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CHAPTER V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE

The period between the end of the Indus Civilization (1500 BCE) and the beginning

of the historical period ( 600 BCE) used to be regarded as the ‘Dark Ages’ of India’s

past from archaeological view point. This veil of darkness was, however, lifted in

1947 with the discovery of Painted Grey Ware culture which was first reported from

Ahhichatra its lowest level and its upper limits determined it as pre-NBPW culture. It

was Hastinapur where from its complete coloronological position was ascartained. In

the area under present study hundreds of P.G.W. siteswere explored and later

excavated. In following going pages a breaf description of excavated sites is given.

Excavated sites

A number of Painted Grey Ware sites in the region were subjected to

scientific excavations which provided us large quantum of data for the study of

various aspects of this culture. On the basis of these evidences, both micro and

macro level studies pertaining to the political, social, economic aspects of this

culture along with the man-land relations can be studied in details. The sites are

discussed alphabetically. Since the excavations were conducted long ago when geo-

coordinates were rarely recorded and hence, the researcher revisited most of the sites

and has recorded the location properly.

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Abhaipur

Village Abhaipur falls in the Bisalpur tehsil of Pilibhit district of Uttar

Pradesh. The site is further 11.5 km. west of the village and to the west of river

Deoha. The site yielded the remains of Ochre Colour Pottery culture of land NBPW

culture is locally known as Nakatikhera. The site is now disturbed and only about

one hectare is left which is partially intact. The site was subjected to the excavations

from 2001-02 to 2005-06 (Mishra and Arora 2006:76-92). The earliest remains

(Period-I) at the site are of OCP culture which are comparable with the earliest

remains of Hastinapur. Period-II has predominantly Black and Red Ware remains

along with associated wares.

Painted Grey Ware culture was the main culture at the site which made its

presence in Period-III. The people in this period lived in wattle and daub houses and

later on made mud-wall houses with mud plastered floors. The presence of a large

number of pits in this phase is conspicuous. A bones tool making workshop was

found where in both finished and unfinished bone tools and beads along with

equipments were found. The excavators are of the view that mainly hunting,

gathering, fishing contributed to the economy, while iron and copper metallurgy,

pottery making and trade played subsidiary role. Beads of agate, carnelian, jasper,

crystal, led us to assume the existence of long distance trade. Normal P.G.W. shapes

with paintings are common. On some sherds stamped decoration was also noticed. A

low bund or dump like structure alongwith moat is noteworthy another P.G.W. site,

which had moat, is Hatt in Jind District of Haryana (Kumar 2010:229-230). Post

holes and circular wattle and daub structure give us an idea about their houses.

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Numerous floors and a few underground storage pits are important structure. Similar

evidences have also been reported from Hatt (Kumar 2010:229-230). Circular and

oval furnaces with iron objects, slag, bin shaped ingots and a chunk of magnetite ore

points to the local manufacturing facilities. Copper metallurgy and gold smelting

were well developed. Bone objects making industry was quite proliferated one along

with ivory working. Terracotta human, animal, birds figurines and other objects

arecommonly found in the PGW levels. The last period at the site, is represented by

the presence of NBPW. The site was finally destroyed by massive floods.

Ahichchhatra

The site Ahichchhatra is located in the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. It is

first reported site which yielded Painted Grey Ware. It was excavated by

Archaeological Survey of India from 1940-44 (Ghosh and Panigrahi 1946:37-59).

The lowest level here has yielded the sherds of Painted Grey Ware. This period was

then dated to pre 300 BCE. The site was again taken up for exacavtions in 1964-65

under the direction of N.R. Banerjee and four fold cultural sequence was

encountered (IAR 1963-64:43-44; IAR 1964-65:39-40 ).

Like Hastinapur and Abhaipur, the earliest remains here belong to OCP

culture which has about 50 cm deposits. Period-II has a deposit of about one metre

and belongs to Painted Grey Ware culture. People in this period lived in huts and

mud-brick houses. A broken brunt brick is also reported in this phase. The Painted

Gery Ware is accompanied here by plain red ware of coarse fabric. Some of the

PGW were found over-heated resulting in brownish red colour which the excavator

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included in a separate category. Different shapes and forms of PGW were found in

this category also. Polished frinding objects fixed in a mosaic pattern are the

interesting finds of this period. Terracotta animal figurines, spindle whorls, beads etc

are other important finds. Copper and iron objects points to the metallurgical

technology of the people who were mostly agro-pastoral.

Period III at the site is represented by NBPW culture, while the Period-IV

belongs to the Kushana period.

Alamgirpur

Village Alamgirpur is located at a distance of 25 km. west of Meerut. The

archaeological site is located close to the village towards south. This site is located

about km. east of river Hindon and is locally known as Kaltumpur Uphlina. This site

was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of Y.D.

Sharma in 1958 (IAR 1958-59:50-55). The site was recently excavated by R.N.

Singh in 2007-08. The earliest period at the site is represented by the Harappan

culture, Period-II belongs to Late Harappan-PGW over lap phase, while Period-III is

represented by PGW culture which has about 4.5 feet habitational deposit. Iron and

copper is found in all the layers of the period. Terracotta animal figurines, toy cart

wheels and frames, bone points, spearheads, etc. are other antiquities of this period

which also has beads of Jasper and glass. Mud reed houses were made in this period

which had thatched roofs. A pottery kiln was also encountered in the latest

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excavations. Period-IV belongs to early historic period and the last period

represented here belongs to the late medieval period.

Ambakheri

Situated in the Saharanpur district (UP) on the bank of Saluni a tributary of

Ganga, N. N. Deshpande (1965:129) excavated the site and he reported that the

earliest period represented here has red ware and PGW as the main ceramics.

Atranjikhera

This site is situated on the right bank of Kali river in Etah district of Uttar

Pradesh and. It excavated by R.C. Gaur (IAR 1962-63:34-36; IAR 1963-64:45-49;

IAR 1965-66: 44, IAR 1968-69 : 37-38). This is the most important PGW site in

India. Period-I here is represented by OCP culture followed by BRW culture. After

that flood deposit was encountered and next period-II belongs to PGW whose

deposit is upto 2.20 m. Earlier the excavator had divided the deposist into two phases

but in the final report (Gaur 1983) two sub phases of true PGW and one phase of

Late PGW were added. Some sherds of PGW show fabric impression. A good

number of iron objects like shaft, axes, clamps, hooks, borers, chisels, knives,

needles, bangles and a pir of domestic tongs were found in this period. Use of copper

is found in the form of toiletries, ornaments and fish-hook etc. Houses were made of

mud and reed, post holes indicates the presence of huts, whose floosr were made of

yellowish rammed earth. Terracotta beads, toys, discs, along with hand made human

figurines were found. Remains of a mud bund were also encountered. Unfortunately

this could not stop flood from washing way the final deposites of this period.

Agriculture, cattle rearing, fishing and hunting were the bases of economy here.

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In the final layers of PGW period, NBPW sherds started making appearances

which culminated in the full fledged, Period IV.

Batesvara

J.S. Nigam of the Archaeology Survey of India excavated this site in 1974

(IAR 1975-76: 42-43). The earliest period here is represented by the PGW and

associated red ware followed by NBP ware period and historical period.

Dadupur

Village Dadupur is situated about 10 km. west of Bauthara and is about 23

km. south west of Lucknow. The site is further east of the village across Nagwa

nullah. U.P. State Archaeology Department, under the direction of Rakesh Tiwari

excavated the site. Period-I was marked by the preseance of Red ware, BSW and

Black and Red ware.

Period-II belongs to the PGW culture and the average deposit is 35 cm.

Normal shapes of PGW with painted motifs is the hall mark of this period which has

other associated wares like Grey Ware, Black and Red Ware, Black Slipped Ware

and associated Red Ware (Tiwari et al :99-116). Three successive floor levels were

encountered, which were made of mud rammed, mixed with pot sherds. Brunt clay

lumps with reed impression indicate that wattle and daub houses were made. Bone

artifacts, terraccota hopscotches, bead along with iron objects were found. A bone

tool making workshop was also found at the site from where finished and unfinished

produced were found.

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Period-III is marked by the presence of NBP ware and associcated wares, a

few sherds of PGW continued in this period.

Hastinapur

This famous site is located about 96 km.north-east of Delhi in Mawana Tehsil

of Meerut district . This is a signature site of PGW culture which was excavated by

B.B. Lal (1955). Here five occupational deposits were excavated with a definite gap

between each.

Period-I: In the lowest level Ochre Coloured Pottery was found during the

excavations.

There was a gap between periods I & II. The PGW is the main ware of the

period-II which is of fine fabric and most of the pots were wheel made, though hand

made specimens were also encountered. Common shapes are bowls and dishes,

painted with black, chocolate and reddish brown pigment. Mud wall or mud brick

houses were made. Use of copper and iron was attested by the presence of various

objects. Chert and jasper was also used for making beads. Terracotta objects in the

form of animal figurines, discs, stamps, pendent, beads; glass objects mainly beads;

bone objects like styli, beads, points etc. were main antiquities of this period (Lal

1955). A huge flood destroyed the settlement of PGW and inthe next period, people

using NBPW inhabited this site. There is hitus between this period and next period

which belonged to 3rd centaury AD.

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Hulas:

This ancient site falls in the Kakur Tehsill of Sharanpur district and is about

8km. west of Manauta. The site measures about 5.1 hectare and is about 5 m. high

from the surrounded field level. The Archaeological Survey of India under the

direction of Sh. K.N. Dikshit undertook excavations at the site. Which have revealed

five fold cultural sequences.

The earliest period here is represented by the typical Late Harappan wares.

The PGW people of period-II did not settle on the Harappan deposits but settled on

the virgin soil to the north and east of Harappan settlement (IAR 1978-79:60-61,

IAR 1979-80:82; IAR 1980-81:75-76; IAR 1981-82: 73-74).

Typical PGW shapes and painted designs were found represented on the pot

sherds. The structural activities of the people were attested by the discovery of

successive mud floors with post holes. These huts had thatched roofs,bone stylus,

point, copper antimony rods, iron slag, terracotta ghata shaped beads, spindle

wholes, discs, bangles, etc. Stone objects were also found. Important finds include

iron spear head and a tall bone pin having circular drum like ends decorated with

incised design.

Period-III is represented by NBPW and associated wares, while Sunga-

Kushana remains are found in Period-IV. Gupta to early Medieval remains were

found in Period-V.

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Jakhera:

This site is located in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh on the left bank of Kali

nadi at a distance of 8 km. north-west of Kasganj tehsil headquarter. This site is

spread over an area of about 25 hectare and was excavated by MDN Sahi of Aligarh

Muslim University in 1988-89. Four fold cultural site was unearthed here.

Period-I is distinguished by occurrence of the Ochre Coloured Pottery pieces

(Sahi 1994). Black and Red Ware having the deposit of 30 to 50 cm. thickness is

found in Period-II along with associated red ware.

Next period IIIA is named as proto PGW. In this period BRW, BSW and Red

slipeed ware having painted designs were introduced (Sahi 1994, Pl II-V). The

slipped red ware’s colour ranges from deep brown thorough red to orange. This

pottery was labelled as Proto PGW. Similarity of pottery was also reported from

Ahichachhatra of Period-II. The colour of this pottery is due to careless firing as a

result of which sherds intend to be of grey colour were reduced red due to reducing

heat technique. To call it Proto PGW is just a wild imagination.

Period-IIIB is laballed as mature PGW and has deposits varying from 50 cm

to 2 m. This period is characterised by the continuation of BRW, BSW and red ware

along with PGW and grey ware. Normal PGW paintings are found on the sherd and,

some sherds were found decorated with stamped design.

Kampil

Situated in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. the site was identified by

Cunningham with ancient Kampilya capital of South Panchal (CASIR No. 1: 255).

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In 1976, excavations were conducted here which revealed it to be a single culture site

yielding 1.30 to 2 m deposits of PGW and associated red ware. Mud embedment was

also noticed here. Other antiquities are terracotta balls, beads, copper pins, balls were

also found (Tripathi 2013: 77).

Kaseri

About 2 km. north of Mohannagar in Ghaziabad district, this site is located

on the right bank of Hindon. The excavations conducted, here, revealed five fold

cultural deposits. This period - I OCP is followed, by PGW usersafter a gap. Other

associated wares were also encountered. Period III is not much different from period

II exept that main pottery now is plain grey ware. Next period belongs to the early

centuries of Christian era. and period V belongs to Gupta and post Gupta period

(IAR 1963-64: 92, 1969-70: 43).

Katingara

The excavations conducted here revealed three fold cultural sequence. Period

I (1200-800B.C) yielded PGW and associated red ware. Both Iron and Copper were

used throughout this period as well as other typical PGW antiquities were found

here.

Period II yielded NBPW along with a few sherds of PGW. Period III belongs

to 200 BCE to 600 CE.

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Khalaua

Village Khalaua is located 16 km. from Agra on Agra-Jagner road. The

village has an ancient site which is known as Gwal Khera. 3.45 m. deposit here

belongs to a single culture which is PGW. A mud brick platform is the only evidence

of structural activity. Painted designs included a new type of motif like criss-cross

and leaf filled with parallel hatching. Other antiquities include copper bangles, bone

arrow heads, ivory discs, beads; beads of terracotta and carnelian.

Madanpura

This site is situated about 6 km. of Pawayan tehsil of Saharanpur. The

extensive mound was excavated by D.P. Tewari and D.K. Srivastav in 2005. The

mound is reported to be of 369750 sq. m. in size (Tewari and Srivastav 2005:). This

single culture site with deposit of 1.70 m. was taken up for excavation in 2002-03.

The pottery mainly is PGW and its associated ware includes so called “Orange Red

Ware” which is akin to jakhera pottery.

The only metal object was found here was a piece of iron blade. The

inhabitant of the site grew barley, wheat, rice, millet pulses, oil seeds and reared

cattle. Hunting and fishing also contributed in the economy.

Mathura

The ancient mounds at Mathura were subjected to excavations in number of seasons

starting from 1954-55 and again from 1972-76. The excavation at Ambarish Tila

during 1975-76 yielded a few PGW sherds in the small area of the huge mound in

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the northern side. Phase 1A has a few sherds of PGW but bulk of pottery is BSW,

GW, B&RW and Red Ware. Out of painted designs, special mention may be made

about a ladder design. Normal PGW antiquities were found here.

Phase - I started making its presence with NBPW while period II purely have

NBPW. Period-III belongs to the period followed by Kushan period (IAR 1954-

55:15-16, Joshi & Aggarwal 1994:89-93).

Musanagar

Located in Kanpur Dehat in Bhoginipur tehsil the site was excavated from

1994-95 and 1995-96 (Tewari et. al, 95-96:67-73). The excavation here was

conducted here under the direction of Rakesh Tewari. Five fold cultural sequences

were encountered during the excavations.

Period-I is dominated by hand made and wheel made red ware wheel thrown

BSW and BRW. Period II with 30 cm. thick deposit was characterized by the

occurrence of PGW sherds along with BSW, GW, B & R ware and red ware.

Through the PGW sherds had black paintings but one sherd has horizontal stroke in

white pigment. PGW shapes and designs are normal. Terracotta and bone objects

form cultural reportair of the period. Period III is marked by NBPW, though sherds

and PGW continued in this period also (Tewari 1995-96, 67-73). Period III has

NBPW with grey ware, B & R ware and red ware. Period IV is characterized by the

historical period red ware, while period V belongs to still later period.

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Sachankot

Village Sachankot is situated on the right bank of river Sai. This ancient site

falls in the revenue jurisdiction of Rankot village of Safipur tehsil of Unnao district.

Cunningham reported this site and the excavations were conducted here by Tiwari

(2004-05: 186-190). Consequently three fold cultural sequence was unearthed. The

earliest period is characterized by the PGW deposits of 1.50 m. thickness. The PGW

sherds has black and brown paintings. Associated red ware and grey ware, B & R

ware, BSW etc. are also included in the pottery assemblage. The antiquities include

terracotta beads, discs along with copper objects and iron slags.

Period II is dominated by NBPW while period III has rich deposits of Sunga-

Kushana period.

Sankisa

The present village Sankisa is located on a high mound measuring 400x300

m. in size with 12 m. height. The site falls in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. The

excavations conducted here under the direction of B.R. Mani in 1995-96 and a four

fold cultural sequence was encountered here.

The layers of period-I have yielded PGW and associated ceramics (IAR

1995-96, 89-97). Red ware is both hand made and wheel made various having coarse

to fine fabric. Clay lumps with reed marks give us an idea about their houses.

Normal PGW, shapes and painted designs are found here along with some coarse B

& R ware sherds. A large number of terracotta discs with a variety of decorations

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and other antiquities were found in this period along with a few semi precious stone

beads and two bone objects.

Period II represented the NBPW period. Normal NBP ware along with grey

ware, BSW and associated red ware were also found. Period III yielded remains of

Sunga period, while Kushan remains dominate the next period.

Saunphari

This village is located at a distance of 1.5 km. from Khutar market in

Pawayan tehsil of Sahajahanpur district of U.P. The site measuring 530x430 m was

taken up for excavations by Rakesh Tewari in 2002-03 and four fold cultural

material was found here. Period IA has grey ware, ”Orange Slipped Ware” and PGW

as main ceramics. Houses in this phase have wattle-and-daub structures with dung

plastered floors and U shaped hearths. Terracotta beads, bangle pieces, toy cart

frames decorated discs are the other antiquities of the period. Noteworthy are the

terracotta bird figurines, hubbed wheels and cakes. Period IB is characterized by

NBPW along with PGW, BSW, B& R ware. Plain grey ware Period II belongs to

Kushana (Tewari 2004).

Sonkh

Located in the Mathura district of U.P, the site was excavated by Hartel

(1993). It measures 320x280 m. and had 17.20 m. thick deposit. The earliest period

here belongs to the PGW period followed by Mauryan, Sunga and Kushana deposits.

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The lowest deposit here belongs to the PGW using people who lived in

thatched huts resting on post holes. A noteworthy fortune here is the parallel running

ditches between a small rampart in between. Other ware of the period include BRW,

Red Ware and Grey Ware, Iron objects, terracotta figurines, discs, balls, bangles et.

Beads of carnelian, agate and copper are the other antiquities found in this phase.

Map 5.1: showing PGW sites in study area

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Table 5.1: List of Painted Grey Ware sites in the Study Area

S.No Site name Lat Long Cul. Sequence Reference

1 Abhipur 28 18 00 79 05 00 PGW Arora et al 2002:122-126

2 Acheja 28 3542.70 77 29 42.16 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

3 Adinga 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP, BSW, RW IAR 1982-83:99

4 Ahichchhaatra 28 22 00 79 07 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW, RW

IAR 1963-64:43-44

5 Ahir 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68: 48

6 Ahirwa Rajarmpur 27 07 20 79 28 30

PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW

Tewari 2004:219-224

7 Ahmadgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37

8 Ainti 26 22 00 80 10 00 PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW Lal 1984:61-80

9 Akabarpur thaska 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Tripathi 2012,318

10 Akhbai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

11 Alamgirpur 29 00 00 77 30 00 HARAPPAN, PGW, KUSHAN

IAR 1958-59:50-55

12 Alampur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

13 Aliapur 28 32 35 79 49 20 PGW, GW, BSW Tewari 2004:229-232

14 Alinagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

15 Allahpur 28 52 00 72 25 00 PGW IAR 1970-77:40-41

16 Ambakheri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Deshpande 1965:129

17 Anawa 28 05 00 80 55 00 PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

18 Ankin 26 56 00 80 02 00 PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW

Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

19 Antapur 26 24 00 79 43 00

PGW, NBPW,POST NBPW


20 Aong 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 21 Aronj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 22 Arsara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

23 Asai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW,RW

IAR 1987-88:108-109

24 Asawala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68: 48

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25 Asawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

26 Atasar 28 01 55 80 12 35 PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW

Tewari 2004:224-229

27 Atranjikhera 27 12 00 78 44 00

OCP, BRW, PGW, NBPW, RW

IAR 1962-63:34-36

28 Atrara 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BSW and other associated ware IAR 1966-67:33

29 Atwa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

30 Aun 28 03 10 80 02 10 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21

31 Auran Tahirpur 26 47 00 80 00 00 PGW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

32 Bachna 26 49 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

33 Badla 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other associated ware IAR 1979-80:78

34 Baghpat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Ancient India 10-11:138

35 Baijnathpura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 36 Bajhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 37 Bakanda-Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76 38 Bakarka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

39 Balai-kot 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, GW, Sunga- Kushan and mushlim ware IAR 1964-65:76

40 Baleni 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1958-59:75 41 Bamnauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 42 Bamnikhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71

43 Banthra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68: 47

44 Barauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 45 Barauna Khurd 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76

46 Barnawa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Ancient India 10-11:139

47 Barner Sharif 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BR, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33

48 Barnoli-ki-Dai 27 36 26 77 44 32 PGW, BRW, BSW

Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69

49 Batesvara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1975-76:42-43

50 Bautha 28 31 35 79 50 30 PGW, GW, Tewari

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BSW, 2004:229-232 51 Behman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 52 Behsi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 53 Belhar Jungle 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 54 Beman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

55 Bhadarban /Ramnagla 27 40 49 77 42 46 BRW, PGW


56 Bhagner 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 57 Bhanwant 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 58 Bharatpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW IAR 1962-63:31

59 Bhatasa 27 30 40 79 21 30 PGW, GW, BSW, RW

Tewari 2004:211

60 Bhatpura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43

61 Bhishmpur 27 23 50 79 34 15

PGW, RW-Medieval, Glazed ware

Tewari 2004:211

62 Bhoganipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BRW, NBPW IAR 1992-93:93

63 Bhogpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 64 Bhura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:70 65 Bidhuna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1978-79:22

66 Biharipur 28 44 30 79 52 30 PGW, GW, ORSW, RW

Tewari 2004:229-232

67 Bilai 28 38 20 79 42 50 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, BW

Tewari 2004:229-232

68 Bilaspur 28 46 40 79 44 10

PGW, GW, BSW, BRW, ORSW

Tewari 2004:229-232

69 Binawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, GW IAR 1978-79:21 70 Birupur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:34

71 Bishungarh 27 06 25 79 25 30

PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW

Tewari 2004:219-224

72 Bisrakh 28 34 00 77 26 00 PGW Acient India 2010-11:139

73 Budgara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1982-83:95 74 Budhakhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:44 75 Budher 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43

76 Bujhera-Hujhera 27 55 50 79 58 00

PGW, GW,NBPW, BSW, ORSW, RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

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77 Buland khera 00 00 00 00 00 00

LATE HARAPPAN, PGW

R.N.SINGH etal.,2008:71-87

RW,Kushan 78 Burrn Phaphund 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76

79 Chakarnagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, RW

IAR 1987-88:108-109

80 Chak-Patna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

81 Chandidiha 00 00 00 00 00 00

Corded Ware, BRW, PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW

Tewari & Srivastava 1994:13-39

82 Chandpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37

83 Chandpura 27 02 50 79 38 20 PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW

D.P. Tewari 2004:219-224

84 Chauriari 27 07 50 77 38 49 BRW, PGW, BSW

Chakrbari et al.,2004:57-69

85 Chhata 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71 86 Chouradeo 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48

87 Churyali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Kushan IAR 1986-87:122

88 Chutmalpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

89 Club Ghar Tila 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, EH IAR 1978-79:22

90 Dabathua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1969-70:43 91 Dabka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:36

92 Dadupur 26 42 00 80 49 00 PGW IAR 1999-2000:180-181

93 Dalelganj 27 29 40 79 26 40 PGW, NBPW, BSW, GW, RW

Tewari 2004:211

94 Dalippur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1971-72:80 95 Dariyapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:39

96 Dauki 27 45 01 78 11 22

PGW, BSW, GW, Later Historical

IAR 1981-82:100

217

97 Daultabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1957-58:69

98 Dayal 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, Black Polished Ware, Grey Ware, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71

99 Debipur 26 20 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

100 Deoha 26 52 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

101 Dhai 27 37 20 79 32 05 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21

102 Dhanawali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 103 Dhaurau 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:33 104 Dholapara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43

105 Dhulia 28 11 20 79 50 00 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21

106 Durganpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80 107 Eka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

108 Fathpurnarain Ferozpur 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BRW, GW,RW IAR 1962-63:36

109 Firozabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

110 Firozpur(Amari Ghat) 27 54 45 80 17 15

PGW, GW, BSW, RW, ORSW

Tewari 2004:224-229

111 Gadai-Ghat 28 11 00 80 09 50

PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

112 Galatha 26 13 00 80 17 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW


113 Gandharpur 28 15 00 80 01 40 PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW

Teawri 2004:5-21

114 Ganwaria 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1971-72:79 115 Geherra-Khurdrra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 116 Ghalibpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

117 Ghatampur 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BRW, NBPW, Sunga-Kushan RW IAR 1992-93:93

118 Ghat-am-wala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

119 Ghiana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Sunga-Kushan IAR 1985-86:85

120 Ginoli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 121 Golanath 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 122 Goni-Umargarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 123 Gosna 27 31 24 77 44 01 BRW, PGW, Chakrbatri et

218

Later Historical Ware

al.,2004:57-69

124 Govardhan 27 29 29 77 28 15 PGW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69

125 Gulariya 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, EH, M IAR 1978-79:21

126 Gunj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1971-72:79

127 Gutaiya Ghat 28 09 25 80 11 45 PGW, GW, ORSW, RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

128 Gwaidam 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22

129 Halwana-Ahatmal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:41

130 Harbhanpur 27 00 45 79 30 50 PGW, BSW, ORSW, GW, RW

Tewari 2004:219-224

131 Harya Khera(Durjanpur) 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80

132 Hastinapur 29 09 00 78 03 00 PGW Ancient India 2010-11

133 Hathras Fort 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BSW, BRW, RW,Medieval Ware IAR 1966-67:33

134 Hazipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:24

135 Hulas 29 42 00 77 22 00 PGW IAR 1978-79:60-61

136 Hulaskhera 26 41 00 81 01 00 PGW, BSW, NBPW, RW IAR 1980-81:71

137 Humanyupur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP IAR 1982-83:95 138 Iddu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP IAR 1982-83:95

139 Ijaur 27 31 10 79 19 15 PGW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW

Tewari 2004:211

140 Inayatpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1982-83:90

141 Indayan 26 30 00 79 57 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW


142 Isai-Khas 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 143 Isapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

144 Isopur 00 00 00 00 00 00

Late HARAPPAN, PGW, Historical IAR 1977-78:84

145 Itoura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

146 Jagos 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Kushan Sharma 2008:181-186

147 Jahangirabad 26 12 00 80 11 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

219

148 Jaigara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW IAR 1981-82:100

149 Jajmau 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW IAR 1961-62:57

150 Jakhera 27 50 00 78 41 00 OCP, PGW Sahi 1994

151 Jalalabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW

V.D. Misra 1977:122-128

152 Jalesar Fort 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, R, M IAR 1966-67:33

153 Jangara 27 04 49 77 48 41 PGW, RW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69

154 Jarauthi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 155 Jaswantpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW IAR 1981-82:70 156 Jat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

157 Jaunra 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW

IAR IAR 1965-66:49

158 Jehra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 159 Jhinjhana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:70 160 Jodhakan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1983-84:31

161 Jorasi 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, NBPW, Sunga-Kushan, EM IAR 1984-85:92

162 Junsuty 27 27 53 77 34 23 PGW, BRW, NBPW


163 Kaila Kunehra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47 164 Kailakhedi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

165 Kailapur 00 00 00 00 00 00

HARAPPAN, PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37

166 Kairana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:70

167 Kaitbora 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37

168 Kaithora 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:37

169 Kaithwada 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other associated ware IAR 1979-80:78

170 Kakor 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Bharti 31:181-186

171 Kalai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 172 Kalina 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47

173 Kamasia 26 36 00 79 50 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

174 Kampil 27 36 00 79 16 00 PGW IAR 1975-76:51

175 Kannauj 27 03 22 79 57 06 PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR 1955-56:19

176 Kansi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other IAR 1979-80:78

220

associated ware

177 Karankhera 26 23 00 80 29 00 PGW, NBPW

Man & Environment VIII-1984:61-80

178 Karchalipur 26 11 00 80 19 00 PGW, NBPW


179 Karhra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

180 Kaseri 28 21 00 77 15 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW IAR 1963-64:92

181 Kashipur-A 26 34 00 79 56 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

182 Katauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

183 Katingara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 2001-02: 238-41

184 Katka 26 37 00 79 45 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

185 Katmata 28 48 40 79 44 05 PGW, GW, BSW, BRW

Tewari 2004:229-232

186 Katrana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 187 Kaurara-Buzurg 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 188 Kausambi 25 20 00 81 23 00 PGW Sharma 1960 189 Kenduli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 190 Khaga 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 191 Khairabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 192 Khajuri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

193 Khajuri 27 47 30 79 23 35 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21

194 Khal(Barle-ke-Qila) 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80 195 Khalana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 196 Khalaua 27 06 07 77 53 34 BRW, PGW IAR 1965-66:41 197 Khariad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

198 Kheera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR 1975-76:78

199 Khera-Bajhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207

200 Sheragarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW, GW, RW

Pandey 2001:190-207

201 Gvarkhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207

202 Hushain kabra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW Pandey 2001:190-207

221

203 Nighohi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, GW

Pandey 2001:190-207

204 Talgaon 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207

205 Shahbaj Nagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW,GW. RW

Pandey 2001:190-207

206 Kutubapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207

207 Gandharpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207

208 Fatehganj Pashchimi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Sharma 2001:177-189

209 Avala 28 15 00 79 10 00 PGW, BRW, NBPW, RW

Sharma 2001:177-189

210 Kherabajera 27 49 05 78 13 26 PGW

South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004:57-69

211 Kherakursi 26 42 00 79 58 00 PGW, NBPW

Main & Environment VIII 1984:61-80

212 Khera-The koil 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 213 Khindwari 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 214 Khirka Zunnardar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:41 215 Kisroam 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 216 Kodar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 217 Kolki-Kalalan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48 218 Komri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31

219 Kot Khera 28 30 40 77 36 39

BRW, PGW, OCP, GW, Kushan


220 Kheora 26 30 00 80 17 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW


221 Kurali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48

222 Kurdi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Sharma 2008:181-186

223 Kuri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 224 Kurwar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:85

225 Kushmri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BPW, GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71

226 Kushyami 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 227 Lakhmapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 228 Lakshmanpur Tila 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

222

229 Lakshnai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:57

230 Lallan Miyan ka Roja 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22

231 Latifpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

232 Lriya Patti 27 23 10 77 30 51 PGW, BSW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69

233 Madanpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1969-70:62

234 Madanapur 28 07 50 80 00 12

PGW, GW, BSW, RW, ORSW

Tewari & Srivastava 2005

235 Maheshpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

236 Maho 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware IAR 1966-67:33

237 Mahuar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70 238 Mahuwar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

239 Mamen 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW

IAR 1987-88:108-109

240 Manakpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 241 Mandai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 242 Mandla 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43

243 Mathana 27 58 10 80 45 25


Tewari 2004:224-229

244 Mathura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Kushan, Gupta

IAR 1954-55:15-16

245 Mavana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1980-81:96

246 Mawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

247 Mehrabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

248 Milanpur 29 19 00 79 55 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

249 Mirgapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

250 Mirpur 27 48 48 77 42 49 PGW, BRW, BSW, PGW


251 Mohammadabad 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware

IAR 1985-86:115

252 Mopalpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40

253 Morthal 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, BR, BS, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33

254 Muhammadpur 28 02 25 79 50 15 PGW, GW, BSW, RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

255 Muhammadpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

223

Dhumni

256 Mulla-jikpka 27 29 05 80 50 05


Tewari 2004:238

257 Musanagar 26 10 00 79 58 00

BRW, PGW, NBPW, Post-NBPW IAR 1967-68:47

258 Nadasa 27 17 15 79 23 45 PGW, GW, BSW, RW,

Tewari 2004:5-21

259 Nagaria 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1978-80:76

260 Nagarpal 27 46 40 79 54 35 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21

261 Nagla Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BPW, GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71

262 Nagla Dayal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BSW, Kushan IAR 1980-81:71

263 Nagla Hareru 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:40

264 Nagla Firoz Mohanpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47

265 Nagla Havelia 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 266 Nagla khas gloua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 267 Nangla khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 268 Nakipur-Bamnauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1981-82:70 269 Nalhera Ananrpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1984-85:92

270 Naraura 27 39 40 79 31 20 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval

Tewari 2004:5-21

271 Narpat Singh-Ki-Garhi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:84

272 Naval-Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33

273 Nawabgani 26 30 00 80 17 00 BRW, PGW< NBPW


274 Nethla 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40

275 Nigohi 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW,PGW, BRW, BSW, RW

V.D. Misra 1977:122-128

276 Niroli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BPW, GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71

277 Niyamu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76

278 Noh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1998-99:242

279 Nokhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

280 Nonha Naringh 26 38 00 80 11 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW


281 Noorpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 , PGW, BRW, BSW, RW

V.D. Misra 1977:122-128

224

282 Nurnagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1963-64:53

283 Nurpur Tarsaura 27 40 25 79 31 25


Tewari 2004:5-21

284 Ogar 28 01 46 77 58 32 OCP, BRW, PGW

Chakrbarti et al.,2004:68

285 Old Aligarh Bazar 27 52 51 78 04 04 PGW, Kushan Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69

286 Ozham 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

287 Padariya Jammunabad 28 05 20 80 33 25


Tewari 2004:224-229

288 Pagar 28 12 50 79 58 50

PGW, GW, BSW, RW, BRW, RW

Tewari 2004:229-232

289 Paigu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 290 Paj Bangar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

291 Palikhera 27 28 34 77 38 35 PGW, BSW Chakabarti et al.,2004:57-60

292 Palni Alinagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

293 Panchgawan 26 26 00 80 06 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

294 Panwah 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 295 Parham 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 296 Pariar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:39

297 Parichhatgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37

298 Parsehra(Madanpur) 27 53 45 80 30 15


Tewari 2004:224-229

299 Parshuramkhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Sharma 2008:181-186

300 Pasnikpur 27 17 30 79 23 55

BRW, PGW, NBPW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW

Tewari 2004:211

301 Patara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67

302 Pausil 28 04 10 79 42 50

PGW, GW, BSW, RW, Sculpture of Durga

Tewari 2004:5-21

303 Pharengi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 304 Poiya 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70

305 Praonkh-Sahan 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga-Kushan IAR 1977-78:58

225

306 Pundri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 307 Pura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 308 Puranpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 309 Qila Hathras 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

310 Qila Mewi 28 14 14 77 51 06 OCP, BRW, PGW

Chakrabarti et al.,2004:68

311 Qila Mound 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22

312 Radhan 26 45 00 80 08 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW

IAR 1986-87:131

313 Rafiabad 00 00 00 00 00 00

OCP, Plain BRW, PGW, Glazed ware, EH

IAR 1978-79:21-22

314 Rahimpur Bisdhan 26 49 00 79 54 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

315 Rai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63 316 Raipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

317 Rairh 27 19 11 77 33 20 GW, PGW Chakabarti et al.,2004:57-59

318 Ramgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BW, RW IAR 1977-78:59

319 Rankhandi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 320 Rasemar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 321 Rasulpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1963-64

322 Rasulpur Bhuranda 26 12 00 80 27 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

323 Rasulpur Zahid 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other associated ware IAR 1979-80:78

324 Renuka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70 325 Sadhauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

326 Sadjwara 27 01 00 78 02 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW

IAR 1991-92:97-98

327 Sahan 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga-Kushan IAR 1977-78:58

328 Saigarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW,BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33

329 Saini 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Ancient India 2010-11:141

330 Sajeti Badsahpur 26 54 00 80 04 00 80 04 00 PGW, NBPW


331 Sakhitara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71 332 Salempur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

226

333 Salempur-Bhokri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 334 Salempur-Parihna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 335 Samain 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76

336 Sambhalgarh 26 23 00 80 08 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

337 Samipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1957-58:69

338 Sanchankot 26 59 00 80 19 00 PGW

Tewari & Srivastava 2005:189-190

339 Sanihapur 26 26 00 79 47 00 PGW, NBPW


340 Sankara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1960-61:32-33

341 Sankisa 27 24 35 79 41 50

PGW, NBPW, RW, BSW, Medieval

Tewari 2004:211

342 Santokhpur Ghat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1988-89:84

343 Sapai 26 21 00 80 12 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

344 Sarai Bharthara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1977-78:58 345 Sarawa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63

346 Sarayaganj 26 43 00 80 09 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

347 Sarwana Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1981-82:100

348 Sasni 27 42 06 78 05 34 PGW, BRW, Medieval Ware IAR 1962-63:31

349 Saunphari 28 12 35 80 15 10

PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW,RW

Tewari 2004:5-21

350 Sauripur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1958-59:74 351 Sedhi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75

352 Semra-Janipur(Kankarghat) 27 51 50 80 17 35


Tewari 2004:224-229

353 Shahabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

354 Shahbaz Nagar 27 55 20 79 52 50

PGW, GW, BSW, RW, Glazed Ware

Tewari 2004:5-21

355 Shahpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 356 Shakarpur Road 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

357 Shakoorganj 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW, GW, RW IAR 1970-71:37

358 Shampur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

227

359 Shamsherganj-Maholi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 360 Shamsherganj-Maholi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 361 Sheonagri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 362 Sherpur Qutbpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58

363 Shikhana Mound 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22

364 Siddapur Sheoli 26 36 00 80 07 00 PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW


365 Sikandarabad idgah 28 27 26 77 41 07 BRW, PGW, OCP

Chakarbarti et al.,2004:57-69

366 Sikera 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, BSW, Medieval IAR 1965-66:37

367 Sikkerera 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW IAR 1962-62:37 368 Sikri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63

369 Silsanda 27 29 05 79 18 45 PGW, GW, BSW, RW

Tewari 2004:211

370 Simraya 28 23 55 80 04 00 PGW, RW, GW, BSW

Tewari 2004:229-232

371 Sirsa Ther 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, Hist IAR 1978-79:21-22

372 Sirsaganj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57

373 Siswania 00 00 00 00 00 00

PGW, NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval

IAR 1995-96:83-86

374 Siyapur 27 58 32 79 49 35

PGW, NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval

Tewari 2004:219-224

375 Sonkh 27 24 00 77 30 00 PGW Hartel 1993

376 Sanoti 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1988-89:108

377 Sonouthi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1981-82:100

378 Sravasti 27 31 00 82 02 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 379 Srigaverpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:54

380 Sultanganj 27 12 32 77 43 00 PGW


381 Sultanpura 27 12 32 77 59 18 PGW


382 Sultanpur-Hitana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 383 Suthari 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47

384 Sutnera 27 54 30 80 02 00 PGW, BSW, GW, RW

D.P. Tewari 2004:5-21

228

385 Tajpur-Pioli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 386 Takhwan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976

387 Talgaon 28 135 45 79 50 33 PGW, GW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004:5-21

388 Tanda 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 389 Tappal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 390 Thakurwara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 391 Thataula 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW IAR 1963-64:54 392 Timrua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 393 Tiparpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:37

394 Tiuri ismailpur 27 26 30 79 21 10 PGW, BSW, GW, RW,

D.P. Tewari 2004:211

395 Tora-A 26 27 00 80 07 00 PGW, NBPW


396 Tuskan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 397 Uisara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1975-76:75 398 Ujhan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1976-77:53 399 Ukhrend 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 400 Unchagaon 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 401 Uncha-Islamabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57

402 Utrana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, Hist IAR 1978-79:21-22

403 Utara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 404 Vainala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 405 Vaman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1965-66:41 406 Vidyapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76

407 Vijai Garh 00 00 00 00 00 00 Crude PGW, BS, M IAR 1966-67:33

408 Yeseenpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37

Defence

The last phase of the proto-historic period in the sphere of our current study

is characterized by the advent of the Painted Grey Ware people. About 408 sites of

Painted Grey Ware so far have been reported from the present study area. A number

of these have been excavated which have been discussed above. Detailed reports of

229

Hastinapur (Lal 1955) and Atranjikhera are available, apart from study area

Madina(Kumar et. al 2007) is the single culture excavated site and Bhagwanpur

report helps us to understand this culture in holistic perspective.

Available data from excavated site provides us enough information to

generate the micro-settlement pattern of this culture. Unlike Mature Harappan period

defence walls, PGW settlements were surrounded by a ‘V’ shaped moat, mud bund.

A mud bund has been rported from Atranjikhera around PGW settlement (Gaur

1983:126). A moat or ditch has been reported from Jekhara but details are not given.

At Hatt (personal communication from the excavator) the earliest habitation of the

area was surrounded by a ‘V’ shaped moat. Similar evidences have been recovered

from Kunal (Acharya, M. 2008:23) with its maximum depth and width is 3.45 and

4.15 m respectively. At Jogna Khera (Acharya M and R.S. Dahiya :13) also a moat

was encountered but no details are available.. This was filled with water as silt was

observed at its bottom and these were probably defences against the wild animal. At

Hatt the most is to small and shallow for protection against wild animals but it was

for the protection from the reptiles as inner end is vertical enough for reptiles to

climb. So far, in the area under present study not even a single site has yielded such

kind of evidences and all above discussed sites are located close to study area.

Dwelling Structures

Most of the excavated sites in the area under present study have multi cultural

deposits. So our knowledge about the domestic structure is limited. For this pupose,

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we also studied the important and single culture excavated sites of the adjoining

region, specially Bhagwanpura and Madina.

Dwelling structures found during the excavations at various sites can be

broadly divided into three types viz, dwelling pits, huts and mud wall houses. Post

holes have been reported from Hulas, Hastinapur, Sonkh, Allahpur, Atranjikhera

and Jekhara. But no detailed plan of the huts has been available from the sites of area

under present study. So we have to bank upon the data available from the adjoing

area. The huts of this period may have sloping thatched roofs. At Madina evidences

of this type of typical huts were encountered.Two big postholes for front and back

supporting beams and two small postholes (both the sides) were noticed (Manmohan

Kumar et. al 2009:98). A large number of burnt clay lumps having impressions of

bamboo, wood and reed were found which indicated that PGW peoples did not

construct the mud walls but used mud and reed screen plastered with mud as the side

walls (Manmohan Kumar et. al 2009:96). Evidences of post holes have been

reported from Daulatpur (IAR 1977-78:23) but the shape of huts is not given. At

Madina even after close examinationof the post holes, it was found that no pattern of

arrangement of the huts was noticed. These huts were situated at a close proximity to

each other and in between the huts the open places were used for cooking purpose

aschulas, harae and hearths were found. These huts were arranged at the site so that

near each hut sufficient space for domestic activities is available. Potters clay

levigation pits were also found near some huts.

At Jekhera, a circular hut of 6 m. diameter was recovered during the

excavations and the interior of this hut was partiotioned by mud walls. Apart from

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this hut, a big hut complex was unearthed which was consisting of three circular huts

(Sahi 1994:144).

At Hatt evidences of dwelling pits have been found during the PGW period.

These pits were plastered with ochre and the floor of these pits were made up of

rammed clay and properly plastered. These pits were cut in the natural soil, having

vertical sides. Inside some pits steps were noticed. Postholes were also noticed along

with these pits, which indicate that these were covered with wattle and daub structure

as roof. These pits dwellings were surrounded by a “V’ shaped moat, which acted as

a defence wall. No other site has yielded the evidences of dwelling pits during the

PGW period.

At Bhagwanpura, a rammed mud walled house was unearthed. This house

complex consists of 13 rooms, 5 rooms in the western side and 7 rooms on the

eastern side. It is roughly oriented to North-South. The size of the rooms varies from

1.60 x 1.60 m. to 3.35 x 4.20 m. There is a corridor in the complex which measures

14.35 m. in length and 2.20 m. width (Joshi, J.P 1993:40)

Although some bricks (sun baked and kilen baked) have been reported from

Atranjikhera, measuring 8 x 4 x 4 cm. and some extra large size bricks. But so far,

not even a single site has yielded bricks house. Some brunt bricks measuring 30 x 24

x 24, 33 x 30 x 10, 30 x 30 x 6 cm. were recovered from Jakhera (Sahai 1994). This

type of bricks may have been used for preapring platform probably for bathing or

ritualistic purposes.

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Economy

The economy of the Painted Grey Ware people was based on agriculture and

animal husbandry along with hunting. Wheat and rice were the important crops.

Apart from wheat and rice, ragi, sawan, Kodon are reported from Hulaskhera(Tiwari

et. al 1995). Moong, urad, massor, moth, kulthi, khesari, wild oat, tulsi and bathua

have been reported from Siyapur (Tiwari and Srivastava 2004;2005) apart from thes

gram, horse gram, pigeon pea, sesame, ber, gular, pakad were also reported. Above

mentioned seeds indicate that PGW people were enjoying bot Rabi and Karif crops.

Alamgirpur is the only site which provides us details regarding animals of

PGW period. The faunal utilisation pattern at the site during PGW period shows that

throughout during this period peoples are depended mainly on cattle and buffalo. The

contribution of sheep and goats was more during the Harappan Phase than the PGW

Phase. The role of domestic pigs was marginal in all the cultural phases. The horse

has been identified only from the PGW Phase. The diversity of the wild animals is

interesting as the people of Almagirpur hunted large bovin as the gaur, nilgai,

antelopes, deer, wild pigs, fox, panther, hyena and peafowl .

Metallurgy

In the area area under persent study, iron was first introduced by PGW using

people.Theses people were skilled in the manufacture of iron objects is evidenced

by as many as 135 specimens from a relatively small dig at Atranjikhera and other

excavated sites. So far not even a single evidence of iron smelting has been recorded

from any site in the study area but in the adjoing region of Rajasthan, Jodhpur has

233

yielded such evidences. Two furnaces from an early phase of the Painted Grey Ware

period. These furnaces were of the open type and provided with bellows as indicated

by the presence of holes. Very little work has been done to identify the sources from

which the people obtained iron ore. Source material, however, exists in varying

degrees in the neighbouring Himalayan regions of Kangara, Mandi Almora,

Garhwal, etc., in the Aravalli terrain of Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur, etc., in Rajasthan

and in the Gwalior region immediately south of the Chambal.

The iron objects used by the Painted Grey Ware people fall under four broad

categories: (1) household objects; (2) tools for agriculture; (3) other craft tools; and

(4) weapons used for warfare or hunting. Under the first category come such objects

as nails, pins, hooks, needles, knives, which are reported from various sites, and a

pair of tongs found so far only at Atranjikhera. Although this site has not yielded any

specific agricultural tool, a sickle and a hoe was found at Jakhera (Sahi, 1978:103).

Chisels, borers, clamps, nails and hooks may have been used in carpentry.

Arrowheads, mounted on cane shafts and projected from wooden bows, could have

been used in warfare as well as in hunting. The arrowheads are found insimple forms

as well as barbed, and have a tang that is sometimes socketed. Spearheads,

sometimes as long as 25 cm., were evidently mounted on bamboo shafts. Unlike

arrows, which were used for long-distance attacks, whether on an enemy or a wild

animal, the spear could be used only at a close range. There is so far no evidence of

any defensive armour.

Although iron had come into use during the Painted Grey Ware period,

copper was still an indispensable metal. While the two specimens from Hastinapur,

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which were chemically examined, showed no evidence of any alloy, of the three

objects examined from Atranjikhera, one showed the inclusion of tin, lead and zinc

to the extent of 11.68 per cent and another of tin and zinc as much as 20.72 and 16.2

per cent respectively. The third one was unalloyed. Furthermore, iron was present in

all the Atranjikhera samples, varying from 1.23 to as much as 9.7 per cent. The

source of the metal could thus be iron chalchopyrite and the retention of iron in the

samples should be ascribed to inadequate melting of the ore(Agrawal 1983:490). In

this culture, there are no copper swords, such as,we have in the copper hoards. This

may perhaps be explained by the fact that weapons of war were by then

manufactured from iron, which is decidedly more suitable for the purpose. However,

copper arrowheads have been found at Hastinapura and Allahpur. Very likely these

were used primarily for hunting, though their use in warfare cannot be excluded.

Among tools and other objects of copper which were used for cutting or in the

manufacturing of goods, mention may be made of the axe, chisel, borer, pin and

clamp. Toilet objects included the antimony rod, nailparer, antimony-rod-cum-

nailparer and toothpick. The find of a needle indicated stitching, most likely of

clothes. Among ornaments, rings and bangles deserve mention. That there was no

paucity of copper is attested by the discovery of a dish, with a diameter of 17 cm.,

from Atranjikhera (Gaur, 1983:231)

Glass Technology

A very remarkable contribution of this period is that of glass technology. The

discovery of two specimens of glass bangles from Painted Grey Ware levels at

235

Hastinapura came as a significant addition to our knowledge of ancient Indian glass

technology. Of the two glass bangles from Hastinapura, one is brown and the other

black, resulting in both casesthe presence of iron. In both, the typical conchoidal

fracture of glass is unmistakable. Besides bangles, glass beads have also been found.

These come from Allahpur and Alamgirpur. From Atranjikhera comes a piece of

glass of dark green colour, which formed a part of a bottle or some other receptacle

(Agrawal. 1983:490)

Chronology

The dating of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura had originally to

be carried out on the basis of its relative stratigraphic horizon. On the one hand, it

overlay the remains of the Ochre Colour Ware and, on the other, it was itself overlaid

by Northern Black Polished Ware deposits. There was a break of occupation between

each of these three successive periods. The chronological horizon of the Northern

Black Polished Ware had been approximately indicated at Taxila where the majority

of the specimens of this ware preceded the level yielding coins of Alexander ( 300

BCE) and went down to a further depth of 2.15 m. below that level. On a rough

computation, therefore, the Northern Black Polished Ware was thought to have

appeared at Taxila some time in the sixth century b.c. Since there was a break of

occupation between the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Polished Ware periods at

Hastinapura, with substantial changes in the material culture from one to the other

(such as the appearance of brunt-brick structures, a system of coinage, weights, etc.)

it was thought that the end of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura may have

236

come around 800 BCE In view of the 2.5 m. thickness of the Painted Grey Ware

deposits, it was estimated that the beginning of the settlement of this culture at

Hastinapura may have been around 1100 BCE It was also postulated that the Painted

Grey Ware may have continued later at other sites and may have even overlapped

with the Northern Black Polished Ware. Later when the radio-carbon method came

into vogue, samples from Hastinapura itself and from other sites like Rupar,

Atranjikhera, Noh, etc., were put to the test. As a result, there is a good evidence to

say that the beginning of the Painted Grey Ware at the iron-using sites such as Noh

and Atranjikhera and derivatively at Hastinapura and Mathura too, is in no case later

than 1000 BCE It may well be much earlier. The Painted Grey Ware levels in the

iron-using sites of the upper Ganges-Jamuna basin may broadly be dated between the

limits of 1100 and 700 BCE and the Painted Grey Ware/ Northern Black

PolishedWare overlap between 700 and 500 BCE The pre-Iron phase of this culture

which has yet to be firmly established may well be antedated 1100 BCE This

archaeological evidence about the Painted Grey Ware Culture may be understood in

the background of the Vedic material. The general consensus of scholarly opinion

puts the Rigvedic period broadly between 1500 and 1200 BCE and the later

Brahmanic-cum- Upanishadic period between 800 and 500 BCE

Pottery

The third group of the proto-historic ceramic industry in the region is the

Painted Grey Ware (PGW). The PGW or grey ware is usually wheel-thrown. It is

made of well-levigated clay which is almost free of impurity. Regarding the

technique used for the manufacturing the vessels, the vessel is dried after the primary

237

modelling and then again placed on a wheel to finish the surface modelling like

scraping the base portion, trimming and burnishing, hence some sherds of PGW

recoveredduring the course of explorations.

Black slipped ware is also fabricated with the help of the same technique.

But its final surface treatment using black slip makes this ware different from PGW,

common shapes in the BSW are dishes and bowls.

Red ware which was associated with Painted Grey Ware was of coarse

fabricmedium and it is made of carelessly levigated clay, usually mixed with small

kankars and husks. The main shapes of this ware include basin, bowl, vase, jar, etc.

This ware is both hand made and thrown on slow wheel and decorated with

impressed and mud appliqué designs. Some of the illustrated sherds are disused

below:

Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur

1. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and decorated with concentric circles.

2. Bowl having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow ridge between the

upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both

sides. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of parallel horizontal

strokes is painted on the external surface.

3. Bowl having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished

by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two

concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper

concentric circle are painted on the external side.

238

Base fragment of a dish, decorated with broad bands. The surface is smoothened

with rotation on both sides.

4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is

smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is

painted on the internal surface.

Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined outwards. The surface is finished by

smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A

set of two curvilinear lines and dots between the former is painted on the external

side.

5. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is

smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is

painted on the internal surface.

6. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and a rounded flat base. The rim shows an

angular section having a flat face on the edge.. A motif consisting of semicircles and

dots which are arranged perfectly, is there.

Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with

rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A horizontal row of

dots is painted on the internal surface.

Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Alamgirpur

1. Vase, having an inturned neck with an out-turned rim. The entire external surface

and the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red.

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2. Vase, having an out turned neck with flaring rim. The entire external surface and

the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red.

3. Short-necked vase, having an out-turned neck with a simple rim and a globular

body. Two parallel grooves are delineated on the shoulder. The surface is

smoothened with rotation. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the

neck portion are slipped in red.

Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Kurdi

1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just below it.

The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides.

2. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened

with rotation.

3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with

rotation on both sides.

4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination

between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation

on both sides.

5. Bowl, having a shallow body with a carination and an outcurved neck with a

drooping rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly

painted with a black band. A set of three parallel horizontal strokes is painted on the

external surface, and a part of parallel strokes is intact on the internal surface of the

rim.

240


between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation

on both sides.


between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body

and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface

of the lower body is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is

narrowly painted with a dull orange to grey band. A set of parallel oblique lines is

painted on the outer surface, and a set of parallel vertical strokes is painted on the

internal surface.

8. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The

external surface of the rim portion and the whole internal surface are smoothened

with rotation, and the external surface of the body is finished by smoothening

without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of three

parallel oblique lines and rows of dots is painted on the external surface.

9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with two narrow grooves on

the external side. Three grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the

body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in orange on both sides.

10. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on

the external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the

body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides.

241

Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi

1 Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base.

There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external

surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with

rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation.

The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing.

2. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no

carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark

grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides.

3. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a

rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been

a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the

lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is

slipped in dark grey on both sides.


pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination

between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by

smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides.

Pl. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi

1.Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base.

There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external

242


rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation.

The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing.

2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim which is inturned. There is a gentle

carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the

upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the

external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The internal

surface of the body is finished by further smoothening in an oblique direction.

3. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination



of the lower body is smoothened without rotation.

4. Base fragment of a dish, sagger base. The external surface of the upper body and

the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of

the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with

streak burnishing.

5. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination



of the lower body is smoothened without rotation.

6. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished


243



7. Bowl, having straight sides and slightly pointed rim. Both surfaces are finished by

smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with black band. An

uncertain motif consisting of curvilinear lines is painted on the outer surface.

8. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with

rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section.

9. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is finished by

smoothening with rotation and is executed with greyish yellow brown slip on both

sides. A set of five strokes, one of which is relatively broader than others, is painted

on the internal surface.

10. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim with a narrow groove below it. The

surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a

black band.

Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Asara-2

1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion

is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation.

2. Vase of a grey ware, treated with gery slip. The surface is smoothened with

rotation.

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rotation.



5. Dish, having convex sides, a roundly pointed rim and a sagger base. The surface is

smoothened with rotation on both sides.

6. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim, The rim was modelled by luting

technique. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides.

7. Dish, having slightly convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just

below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides.

8. Base of a gery ware dish. . The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides.

9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on the

external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the

body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides.

10. Base portion, probably of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface of the body

portion is smoothened with rotation on both sides, and string-cut marks remain on

the external surface of the base.

245

Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Bamnoli

1. Pot, having a short neck, a rim of triangular section and a globular body. The neck

portion is smoothened with rotation and the body is finished by smoothened without


2. Pot, having a straight neck, slightly outcurved, and a rim of triangular section. The

body may have been globular in shape. Two parallel grooves are executed on the

shoulder. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The external

surface is slipped in reddish orange.

3. Dish, having convex sides and a slightly pointed rim. The surface is finished by

smoothening with rotation. The surface is finished by streak burnishing after

smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band

and with loop on the internal side.


rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band.

5. Dish having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with


6. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly inward, and a pointed rim. The surface is

smoothened with rotation after smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is

narrowly painted with a black band.

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Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli

1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a groove on its internal side.

The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly

painted with a black band.

2. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a

carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal

surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the

lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black

band.

3. Base sherd of a pot or bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without

rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base.

4. .Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a




band.

5. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim.

The surface is smoothened with rotation.

6. Base sherd of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without

rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base.

247

Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Barnava

1. Pot, having a prominently outcurved neck and a beaded rim. The surface is

smoothened with rotation on both sides.

2. Pot, having a short neck and an elliptical body. The rim is roundly thickened. The

surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides.

3. Bowl, having an incurved rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both

sides.

Pl. 5.10 Painted Grey Ware from )Kairana-1

1. Bowl or Dish, having convex sides with a deeper profile and a pointed rim. The

external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened

with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by scraping

without rotation.



3. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim.

The surface is smoothened with rotation.



5. Base fragment of a dish, having convex base. The surface is smoothened with


248


rotation.

Pl. 5.11 Black Slip Ware from Barnava

1. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no

carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark

grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides.



between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by

smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides



a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of the body and the

lower part of the body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is


4. Dish, having concave sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a


a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the

lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is


249



between the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body. The surface is

finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides.

Pl. 5.12 Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur



2. .Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with

rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is

light gery in colour as compared to No. 1.


rotation. Three vertical rows of dots are painted on the internal surface.



5. Bowl, having slightly convex sides and carination between the upper body and the

lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface is

smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened

without rotation.

250


rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is

light gery in colour as compared to No. 1






3 Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with

rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band inner

side.


base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper

body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface

is finished by smoothening with rotation and decorated with white vertical lines.


base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper

body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface

is finished by smoothening with rotation

251

Pl. 5.14 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur

1. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished

by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without

rotation on the inner side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external

surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal

surface of the base, concentric circles are painted


rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An

oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides.

3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with


oblique stroke is painted on the inner side.





5. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly convex, and a pointed rim. The external


rotation, and the external surface of the lower body below the carination is finished

by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black

band.

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concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching the upper


Pl. 5.15 Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2

1. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Wavy lines are painted

on the external surface of the upper half of the body.

2. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Decorated with parallel

lines on the external surface of the upper half of the body.

3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with


oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides.

Pl. 5. 16 Painted Grey Ware from Kausambi

1. Dish of a Black Slip Ware, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a

rounded rim with a groove below it. There is a carination between the upper body

and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in black

on both sides. The external surface is finished by burnishing.

2. Dish of a Blak Slip Ware, having straight sides and a ridged rim. A narrow groove

is delineated just below the rim on the external surface. There is a carination between

253

the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is

slipped in black on both sides.

3. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim with two grooves on its external

side. Two grooves are executed on the external surface of the middle of the body.

The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are

smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by

scraping without rotation. The rim is modelled by luting.


rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section.

5. Bowl, having straight sides which is slightly inclined inwards, a pointed rim and a

rounded flat base. The surface of the body portion is smoothened with rotation and

the surface of the base is smoothened without rotation. Regular striations are left on

the internal surface of the body as a result of smoothening with rotation.

6. Dish, having convex sides and a ridged rim. The surface is smoothened with


7. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a




band.

254

8. Base of a bowl, the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation.

Decorated with three black lines.

9. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim and a sagger base. The external surface

of the upper body and the whole internal surface is smoothened with rotation and the

external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim portion is

narrowly painted with a black band.

10. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened

with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A

set of four parallel strokes is painted on both sides.

11. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished

by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without

rotation on the internal side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external

surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal

surface of the base, concentric circles are painted

Pl. 5.17 Ghata shape bead from Kausambi

1. A ghata-shaped bead, yellowish red in colour, truncated apex.

2. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip.

3. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex.

4. A ghata-shaped bead, greyish red in colour, truncated apex.


6. A ghata-shaped bead, dull red in colour, truncated apex.

255


Pl. 5.18 Terracotta Sling Balls from Ahichattra

1. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well

fired, décorated with incised vertical lines all over.

2. A terracotta sling, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired

3. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill

fired.

4. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill

fired.

5. A terracotta sling ball, well baked, buff coloured, spheroid, terracotta sling ball.

Pl. 5.19 Terracotta Disc from Ahichattra

1. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, red in colour.

2. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with reddish-

orange slip.

3. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay and treated with red slip.

4. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, buff in colour.

256

Pl. 5.20 Decorated Terracotta Disc from Hastinapur

1. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on

obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with buff

slip.

2 Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on

obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey

slip.

3. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches made of nail impressions around the

circumference on obverse and reverse.

4. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on both sides.

Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip.

5. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and

reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip.

6. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and

reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip.

Pl. 5.21 Terracotta Disc from Kasuambi

1. Terracotta disc of grey colour, decorated with circular notches around the

circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and

treated with grey slip.

257

2. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on

obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey

slip.

Pl. 5.22 Bone points from Kausambi

1. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed.

2. Fragment of a bone point, both the sides (upper and lower) are missing.

3. A biconical bone point, half broken, buff in colour, one pointed end is intact.

4. Fragment of a bone point, black in colour due to firing, with sharp edge, having

octagonal section.

5. A biconical bone point partially broken, black in colour, both the ends are

pointed.



Pl. 5.23 Ghata Shaped Bead and Grey Discs from Alamgirpur


2. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel.


258

5.24 Terracotta Objects from Kurdi

1. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip.




fired.


fired.


fired.

Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur

259

Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Alamgirpur

Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Kurdi

260

Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi


261

Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Asara-2

Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Bamnoli

262

Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli

Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware associated red ware from Barnava

263

Pl. 5.10Painted Grey Ware from Kairana-1

Pl. 5.11Black Slip Ware from Barnava

264

Pl. 5.12Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur

Pl. 5.13Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi

265

Pl. 5.14Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur

Pl. 5.15Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2

266

Pl. 5. 16Painted Grey ware From Kausambi

Pl. 5.17Ghat shape bead from Kausambi

267

Pl. 5.18Terracotta sling balls from Ahichchhatra

Pl. 5.19Terracotta disc from Ahichchhatra

268

Pl. 5.20Decorated terracotta disc from Hastinapur

Pl. 5.21Terracotta disc from Kasuambi

269

Pl. 5.22Bone points from Kausambi

Pl. 5.23 Ghat Shaped bead and grey discs from Alamgirpur

270

5.24 Terracotta objects from Kurdi

271

Figure 5.1: Painted Grey Ware and Grey Ware

272

Figure 5.2: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery

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