! workin#-c!ass )a"i!ies a, at !east one c!ose re!a+ve workin# in te?%!)& a"i!ies #enera!!y %se te re"i6ances )or cons%"er #oo,s1 rater tan inves+n# in

in,%stry& Te wa#e earner ty(ica!!y ret%rns aQ!et5s #o

to D%'aiQ@& Tis syn,ro"e1 wic "ani)ests itse!) as ,isorienta+on1 a((ears to res%!t )ro" socia!

iso!a+on1 c%!t%re sock1 ars workin# con,i+ons1 an, te s%,,en ac7%isi+on o) re!a+ve wea!t&

$en o


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Re(erc%ssions o) te ar in A)#anistan

Te (resence o) !ar#e n%"'ers A)#an re)%#ees as a, a wei#ty i"(act on te ,e"o#ra(ics

o) Pakistan& A


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J:a!oc

(,ate, (o(%!a+on 8#%res )or Pakistan&

Pakistan

Pakistan - Tra,i+ona! Kinsi( Pa6erns

Pakistan

Pakistani socia! !i)e revo!ves aro%n, )a"i!y an, kin& Even a"on# "e"'ers o) te "ost

esterni*e, e!ite1 )a"i!y retains its overarcin# si#ni8cance& Te )a"i!y is te 'asis o) socia!

or#ani*a+on1 (rovi,in# its "e"'ers wit 'ot i,en+ty an, (rotec+on& Rare!y ,oes an in,ivi,%a!

!ive a(art )ro" re!a+ves even "a!e %r'an "i#rants %s%a!!y !ive wit re!a+ves or )rien,s o) kin&

Ci!,ren !ive wit teir (arents %n+! "arria#e1 an, sons o


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(ar+ci(ate )%!!y in society1 a (erson "%st 'e "arrie, an, ave ci!,ren1 (re)era'!y sons1 'eca%se

socia! +es are ,e8ne, 'y #ivin# away ,a%#ters in "arria#e an, receivin# ,a%#ters-in-!aw&

$arria#e wit one5s )ater5s 'roter5s ci!, is (re)erre,1 in (art 'eca%se (ro(erty e3can#e, at

"arria#e ten stays witin te (atri!inea#e& Te re!a+onsi( 'etween in-!aws e3ten,s 'eyon,

te co%(!e an, we!! (ast te "arria#e event& a"i!ies re!ate, 'y "arria#e e3can#e #i


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Pakistan

Lan#%a#e is an i"(ortant "arker o) etnic i,en+ty& A"on# te "ore tan twenty s(oken

!an#%a#es in Pakistan1 te "ost co""on ones--P%n2a'i1 Sin,i1 an, r,%--as we!! as Pakt% or

Pasto1 :a!oci1 an, oters1 'e!on# to te In,o-Aryan 'ranc o) te In,oE%ro(ean !an#%a#e

)a"i!y& A,,i+ona! !an#%a#es1 s%c as Sina an, oter nortern-area !an#%a#es1 are re!ate, to te

Dar,ic 'ranc o) In,o-E%ro(ean an, te ear!y Dravi,ian !an#%a#e )a"i!y& :ra%i is one s%c

!an#%a#e it is s(oken 'y a #ro%( in :a!ocistan&

Te In,o-Aryan vernac%!ars stretc across te nortern a!) o) te In,ian s%'con+nent in a vast

ran#e o) re!ate, !oca! ,ia!ects tat can#e s!i#t!y )ro" one vi!!a#e to te ne3t& Resi,ents o) )air!y

,istant co""%ni+es ty(ica!!y cannot %n,erstan, one anoter& S%(eri"(ose, on tis con+n%%"

are severa! ty(es o) "ore stan,ar,i*e, !iterary or co""ercia! !an#%a#es& A!to%# 'ase, on tevernac%!ars o) teir re(resenta+ve re#ions1 tese stan,ar,i*e, !an#%a#es are nonete!ess

,is+nct&

Near!y a!) o) a!! Pakistanis >/; (ercent@ s(eak P%n2a'i& Te ne3t "ost co""on!y s(oken

!an#%a#e is Sin,i >M (ercent@1 )o!!owe, 'y te P%n2a'i variant Siraiki >4 (ercent@1 Pakt% or

Pasto >; (ercent@1 :a!oci >F (ercent@1 Hin,ko >M (ercent@1 an, :ra%i > (ercent@& Na+ve

s(eakers o) oter !an#%a#es1 inc!%,in# En#!is1 :%r%saski1 an, vario%s oter ton#%es acco%nt

)or ; (ercent&

A!to%# r,% is te ocia! na+ona! !an#%a#e1 it is s(oken as a na+ve ton#%e 'y on!y ; (ercent

o) te (o(%!a+on& Peo(!e wo s(eak r,% as teir na+ve !an#%a#e #enera!!y i,en+)y te"se!ves

as "%a2irs& A !ar#e n%"'er o) (eo(!e )ro" e,%cate, 'ack#ro%n,s >an, tose wo as(ire to

%(war, "o'i!ity@ s(eak r,%1 as o((ose, to teir nata! !an#%a#es1 in teir o"es1 %s%a!!y to

e!( teir ci!,ren "aster it&

Te r,% !an#%a#e ori#inate, ,%rin# te $%#a! (erio, >M- ;;@& It !itera!!y "eans Qa ca"(!an#%a#e1Q )or it was s(oken 'y te i"(eria! $%#a! troo(s )ro" Centra! Asia as tey "i3e, wit

s(eakers o) !oca! ,ia!ects o) nortern In,ia& Increasin#!y1 e!e"ents o) Persian1 te ocia!

!an#%a#e o) te $%#a! a,"inistra+on1 were incor(orate, %n+! r,% a6aine, its sty!i*e,1

!iterary )or" in te seventeent an, ei#teent cent%ries& Te Devana#ari scri(t >%se, )or

Sanskrit an, conte"(orary Hin,i@ was never a,o(te, instea,1 r,% as a!ways 'een wri6en

%sin# te Persian scri(t& Tese two !iterary !an#%a#es1 r,% an, Hin,i1 arose )ro" co!!o7%ia!


15/48

Hin,%stani1 te !in#%a )ranca o) "o,ern In,ia 'e)ore (ar++on&

So%t Asian $%s!i"s ave !on# )e!t tat r,% sy"'o!i*es teir sare, i,en+ty& It as serve, as a

!ink a"on# e,%cate, $%s!i"s an, was stresse, in te Pakistan in,e(en,ence "ove"ent&

Cristo(er Scack!e writes tat Qr,% was te "ain !iterary veic!e o) te $%s!i" e!ite o)

In,ia&Q At in,e(en,ence1 te $%s!i" Lea#%e >as te A!!-In,ia $%s!i" Lea#%e was %s%a!!y

re)erre, to@ (ro"ote, r,% as te na+ona! !an#%a#e to e!( te new Pakistani state ,eve!o( an

i,en+ty1 even to%# )ew (eo(!e act%a!!y s(oke it& However1 'eca%se "any o) te e!ite were

%ent in En#!is1 En#!is 'eca"e te ,e )acto na+ona! !an#%a#e& Te (%s to e!evate r,% was

%n(o(%!ar in East Pakistan1 were "ost o) te (o(%!a+on s(eaks :en#a!i >ocia!!y re)erre, to as

:an#!a in :an#!a,es since .0@ an, i,en+8es wit its !iterary erita#e& Lan#%a#e riots in Daka

occ%rre, in te ear!y .4s1 !ea,in# to te e!eva+on o) :en#a!i as a secon, na+ona! !an#%a#e

wit r,% %n+! te secession o) East Pakistan in .0 wen :an#!a,es 'eca"e in,e(en,ent1

:an#!a was ,esi#nate, te ocia! !an#%a#e&

Instr%c+on in te 'est scoo!s con+n%e, to 'e in En#!is %n+! te ear!y .;4s& $astery o)

En#!is was i#!y ,esira'!e 'eca%se it )aci!itate, a,"ission to #oo, %niversi+es in :ritain1 te

nite, States1 an, A%stra!ia& Ten1 in a "ove to (ro"ote na+ona!is"1 te #overn"ent o) =ia %!-

Ha7 ,ec!are, r,% to 'e te "e,i%" o) instr%c+on in #overn"ent scoo!s& r,% was

a##ressive!y (ro"ote, via te!evision1 ra,io1 an, te e,%ca+on syste"& Private scoo!s in %r'an

centers >a6en,e, 'y ci!,ren o) te e!ite@ were a!!owe, to retain En#!is1 wi!e s"a!!er r%ra!

scoo!s co%!, con+n%e to teac in te (rovincia! !an#%a#es&

P%n2a'i1 s(oken 'y near!y a!) o) te (o(%!a+on1 is an o!,1 !iterary !an#%a#e wose ear!y wri+n#s

consist ciey o) )o!k ta!es an, ro"ances1 te "ost )a"o%s 'ein# te ei#teent-cent%ry P%n2a'i

(oet aris Sa5s version o) Heer Ran2a >te !ove story o) Heer an, Ran2a@& A!to%# P%n2a'i

was ori#ina!!y wri6en in te ?%r"%!ki scri(t1 in te twen+et cent%ry it as 'een wri6en in te

r,% scri(t& P%n2a'i as a !on# istory o) 'ein# "i3e, wit r,% a"on# $%s!i"s1 es(ecia!!y in

%r'an areas& N%"ero%s ,ia!ects e3ist1 so"e associate, wit te Siks in In,ia an, oters

associate, wit re#ions in Pakistan& An e3a"(!e o) te !a6er is te variant o) P%n2a'i s(oken in

Sar#o,a in centra! P%n2a'&

Te etnic co"(osi+on o) Pakistan in te "i,-..4s ro%#!y corres(on,s to te !in#%is+c

,istri'%+on o) te (o(%!a+on1 at !east a"on# te !ar#est #ro%(s .& (ercent o) Pakistanis

i,en+)y te"se!ves as P%n2a'is1 F&; (ercent as Pakt%ns1 M& (ercent as Sin,is& 0&0 (ercent

as "%a2irs1 /&F (ercent as :a!oc1 an, F (ercent as "e"'ers o) oter etnic #ro%(s& Eac #ro%(


16/48

is (ri"ari!y concentrate, in its o"e (rovince1 wit "ost "%a2irs resi,in# in %r'an Sin,&

Pakistan&

Pakistan

Pakistan - P%n2a'is

Pakistan

$ost P%n2a'is trace teir ancestry to (re-Is!a"ic Gat an, Ra2(%t castes& However1 as tey

inter"arrie, wit oter etnic #ro%(s wo ca"e to te area1 certain 7a%"s >c!an or tri'a!

#ro%(s@ ca"e to (re,o"inate1 es(ecia!!y ?%22ars1 Awans1 Arains1 an, Kokkars in nortern

P%n2a'1 an, ?i!anis1 ?ar,e*is1 B%resis1 an, A''asis in te so%t& Oter P%n2a'is trace teir

erita#e to Ara'ia1 Persia1 :a!ocistan1 A)#anistan1 an, Kas"ir& T%s1 in contrast wit "any

oter areas1 were (eo(!e okinsi(-'ase,@ #ro%( nee,s as o((ose, to

in,ivi,%a! wants& Tese networks in t%rn (er(et%ate not on!y )rien,!y re!a+ons '%t a!so te

str%ct%re o) te co""%nity itse!)& Tere is #reat socia! (ress%re on an in,ivi,%a! to sare an,

(oo! s%c reso%rces as inco"e1 (o!i+ca! in%ence1 an, (ersona! connec+ons& Kinsi( o'!i#a+ons


17/48

con+n%e to 'e centra! to a P%n2a'i5s i,en+ty an, concerns& Dis+nc+ons 'ase, on 7a%" re"ain

si#ni8cant socia! "arkers1 (ar+c%!ar!y in r%ra! areas&

P%n2a'is (re,o"inate in te %((er ece!ons o) te "i!itary an, civi! service an, in !ar#e (art r%n

te centra! #overn"ent& Tis sit%a+on is resente, 'y "any Pakt%ns1 :a!oc1 an,1 (ar+c%!ar!y 'y

Sin,is1 wose n%"'ers an, wea!t are co"(ara+ve!y s"a!! an, wo are (ro(or+onate!y

%n,erre(resente, in (%'!ic (osi+ons& Par+c%!ar!y #a!!in# to Sin,is is te )act tat te "%a2irs1

wo !ive "ain!y in teir (rovince1 are te on!y overre(resente, #ro%( in (%'!ic (osi+ons1 wic

is #enera!!y tracea'!e to 'e6er e,%ca+on in In,ia (rior to "i#ra+n# in ./0& In te ear!y .;4s1

tensions "o%nte, 'etween P%n2a'is an, Sin,is 'eca%se te !a6er #ro%( was )ee!in# a!ienate,

)ro" te state& Te ca(ita! a, 'een "ove, )ro" Karaci >in Sin,@ to Is!a"a'a, >in nortern

P%n2a'@ an, =%!87ar A!i :%6o >)ro" Sin,@ was not on!y o%ste, '%t an#e,& O) te tree "ost

(ro"inent na+ona! (o!i+cians in te .;4s an, ear!y ..4s1 two were P%n2a'is Presi,ent =ia %!-

Ha7 an, Pri"e $inister $ian Nawa* Sari)& On!y :ena*ir :%6o1 Pakistan Peo(!e5s Party !ea,er

an, (ri"e "inister )ro" Octo'er ..F1 is Sin,i&

Pakistan&

Pakistan

Pakistan - Pakt%ns

Pakistan

Te Nort-est ron+er Province is c!ose!y i,en+8e, wit Pakt%ns1 one o) te !ar#est tri'a!

#ro%(s in te wor!,& Te Pakt%ns (re,o"inate in :a!ocistan an, are a!so te "a2or #ro%( in

so%tern A)#anistan& Te est as !on# 'een )ascinate, wit te Pakt%ns1 one o) te )ew

(eo(!es a'!e to ,e)eat te a,vances o) :ri+s i"(eria!is"& A%tors as ,iverse as R%,yar, Ki(!in#

an, conte"(orary Pakistani antro(o!o#ist Ak'ar S& A"e, wrote a'o%t te"& $ore is wri6ena'o%t Pakt%n nor"s1 va!%es1 an, socia! or#ani*a+on tan any oter etnic #ro%( in Pakistan&

Centra! to i,en+ty as a Pakt%n is a,erence to te "a!ecentere, co,e o) con,%ct1 te

(akt%nwa!i& ore"ost in tis co,e is te no+on o) onor1 nan#1 wic is ar+c%!ate, in a stark!y

'!ack-an,-wite1 a!!-or-notin# "anner& ito%t onor1 !i)e )or a Pakt%n is not wort !ivin#&


18/48

Honor ,e"an,s te "aintenance o) se3%a! (ro(riety& Co"(!ete cas+ty a"on# )e"a!e re!a+ves

is o) te essence on!y wit te (%rity an, #oo, re(%te o) is "oter1 ,a%#ters1 sisters1 an, wi)e

>or wives@ ,oes a "an ens%re is onor& T%s wo"en are restricte, to (rivate1 )a"i!y co"(o%n,s

in "%c o) te (rovince& Cens%s takers1 invaria'!y "a!e1 are constraine, not to ask a'o%t te

wo"en in anoter "an5s o"e1 an, te n%"'er o) "en in a o%seo!, is o


19/48

Pakt%ns are or#ani*e, into se#"entary c!ans >ca!!e, ke!s@1 eac na"e, )or a 8rst "i#rant to

teir area to wo" tey trace teir ancestry& $e"'ersi( is +e, to !an,ownersi( as we!! as to

,escent& A (erson wo !oses is !an, is no !on#er treate, as a )%!! >a,%!t@ "e"'er o) te

co""%nity& He no !on#er "ay 2oin or s(eak in te tri'a! 2ir#a1 or co%nci! o) tri'a! !ea,ers1 at

wic iss%es o) co""on interest are ,e'ate,& :%t 'eca%se 'roters ,ivi,e (ro(erty a"on#

te"se!ves1 riva!ry '%i!,s a"on# te ci!,ren o) 'roters wo "ay ave to s%',ivi,e

increasin#!y %ne7%a! (or+ons o) an ori#ina! estate& Hence1 a "an5s #reatest riva! )or wo"en1

"oney1 an, !an, >*an1 *ar1 an, *a"in1 res(ec+ve!y@ is is 8rst co%sin--is )ater5s 'roter5s son--

even to%# te sa"e "an "ay 'e is sta%ncest a!!y in te event o) a6ack )ro" te o%tsi,e&

Linea#es te"se!ves ave a nota'!e ten,ency to )ra#"ent tis ten,ency as contri'%te, to te

e3istence o) a n%"'er o) we!!-esta'!ise, c!ans a"on# te Pakt%ns& At every !eve! o) Pakt%n

socia! or#ani*a+on1 #ro%(s are s(!it into a co"(!e3 an, si


20/48

Te ki!!in#1 (i!!a#in#1 an, ,estr%c+on kee( any one !inea#e )ro" a"assin# too "%c "ore tan

any oter& In se6!e, areas1 te intensity o) )e%,s as ,ec!ine,1 a!to%# everyone con+n%es to

'e !oya! to te i,ea!s& ?overn"ent contro! on!y erra+ca!!y contains vio!ence--,e(en,in# on

weter a #iven #overn"ent ocia! as any re!a+onsi( to te ,is(%tants& Te (ro!i)era+on o)

#%ns-- inc!%,in# c!ones o) *is1 an, Ka!asnikovs--as e3acer'ate, "%c o) te vio!ence&

Since te .;4s1 "any Pakt%ns ave entere, te (o!ice )orce1 civi! service1 an, "i!itary an,

ave virt%a!!y taken over te co%ntry5s trans(orta+on network& A )or"er (resi,ent o) Pakistan1

?%!a" Isa7 Kan >.;;-.F@1 is a Pakt%n1 as are "any i#rankin# "i!itary ocers& Te

#overn"ent o) Pakistan as esta'!ise, n%"ero%s scoo!s in te Nort-est ron+er Province-

-inc!%,in# ones ,evote, e3c!%sive!y to #ir!s--in an e9ort to i"'%e Pakt%ns wit a sense o)

Pakistani na+ona!is"&

A #rowin# n%"'er o) ,eve!o("ent (ro2ects in te Nort-est ron+er Province ave (rovi,e,

,iverse e"(!oy"ent o((ort%ni+es )or Pakt%ns& Nota'!y1 te #overn"ent as set %(

co"(reensive (ro2ects !ike '%i!,in# roa,s an, scoo!s as a s%'s+t%+on )or c%!+va+n# o(i%"

(o((ies& Incen+ves )or in,%stria! invest"ent ave a!so 'een (rovi,e,& However1 te #overn"ent

!ost "%c cre,i'i!ity wen it (ro(ose, in .. >a (ro(osa! soon wit,rawn@ to '%i!, %( te !oca!

in)rastr%ct%re in te ?a,oon-A"a*ai area o) te Nort-est ron+er Province an, to enco%ra#e

it as a tar#et )or ta3-)ree invest"ent& O'servers a6ri'%te, te #overn"ent5s wit,rawa! o) te

incen+ve (acka#e to !oca! %nrest&

Pakistan&

Pakistan

Pakistan - Sin,is

Pakistan

D%rin# te :ri+s Ra21 Sin,1 sit%ate, so%t o) P%n2a'1 was te ne#!ecte, inter!an, o) :o"'ay&

Te society was ,o"inate, 'y a s"a!! n%"'er o) "a2or !an,o!,ers >wa,eras@& $ost (eo(!e

were tenant )ar"ers )acin# ter"s o) contract tat were a scant i"(rove"ent over o%tri#t

servit%,e a "i,,!e-c!ass 'are!y e3iste,& Te socia! !an,sca(e consiste, !ar#e!y o) %nre"in#


21/48

(overty1 an, )e%,a! !an,!or,s r%!e, wit !i6!e concern )or any o%tsi,e inter)erence& A series o)

irri#a+on (ro2ects in te .F4s "ere!y serve, to increase te wea!t o) !ar#e !an,owners wen

teir waste!an,s were "a,e "ore (ro,%c+ve& Re)or"ist !e#is!a+on in te ./4s tat was

inten,e, to i"(rove te !ot o) te (oor a, !i6!e s%ccess& Te (rovince a((roace,

in,e(en,ence wit entrence, e3tre"es o) wea!t an, (overty&

Tere was consi,era'!e %(eava! in Sin, in te years )o!!owin# (ar++on& $i!!ions o) Hin,%s an,

Siks !e< )or In,ia an, were re(!ace, 'y ro%#!y 0 "i!!ion "%a2irs1 wo took te (!aces o) te

)air!y we!!-e,%cate, e"i#rant Hin,%s an, Siks in te co""ercia! !i)e o) te (rovince& Later1 te

"%a2irs (rovi,e, te (o!i+ca! 'asis o) te Re)%#ee Peo(!e5s $ove"ent >$%a2ir Ba%"i

$aa*--$B$@& As Karaci 'eca"e increasin#!y i,en+8e, as a "%a2ir city1 oter ci+es in Sin,1

nota'!y Ta6a1 Hy,era'a,1 an, Larkana1 'eca"e te ea,7%arters )or Sin,i resistance&

In ../ Sin, con+n%e, to 'e an etnic 'a6!e8e!, witin Pakistan& D%rin# te .;4s1 tere were

re(eate, ki,na((in#s in te (rovince1 so"e wit (o!i+ca! (rovoca+on& ear o) ,acoits >'an,its@

#ave rise to te (erce(+on tat te interior o) Sin, was %nsa)e )or roa, an, rai! trave!&

Sectarian vio!ence a#ainst Hin,%s er%(te, in te interior in ..M in te wake o) te ,estr%c+on

o) te :a'ri $os7%e in Ayo,ya1 In,ia1 'y Hin,% e3tre"ists wo so%#t to re'%i!, a Hin,%

te"(!e on te conteste, site& A trave! a,visory reco""en,in# tat )orei#ners avoi, te interior

o) te (rovince re"aine, in e9ect in ear!y ../&

Pakistan&

Pakistan

Pakistan - :a!oc

Pakistan

Te 8na! "a2or etnic #ro%( in Pakistan is te :a!oc& A co"(ara+ve!y s"a!! #ro%(1 te :a!oc1

!ike te Pakt%ns1 are a tri'a! (o(%!a+on wose ori#ina! territory e3ten,s 'eyon, te na+ona!

'or,ers& Over 04 (ercent o) te :a!oc !ive in Pakistan1 wit te re"ain,er in Iran an,

A)#anistan& Te :a!oc trace teir roots to tri'es "i#ra+n# eastwar, )ro" aro%n, A!e((o1 in

Syria1 'e)ore te Cris+an era& So"e+"e 'etween te si3t cent%ry an, te )o%rteent cent%ry1


22/48

tey "i#rate, to te re#ion o) (resent-,ay :a!ocistan&

:a!oc s(eak :a!oci1 (art o) te Iranian #ro%( o) In,o- E%ro(ean !an#%a#es& Lin#%is+c evi,ence

in,icates te ori#in o) :a!oci to 'e in te (re-Cris+an $e,ean or Partian civi!i*a+ons& Te

"o,ern )or" as incor(orate, e!e"ents )ro" Persian1 Sin,i1 Ara'ic1 an, a n%"'er o) oter

!an#%a#es& :e#innin# in te ear!y nineteent cent%ry1 :a!oc inte!!ect%a!s %se, Persian an, r,%

scri(ts to transcri'e :a!oci into wri6en )or"& Since Pakistan5s in,e(en,ence an, wit te rise

o) :a!oc na+ona!is"1 :a!oc ave )avore, te Nasta!i7 scri(t1 an a,a(ta+on o) Ara'ic scri(t&

Te !an, o) :a!ocistan is e3cee,in#!y inos(ita'!e #eo!o#ists ave even co"(are, te

!an,sca(e wit $ars& A Pakt% e3(ression1 reec+n# on etnic re!a+ons as we!! as on #eo#ra(y1

,escri'es :a!ocistan as Qte ,%"( were A!!a sot te r%''is o) crea+on&Q S%'sistence is

ar, in tis environ"ent an, is acieve, 'y (astora! no"a,is"1 ,ry!an, an, irri#ate,a#ric%!t%re1 an, 8sin#& Dry!an, )ar"in# is "ar#ina!1 a!to%# it is a "ainstay )or "any

se"ino"a,ic er,ers& Te :a!oc (!ant ,ro%#t-resistant #rains in earten e"'ank"ents were

scanty rain)a!! as acc%"%!ate,&

Irri#ate, )ar"in# is concentrate, near oases in two kin,s o) syste"s o(en canne!s tat 'rin#

water )ro" a )ew river'e,s1 an, s%'s%r)ace ,rains >kare*@ tat canne! #ro%n,water ,ownwar,

to (!ante, 8e!,s& However1 s%c irri#a+on an, c%!+va+on are e3tre"e!y !i"ite,1 )orcin# "ost

:a!oc to eke o%t a !ivin# 'y er,in# or )ar"in# in te "ar#ina! inter!an,&

See( an, #oats are te "ain er, ani"a!s& Te er,er ty(ica!!y cons%"es te ,airy (ro,%cts

tese ani"a!s (ro,%ce an, se!!s te "eat an, woo!& Pastora!ists or#ani*e te"se!ves aro%n,

water so%rces we!!s are te (ro(erty o) s(eci8c ca"(s&

Kinsi( an, socia! re!a+ons reect te e3i#encies o) ,ea!in# wit te ars (ysica! environ"ent&

Like oter Pakistanis1 :a!oc reckon ,escent (atri!inea!!y& Linea#es1 owever1 (!ay a "ini"a! ro!e

in te !ives o) "ost :a!oc& Tey are nota'!y e3i'!e in arran#e"ents wit 'ot )a"i!y an,)rien,s& I,ea!!y1 a "an so%!, "aintain c!ose +es wit re!a+ves in is )ater5s !ine1 '%t in (rac+ce

"ost re!a+ons are !e< to te ,iscre+on o) te in,ivi,%a!1 an, tere is wi,e varia+on& It is ty(ica!

)or !inea#es to s(!it an, )ra#"ent1 o


23/48

$arria#e (a6erns e"'o,y tis kin, o) e3i'i!ity& As in "any (arts o) est Asia1 :a!oc say tat

tey (re)er to "arry teir co%sins& Act%a!!y1 owever1 "arria#e coices are ,ictate, 'y (ra#"a+c

consi,era+ons& Resi,ence1 te co"(!e3 "eans o) access to a#ric%!t%ra! !an,1 an, te centra!ity

o) water ri#ts1 co%(!e, wit %ncertain water s%((!y1 a!! )avor e3i'i!ity in te coice o) in-!aws&Te (!etora o) !an, ten%re arran#e"ents ten,s to !i"it te va!%e o) "arryin# one5s co%sin1 a

"arria#e (a6ern tat )%nc+ons to kee( !an, in te )a"i!y in oter (arts o) Pakistan&

Te "a2ority o) :a!oc are Hana8 S%nnis1 '%t tere is a co""%nity o) an es+"ate, 441444 to

0441444 =ikri :a!oc1 wo !ive in te coasta! $akran area an, in Karaci& Te =ikris 'e!ieve in te

$essia N%r Pak1 wose teacin# s%(erse,e tose o) te Pro(et $%a""a,& Teir 'e!ie)s1

consi,ere, ere+ca!1 ave !e, to inter"i6ent S%nni re(ression o) teir co""%nity since its

)o%n,in# in te 8


24/48

:a!oc s%9ers no !oss o) stat%s in s%'"in# to anoter& A!to%# co"(e++on )or scarce water

an, !an, reso%rces caracteri*es socia! re!a+ons 'etween "inor !ea,ers an, i*"atkar1

co"(e++on coe3ists wit a ,ee(!y e!, 'e!ie) in te virt%es o) sarin# an, coo(era+on& Sarin#

creates networks o) o'!i#a+on a"on# er,ers1 "%t%a! ai, 'ein# an ins%rance (o!icy in te )ace

o) a (recario%s !ive!ioo,&

:a!oc tri'a! str%ct%re concentrates (ower in te an,s o) !oca! tri'a! !ea,ers& Te :ri+s (!aye,

!oca! riva!s a#ainst eac oter in a (o!icy o) in,irect r%!e1 as tey ,i, wit te Pakt%n tri'es to

te nort--an, virt%a!!y tro%#o%t te s%'con+nent& In essence1 te :ri+s o9ere, !oca!

a%tono"y an, s%'si,ies to r%!ers in e3can#e )or access to te 'or,er wit A)#anistan& In te

ear!y ..4s1 !oca! !ea,ers "aintaine, tis (o!icy to a !ar#e e3tent1 con+n%in# to e3(!oit te

en,e"ic anarcy1 weter !oca!1 (rovincia!1 or na+ona!&

Tere ave 'een s(ora,ic se(ara+st "ove"ents in :a!ocistan since in,e(en,ence& :a!oc ave

!on# 'een acc%sto"e, to in,irect r%!e1 a (o!icy tat !eaves !oca! e!ites wit a s%'stan+a! "eas%re

o) a%tono"y& Te .04s saw a (reci(ito%s ,eteriora+on in re!a+ons 'etween :a!ocistan an,

te centra! #overn"ent1 owever& Te vio!ent con)ronta+on 'etween :a!oc ins%r#ents an, te

Pakistani "i!itary in te "i,-.04s was (ar+c%!ar!y 'r%ta!& Te conict to%ce, te !ives o) "ost

:a!oc an, (o!i+ci*e, tose !on# acc%sto"e, to acce(+n# te stat%s 7%o& Ori#ina! ,e"an,s )or

#reater re#iona! a%tono"y esca!ate, into a )%!!-sca!e "ove"ent ai"e, at restr%ct%rin# te

#overn"ent a!on# con)e,era! !ines& :y te "i,-.;4s1 tra,i+ona! c!eava#es a"on# aki"1 "inor

!ea,ers1 an, i*"atkar a, ,ec!ine, in i"(ortance as te :a!oc increasin#!y to%#t o)

te"se!ves as a %ni8e, #ro%( in o((osi+on to Pakistani1 or P%n2a'i1 e#e"ony&

=ia %!-Ha75s overtrow o) =%!87ar A!i :%6o in .00 was we!co"e, 'y "any in :a!ocistan1 in

contrast to (o(%!ar sen+"ent in te rest o) te co%ntry1 wic was a((a!!e, 'y te

e3tracons+t%+ona! act& As re!a+ons wit te centra! #overn"ent 'e#an to s"oot o%t1 owever1

te Soviet nion inva,e, A)#anistan in Dece"'er .0.1 (!acin# near!y te en+re nortern

'or,er o) :a!ocistan on a!ert as a )ront!ine area&

:a!ocistan5s !an,sca(e in te .;4s can#e, "arke,!y as A)#an re)%#ee ca"(s were

esta'!ise, tro%#o%t te nortern (arts o) te (rovince& In "any instances1 te"(orary "%,

o%sin# event%a!!y 'eca"e trans)or"e, into concrete str%ct%res& Te re)%#ees a!so ca%se, te

,e"o#ra(ic 'a!ance to can#e as etnic Pakt%ns--"any re)%#ees )ro" A)#anistan--ca"e to

se6!e in :a!ocistan&


25/48

A!to%# socia! con,i+ons in r%ra! areas ave can#e, !i6!e )or "ost :a!oc1 two scan,a!s in te

ear!y ..4s ca%se, te re#ion to receive "%c a6en+on& Te 8rst #rew o%t o) re(orts tat so"e

owners o) 'rick ki!ns in re"ote (arts o) te (rovince a, !a'or (rac+ces tat rese"'!e, s!avery1

co"(!ete wit in,ent%rin# workers to !oans tat were (asse, ,own tro%# #enera+ons& Te

secon, was te car#e tat yo%n# 'oys were 'ein# recr%ite, )ro" te "ost re"ote (arts o) te

(rovince to 'e Qca"e! 'oysQ in races in te Persian ?%!) states& Te screa"in# o) te yo%n# 'oys1

wo are +e, to te 'acks o) racin# ca"e!s1 s%((ose,!y scares te ani"a!s into r%nnin# )aster&

Te yo%n# 'oys o


26/48

>(%r,a is Persian )or c%rtain@1 "ost o'vio%s in vei!in#& :y se(ara+n# wo"en )ro" te ac+vi+es

o) "en1 'ot (ysica!!y an, sy"'o!ica!!y1 (%r,a creates ,i9eren+ate, "a!e an, )e"a!e s(eres&

$ost wo"en s(en, te "a2or (art o) teir !ives (ysica!!y witin teir o"es an, co%rtyar,s

an, #o o%t on!y )or serio%s an, a((rove, reasons& O%tsi,e te o"e1 socia! !i)e #enera!!y

revo!ves aro%n, te ac+vi+es o) "en& In "ost (arts o) te co%ntry1 e3ce(t (era(s in Is!a"a'a,1

Karaci1 an, wea!tier (arts o) a )ew oter ci+es1 (eo(!e consi,er a wo"an--an, er )a"i!y--to

'e sa"e!ess i) no restric+ons are (!ace, on er "o'i!ity&

P%r,a is (rac+ce, in vario%s ways1 ,e(en,in# on )a"i!y tra,i+on1 re#ion1 c!ass1 an, r%ra! or

%r'an resi,ence1 '%t nowere ,o %nre!ate, "en an, wo"en "i3 )ree!y& Te "ost e3tre"e

restraints are )o%n, in (arts o) te Nort-est ron+er Province an, :a!ocistan1 were wo"en

a!"ost never !eave teir o"es e3ce(t wen tey "arry an, a!"ost never "eet %nre!ate, "en&

Tey "ay not 'e a!!owe, contact wit "a!e co%sins on teir "oter5s si,e1 )or tese "en are

not c!asse, as re!a+ves in a stron#!y (atri!inea! society& Si"i!ar!y1 tey ave on!y very )or"a!

re!a+ons wit tose "en tey are a!!owe, to "eet1 s%c as te )ater-in-!aw1 (aterna! %nc!es1

an, 'roters-in-!aw&

Poor r%ra! wo"en1 es(ecia!!y in P%n2a' an, Sin,1 were #en,er re!a+ons are #enera!!y

so"ewat "ore re!a3e,1 ave #reater "o'i!ity 'eca%se tey are res(onsi'!e )or trans(!an+n#

rice see,!in#s1 wee,in# cro(s1 raisin# cickens an, se!!in# e##s1 an, st%n# woo! or co6on into

co")orters >ra*ais@& en a )a"i!y 'eco"es "ore (ros(ero%s an, 'e#ins to as(ire to i#er

stat%s1 it co""on!y re7%ires stricter (%r,a a"on# its wo"en as a 8rst socia! can#e&

Poor %r'an wo"en in c!ose-knit co""%ni+es1 s%c as te o!, ci+es o) Laore an, Rawa!(in,i1

#enera!!y wear eiter a '%r7a >86e, 'o,y vei!@ or a ca,or >!oose!y ,ra(e, co6on c!ot %se, as a

ea, coverin# an, 'o,y vei!@ wen tey !eave teir o"es& In tese !oca!i+es1 "%!+story

,we!!in#s >ave!is@ were constr%cte, to acco""o,ate !ar#e e3ten,e, )a"i!ies& $any ave!is

ave now 'een sec+one, o9 into s"a!!er !ivin# %nits to econo"i*e& It is co""on )or one n%c!ear

)a"i!y >wit an avera#e o) seven "e"'ers@ to !ive in one or two roo"s on eac s"a!! oor& In

!ess ,ense!y (o(%!ate, areas1 were (eo(!e #enera!!y ,o not know teir nei#'ors1 tere are

)ewer restric+ons on wo"en5s "o'i!ity&

Te sare, %n,erstan,in# tat wo"en so%!, re"ain witin teir o"es so nei#'ors ,o not

#ossi( a'o%t teir res(ecta'i!ity as i"(ortant i"(!ica+ons )or teir (ro,%c+ve ac+vi+es& As

wit (%'!ic !i)e in #enera!1 work a((ears to 'e te ,o"ain o) "en& R%ra! wo"en work )or

cons%"(+on or )or e3can#e at te s%'sistence !eve!& Oters1 'ot r%ra! an, %r'an1 ,o


27/48

(iecework )or very !ow wa#es in teir o"es& Teir earnin#s are #enera!!y recor,e, as (art o)

te )a"i!y inco"e tat is cre,ite, to "en& Cens%s ,ata an, oter acco%nts o) econo"ic ac+vity

in %r'an areas s%((ort s%c conc!%sions& or e3a"(!e1 te .; cens%s re(orte, tat &

(ercent o) a!! wo"en were e"(!oye,1 as o((ose, to 0M&/ (ercent o) "en !ess tan / (ercent o)

a!! %r'an wo"en were en#a#e, in so"e )or" o) sa!arie, work& :y .;; tis 8#%re a, increase,

si#ni8cant!y1 '%t s+!! on!y 4&M (ercent o) wo"en were re(orte, as (ar+ci(a+n# in te !a'or

)orce&

A"on# wea!tier Pakistanis1 %r'an or r%ra! resi,ence is !ess i"(ortant tan )a"i!y tra,i+on in

in%encin# weter wo"en o'serve strict (%r,a an, te ty(e o) vei! tey wear& In so"e areas1

wo"en si"(!y o'serve Qeye (%r,aQ tey ten, not to "i3 wit "en1 '%t wen tey ,o1 tey

avert teir eyes wen interac+n# wit te"& :a*aars in wea!tier areas o) P%n2a'i ci+es ,i9er

)ro" tose in (oorer areas 'y avin# a #reater (ro(or+on o) %nvei!e, wo"en& In ci+es

tro%#o%t te Nort-est ron+er Province1 :a!ocistan1 an, te interior o) Sin,1 'a*aars are

"arke,!y ,evoi, o) wo"en1 an, wen a wo"an ,oes vent%re )ort1 se a!ways wears so"e sort

o) vei!&

Te tra,i+ona! ,ivision o) s(ace 'etween te se3es is (er(et%ate, in te 'roa,cast "e,ia&

o"en5s s%'servience is consistent!y sown on te!evision an, in 8!"s& An,1 a!to%# (o(%!ar

te!evision ,ra"as raise controversia! iss%es s%c as wo"en workin#1 seekin# ,ivorce1 or even

avin# a say in )a"i!y (o!i+cs1 te (ro#ra"s o


28/48

Tere ave 'een vario%s a6e"(ts at socia! an, !e#a! re)or" ai"e, at i"(rovin# $%s!i"

wo"en5s !ives in te s%'con+nent ,%rin# te twen+et cent%ry& Tese a6e"(ts #enera!!y ave

'een re!ate, to two 'roa,er1 intertwine, "ove"ents te socia! re)or" "ove"ent in :ri+s

In,ia an, te #rowin# $%s!i" na+ona!ist "ove"ent& Since (ar++on1 te can#in# stat%s o)

wo"en in Pakistan !ar#e!y as 'een !inke, wit ,isco%rse a'o%t te ro!e o) Is!a" in a "o,ern

state& Tis ,e'ate concerns te e3tent to wic civi! ri#ts co""on in "ost estern

,e"ocracies are a((ro(riate in an Is!a"ic society an, te way tese ri#ts so%!, 'e reconci!e,

wit Is!a"ic )a"i!y !aw&

$%s!i" re)or"ers in te nineteent cent%ry str%##!e, to intro,%ce )e"a!e e,%ca+on1 to ease

so"e o) te restric+ons on wo"en5s ac+vi+es1 to !i"it (o!y#yny1 an, to ens%re wo"en5s ri#ts

%n,er Is!a"ic !aw& Sir Sye, A"a, Kan convene, te $oa""e,an E,%ca+ona! Con)erence in

te ;04s to (ro"ote "o,ern e,%ca+on )or $%s!i"s1 an, e )o%n,e, te $%a""a,an An#!o-

Orienta! Co!!e#e& A"on# te (re,o"inant!y "a!e (ar+ci(ants were "any o) te ear!iest

(ro(onents o) e,%ca+on an, i"(rove, socia! stat%s )or wo"en& Tey a,vocate, cookin# an,

sewin# c!asses con,%cte, in a re!i#io%s )ra"ework to a,vance wo"en5s know!e,#e an, ski!!s an,

to rein)orce Is!a"ic va!%es& :%t (ro#ress in wo"en5s !iteracy was s!ow 'y .M on!y )o%r o%t o)

every 1444 $%s!i" )e"a!es were !iterate&

Pro"o+n# te e,%ca+on o) wo"en was a 8rst ste( in "ovin# 'eyon, te constraints i"(ose,

'y (%r,a& Te na+ona!ist str%##!e e!(e, )ray te trea,s in tat socia!!y i"(ose, c%rtain&

Si"%!taneo%s!y1 wo"en5s ro!es were 7%es+one,1 an, teir e"(ower"ent was !inke, to te

!ar#er iss%es o) na+ona!is" an, in,e(en,ence& In .F0 te $%s!i" Persona! Law restore, ri#ts>s%c as ineritance o) (ro(erty@ tat a, 'een !ost 'y wo"en %n,er te An#!ici*a+on o) certain

civi! !aws& As in,e(en,ence neare,1 it a((eare, tat te state wo%!, #ive (riority to e"(owerin#

wo"en& Pakistan5s )o%n,in# )ater1 $oa""a, A!i Ginna1 sai, in a s(eec in .//

No na+on can rise to te ei#t o) #!ory %n!ess yo%r wo"en are si,e 'y si,e wit yo% we are

vic+"s o) evi! c%sto"s& It is a cri"e a#ainst %"anity tat o%r wo"en are s%t %( witin te

)o%r wa!!s o) te o%ses as (risoners& Tere is no sanc+on anywere )or te ,e(!ora'!e con,i+on

in wic o%r wo"en ave to !ive&

A


29/48

o"en5s Ri#ts in te . cons+t%+on& Te . $%s!i" a"i!y Laws Or,inance coverin#

"arria#e an, ,ivorce1 te "ost i"(ortant socio!e#a! re)or" tat tey s%((orte,1 is s+!! wi,e!y

re#ar,e, as e"(owerin# to wo"en&

Two iss%es--(ro"o+on o) wo"en5s (o!i+ca! re(resenta+on an, acco""o,a+on 'etween

$%s!i" )a"i!y !aw an, ,e"ocra+c civi! ri#ts--ca"e to ,o"inate ,isco%rse a'o%t wo"en an,

socio!e#a! re)or"& Te secon, iss%e #aine, consi,era'!e a6en+on ,%rin# te re#i"e o) =ia %!-

Ha7 >.00-;;@& r'an wo"en )or"e, #ro%(s to (rotect teir ri#ts a#ainst a((arent

,iscri"ina+on %n,er =ia5s Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra"& It was in te i#!y visi'!e rea!" o) !aw tat

wo"en were a'!e to ar+c%!ate teir o'2ec+ons to te Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra" ini+ate, 'y te

#overn"ent in .0.& Protests a#ainst te .0. En)orce"ent o) H%,oo, Or,inances )oc%se, on

te )ai!%re o) %,oo, or,inances to ,is+n#%is 'etween a,%!tery >*ina@ an, ra(e >*ina-'i!-2a'r@&

A "an co%!, 'e convicte, o) *ina on!y i) e were act%a!!y o'serve, co""in# te o9ense 'y

oter "en1 '%t a wo"an co%!, 'e convicte, si"(!y 'eca%se se 'eca"e (re#nant&

Te o"en5s Ac+on or%" was )or"e, in .; to res(on, to te i"(!e"enta+on o) te (ena!

co,e an, to stren#ten wo"en5s (osi+on in society #enera!!y& Te wo"en in te )or%"1 "ost o)

wo" ca"e )ro" e!ite )a"i!ies1 (erceive, tat "any o) te !aws (ro(ose, 'y te =ia

#overn"ent were ,iscri"inatory an, wo%!, co"(ro"ise teir civi! stat%s& In Karaci1 Laore1

an, Is!a"a'a, te #ro%( a#ree, on co!!ec+ve !ea,ersi( an, )or"%!ate, (o!icy state"ents an,

en#a#e, in (o!i+ca! ac+on to sa)e#%ar, wo"en5s !e#a! (osi+on&

Te o"en5s Ac+on or%" as (!aye, a centra! ro!e in e3(osin# te controversy re#ar,in#

vario%s inter(reta+ons o) Is!a"ic !aw an, its ro!e in a "o,ern state1 an, in (%'!ici*in# ways in

wic wo"en can (!ay a "ore ac+ve ro!e in (o!i+cs& Its "e"'ers !e, (%'!ic (rotests in te "i,-

.;4s a#ainst te (ro"%!#a+on o) te Law o) Evi,ence& A!to%# te 8na! version was

s%'stan+a!!y "o,i8e,1 te o"en5s Ac+on or%" o'2ecte, to te !e#is!a+on 'eca%se it #ave

%ne7%a! wei#t to tes+"ony 'y "en an, wo"en in 8nancia! cases& %n,a"enta!!y1 tey

o'2ecte, to te asser+on tat wo"en an, "en cannot (ar+ci(ate as !e#a! e7%a!s in econo"ic

a9airs&

:e#innin# in A%#%st .;1 te o"en5s Ac+on or%" "e"'ers an, teir s%((orters !e, a

,e'ate over (assa#e o) te Sariat :i!!1 wic ,ecree, tat a!! !aws in Pakistan so%!, con)or" to

Is!a"ic !aw& Tey ar#%e, tat te !aw wo%!, %n,er"ine te (rinci(!es o) 2%s+ce1 ,e"ocracy1 an,

)%n,a"enta! ri#ts o) ci+*ens1 an, tey (ointe, o%t tat Is!a"ic !aw wo%!, 'eco"e i,en+8e,

so!e!y wit te conserva+ve inter(reta+on s%((orte, 'y =ia5s #overn"ent& $ost ac+vists )e!t


30/48

tat te Sariat :i!! a, te (oten+a! to ne#ate "any o) te ri#ts wo"en a, won& In $ay

..1 a co"(ro"ise version o) te Sariat :i!! was a,o(te,1 '%t te ,e'ate over weter civi!

!aw or Is!a"ic !aw so%!, (revai! in te co%ntry con+n%e, in te ear!y ..4s&

Disco%rse a'o%t te (osi+on o) wo"en in Is!a" an, wo"en5s ro!es in a "o,ern Is!a"ic state

was s(arke, 'y te #overn"ent5s a6e"(ts to )or"a!i*e a s(eci8c inter(reta+on o) Is!a"ic !aw&

A!to%# te iss%e o) evi,ence 'eca"e centra! to te concern )or wo"en5s !e#a! stat%s1 "ore

"%n,ane "a6ers s%c as "an,atory ,ress co,es )or wo"en an, weter )e"a!es co%!,

co"(ete in interna+ona! s(orts co"(e++ons were a!so 'ein# ar#%e,&

Anoter o) te ca!!en#es )ace, 'y Pakistani wo"en concerns teir inte#ra+on into te !a'or

)orce& :eca%se o) econo"ic (ress%res an, te ,isso!%+on o) e3ten,e, )a"i!ies in %r'an areas1

"any "ore wo"en are workin# )or wa#es tan in te (ast& :%t 'y ..4 )e"a!es ocia!!y "a,e%( on!y F (ercent o) te !a'or )orce& Restric+ons on teir "o'i!ity !i"it teir o((ort%ni+es1 an,

tra,i+ona! no+ons o) (ro(riety !ea, )a"i!ies to concea! te e3tent o) work (er)or"e, 'y

wo"en&

s%a!!y1 on!y te (oorest wo"en en#a#e in work--o


31/48

A "e!,in# o) te tra,i+ona! socia! we!)are ac+vi+es o) te wo"en5s "ove"ent an, its new!y

revise, (o!i+ca! ac+vis" a((ears to ave occ%rre,& Diverse #ro%(s inc!%,in# te o"en5s Ac+on

or%"1 te A!!-Pakistan o"en5s Associa+on1 te Pakistan o"en Lawyers5 Associa+on1 an,

te :%siness an, Pro)essiona! o"en5s Associa+on1 are s%((or+n# s"a!!-sca!e (ro2ects

tro%#o%t te co%ntry tat )oc%s on e"(owerin# wo"en& Tey ave 'een invo!ve, in s%c

ac+vi+es as ins+t%+n# !e#a! ai, )or in,i#ent wo"en1 o((osin# te #en,ere, se#re#a+on o)

%niversi+es1 an, (%'!ici*in# an, con,e"nin# te #rowin# inci,ents o) vio!ence a#ainst wo"en&

Te Pakistan o"en Lawyers5 Associa+on as re!ease, a series o) 8!"s e,%ca+n# wo"en a'o%t

teir !e#a! ri#ts te :%siness an, Pro)essiona! o"en5s Associa+on is s%((or+n# a

co"(reensive (ro2ect insi,e Yakki ?ate1 a (oor area insi,e te wa!!e, city o) Laore an, te

Oran#i Pi!ot Pro2ect in Karaci as (ro"ote, networks a"on# wo"en wo work at o"e so tey

nee, not 'e ,e(en,ent on "i,,!e"en to ac7%ire raw "ateria!s an, "arket te c!otes tey

(ro,%ce&

Te wo"en5s "ove"ent as si


32/48

:asic Tenets o) Is!a"

Te centra! 'e!ie) in Is!a" is tat tere is on!y one ?o,1 A!!a1 an, tat te Pro(et $%a""a,

was is 8na! "essen#er& $%a""a, is e!, to 'e te Qsea! o) te (ro(ets&Q Is!a" is ,erive,

)ro" te G%,eo-Cris+an tra,i+on an, re#ar,s A'raa" >I'rai"@ an, Ges%s >Isa@ as (ro(ets

an, reco#ni*es te va!i,ity o) te O!, Testa"ent an, New Testa"ent&

Is!a" is e!, to 'e te '!%e(rint )or %"anity tat ?o, as create,& Te wor, Is!a" co"es )ro"

as!a"a >to s%'"it@1 an, te one wo s%'"its--a $%s!i"--is a 'e!iever wo acieves (eace1 or

sa!aa"& ?o,1 te creator1 is invisi'!e an, o"ni(resent to re(resent ?o, in any )or" is a sin&

Te Pro(et was 'orn in A&D& 04 an, 'eca"e a "ercant in te Ara'ian town o) $ecca& At te

a#e o) )orty1 e 'e#an to receive a series o) reve!a+ons )ro" ?o, trans"i6e, tro%# te an#e!

?a'rie!& His "onoteis+c "essa#e1 wic ,is,aine, te i,o!atry tat was (o(%!ar!y (rac+ce, at

te Kaa'a >now in te ?reat $os7%e an, venerate, as a srine o) $%s!i" (i!#ri"a#e@ in $ecca

at tat +"e1 was ri,ic%!e, 'y te town5s !ea,ers& $%a""a, an, is )o!!owers were )orce, to

e"i#rate in MM to te near'y town o) Yatri'1 !ater known as $e,ina or Qte city&Q Tis "ove1

te i2ra1 "arks te 'e#innin# o) te Is!a"ic era& In te ten years 'e)ore is ,eat in FM1 te

Pro(et con+n%e, (reacin# an, receivin# reve!a+ons1 %!+"ate!y conso!i,a+n# 'ot te

te"(ora! an, te s(irit%a! !ea,ersi( o) Ara'ia&

Te B%ran1 te o!y scri(t%re o) Is!a"1 (!ays a (ivota! ro!e in $%s!i" socia! or#ani*a+on an,

va!%es& Te B%ran1 wic !itera!!y "eans Qreci+n#1Q is reco#ni*e, 'y 'e!ievers as tr%!y te wor,

o) ?o,1 an, as s%c it is eterna!1 a'so!%te1 an, irrevoca'!e& Te )act tat $%a""a, was te

!ast o) te (ro(ets an, tat no )%rter a,,i+ons to Qte wor,Q are a!!owe, is si#ni8cant it

c!oses te ,oor to new reve!a+ons&

Tat tere can 'e no a%tori*e, trans!a+on o) te B%ran in any !an#%a#e oter tan te ori#ina!1

Ara'ic1 is cr%cia! to its %ni)yin# i"(ortance& C%!t%ra! ,i9erences s%c as tose tat e3ist a"on#vario%s $%s!i" #ro%(s tro%#o%t te wor!, cannot co"(ro"ise te %ni)yin# ro!e tat te

re!i#ion (!ays&

Te Pro(et5s !i)e is consi,ere, e3e"(!ary& His ac+ve en#a#e"ent in wor!,!y ac+vi+es

esta'!ise, (rece,ents )or $%s!i"s to )o!!ow& Tese (rece,ents1 re)erre, to as te a,it1


33/48

inc!%,e te state"ents1 ac+ons1 an, "oo,s or )ee!in#s o) te Pro(et& A!to%# "any a,it

are (o(%!ar!y acce(te, 'y "ost $%s!i"s1 tere is no one canon acce(te, 'y a!!& S%c tin#s as

te way in wic $%a""a, ran te state in $e,ina an, te (riority e (!ace, on e,%ca+on

re"ain i"(ortant #%i,e!ines1 owever1 ave con+n%e, to re"ain i"(ortant in "o,ern +"es&

Te B%ran an, te a,it to#eter )or" te s%nna1 a co"(reensive #%i,e to s(irit%a!1 etica!1

an, socia! !ivin#&

Te 8ve (i!!ars o) Is!a" consist o) certain 'e!ie)s an, acts to wic a $%s!i" "%st a,ere to

ar" "e"'ersi( in te co""%nity& Te 8rst is te saa,a >tes+"ony@1 te ar"a+on o) te

)ait1 wic s%ccinct!y states te centra! 'e!ie) o) Is!a" QTere is no #o, '%t ?o, >A!!a@1 an,

$%a""a, is is Pro(et&Q To 'eco"e a $%s!i"1 one nee,s on!y to recite tis state"ent&

Secon, is sa!at1 te o'!i#a+on )or a $%s!i" to (ray at 8ve set +"es ,%rin# te ,ay& $%s!i"s

va!%e (rayers recite, co""%na!!y1 es(ecia!!y te "i,,ay (rayers on ri,ay1 te $%s!i" sa''at&

$os7%es ave e"er#e, as i"(ortant socia! an, (o!i+ca! centers as a 'y-(ro,%ct o) tis %ni)yin#

va!%e& Te tir, (i!!ar o) Is!a" is *akat1 te o'!i#a+on to (rovi,e a!"s )or te (oor an,

,isa,vanta#e,& Te )o%rt is saw"1 te o'!i#a+on to )ast )ro" s%nrise to s%nset ,%rin# te o!y

"ont o) Ra"a,an1 in co""e"ora+on o) te 'e#innin# o) te Pro(et5s reve!a+ons )ro" A!!a&

Te 8na! (i!!ar is te e3(ecta+on tat every a,%!t $%s!i" (ysica!!y an, 8nancia!!y a'!e to ,o so

(er)or" te a221 te (i!#ri"a#e to $ecca1 at !east once in is or er !i)e+"e& Te (i!#ri"a#e

occ%rs ,%rin# te !ast "ont o) te $%s!i" !%nar ca!en,ar1 2%st over a "ont a


34/48

Te conce(t o) (re,es+na+on in Is!a" is ,i9erent )ro" tat in Cris+anity& Is!a" (osits te

e3istence o) an a!!-(ower)%! )orce >A!!a@ wo r%!es te %niverse an, knows a!! tin#s& So"etin#

wi!! a((en--insaa!!a--i) it is ?o,5s wi!!& Te conce(t is not (%re!y )ata!is+c1 )or a!to%# (eo(!e

are res(onsi'!e to ?o, )or teir ac+ons1 tese ac+ons are not (re,es+ne,& Instea,1 ?o, as

sown te wor!, te ri#t way to !ive as revea!e, tro%# te B%ran ten it is %( to in,ivi,%a!

'e!ievers to coose ow to !ive&

Tere are two "a2or sects1 te S%nnis an, te Sia1 in Is!a"& Tey are ,i9eren+ate, 'y S%nni

acce(tance o) te te"(ora! a%tority o) te Ras%,in Ca!i(ate >A'% :akr1 O"ar1 s"an1 an,

A!i@ a


35/48

Laore >ca& e!event cent%ry@ an, Sa'a* Ba!an,er in Sewan1 Sin, >ca& twe!Is!a" an,

Hin,%is"@ an, wit ,i9erent istorica! 'ack#ro%n,s1 socia! c%sto"s1 c%!t%res1 an, socia! "ores&

Is!a" was t%s te 'asis )or te crea+on an, te %ni8ca+on o) a se(arate state1 '%t it was not

e3(ecte, to serve as te "o,e! o) #overn"ent& $oa""a, A!i Ginna "a,e is co""it"ent to

sec%!aris" in Pakistan c!ear in is ina%#%ra! a,,ress wen e sai,1 QYo% wi!! 8n, tat in te

co%rse o) +"e Hin,%s wo%!, cease to 'e Hin,%s an, $%s!i"s wo%!, cease to 'e $%s!i"s1 not inte re!i#io%s sense1 'eca%se tat is te (ersona! )ait o) eac in,ivi,%a!1 '%t in te (o!i+ca! sense

as ci+*ens o) te State&Q Tis vision o) a $%s!i" "a2ority state in wic re!i#io%s "inori+es

wo%!, sare e7%a!!y in its ,eve!o("ent was 7%es+one, sort!y a


36/48

In .00 te #overn"ent o) =%!87ar A!i :%6o o%t!awe, a!coo! an, can#e, te Q,ay o9Q )ro"

S%n,ay to ri,ay1 '%t no s%'stan+ve Is!a"ic re)or" (ro#ra" was i"(!e"ente, (rior to ?enera!

=ia5s Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra"& Star+n# in e'r%ary .0.1 new (ena! "eas%res 'ase, on Is!a"ic

(rinci(!es o) 2%s+ce went into e9ect& Tese carrie, consi,era'!y #reater i"(!ica+ons )or wo"en

tan )or "en& A we!)are an, ta3a+on syste" 'ase, on *akat an, a (ro8t-an,-!oss 'ankin# syste"

were a!so esta'!ise, in accor,ance wit Is!a"ic (roi'i+ons a#ainst %s%ry&

=ia5s Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra" was (%rs%e, witin a rater co"(!icate, i,eo!o#ica! )ra"ework& His

stance was in contrast o) te (o(%!ar c%!t%re1 in wic "ost (eo(!e are Q(ersona!!yQ very

re!i#io%s '%t not Q(%'!ic!yQ re!i#io%s& An %ne3(ecte, o%tco"e was tat 'y re!yin# on a (o!icy

#ro%n,e, in Is!a"1 te state )o"ente, )ac+ona!is" 'y !e#is!a+n# wat is Is!a"ic an, wat is

not1 Is!a" itse!) co%!, no !on#er (rovi,e %nity 'eca%se it was ten 'ein# ,e8ne, to e3c!%,e

(revio%s!y inc!%,e, #ro%(s& Dis(%tes 'etween S%nnis an, Sia1 etnic ,ist%r'ances in Karaci

'etween Pakt%ns an, "%a2irs1 increase, ani"osity towar, A"a,iyyas1 an, te reviva! o)

P%n2a'-Sin, tensions--can a!! 'e trace, to te !oss o) Is!a" as a co""on voca'%!ary o) (%'!ic

"ora!ity& $ore (ro)o%n,!y1 in a "ove tat reace, into every o"e1 te state a, a6e"(te, to

,ictate a s(eci8c i,ea! i"a#e o) wo"en in Is!a"ic society1 an i,ea! tat was !ar#e!y an+te+ca! to

tat e3is+n# in (o(%!ar sen+"ent an, in every,ay !i)e&

A "a2or co"(onent in te Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra"1 te Sariat :i!!1 was (asse, in $ay ..& Tis

'i!! re7%ire, tat a!! !aws in te co%ntry con)or" wit Is!a"& o"en5s #ro%(s in (ar+c%!ar were

concerne, tat te re)or"s in te $%s!i" a"i!y Laws Or,inance o) . co%!, 'e 2eo(ar,i*e,

'y te new 'i!!&

A controversia! !aw1 Sec+on M.-C o) te Pakistan Pena! Co,e1 ,rew a #reat ,ea! o) a6en+on

)ro" cri+cs associate, wit te H%"an Ri#ts Co""ission in ..F-./& Intro,%ce, in .; 'y

=ia1 te !aw1 re)erre, to as Qte '!as(e"y tra(1Q states tat Qwoever 'y wor,s1 eiter s(oken

or wri6en1 or 'y visi'!e re(resenta+on or 'y any i"(%ta+on1 inn%en,o1 or insin%a+on1 ,irect!y

or in,irect!y1 ,e8!es te sacre, na"e o) te Pro(et $%a""a, sa!! 'e (%nise, wit ,eat

or i"(risone, )or !i)e an, sa!! 'e !ia'!e to 8ne&Q Te !aw e3ten,s to $%s!i"s an, non$%s!i"s

a!ike1 '%t it as 'een in,iscri"inate!y %se, a#ainst "e"'ers o) "inori+es& Accor,in# to A"nesty

Interna+ona!1 severa! ,o*en (eo(!e a, 'een car#e, %n,er Pakistan5s '!as(e"y !aws 'y ear!y

../& In a!! cases1 tese car#es a((ear to ave 'een ar'itrari!y 'ro%#t an, to ave 'een 'ase,

on an in,ivi,%a!5s "inority re!i#io%s 'e!ie)s or on "a!icio%s acc%sa+ons& Te c%rrent #overn"ent

o) :ena*ir :%6o1 sensi+ve to Pakistan5s i"a#e in te wor!, co""%nity1 as a6e"(te, to

a((rove can#es in te '!as(e"y !aw in or,er to Qc%r' a'%ses o) te !awQ--es(ecia!!y tose

invo!vin# )a!se acc%sa+ons an, )a'ricate, cases& Cri+cs c!ai"1 owever1 tat :ena*ir1 constant!y

%n,er a6ack )or 'ein# too !i'era! 'y te re!i#io%s ri#t1 as 'een over!y ca%+o%s an, s!ow to


37/48

intro,%ce a"en,"ents to te !aw&

Pakistan

Pakistan Re!i#ion - Non-$%s!i" $inori+es

Pakistan

Te "ost visi'!e #ro%(s o) non-$%s!i" "inori+es are Hin,%s an, Cris+ans& Hin,%s are )o%n,

!ar#e!y in te interior o) Sin, an, in te vicinity o) B%e6a in :a!ocistan& Cris+ans1

re(resen+n# a!"ost a!! est E%ro(ean ,o"ina+ons1 are )o%n, tro%#o%t te co%ntry "any

are en#a#e, in "enia! work& Oter "inori+es inc!%,e =oroastrians >a!so ca!!e, Parsis@1 !ar#e!yconcentrate, in Karaci1 an, "e"'ers o) #ro%(s re!a+ve!y recent!y ,esi#nate, as non-$%s!i"1

nota'!y te A"a,iyyas&

Te vario%s re!i#io%s "inority #ro%(s ave sec%re, se(arate re(resenta+on in na+ona! an,

(rovincia! asse"'!ies '%t s+!! ave !i"ite, in%ence on na+ona! (o!icy& Tey 8na!!y %nite,

aro%n, a co""on iss%e in Octo'er ..M wen te #overn"ent o) Nawa* Sari) ,ecree, tat

re!i#io%s a!ia+on wo%!, 'e in,icate, on i,en+ty car,s& Tese car,s were nee,e, )or a ran#e o)

ac+vi+es1 inc!%,in# a6en,in# scoo!1 o(enin# a 'ank acco%nt1 re#isterin# to vote1 cas+n# a vote1

an, o'tainin# a (ass(ort& $e"'ers o) "inority #ro%(s or#ani*e, ,e"onstra+ons to (rotest tis

,iscri"ina+on1 wic tey ar#%e, wo%!, ,e"ote te" to te ranks o) secon,-c!ass ci+*ens&

Tey ar#%e, tat sa)e#%ar,s e3iste, )or te" 'ot witin Is!a"ic !aw an, in te (ro"ises tat

a, 'een "a,e to te" in ./0& Te #overn"ent soon rescin,e, te ,ecree&

Pakistan

Pakistan - EDCATION

Pakistan

At in,e(en,ence1 Pakistan a, a (oor!y e,%cate, (o(%!a+on an, )ew scoo!s or %niversi+es&

A!to%# te e,%ca+on syste" as e3(an,e, #reat!y since ten1 ,e'ate con+n%es a'o%t te


38/48

c%rric%!%"1 an,1 e3ce(t in a )ew e!ite ins+t%+ons1 7%a!ity re"aine, a cr%cia! concern o)

e,%cators in te ear!y ..4s&

A,%!t !iteracy is !ow1 '%t i"(rovin#& In ..M "ore tan F (ercent o) a,%!ts over 8wit %n,erstan,in#@ a sort1 si"(!e state"ent on every,ay !i)e&

Re!a+ve!y !i"ite, reso%rces ave 'een a!!ocate, to e,%ca+on1 a!to%# tere as 'een

i"(rove"ent in recent ,eca,es& In .4 (%'!ic e3(en,it%re on e,%ca+on was on!y & (ercento) te #ross na+ona! (ro,%ct >?NP@ 'y ..4 te 8#%re a, risen to F&/ (ercent& Tis a"o%nt

co"(are, (oor!y wit te FF&. (ercent 'ein# s(ent on ,e)ense in ..F& In ..4 Pakistan was

+e, )or )o%rt (!ace in te wor!, in its ra+o o) "i!itary e3(en,it%res to ea!t an, e,%ca+on

e3(en,it%res& A!to%# te #overn"ent en!iste, te assistance o) vario%s interna+ona! ,onors

in te e,%ca+on e9orts o%t!ine, in its Sevent ive-Year P!an >.;;-.F@1 te res%!ts ,i, not

"eas%re %( to e3(ecta+ons&

Str%ct%re o) te Syste"

E,%ca+on is or#ani*e, into 8ve !eve!s (ri"ary >#ra,es one tro%# 8ve@ "i,,!e >#ra,es si3

tro%# ei#t@ i# >#ra,es nine an, ten1 c%!"ina+n# in "atric%!a+on@ inter"e,iate >#ra,es

e!even an, twe!ve1 !ea,in# to an &A& ,i(!o"a in arts or &S& science an, %niversity (ro#ra"s

!ea,in# to %n,er#ra,%ate an, a,vance, ,e#rees& Pre(aratory c!asses >kaci1 or n%rsery@ were

)or"a!!y incor(orate, into te syste" in .;; wit te Sevent ive-Year P!an&

Aca,e"ic an, tecnica! e,%ca+on ins+t%+ons are te res(onsi'i!ity o) te )e,era! $inistry o)E,%ca+on1 wic coor,inates instr%c+on tro%# te inter"e,iate !eve!& A'ove tat !eve!1 a

,esi#nate, %niversity in eac (rovince is res(onsi'!e )or coor,ina+on o) instr%c+on an,

e3a"ina+ons& In certain cases1 a ,i9erent "inistry "ay oversee s(ecia!i*e, (ro#ra"s&

niversi+es en2oy !i"ite, a%tono"y teir 8nances are overseen 'y a niversity ?rants

Co""ission1 as in :ritain&


39/48

Teacer-trainin# workso(s are overseen 'y te res(ec+ve (rovincia! e,%ca+on "inistries in

or,er to i"(rove teacin# ski!!s& However1 incen+ves are severe!y !ackin#1 an,1 (era(s 'eca%se

o) te sorta#e o) 8nancia! s%((ort to e,%ca+on1 )ew teacers (ar+ci(ate& Rates o) a'senteeis"

a"on# teacers are i# in #enera!1 in,%cin# s%((ort )or co""%nity-coor,inate, e9orts(ro"ote, in te Ei#t ive-Year P!an >..F-.;@&

In .. tere were ;01/ (ri"ary scoo!s1 ;.1M44 (ri"ary scoo! teacers1 an, 010;1444

st%,ents enro!!e, at te (ri"ary !eve!1 wit a st%,ent-to-teacer ra+o o) )orty-one to one& G%st

over one-tir, o) a!! ci!,ren o) (ri"ary scoo! a#e were enro!!e, in a scoo! in .;.& Tere were

1.0; secon,ary scoo!s1 /1;4M secon,ary scoo! teacers1 an, M1..1444 st%,ents enro!!e,

at te secon,ary !eve!1 wit a st%,ent-to- teacer ra+o o) nineteen to one&

Pri"ary scoo! ,ro(o%t rates re"aine, )air!y consistent in te .04s an, .;4s1 at 2%st over 4

(ercent )or 'oys an, 4 (ercent )or #ir!s& Te "i,,!e scoo! ,ro(o%t rates )or 'oys an, #ir!s rose

)ro" MM (ercent in .0 to a'o%t FF (ercent in .;F& However1 a no+cea'!e si< occ%rre, in te

'e#innin# o) te .;4s re#ar,in# te (ost(ri"ary ,ro(o%t rate wereas 'oys an, #ir!s a,

re!a+ve!y e7%a! rates >/ (ercent@ in .01 'y .0.-- 2%st as =ia ini+ate, is #overn"ent5s

Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra"--te ,ro(o%t rate )or 'oys was M (ercent wi!e )or #ir!s it was on!y

(ercent& :y ..F tis tren, a, ,ra"a+ca!!y reverse,1 an, 'oys a, a ,ro(o%t rate o) on!y 0

(ercent co"(are, wit te #ir!s5 rate o) (ercent&

Te Sevent ive-Year P!an envisione, tat every ci!, 8ve years an, a'ove wo%!, ave access to

eiter a (ri"ary scoo! or a co"(ara'!e1 '%t !ess co"(reensive1 "os7%e scoo!& However1

'eca%se o) 8nancia! constraints1 tis #oa! was not acieve,&

In ,ra


40/48

e"a!e E,%ca+on

Co"(arison o) ,ata )or "en an, wo"en revea!s si#ni8cant ,is(arity in e,%ca+ona! a6ain"ent&

:y ..M1 a"on# (eo(!e o!,er tan 8


41/48

c%rric%!%"&

n+! te !ate .04s1 a ,is(ro(or+onate a"o%nt o) e,%ca+ona! s(en,in# went to te "i,,!e an,

i#er !eve!s& E,%ca+on in te co!onia! era a, 'een #eare, to stan# te civi! service an,

(ro,%cin# an e,%cate, e!ite tat sare, te va!%es o) an, was !oya! to te :ri+s& It was

%na'ase,!y e!i+st1 an, conte"(orary e,%ca+on--re)or"s an, co""issions on re)or"

notwitstan,in#--as retaine, te sa"e 7%a!ity& Tis )act is evi,ent in te #!arin# #a( in

e,%ca+ona! a6ain"ent 'etween te co%ntry5s (%'!ic scoo!s an, te (rivate scoo!s1 wic

were na+ona!i*e, in te !ate .04s in a "ove inten,e, to )aci!itate e7%a! access& ereas

st%,ents )ro" !ower-c!ass 'ack#ro%n,s ,i, #ain increase, access to tese (rivate scoo!s in te

.;4s an, ..4s1 teacers an, scoo! (rinci(a!s a!ike 'e"oane, te ,ec!ine in te 7%a!ity o)

e,%ca+on& $eanwi!e1 it a((ears tat a #reater (ro(or+on o) ci!,ren o) te e!ites are trave!in#

a'roa, not on!y )or %niversity e,%ca+on '%t a!so )or teir i# scoo! ,i(!o"as&

Te e3tension o) !iteracy to #reater n%"'ers o) (eo(!e as s(%rre, te workin# c!ass to as(ire to

"i,,!e-c!ass #oa!s s%c as ownin# an a%to"o'i!e1 takin# s%""er vaca+ons1 an, (rovi,in# a

,a%#ter wit a once-inconceiva'!e ,owry at te +"e o) "arria#e& In te (ast1 Pakistan was a

co%ntry tat te !an,!or,s owne,1 te ar"y r%!e,1 an, te '%rea%crats #overne,1 an, it ,rew

"ost o) its e!ite )ro" tese tree #ro%(s& In te ..4s1 owever1 te ar"y an, te civi! service

were ,rawin# a #reater (ro(or+on o) e,%cate, "e"'ers )ro" (oor 'ack#ro%n,s tan ever

'e)ore&

One o) te e,%ca+on re)or"s o) te .;4s was an increase in te n%"'er o) tecnica! scoo!s

tro%#o%t te co%ntry& Tose scoo!s tat were ,esi#nate, )or )e"a!es inc!%,e, oste!s near'y

to (rovi,e sec%re o%sin# )or )e"a!e st%,ents& Increasin# te n%"'er o) tecnica! scoo!s was a

res(onse to te i# rate o) %n,ere"(!oy"ent tat a, 'een evi,ent since te ear!y .04s& Te

Sevent ive-Year P!an ai"e, to increase te sare o) st%,ents #oin# to tecnica! an, voca+ona!

ins+t%+ons to over FF (ercent 'y increasin# te n%"'er o) (o!ytecnics1 co""ercia! co!!e#es1

an, voca+ona! trainin# centers& A!to%# te n%"'ers o) s%c ins+t%+ons ,i, increase1 a

co"(e!!in# nee, to e3(an, voca+ona! trainin# )%rter (ersiste, in ear!y ../&

Pakistan

Pakistan - HEALTH AND ELARE


42/48

Pakistan

In ..M so"e F "i!!ion Pakistanis1 or a'o%t F4 (ercent o) te (o(%!a+on1 were %na'!e to a9or,

n%tri+ona!!y a,e7%ate )oo, or to a9or, any non)oo, ite"s at a!!& O) tese1 M/&F "i!!ion !ive, in

r%ra! areas1 were tey cons+t%te, M. (ercent o) te (o(%!a+on& r'an areas1 wit one-tir, o)

te na+ona! (o(%!a+on1 a, a (overty rate o) M (ercent&

:etween .; an, ..1 a'o%t ; (ercent o) r%ra! resi,ents an, 44 (ercent o) %r'an ,we!!ers

a, access to so"e kin, o) estern or 'io"e,ica! ea!t care '%t M&. "i!!ion (eo(!e a, no

access to ea!t services& On!y / (ercent o) r%ra! (eo(!e a, sa)e water as co"(are, wit ;4

(ercent o) %r'anites1 !eavin# "i!!ion wito%t (ota'!e water& A!so in te sa"e (erio,1 on!y 4

(ercent o) r%ra! resi,ents a, access to "o,ern sanita+on wi!e (ercent o) city resi,ents ,i,

a tota! o) ./&. "i!!ion (eo(!e ence were wito%t sanitary )aci!i+es&

In te ear!y ..4s1 te !ea,in# ca%ses o) ,eat re"aine, #astroenteri+s1 res(iratory in)ec+ons1

con#enita! a'nor"a!i+es1 t%'erc%!osis1 "a!aria1 an, ty(oi,& ?astrointes+na!1 (arasi+c1 an,

res(iratory ai!"ents1 as we!! as "a!n%tri+on1 contri'%te, s%'stan+a!!y to "or'i,ity& Te

inci,ence o) co""%nica'!e ci!,oo, ,iseases was i# "eas!es1 ,i(teria1 an, (ert%ssis took

a s%'stan+a! to!! a"on# ci!,ren %n,er 8ve& A!to%# te %r'an (oor a!so s%9ere, )ro" tese

,iseases1 tose in r%ra! areas were te (rinci(a! vic+"s&

Des(ite tese ,isco%ra#in# )acts1 tere as 'een si#ni8cant i"(rove"ent in so"e ea!t

in,icators1 even to%# te (o(%!a+on #rew 'y F4 (ercent 'etween . an, .4 an,

'etween .; an, ..41 an, increasin# )ro" 4&4 "i!!ion in .4 to MF&/ "i!!ion in ..F& or

e3a"(!e1 in .4 on!y M (ercent o) te (o(%!a+on a, (%r(orte,!y sa)e water >co"(are, wit

(ercent in ..M@& In a,,i+on1 avera#e !i)e e3(ectancy at 'irt was /F& years in .4 in ..M

it a, reace, ;&F years&

$aterna! an, Ci!, Hea!t

Te avera#e a#e o) "arria#e )or wo"en was .&; 'etween .;4 an, ..41 an,1 wit te rate o)

contrace(+on %se reacin# on!y M (ercent in ..M1 "any ,e!ivere, teir 8rst ci!, a'o%t one

year !ater& T%s1 near!y a!) o) Pakistani wo"en ave at !east one ci!, 'e)ore tey co"(!ete

teir twen+et year& In .;;-.4 on!y 04 (ercent o) (re#nant wo"en receive, any (renata! care


43/48

te sa"e (ro(or+on o) 'irts were a6en,e, 'y ea!t workers& A st%,y coverin# te years .0

to ..4 )o%n, tat 0 (ercent o) (re#nant wo"en were ane"ic >.0 to ..4@ an, tat "any

s%9ere, )ro" vita"in ,e8ciencies& In .;; so"e 44 o) every 441444 ,e!iveries res%!te, in te

,eat o) te "oter& A"on# wo"en wo ,ie 'etween a#es 8


44/48

te Ei#t ive-Year P!an >..F- .;@& Provision o) ea!t care )or te r%ra! (o(%!ace as !on#

'een a state, (riority1 '%t e9orts to (rovi,e s%c care con+n%e to 'e a"(ere, 'y

a,"inistra+ve (ro'!e"s an, ,ic%!+es in stan# r%ra! c!inics& In te ear!y .04s1 a

,ecentra!i*e, syste" was ,eve!o(e, in wic 'asic ea!t %nits (rovi,e, (ri"ary care )or a

s%rro%n,in# (o(%!a+on o) 1444 to 41444 (eo(!e1 r%ra! ea!t centers o9ere, s%((ort an,

"ore co"(reensive services to !oca! %nits1 an, 'ot te 'asic %nits an, te ea!t centers

co%!, re)er (a+ents to !ar#er %r'an os(ita!s&

In te ear!y ..4s1 te orienta+on o) te co%ntry5s "e,ica! syste"1 inc!%,in# "e,ica! e,%ca+on1

)avore, te e!ite& Tere as 'een a "arke, 'oo" in (rivate c!inics an, os(ita!s since te !ate

.;4s an, a corres(on,in#1 %n)ort%nate ,eteriora+on in services (rovi,e, 'y na+ona!i*e,

os(ita!s& In ..M tere was on!y one (ysician )or every M1M0 (ersons1 one n%rse )or every

1M (ersons1 an, on!y one os(ita! )or every F1M0/ (ersons& Tere was on!y one ,en+st )or

every 0100 (ersons&

$e,ica! scoo!s ave co"e %n,er a #reat ,ea! o) cri+cis" )ro" wo"en5s #ro%(s )or

,iscri"ina+n# a#ainst )e"a!es& In so"e ci+es1 )e"a!es seekin# a,"ission to "e,ica! scoo! ave

even e!, ,e"onstra+ons a#ainst se(arate #en,er 7%otas& $a!es can o


45/48

certain (ar"acies& Ho"eo(aty1 to%#t 'y so"e to 'e Q(oor "an5s estern "e,icine1Q is a!so

ta%#t an, (rac+ce, in Pakistan& Severa! )or"s o) re!i#io%s ea!in# are co""on too& Pro(e+c

ea!in# is 'ase, !ar#e!y on te a,it o) te Pro(et (ertainin# to y#iene an, "ora! an,

(ysica! ea!t1 an, si"(!e treat"ents are %se,1 s%c as oney1 a )ew er's1 an, (rayer& So"e

re!i#io%s conserva+ves ar#%e tat re!iance on anytin# '%t (rayer s%##ests !ack o) )ait1 wi!e

oters (oint o%t tat te Pro(et re"arke, tat A!!a a, create, "e,icines in or,er tat

%"ans so%!, avai! te"se!ves o) teir 'ene8ts& Po(%!ar )or"s o) re!i#io%s ea!in#1 at !east

(rotec+on )ro" "a!i#n in%ences1 are co""on in "ost o) te co%ntry& Te %se o) tawi*1

a"%!ets containin# B%ranic verses1 or te interven+on o) a (ir1 !ivin# or ,ea,1 is #enera!!y re!ie,

%(on to ,irect te ea!in# )orce o) A!!a5s '!essin# to anyone con)ronte, wit %ncertainty or

,istress&

S"okin#1 Dr%#s1 an, AIDS

S"okin# is (ri"ari!y a ea!t treat )or "en& Near!y a!) o) a!! "en s"oke, in te .04s an,

.;4s1 wereas on!y (ercent o) wo"en s"oke,& Twenty-8ve (ercent o) a!! a,%!ts were

es+"ate, to 'e s"okers in .;1 wit a "arke, increase a"on# wo"en >wo s+!! #enera!!y

s"oke on!y at o"e@& Te na+ona! air!ine1 Pakistan Interna+ona! Air!ines >PIA@1 ins+t%te, a no-

s"okin# (o!icy on a!! its ,o"es+c i#ts in te !ate .;4s& In an %n%s%a! ,e(art%re )ro" #!o'a!

tren,s1 PIA reverse, tis (o!icy in "i,..M 1 c!ai"in# (%'!ic (ress%re--,es(ite no evi,ent (%'!ic

o%tcry in news(a(ers or oter "e,ia& $en a!so take neswar1 a to'acco-'ase, #ro%n, "i3t%re

inc!%,in# !i"e tat is (!ace, %n,er te ton#%e& :ot "en an, wo"en cew (an1 'ete! n%t (!%s

er's an, so"e+"es to'acco wra((e, in 'ete! !ea) te ,ark re, 2%ice ,a"a#es teet an,#%"s& :ot neswar an, (an "ay en#en,er "i!, ,e(en,ency an, "ay contri'%te to ora! cancers

or oter serio%s (ro'!e"s&

O(i%" s"%##!in# an, c%!+va+on1 as we!! as eroin (ro,%c+on1 'eca"e "a2or (ro'!e"s a


46/48

ron+er Province 'y te !ate nineteent cent%ry1 increase, aAIDS@ as not yet 'een "%c o) a (ro'!e" in Pakistan1

(ro'a'!y as a res%!t o) c%!t%ra! "ores constric+n# (re"arita!1 e3tra"arita!1 an, o(en!y

o"ose3%a! re!a+ons& Te e9ect o) (oor 7%a!ity contro! on '!oo, s%((!ies an, nee,!e sarin#a"on# a,,icts is %n,eter"ine,& Te #overn"ent as 'een s!ow to res(on, to te treat (ose,

'y AIDS& C%!t%ra! an, re!i#io%s restric+ons (revent ocia! (o!icies enco%ra#in# Qsa)e-se3Q or

oter (ro#ra"s tat wo%!, (revent te s(rea, o) te ,isease& State-r%n ra,io an, te!evision

sta+ons ave "a,e no a6e"(t to e,%cate te (%'!ic a'o%t AIDS& In )act1 te #overn"ent as

"ini"i*e, te (ro'!e" o) AIDS in te sa"e way tat it as ,ea!t wit (oten+a!!y wi,es(rea,

a!coo!is" 'y !a'e!in# it as a Q)orei#ners5 ,isease&Q

Te $inistry o) Hea!t1 owever1 as esta'!ise, te Na+ona! AIDS Contro! Pro#ra""e to

"onitor te ,isease an, to try to (revent its s(rea,& D%rin# ..F twenty-8ve AIDS screenin#

centers were esta'!ise, at vario%s os(ita!s1 inc!%,in# te A#a Kan niversity Hos(ita! in

Karaci1 te Na+ona! Ins+t%te o) Hea!t in Is!a"a'a,1 an, te Ginna Post#ra,%ate $e,ica!

Center& AIDS screenin# kits an, "ateria!s are (rovi,e, )ree at tese )aci!i+es& :y ear!y ../1

a((ro3i"ate!y F441444 (eo(!e in Pakistan a, 'een teste,&


47/48

A center )or AIDS tes+n# as a!so 'een esta'!ise, at te Port Hea!t Oce in Kea"ari ar'or in

Karaci& Anoter is e3(ecte, to o(en ,%rin# ../ at Karaci Air(ort& :e#innin# in ../1 a!!

)orei#ners an, sai!ors arrivin# in Pakistan wi!! 'e re7%ire, to ave cer+8cates sta+n# tat tey

are AIDS-)ree& Cer+8cates o) ins(ec+on are a!rea,y re7%ire, o) Pakistani sai!ors& A!! i"(orte,

'!oo,1 '!oo, (ro,%cts1 an, vaccines "%st a!so 'e cer+8e,&

=akat as a e!)are Syste"

Socia! sec%rity (!ans were 8rst intro,%ce, in te .4s '%t ave never acieve, "%c s%ccess&

Tra,i+ona!!y1 te )a"i!y an, 'ira,ari ave )%nc+one, as a we!)are syste" tat can 'e re!ie, on in

+"es o) nee, 'ase, on reci(roca! o'!i#a+ons&

In .;41 as a (art o) is Is!a"i*a+on (ro#ra"1 =ia intro,%ce, a we!)are syste"1 known as te

=akat an, sr Or,inance& :ase, on te Is!a"ic no+on o) *akat1 te ai" was to )or#e a na+ona!

syste" to e!( tose wito%t kin& Te =akat an, sr Or,inance co"'ine, e!e"ents o) te

tra,i+ona! Is!a"ic we!)are ins+t%+on wit tose o) a "o,ern (%'!ic we!)are syste"& Te

or,inance5s "ora! i"(era+ve an, "%c o) its ins+t%+ona! str%ct%re were ,irect!y 'ase, on te

B%ran an, te saria&

As a tra,i+ona! re!i#io%s ins+t%+on1 *akat invo!ves 'ot te (ay"ent an, te ,istri'%+on o) an

a!"s ta3 #iven 'y $%s!i"s wo en2oy so"e s%r(!%s to certain kin,s o) ,eservin# (oor $%s!i"s

>"%staa7een@& Te tra,i+ona! inter(reta+on 'y te Hana8 scoo! o) re!i#io%s !aw s+(%!ates

tat *akat is to 'e (ai, once a year on wea!t e!, "ore tan a year& Te rate varies1 a!to%# it

is #enera!!y M& (ercent& sr is anoter )or" o) a!"s#ivin#1 a (ercent ta3 (ai, on te (ro,%ce

o) !an,1 not on te va!%e o) te !an, itse!)& :ot *akat an, %sr are (ai, to #ro%(s as s(eci8e, in

te B%ran1 s%c as te (oor1 te nee,y1 recent converts to Is!a"1 (eo(!e wo ,o te #oo, works

o) ?o,1 an, tose wo co!!ect an, ,is'%rse *akat&

Te =akat an, sr Or,inance set 'roa, (ara"eters )or e!i#i'i!ity )or *akat1 wic is ,eter"ine,'y !oca! *akat co""i6ees& Priority is #iven to wi,ows1 or(ans1 te ,isa'!e,1 an, st%,ents o)

tra,i+ona! re!i#io%s scoo!s& E!i#i'i!ity is 'roa, an, e3i'!e an, (res%"es #reat tr%st in te

inte#rity1 )airness1 an, #oo, sense o) te !oca! *akat co""i6ees& A!to%# te (ro#ra" ini+a!!y

)oc%se, on (rovi,in# cas (ay"ents1 it #ra,%a!!y as "ove, into esta'!isin# trainin# centers1

es(ecia!!y sewin# centers )or wo"en& :y .;F te *akat (ro#ra" a, ,is'%rse, "ore tan RsM&

'i!!ion to so"e / "i!!ion (eo(!e& Te (ro#ra"1 owever1 as co"e %n,er a #reat ,ea! o) cri+cis"


48/48

)or te %neven "anner in wic )%n,s are ,is'%rse,&

Sia ave voci)ero%s!y cri+ci*e, te (ro#ra" on te 'asis tat its innate str%ct%re is '%i!t aro%n,

S%nni 2%ris(r%,ence& Sia !ea,ers s%ccess)%!!y ave ca"(ione, te ri#t to co!!ect *akat

(ay"ents )ro" "e"'ers o) teir co""%nity an, to ,istri'%te te" on!y a"on# Sia

"%staa7een&

Pakistan

Tis te3t co"es )ro" te Co%ntry St%,ies Pro#ra"1 )or"er!y te Ar"y Area Han,'ook Pro#ra"&

Te Co%ntry St%,ies Series (resents a ,escri(+on an, ana!ysis o) te istorica! sen# an, te

socia!1 econo"ic1 (o!i+ca!1 an, na+ona! sec%rity syste"s an, ins+t%+ons o) co%ntries tro%#o%t

te wor!,&

ro" Te Li'rary o) Con#ress

TRY SIN? CTRL- on yo%r key'oar, to 8n, te a((ro(riate sec+on o) te3t

pakistani society

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