pak studies english notes 2nd year.pdf

9/23/2015 Pak Studies English Notes 2nd Year

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Culture may be defined as behaviour peculiar to human beings,together with material objects

used.Culture consists of languge ,ideas,beliefs,customs,codes,institution,tools,techniques,works of

arts,ceremonies and so on.According to Allama Iqbal:

"Culture encompasses all the mental,spiritual and physical activities of a nation.It includes the

basic beliefs and faith,values and literature,art and architecture,music and mode of

dress,manners and customs prevalent in a given society."

PAKISTANI CULTURE IS A ISLAMIC CULTUREPakistan is an Ideologic Islamic State.Its very existence is due to Islam,so the Pakistani culture is

primarily based on the Islamic way of life.All other ingredients of culture are inspired by

Islam.Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeure ,simplicity,firm convictions and noble deeds and

ideas.

ARCHAELOGICAL HERITAGEPakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than five millenium.Over the

centuries,through successive waves of migrations from the North West,as well as by internal

migrations across the Sub Continent,Aryans,Persians,Greeks,Arabs and Mughals came and settled in

the region and have left behind the archaelogical sites in Pakistan which is now being preserved.A

brief review of the different civilizations which flourished and then perished with the passage of time is

as under:

Moen jo DaroMoenjoDaro is situated at a distance of some kilometers from Larkana.A civilization fourished there

some 4000 years ago.It was discovered by Sir John Marshall in 1922.Moen jo Daro stands as most

spectacular of all the excavate cities of the Indus valley civilization.It is strange that at its glory,it was a

beautiful city with brick walled houses,pillared halls,markets,baths,lanes,streets and public

places.Every house had walls,drains and bathrooms inside it.

HarappaHarappa is situated in the city o Sahiwal.Scientist and archaelogists believe that Harappa also

belongs to the Indus valley civilization.Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920.

GandharaIt is comparratively a new civilization,the regions comprising Northern Punjab,Peshawar valley and

Eastern Afghanistan was known as Gandhara.For a long time it remained the meeting place of

various ancient cultures,as it was rule by many rulers.A distinctive art which is known as Gandhara Art



various ancient cultures,as it was rule by many rulers.A distinctive art which is known as Gandhara Art

took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era.Thousand

monastries and stupas were widely built here Buddha's figures,shapes and monastries all made

prominent features of Gandhara Arts.

Buddhist RemainsThe Buddhist era ushered in some 500 years B.C.The Buddhist monastery TakhtiBahi is in

N.W.F.P .It dates 25 century old.Some mounds were also found near Peshawar which represent

Kanishka's mighty Pakistan.An impressive complex of Chapels,Stupas,quadrangles and monk's cells

Notes: Pakistan Studies by Muhammad Ramzan Mughal, M.A History &M.A Political Science

Lecturer Political Science F.G. Post Graduate College H8, Islamabad

are also found.The great Buddhist civilization now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan

culture.

TaxilaIt was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi.Taxila is the most popular name in history.It came

into prominence during the Persian occupation.At its zenith,the city was the nucleus of religious and

cultural activities.

ThattaThe main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of IndoMuslim architecture in the Sub

Continent.Noteable among them is the great mosque built by ShahJahan.The principle monuments

of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill.

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Lahore FortIt is also known as Shahi Qila.It was built by Akbar.The main structure inside the fort are the Moti

Masjid,DiwaneAam,Maktab Khana,the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha.The Hathi and Alamgir gates are

also remarkable constructions.

Badshahi MosqueIt was built by Aurangzeb.Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi.The mosque has been

built with red stones while the domes are in marble.

Jahangir TombThis tomb wasbuiltby Shsh Jahan.It is known as a fine building of Lahore.

Shalimar GardenIt is situated on the Grand Trunk Road and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Grandeur.The garden

constitutes of three terraces,one above the other.Besides there is an elobrate and beautiful



constitutes of three terraces,one above the other.Besides there is an elobrate and beautiful

reservoir,water channels and fountains.

Masjid Wazir KhanIt is situated in Kashmir Baazar inside the walls of the old city.It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who

was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan.

Golden MosqueIt is situated near the Masjid Wazir Khan .It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also

a very beautifull piece of architecture.

Mahabat Khan MosqueThis Mosque was built by a Government of Peshawar.Mahabat Khan,duringShah Jahan's region.It

has afine massive structured with lofty minarets.

The Fort of Bala Hasar This fort was built on raised plateform 92 feet from the ground level.There are two gardens near the

fort.



HERITAGE IN FINE ARTS

PaintingsThe art of painting has developed slowly in the Muslim of South Asia.In the beginning decorative

paintings and embroidery were made on the walls and ceilings of buildings.The Mughal rulers were

very fond of paintings.The traditional art of painting occupies a prominent place in the people of

Pakistan.Abdul Rehman Chughtai,Haji Mohammad Sharif,Jamil Nagshare are the most distinguished

painters.

CalligraphyThe Muslim took a keen intrest in the promotion of calligraphy.Its main reason is their deep love with

Holy Quran.During this period many kinds of calligraphy progressesd.The mosques constructedduring early and medieval periods of Islam were decorated with masterpieces of calligraphy.

MusicThe Mughal contributed a great deal to the promotion of music and Pakistan has inherited musical

traditios that go far back in history.Ameer Khusro and Tansain are famous musicians of the historical

era.

Architecture and SculptureThe Muslim art of architecture was unique in every aspects.The architecture and all the miniature arts



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including carving,sculpture,mosaic works,tile works and paintings were called upon to build newmosques and places.

CONCLUTIONIn the developement of Pakistan society,its cultural heritage has played a vital role.Pakistani nation is

justly proud of the historical period which brings with nearly 4th century B.C and continued with the

advent of Islam in Sub Continent in 8th century A.D.

"Our cultural heritage expresses courage ,patients and hard life.They all are in connection with

life which is a fundamental part of Islamic teachings."



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