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Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, coloror other medium

to a surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brushbut other

implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used. In art, theterm painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However,

painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and

builders. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper,

canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copperor concrete, and may incorporatemultiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects.

Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous.

Drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest

the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be

naturalistic and representational (as in a still life orlandscape painting),photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion orbe political in nature.

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is

dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting rangefrom artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes

rendered on the interior walls and ceiling ofThe Sistine Chapel, to scenes fromthe life ofBuddha or other images ofeastern religious origin.

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed

by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and paintedusing red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo,

mammoth, abstract designs and what are possibly partial human figures.

However the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two

rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of

material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years

old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a

limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, thatis dated 40 000 years old. There are examples ofcave paintings all over theworldin India, France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, etc.

The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the

decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829, photographicprocesses

improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of itshistoric purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series

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of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuriesnotably

Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and

Dadaismchallenged the Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and African

painting, however, continued a long history ofstylization and did not undergo an

equivalent transformation at the same time.

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements,

techniques and methods that typify an individualartist's work. It can also refer tothe movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an

actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category

in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter

sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporarypainting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts.

Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, color and line to create acomposition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual

references in the world. Abstract expressionism was an American post-World

War II art movement which had a combination of the emotional intensity andself-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the

European abstract schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism

and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel,nihilistic.

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