pak china relations. international relations

7/30/2019 Pak China Relations. international relations

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Pak-china problems

Usually it is listened that china and Pakistan are very good friend but now-a-daysthe situation seems different because,

beyond the media grabbing headlines and the over-inflated speeches by

politiciansPakistans relationship with China has reached a crescendo and isunlikely to progress any further. In contrast, Chinas relationship with India hasvastly improved and the two adversaries are exploring numerous partnerships toaugment their newfound relationship.

Even the Chinese president 13 agreements with India. these included protectionof bilateral investment, trade of iron ore and the export of rice, agriculturecooperation, educational assistance, and the conservation of cultural heritage.Nevertheless the most obvious improvement in relations has been in bilateraltrade.

On the energy front the two nations instead of competing with each other arecooperating to meet the energy demands of their burgeoning economies. Indianand Chinese companies can be found collaborating on oil and gas projects inIran, Syria, Sudan, Kazakhstan, South America and elsewhere in the world.While some of these joint ventures maybe small the trend supports the notionthat China prefers to engage India over the acquisition and protection of energyresources. Commenting on the need of both countries to play an active role inshaping the international energy order, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh andPresident Hu said in a joint statement: There is the need for an internationalenergy order, and for global energy systems to take into account the needs ofboth countries based on a stable, predictable, secure and clean energy future. In

this context, the international civilian nuclear cooperation should be advancedthrough innovative and forward-looking approaches while safeguarding theeffectiveness of international non-proliferation principles.

On the nuclear front China has offered assistance to bolster Indias nuclearenergy for civilian purposes. The nuclear cooperation on offer is on more or lessequivalent to what China has in place with Pakistan. China and India have alsomade strides on defence matters. This includes port calls, joint search-and-rescue exercises and defence exchanges. Last year this relationship wasupgraded when Beijing and New Delhi signed a memorandum of understandingon defence cooperation.

Another reason that has persuaded China to enhance its engagement with Indiais the Congress Party and her allies supplanting BJP as the governing coalition.Distrust of America runs deep in both Congress and her partners. China sensesthese sentiments and has exploited them to her advantage.

Whereas, Chinas rapprochement with India is cognisant of anti-Americannuance within American-Indian relations, no such differences pervade Pak-US


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relations. By all accounts Pakistan is a subordinate state to America, and this notonly complicates Pakistans relationship with China, but hinders Beijing fromenhancing its ties with Islamabad.

Resurgence of Islam

The resurgence of political Islam across the Muslim world has forced China toexplore relations with non-Islamic countries. Since September 11, China hassought to expand security cooperation with Russia, Israel and India as a meansof countering political Islam, in particular the re-emergence of the Caliphate. Afew years ago Russia and China invited India to discuss this very prospect.

All of these factors have contributed to Chinas expansion of ties with India. AndIf the present trends continue then Sino-Pakistan relations will quicklydegenerate and Pakistan will be bereft of its only friend in the international arenaChina.

Solution:

Divert the attention of china towards Pakistan.

Make allies and agreements that are beneficial for both the countries.

Do more trade with china because in this way china and Pakistan wouldcome closer and their friendship can be saved.

Pak China Relations

Economic relations:

Year 2006 marks the completion of 55 years of cordial and smooth relationsbetween Pakistan and China. Over all these years, the two countries have beenable to evolve exemplary cooperative relationship at multiple levels, especially inthe political, defence and diplomatic arena. However, Pakistan and China havenot been able to make substantial progress in their economic relations untilrecently.

At the dawn of 21st century, both the countries realised the missing economicdimension in their evolving strategic relationship. The two countriesacknowledged the fact that in order to sustain a comprehensive cooperativerelationship, substantive economic cooperation, matching with the level ofpolitical and strategic cooperation, was absolutely necessary. Economiccooperation would not only consolidate the comprehensive bilateral relations butalso help in achieving common aspirations for development, peace and stabilityin the region. In the last few years, the two governments have convened a


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number of high-level conferences/forums, inaugurated by their respectiveleadership in Pakistan and China, to promote economic cooperation therebyexhibiting interest, resolve and patronage to the private sector businesscommunity of the two countries. Pakistan and China now have created a clearand shared vision of the direction of their economic relations. Clarity in the

direction has been achieved due to the frequent exchange of ideas at the high-level consultations between the leadership of the two countries. However, theresults of evolving economic cooperation would only be realised after thesuccessful implementation of the agreements reached at various levels on tradeand investment.

Recent Developments in Pak-China Economic Relations

Since President Musharraf assumed power in October 1999, the economicdimension in Pakistan-China relations has come to the forefront. As a result ofhis emphasis on economic cooperation during his China visit in January 2000,

economic relations slowly began to show signs of improvement, in terms of tradeand investments, in the following years. The Chinese side also positivelyreciprocated in enhancing economic activity between the two countries.

However, amongst other reasons, one of the reasons for improvement in tradeand investment from China is the Chinese governments persuasion of its state-controlled enterprises to import Pakistani products in order to improve the tradebalance and make more project specific investments. The private sectorsengagement, which would be the main engine for growth in bilateral economicrelations in the future, still is at a low level.

Traditionally, throughout in its trade relations with China, Pakistan has had achronic trade deficit. It is primarily because China is competing in almost all themajor sectors of Pakistans potential export areas, which ironically happened tobe very limited. Secondly, Pakistani business community remained contentedwith their established export destinations i.e., US and the Western Europe, andhardly made serious efforts either to diversify the export base or to explore otherareas and regions for enhancing the volume of their exports. This mental fixationwith the Western markets and non-innovative export approach has constantlybeen undermining countrys export potential.

The then Chinese Prime Minister, Zhu Rongji, during his visit to Pakistan in May

2001, urged the two sides to boost cooperation in agriculture, infrastructure,information technology and other fields under the principle of reciprocity andmutual benefit for achieving common prosperity.1 President Musharraf endorsedhis views by suggesting, this strong relationship needs to be further cemented inthe future through economic and commercial bonds.2

As a result, during the visit of Zhu Rongji, on May 12, Pakistan and China signedsix Agreements and one Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). At that time,


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Chinese financial assistance for agreed projects was estimated to be worth overone billion dollars. This signing of agreements can be termed as the first round ofsome substantive initiative for expanding economic cooperation. The agreementssigned included; Economic and Technical Cooperation, Tourism Cooperation,Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, Supply of Locomotives to

Pakistan Railways, Supply of Passenger Coaches to Pakistan Railways, WhiteOil Pipeline and MoU between Chinas ZTE and Pakistan TelecommunicationsCo. Ltd. Under the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation, theChinese Government agreed to provide a grant of 50 million Yuan for thepromotion of economic and technical cooperation between the two countries.

Under the Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, the MetallurgicalConstruction Corporation of China (MCC) was given a ten-year lease to mineand process copper and gold ores at Saindak. Under another agreement forSupply of locomotives to Pakistan Railways, the Chinese firm, Dongfang ElectricCorporation, was to provide 69 locomotives to Pakistan Railways under a

suppliers credit. China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CMC)were to supply 175 passenger coaches to the Pakistan Railways under asuppliers credit.

Agreement on the White Oil Pipeline was signed between the Pak-Arab PipelineCompany and the China Petroleum Engineering Construction Corporation(CPECC), the latter was to supply equipment and materials for the constructionof a pipeline to transfer petroleum products from Karachi to Mahmood Kot.

Under the MoU between ZTE and Pakistan Telecommunications Co. Ltd., theChinese company ZTE will provide financing of US $ 100 million for the

manufacture and installation of digitally-switched lines to the PTCL.

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In addition to these agreements, the most important aspect of increasingeconomic cooperation was that Zhu Rongji reiterated his support for the Gwaderdeep seaport and the Mekran coastal highway projects. He said, These projectsare very important for the development of Pakistan. We will fully support theseprojects and provide help in this regard. Gwader port, overlooking the Straits ofHormuz, is strategically located with open sea-lanes to all directions.

Almost a year later, on March 22, 2002, General Musharraf and the ChineseVice Premier, Wu Bang Guo, attended the ground-breaking ceremony of theGwader sea-port. The phase one of Gwader port has been successfullycompleted in April 2005, and work on the second phase is under progress.

In the following years there has been a regular exchange of high-level visitsbetween the two countries and each visit added new dimensions and areas foreconomic cooperation. For example, President Musharrafs visit in November2003, resulted in signing of a Joint Declaration on Direction of BilateralRelations. It was in fact a road-map determining the direction and scope of


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overall Pak-China bilateral relations in the future. It clearly laid more emphasis onexpanding economic cooperation, while maintaining to continue cooperation inother areas and institutionalising mechanisms for consolidation of all-roundrelationship.

In December 2004, during Prime Minister, Shaukat Azizs visit to China, the twocountries signed seven agreements in trade, communication and energy sectorand drew up a framework for greater cooperation. These agreements envisagedincrease in bilateral trade, further movement on preferential trade agreement,setting up of joint agro-based industries and increased Chinese investment inPakistan. Pakistan announced Free Market Economy (FME) status for China.

Also, China committed to provide $150 million for Chashma nuclear power plant(phase II). It was part of the preferential buyers credit of $500 million to beprovided by Chinese government for investment through Chinese companies. Inthe high level official meetings, both sides expressed keen desire for furtherexpanding bilateral cooperation in all directions. One of the core objectives of

Prime Minister Shaukat Azizs visit was to persuade Chinese side to exportcapital to Pakistan apart from goods. He was of the opinion that Pakistan hasgiven a new direction to its relations with China by laying greater focus oneconomic interaction and going for a win-win situation.4 Chinas investment inPakistan at present stands at US$4 billion plus, and at least 114 Chineseprojects are underway.5 The Chinese side also agreed that the Joint EconomicCommission should review soon, Pakistans proposal to set up a Pakistan-ChinaJoint Investment Company and establishment of a Joint InfrastructureDevelopment Fund for investment in Pakistan. During the visit, Prime Minister

Aziz also laid the foundation stone of much awaited Pakistan consulate inShanghai the financial capital of China.

Analysing Pak-China Economic Relations

Pakistan-China economic relations at present can be termed as evolving andgetting stronger day by day. Bilateral trade is surging, investment is increasing,and the number of development projects and joint ventures is also increasing. Inthe past, China has made valuable contribution to Pakistans economicdevelopment, particularly, in the development of infrastructure and setting up ofbasic industries. Presently, Pakistan and China are cooperating closely in thedevelopment of Gwadar Port, which would help economic activity in Pakistan andprovide important access route to the sea for Chinas Western regions,

Afghanistan and Central Asian states. A large number of important projects suchas the up gradation of Karakoram Highway, Thar Coal Mining, up-gradation ofPakistan Railways and Power Generation Projects both nuclear and non-nuclear are some of the examples of this expanding economic cooperation.Chinese support for Pakistan in economic sphere is being considered as integralto Pakistans development.11 Trends in economic cooperation between Chinaand Pakistan can be gauged from the incremental increase in activities in areassuch as, trade, investments and development projects.


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Pakistan-China Trade Relations

Since the early 1950, Pakistan and China have entered in trade relations,

however, a formal Trade Agreement was signed in January 1963. Later, inOctober 1982, the two countries established Pakistan-China Joint Committee onEconomy, Trade and Technology. Trade between China and Pakistan hadgenerally been conducted under 1963 Trade Agreement, according to which,both countries had granted MFN status to each other. Pakistan had, at that time,multi-modal trade with China i.e. barter trade and cash trade, however, atpresent, trade with China is conducted almost entirely on cash basis inconvertible currency. There has been an incremental growth in Pak-China tradein the last few years. The table given below shows the volume of bilateral tradebetween China (excluding Hong Kong) and Pakistan between 1999-2006.

YEAR EXPORTS IMPORTS TOTAL BALANCE

1999-2000 180.326 471.527 651.853 (-)291.201

2000-2001 303.548 524.138 827.686 (-)220.59

2001-2002 228.631 575.219 803.85 (-)346.588

2002-03 244.591 839.056 1083.64 (-)594.465

2003-04 288.259 1153.470 1441.729 (-) 865.211

2004-05 354.092 1842.775 2196.867 (-) 1488.683

2005-06(July-Dec) 223.767 1331.331 1555.098 (-) 1107.564

Source; Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan

Although the two-way trade has increased but, the volume of trade is still low.Traditionally, the trade balance has always been titled in favour of China, except

for a short while in 1952, owing to Chinas involvement in the Korean War.

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Fordecades Chinas constant increase in exports to Pakistan resulted in a persistentand growing trade imbalance. The main items of Pakistans imports from Chinaare machinery and parts, iron and steel manufactures, sugar, chemical materials,chemical elements and medical and pharmaceutical products. The main items ofPakistans exports to China are cotton fabrics, cotton yarn, petroleum and itsproducts, fish and its preparations, leather, fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately,


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mix of Pakistans products exported to China is very narrow. Almost around 80%of its exports consist of cotton yarn and fabric.

Pakistans exports to China lack diversity and both the countries are competitorsin the textile sector. Diversification of exports from Pakistan in the non-traditional

items will lead to minimising the trade imbalance. Another important factor of ourtrade deficit with China is growing exports of Chinese products to Pakistan. Sincethese are more economical, businessmen are inclined to buy more from China.Pakistan therefore, should be looking at China not simply as an export marketbut as a primary source for import of capital goods and industrial raw material.

Pak china investment relations

Pakistan and China signed on February 12, 1989, a Bilateral Investment Treaty

(BIT) that encourages promotion of bilateral investment both in China andPakistan; covers all kinds of investments; protects investors and investments ofboth the countries against discrimination and expropriation; seeks fair andequitable treatment; and provides dispute resolution mechanism.

The overall Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into Pakistan has risen by over 600percent in the last five years.15 However, the Chinese share in the overall FDI isstill very low. Pakistan has been able to introduce and implement investorfriendly policies as a result of which FDI has increased. Pakistans investmentpolicy is very liberal which offers all economic sectors for FDI. It provides equaltreatment to local and foreign investors and allows 100 percent equity to foreign

investors with no government sanction required. Full remittance of profits, capital,dividends royalty, technical and franchise fee is allowed. Complete legal cover isprovided through Foreign Private Investment (Promotion & Protection) Act 1976,Protection of Economic Reforms Act 1992, and Foreign Currency Accounts(Protection) Ordinance 2001.16

Similarly, the Chinese government encourages foreign investment in the Chinesemarket, and has continuously liberalised and expanded the fields for investment.In recent years, China has liberalised further the restrictions imposed on theproportion of foreign equity in investment projects and opened new sectors toforeign investment. The newlyopened sectors include, telecommunications,urban water supply and drainage, construction and operation of gas and heatdistribution network, which all were previously prohibited from any foreigninvestment. China has also opened further such service sectors as banking,insurance, distribution, trading right, tourism, telecommunications, transportation,accounting, auditing and legal services. Also, there are a number of lawsprotecting the interests of foreign investments.17


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In recent years, China and Pakistan have witnessed steady growth in mutualinvestments, however, the scale of investments is still small. According to theBoard of Investments statistics, out of the total FDI of 1524 million dollar, thatcame in Pakistan during July 2004-June 2005, the Chinese share was only US$443,763.

By 2004, the Chinese enterprises approved or recorded by the Ministry ofCommerce in Pakistan totaled 34, with Chinese contractual investment of 104.11million USD. In 2005, the number of registered Chinese companies in Pakistanreportedly grew more than fifty. At present, Chinas investment in Pakistan(public& private) mainly covers the areas such as: Gwader port construction,exploration of coal and other resources, nuclear power stations, hydroelectricpower stations, ship-building, machinery, infrastructure, construction agricultureand manufacturing. Pakistan has invested in 96 projects in China, with acontractual value of US$ 71.48 million, and an actual investment of US$ 17million. 18 Details of the investments made by the Pakistan side in China are not

available.

Mutual investment between China and Pakistan

Pakistans investment

in China (10,000 USD) 2003 2004 By 2004

Number of projects 19 21 96

Contractual value 1949 3210 7148

Actual investment 343 454 1700

Chinas investment

in Pakistan (10,000 USD) 2003 2004 By 2004

Number of projects 4 3 34

Contractual value 930 7344 10411

Source: Chinese Feasibility Study on Free Trade Agreement (March 15, 2005)


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Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan-China Economic Relations

Opportunities:

The overall geo-strategic environment for regional cooperation is graduallybecoming more favourable. Pakistans entry into Shanghai CooperationOrganisation as an Observer and Chinas entry into SAARC as anObserver would allow Pakistan-China bilateral economic relations to growwith a regional perspective. Also, there is a convergence of economicinterests at the strategic level, especially in area of energy security andcommunication networks.

China has opened up its Western region adjacent to Pakistan for trade

and investment in order to reduce the economic disparity between itsdeveloped coastal regions and other underdeveloped areas. Oncedeveloped, this region would be a hub for economic activity betweenChina, Central Asia and South Asia. Pakistans desire to become acorridor of trade and energy for China and Central Asia by linkingGwadar through upgraded-KKH with these areas entails promisingprospects.

Pakistans economy has been maintaining a high growth rate in the lastfive years, and it is hoped that it would continue to maintain a high growthrate in the coming years. The growth in manufacturing sector, increase in

exports and FDI, as a result of stable macroeconomic environment showsgood prospects for the investors interest in Pakistan. Pakistan welcomesthe Chinese investors from the private sector to come forward and investin Pakistan. The possibilities of export related Joint ventures areexpanding.

China as part of its domestic reform process is aiming at raising the livingstandard of its rural population and increasing their purchasing power. Theemerging Chinese domestic market offers huge potential for Pakistaniexporters, especially in areas of agricultural, aquatic and leather products.

According to the Chinese Feasibility Study on FTA, The Pakistani

commodities that have the greatest potential to be exported to China aretropical fruits. These fruits are widely planted in Pakistan, and China hasalready finished quarantine and inspection on Pakistani mangoes andcitrus. After zero tariffs are levied, in North-west China, Pakistani fruits willenjoy certain advantages in both quality and price compared with the fruitsgrown in Southern China. Pakistan is also rich in fishery resources. Withthe adjustment of polices on fishery industry and the improvement oftechnology, the potential of Pakistans fishery industry will be unleashed.


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After the zero tariff policy is adopted, Pakistan will see a rise in its exportto China.

Similarly, the potential for Chinese business to investment in Pakistan areenormous. At present the sectors identified for investment from China,

includes energy-related projects, telecommunications, infrastructuralprojects, automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, air conditioners, refrigerators,televisions, mining, food processing, agriculture and construction.

The implementation on the Early Harvest Programme (EHP) from January2006 would facilitate growth in trade.

Challenges:

Security environment in Pakistan, especially in the two of its westernprovinces is deterrence for Chinese private sector investment. The three

unfortunate incidents in which Chinese workers got killed have negativelyimpacted on the potential Chinese investors. Ensuring the security offoreign workers is a serious challenge.

China is fast integrating into the global economic system and its trade,investment and economic cooperation is now increasingly being directedby market forces rather than state planning as it used to be in the past.Corporations and industries are making their decisions simply oncommercial viability and profitability of a particular project rather thandirections or instructions from the Government. Engaging the Chineseprivate sector on long-term basis is important for sustainable economicrelations.

Also, making Pakistani private sector more innovative and pro-active isessential to produce any tangible results without which we may even loseour current level of trade to more competitive and aggressive marketforces. We do not see it happening in a big way. Although. thegovernment in Pakistan is patronizing the private sector and the role ofpublic sector is being curtailed to creating enabling environment for theprivate sector endeavours.

While the trade volume with China is on the increase, Pakistans exportsdoes not show as sharp a rise as Pakistans imports from China. One

major reason of increased imports from China is the supply of machineryand equipment for recent projects agreed between Pakistan and Chinalike the Railways, Gwadar Port and Hydro Power Project etc. Moreover, anumber of Chinese companies have won infrastructure project contracts inPakistan through international bidding. All the machinery and equipmentsupplied by these companies for the projects comes from China. Thistrend has led to a phenomenal increase in Chinas exports to Pakistan.


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Pakistans exports are centred mainly on cotton yarn and cotton fabric.However, there is an increasing trend in the export of seafood and leather.This potential can only be realised by revamping the processingtechnologies and producing internationally acceptable quality.

While Pakistans most imports from China are value added, its more than85 percent exports to China are raw materials, such as cotton yarn andfabric, chrome and copper ores. For example copper and gold fromSaindak Copper-Gold Project is exported to China in semi-finished formand re-exported to Pakistan after adding value. We must add value to ourexportable commodities in the country. It can be in the shape of jointventures with the Chinese companies.

Given Pakistans narrow base for exportable commodities more than 75percent of our exports originate from four items, namely cotton, rice,leather and sports goods. A diversification in exportable commodities and

a proactive export policy of Pakistan could enhance the volume of tradeand also rectify to a degree the trade imbalance. It will not be possible forPakistan to increase its exports to China without diversifying exportablecommodities. Pakistan should seek Chinese investment for projects aimedat export diversification. Chinese investment should be geared more toexport oriented projects and less for the domestic requirements.

Also Pakistan should seek Chinese investment in the manufacturingsector and not only the assembly activities. The Chinese companiesinvolved in electronics, home appliances, automobile, motorcycles etc. areonly the screwdriver assembly lines. Most of the parts are being imported

from China and the companies enjoy a tax-break. Such activities neithercreate job-opportunities in the local market nor creates manufacturingbase in the country. It is more beneficial for the Chinese companies thanfor the Pakistani economy.

Another challenge to sustain progressive economic relationship is toestablish best trade practices. It has been reported that the machinerybeing imported from China is usually under-invoiced in order to evadetaxes. Such practices can be curtailed with the joint efforts by the twocountries.

Another challenge, for which both the countries have to work together, isthe unregistered trade. There are huge quantities of a wide variety ofitems, which are being smuggled into Pakistan. Pakistani markets seemedto be flooded with such commodities.

Pakistan and China need to establish the best business practices. Herethe case in point is the supply of locomotives to Pakistan Railways byChinese firm Dongfang Electric Corporation, and passenger coaches by


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China Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CMC) under anagreement signed in 2001. The engines were found faulty and sub-standard; the coaches were supplied at a higher price than offered by thesame company recently. The media highlighted this. Such kind of dealingscreates negative impact on the bilateral relations as well.

Slow implementation on the agreements signed between the twogovernments does not reflect positively. Timely implementation on thedecisions is a major challenge for, first building, and than sustainingmomentum of the progressive economic cooperation.

All the challenges to Pakistan-China economic relations can effectively be turnedinto opportunities through comprehensive medium and long-term collaborative

joint efforts. The things are moving in the right direction. The first session ofPakistan and China Joint Study for Economic and Trade Cooperation was heldon May 20, 2006. The two sides have agreed to complete the study within one

year. Based on this study, to initiate concrete action plan for uplifting theeconomic relations would be possible. The future of Pak-China economicrelations seems to be promising.

MEGA PROJECTS

Megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports,power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oiland natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technologysystems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

Karakoram Highway

N35(Karakoram Highway)

Length 1300 km / 806 km inPakistan, in China494 km

Lanes 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_building&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_National_Highway_Symbol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_building&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_system


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Direction north-south

Start Hasan Abdal

Importantdestinations

Hasanabdal,Abbottabad, Thakot,

Chilas, Gilgit,Karimabad, Sust,Khunjerab Pass,Kashgar

End Kashgar

Constructiondates

1966 - 1986

Highwayjunctions

N5, N15

Owner NHA, SASAC

Operator NHA

the Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in theworld. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range,through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft. as confirmed bybothSRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region withPakistan's Northern Areas and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. It isalso referred to as National Highway 35 orN35. Due to its high elevation andthe difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the"Ninth Wonder of the World."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway

JF-17 Thunder

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JF-17 Thunder FC-1 Fierce Dragon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanabdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%27s_State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17_Thunder#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17_Thunder#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanabdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%27s_State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17_Thunder#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17_Thunder#searchInput


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A JF-17 flypast performance in Islamabad,Pakistan.

Role Multi-role combat aircraft

Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft IndustryCorporationPakistan AeronauticalComplex

First flight 25 August2003

Introduced 12 March2007

Status Under serial production andin active service withPakistan Air Force

Primary user Pakistan Air Force

Produced In China: June 2007presentIn Pakistan: January 2008present

Unit cost US$15-20 million(estimated)

The PAC JF-17 Thunder(Urdu: ), also known in China as the Chengdu FC-1 Fierce Dragon (Chinese: ; pinyin: Xio Lng),[1] is a light-weight multi-rolecombat aircraft jointly developed by Chengdu Aircraft Corporation ofChina and
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Pakistan Aeronautical Complex of Pakistan. The "JF" and "FC" designationsstand for "Joint Fighter" and "Fighter China" respectively.

The first two aircraft were delivered to the Pakistan Air Force on 12 March2007.[2] The JF-17/FC-1 is designed to be a cost-effective fighter which can meet

the tactical and strategic needs of air forces of developing countries. On 22January 2008, Pakistan started limited serial production of the aircraft atthe Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra. Full-fledged production of JF-17is expected to start from 2009 after completing testing and avionics evaluation. [3][4][5] JF-17 Thunder:

The JF-17 is being built by China's Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation(CAC) and Pakistan's Pakistan Aeronautical Complex. The project isexpected to cost around US$500 million, divided equally between Chinaand Pakistan. The project is supported by China National Aero-Technology

Import & Export Corporation for the Chinese side. Each individual aircraft isexpected to have a fly-away cost of around US$815 million. Initialdevelopment of JF-17 is believed to have been completed in a period of fouryears,[6] although later improvements to the aircraft design did take up more time.Pakistan has announced that it has 150 aircraft on order, but this may well go upto 275.[7] The JF-17 will replace Pakistan's MiG-21-derived Chengdu F-7,Nanchang A-5 and Dassault Mirage III/Mirage V aircraft currently in service.

Azerbaijan[8] and Zimbabwe have already placed orders and eight other countrieshave expressed interest in purchasing the JF-17 at a recent military exhibitio n inPakistan, according to an official.

Hongdu JL-8

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from K-8 Karakorum)Jump to: navigation, search

JL-8K-8 Karakorum
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A K-8 Karakorum Trainer ofAir Force ofZimbabwe at Ysterplaat Airshow, Cape

Town

Role Jet trainer Light attack

Manufacturer HongduPakistan AeronauticalComplex

First flight 21 November, 1990

Introduced 1994

Status Operational

Primary users PLA Air Force, PakistanAir ForceEgyptian Air Force

Number built 500+[1]

Unit cost 3 - 3.5 million $[1]

The Hongdu JL-8 (orNanchang JL-8), also known as the K-8 Karakorum, is atwo-seat intermediate jet trainerand light attack aircraft built in joint-cooperationbetween the People's Republic of China (China Nanchang Aircraft ManufacturingCorporation) and Pakistan (Pakistan Aeronautical Complex). The contractor for
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this plane is the Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation. Export versions aredesignated K-8 Karakorum, after the mountain range that sepa

Gwadar Deep Sea Port: Gwadar was once a fishing village on the Arabian Seacoast in Balochistan province and some 72 kilometres from the Iranian border. It

is situated about 400km from the Strait of Hormuz, a major conduit for global oilsupplies. More than 13 million bbl/d of oil pass through the Strait. It isstrategically located between three increasingly important regions: the oil-richMiddle East, heavily populated South Asia and the economically emerging andresource-laden region of Central Asia. The present town of Gwadar, Pakistan,lies on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) to the east of Gwadar Bay.Gwadar's location and history have given it a unique blend of cultures. The

Arabic influence upon Gwadar is strong as a consequence of the Omani era andthe close proximity of other Arab-majority regions. The legacy of the Omani slavetrade is observed in the population by the presence of residents which can tracetheir descent from the African slaves who were trafficked through the town (en

route to destinations in the Muslim Far East. The area also has a remarkablereligious diversity, being home to not only Sunni Muslims, but also to groups ofChristians, Hindus, Parsis, and various minorities.

Pakistan identified Gwadar as a port site in 1964. However, it was only in2001 that significant steps were taken with the help of Chinese assistancein the construction and development of the deep-sea port. The total cost ofthe project is estimated at US$1.16 billion, of which China has contributedabout $198 million for the first phase for construction of three multi-purpose ship berths. China has also invested another $200 million towardbuilding a highway connecting Gwadar port with Karachi.

The 45,000 acres Gwadar master plan encompasses development of an airport,industrial zones, export processing zones, beach development, resorts, housingfacilities and all civic amenities over the next 50 years. The over $2 billionGwadar project - which strategic analysts call "a pearl in the Pakistani waters"will allow berthing facilities to many a CAR countries and even China, which isassisting Pakistan in a big way to develop this port. The completion of Gwadarport would make it the deepest port of Pakistan and a trans-shipment port for theregion. This is Pakistan's largest infrastructure project since independence .Funds from non-resident Pakistanis, especially those working in the Gulf, havecome in. With Chinese help, it has been completed in five years, which is reallyfast. Read More ...
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In 2007, the government of Pakistan handed over port operations to PSASingapore for 25 years, and gave it the status of a Tax Free Port for thefollowing 40 years. There is also money invested into the port by thePeople's Republic of China. The strategic PRC plan to be engaged in manyplaces along oil and gas roads is evident.

To accommodate the tourists and investors from all over the world, Zaver PearlContinental Hotel Gwadar, a Five Star Hotel situated on a dominating cliff (Koh-e-Batil), overlooking the port, city and surrounded by azure Arabian waters hasbeen built. The hotel is equipped with all those features which are mark of theHashoo Group. Beside 120 guest rooms, the hotel has Business center withthree secretarial offices and two meeting rooms, fully equipped with moderncommunication and audio visual equipments, dinning room / bar facility for 55guests.

rates China and Pakistan.

. SILK ROAD:

The Silk Routes (collectively known as the 'Silk Road') were not only conduits forsilk, but also for many other products. They were very important paths for culturaland technological transmission that linked traders, merchants, pilgrims,missionaries, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers among China, India, Persiaand Mediterranean countries for almost 3,000 years. [1]

Extending over 4,000 miles, the routes enabled people to transport trade goods,especially luxuries such as slaves, silk, satins and other fine fabrics, musk, other

perfumes, spices and medicines, jewels, glassware and even rhubarb, whilesimultaneously serving as a conduit for the spread of knowledge, ideas, cultures,and diseases[2] between different parts of the world (China, India,Asia Minorandthe Mediterranean). Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in thedevelopment of the great civilizations ofChina, India, Egypt, Persia,Arabia, andRome, and in several respects helped lay the foundations for the modern world.

Although the term the Silk Road implies a continuous journey, very few whotraveled the route traversed it from end to end. For the most part, goods weretransported by a series of agents on varying routes and were traded in thebustling mercantile markets of the oasis towns. [2]

The Central Asian part of the trade route was expanded around 114 B.C. by theHan Dynasty,[3] largely through the missions and explorations of Zhang Qian,[4]

but earlier trade routes across the continents already existed. In the late MiddleAges, transcontinental trade over the land routes of the Silk Road declined assea trade increased.[5]
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Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other productswere traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies as well as thebubonic plague (the so-called 'Black Death') also travelled along the Silk Routes

It is amazing to see a fabric i.e. Silk playing a vital role in the history of this world.

Its trade became the link between the East and the Westaround 100 BC through land route, which lasted until the15th Century. Then Ships were invented and travellingthrough the sea became possible.

Traders used to export and sell several exotic products butSilk was the most important thus giving its name to thewhole route, which is still remembered as The Silk Route and much of which hassurvived even to this day.

The original track started from Xian in China and skirting Gobi Desert to

Dunhuang, where it leads to two destinations; via Taklamakan Desert to Kashgarand through Yarkand to Kashgar. From Kashgar it bifurcated in differentdirections to Samarkand in Central Asia crossing the Pamirs and to the subcontinent crossing savage Karakoram Mountains.

As it became popular, the route was used by the invaders, raiders, explorers,hunters, missionaries and philosophers.. Buddhism, Islam and Christianity cameto this region through the Silk Route.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague

pak china relations. international relations

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