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8/12/2019 Paint Testing Manual intro

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PAINT TESTING MANUALPhysical and Chemical Examination ofPaints Varnishes Lacquers and Colors

G G. Sward editor

Thirteenth Edition1972

ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION5List price 27.5004-50000-14

^ AMERICAN SOCIETY FORTESTING AND MATERIALS1916 RaceStreet Philadelphia Pa. 191 3ANNIVBISARy


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by American Society for Testing and Materials 1972Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-186850

NOTEThe Society is not responsible, as a body,for the statements and opinionsadvanced in this publication.

Printed in Lutherville-Timonium Md.June 1972


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ToDr. Henry A. Gardner

whose visionan dinterest indevelopingan dsharing knowledgeof paintmaterialshas endured formorethan a half century


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Preface to the Thirteenth EditionWhen the twelfth edition of this book came off the p ress in 1962, its authors believed tha ttheir work w as done. Others would henceforth take overnew faces, a new generation, newapproaches.But Dr. John C. Weaver had the idea that the work started by Dr. Henry A. Gardnershould live on and grow. All it needed was a permanent sponsor. And this sponsor, hethought, should be the American Society for Testing and Materials, in which Dr. Gardnerhad been very active. The Society agreed, and in a brief but historic ceremony at the Ja nuary1967 meeting of Committee D-1 in Washington, D.C., ownership of the Gardner-SwardHandbook was transferred from the Gardner Laboratory to the American Society forTesting and Materials.In accepting the gift, the Society assumed responsibility for revising, editing, and publishingfuture editions of this time-honored work. The project was assigned to Committee D-1 onPaint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials, who created a permanent subcommittee(Subcommittee 19 on the Gardner-Sward Handbook) to guide the poUcy and preparation offuture editions. A. Gene Roberts was appointed chairman of this working committee which

included Harold M. Werner and Mark W. Westgate, with the three officers of CommitteeD-1,J. C. Moore, J. C. Weaver, and W. A. Gloger, as ex-oflicio members. George G. Swardwho had coauthored most of the previous editions, was selected to be the editor. The thirteenth edition attests to the dedication with which this subcommittee and the contributingauthors accompUshed their task.The scope of this book is in keeping with the stated scope of Subcommittee 19: To providetechnical, editorial, and general policy guidance for preparation of the 13th and subsequenteditions of the Gardner-Sward Handbook. The Handbook is intended to review for bothnew and experienced paint technologists the past, present, and foreseeable trends in all kindsof testing within the scope of Committee DOI. It supplements, but does not replace, thepertinent parts (currently parts 20 and 21) of the ASTM Book of Standards. It describesbriefly and critically all test methods believed to have significance in the world of painttechnology, whether o r not these tests have been a dopted officially by the Society.As a general policy, in accordance with the above scope, standard methods that are

described in detail in the ASTM Book of Standards are reviewed here only in sufficientdetail to indicate the principle of operation, basic techniques and apparatus, area of usefulness, and a critique where appropriate. Test methods of particular merit and importanceother than ASTM standard methods are described in greater detail.Methods of limited usefulness or of largely historical interest are described only briefly.References to original or detailed sources of information are given wherever possible. Theoverall treatment, while not exhaustive, is sufficiently comprehensive to provide the painttechnologist with a broad and critical guide to the selection of appropriate test methods.A special debt of gratitude is due the authors who, without remuneration and often at agreat sacrifice of personal time, contributed the material that made this work possible.Thanks are due also to those organizations that allowed authors to use company time forsome of the writing, to contributors of photographs or drawings, and to the reviewers.The editor and the chairman appreciate the helpful interest oftheASTM publicationsstaff.

G. G. Sward A. G. RobertsEditor Chairm an Subcomm ittee 19ASTM Committee DOI


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Biographical ProfilesLeonard C Afremow M.S. University ofWisconsin. Chapter 10.10, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Manager,Industrial Research, DeSota, Inc. whichhejoinedin1961.Fieldsof interest includeinfrared analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gaschromatography,and chemical functional group analysis.Member of American Chemical Society,Society of Applied Spectroscopy, andChicago SocietyforPaint Technology.Herbert Barry B.S.Queens College. Chapter 8.9 Paint for Marine Environment.Group Leader, Maintenance and MarineCoatings Laboratory, Mobil ChemicalCo.For eleven years engaged in developmentand evaluation of coatings for use inmarine environments. MemberofN ationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers andNew York SocietyforPaint T echnology.Harvey W Berger B.S. City College ofNew York. Chapters 10.7 Polarography;10.8, Constant-Current Coulometry; and10.9,Differential Therm al Analysis. Chemist, National BureauofStandards, engagedin the development of test methods andanalytical proceduresfor paint. Currently,Manager, HU D NBSProjectonD etectionand EliminationofLead Poisoning Hazardto Children. Other assignments have included flammability of fabrics and effectsof pollutantsonbuilding materials.Richard A Bieneman B.S. University ofMichigan. Seamless FloorsinChapter8.6Tile-Like Coatings and Seamless FloorTesting. Manager, Chemical Products Department, Spencer Kellogg Division,Textron, Inc. Fields of interest includesealants, seamless flooring systems, andurethane elastoplastics. Has publishedpapers on vegetable oils, universal tintingvehicles,andwater-thinned paint. Memberof American Society for Testingand Materials Committee DOl Society of thePlastics Industry, andWestern NewYorkSociety for Paint Technology.EllsworthR Blosser B.A. Goshen College.Chapter 10.6 Mass Spectrometry. Associate Chief Environmental and MaterialsCharacterization Division, Battelle Memorial Institute. Twenty years developingtechniquesfor trace detection ininorganicresearch materials, and application ofoptical emission spectrography, mass spectrometry, and spark-source mass spectrography to varied problems. Presentinterest,ionm icroanalysis.

James A. Boylan. Chapter 6.2 ChemicalResistance. Manager, retired. CustomerService Laboratory, Oxy-Metal FinishingGroup, Parker Co. For over forty yearsactive in corrosion testing and surfacetreatment ofmetals. MemberofAmericanSociety for Testing and Materials CommitteeDOl (honorary)andDetroit Societyfor Paint Technology.

GeorgeE. F.Brewer Ph D University ofVienna. Chapter 8.10 Paint for Electro-coating. Staff Scientist, ManufacturingCenter, Ford MotorCo.Initiated development of Ford electrocoating process andhas published over20papersin this field.For these and other outstanding contributionstoautomotive chem istry awardedthe 1969 Midgely Medal by the DetroitSectionofthe American Chemical Society.

Harry Burrell Ch.E. Newark College ofEngineering. SectiononSolubility Param eter Systems in Chapter 2.7 Solvents.Technical Director, BuildingandIndustrialProducts, Inmont Corp. Fieldsof interestinclude entropy, solubility parameters,andhigh polymers. Recipient of first prize,Room Foundation Competition (twice),George B. Heckel Award, and first recipient of American Chemical SocietyAward in the chemistryofplastics. Mem berof New Y ork SocietyforPaint Technology,Paint Research Institute, and GordonResearch C onferenceonOrganic Coatings.

Edward M Corcoran M.Ch.E. CollegeofCityofNew York. Chapters 5.1, Hardnessand R elated Properties;and5.3, Adhesion.Associate Member, Technical Staff BellTelephone Laboratories, responsible forformulation, development, and testingoforganic coating systems. Chairman ofGroup 14 on Hardness, Abrasion, andMar Resistance of American Society forTesting and Materials Committee D01.23.

JamesK Duffer M.S.Illinois InstituteofTechnology. Chapter 10.5 Atomic Absorption and Flame Em ission Spectroscopy.Senior Chemist, Research Service Department, DeSoto, Inc. Currently engaged inapplying techniques of atomic absorptionand flame emission spectroscopy to problemsin thepaint industry.VII


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VIM BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILESWilliam H. Ellis,B.S. Stanford University.Chapter 2.7, Solvents. Supervisor, SolventsResearch and Technical Service, ChevronResearch Co. Author of many papers andpatents in petroleum and related fields.Member of American Chemical Society,American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Los Angeles Societyfor Paint Technology (Presidentl971-1972).George G. Esposito, B.S. Loyola College ofBaltimore. Chapter10.2,Chromatography.Research Chemist, Aberdeen ProvingGround. Main interest is research in anddevelopment of analytical procedures formilitary paint specifications, specializing inchromatography. Has published over 20papers on chromatography.Robert M. Evans, Ph.D. Case WesternReserve University. Chapter 8.6, Tile-LikeCoatings and Seamless Floor Testing.Vice-President for Research and Engineering, Mameco International; President,Isonetics, Inc. Fields of interest includeorganic coatings, adhesives, sealants, andfloor materials. Author of many papers andpatents. Chairman of American Society forTesting and Materials Committee D01.48on Tile-Like Coatings and member ofCleveland Society for Paint Technology.Edwin C. Gallagher, B.Sc. Cornell University. Chapter 2.1, Drying Oils. Production Manager, and Director of Development and Research Laboratories, NLIndustries, which he joined in 1931.Chairman of American Society for Testingand M aterials Comm ittee D01.2 on DryingOils and member of Philadelphia Societyfor Paint Technology.David M. Gans, Ph.D. University ofChicago. Chapter 3.3, Surface Energetics.Director, Coatings Research Group, Inc.,a nonprofit organization of medium-sizepaint manufacturers. Fields of interesthave included nuclear disintegration, surface chemistry, coatings, and allied areas.Member of American Society for Testingand Materials, American Institute ofChemists, Cleveland Society for PaintTechnology, and other scientific andtechnical societies.Neil B. Garlock, M.S. University of Texas.Chapters 7.1, Natural Weathering; and7.2, Artificial Weathering. Chemist, NavalShip Engineering Center. Field of interestincludes specifications for paint and relatedproducts. For many years Chairman ofAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsCommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Weathering; and member of American ChemicalSociety, National Association of CorrosionEngineers, and Baltimore Society for PaintTechnology.

Charles Grenko, B.S. Northwestern University. Chapter 4.1, Preparation of Filmsfor Test. Western Electric Co., HawthorneWorks. His work has included design andinstallation of organic finishing systems,test methods, formulation, materials engineering, specifications, and electroplating.Currently installing a powdered resincoating system. Chairman of Group 11 onFilm Thickness of American Society forTesting and Materials Com mittee DO 1.23;and member of American Chemical Society and American Electroplaters Society.George W. Grossman, B.S. in EngineeringAdministration, Case Institute of Technology. Chapter 6.1, Resistance to WaterVapor and Liquid in the Atmosphere.President, Q-Panel Co. Principal fields ofinterest include influence of steel surfaceson paint performance, and destructivenessof water and ultraviolet radiation on paint.Chairman of Group 11 on Water Tests ofAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsCommittee D01.27; and member of National Association of Corrosion Engineersand Cleveland Society for Paint Technology.Russel D. Hamilton, B.S. NorthwestMissouri State College. Chapter 8.10,Paint for Electrocoating. Project Engineer,retired, in charge of Paint Development an dTesting Laboratory, Manufacturing Center, Ford Motor Co. Member of AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials Committee DOl and past chairman of severalsubcommittees.Harry K. Hammond, III, B.S. Lehigh University. Chapters 1.1, Color and Light;and, 1.2 Gloss.Chief Product AppearanceLaboratory, National Bureau of Standards, whichhejoined in 1939. Chairman ofAmerican Society for Testing and Materials Committee DOl.26 on OpticalProperties from 1957 to 1970; currentlychairman of Committee E-12 on Appearance of Materials; and member of OpticalSociety of America, Illuminating Engineering Society, and U.S. National Commission of International Commission onIllumination (CIE).Arthur E. Jacobsen, M.S. PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn. Chapter 3.4, ParticleSize Measurement. Research Chemist,retired, Titanium Division, NL Industries.Presently, Consultant. Principal fields ofinterest have included physical chemistryof paints and pigments, embracing hidingpower, tinting strength, particle size,dispersion, weathering, photochemical reactivity, and chalking. Member of American Society for Testing and MaterialsCommittee DOl (honorary), AmericanChemical Society, and Optical Society ofAmerica.


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BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILES IX

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Thomas J. Keane studied architecture andphysics at Catholic University of America.Chapter 1.1, Color and Light. Manager,Manufacturing, Gardner Laboratory, Inc.Prime interest is development of instruments for measuring color, gloss, and thelike.

W. T. Lewis M.S. University of Georgia.Chapters 10.3, Ultraviolet Spectroscopy;and 10.4, Infrared Spectroscopy. Researchand Development Laboratory, MobilChemical Co. Sixteen years industrialexperience in spectroanalytical techniques,primarily in the area of polymers andcoatings.

Wesley K. Lind M.S. University of NewHampshire. Chapter 10.1, Microscopy.Teacher, Chicago High School System.Experience includes paint formulating andmicroscopical work as Senior ResearchChemist with W. C. McCrone Associates.Member of Microscopical Society ofIllinois and educational societies.

Robert F. Lohr B.A. Rutgers University.Chapter 8.9, Paint for Marine Environment. Technical Director, Maintenanceand Marine Coatings Department, MobilChemical Co. Fo r 14 years associated withdevelopment of heavy duty industrial andmarine coatings. Member of AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, N ationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers, andNew York Society for Paint Technology.

Howell H. McCowen B.A. University ofCincinnati, Chapter 8.7, Bituminous Coatings. Senior Research Chemist, StandardOil Co. (Ohio). Thirty three years inasphalt an d petroleum technology, research,and service. Member of American Societyfor Testing and Materials Committee D-8on Bituminous and Other Organic Materials for Roofing, Waterproofing, andRelated Building or Industrial Uses;Association of Asphalt Technologists;and Roof Coating Committee of NationalPaint, Varnish, and Lacquer Association.

JS^

John P. McGuigan B.S. New York University. Chapter 3.2, Viscosity and Consistency. Senior Technologist, IndustrialChemical Division, Shell Chemical Co.Chairman (1957-1968) of American Society for Testing and Materials CommitteeD01.23 on Physical Properties of LiquidPaint; and member of Houston Society forPaint Technology and Washington PaintTechnical G roup.

Parker B. Mitton B.S. Newark College ofEngineering. Chapters 1.3, Hiding Power;and 1.4, Mass Color and Tinting Strength.Associate, Research and DevelopmentLaboratory, Titanium Pigment Division,NL Industries, in charge of tests ontitanium pigments. Joined company in1948. Member of American Society forTesting and Materials Committee DOl.

L.G. Montague B.S. George WashingtonUniversity. Chapter 8.1, Tests on Varnish.Chemist, Quality Control Laboratory,Gardner Laboratory, Inc. Thirty years invarnish formulation, processing, and control, ten years in development of instruments and methods of test for paints andrelated materials. Author of chapter onvarnish in haracterization of oatings bMyers and Long.

M. B. Neher Ph.D. Purdue University.Chapter 10.6, Mass Spectrometry. Technical Representative, Organic ChemistryDivision, Battelle Memorial Institute.Twenty years in organic chemical research.Past ten years have been con centrated in gaschromatography and mass spectrometry,and application of computer technique toorganic analytical problems.

Thomas E. Nevins M.S. NorthwesternUniversity. Chapter 8.3, Cement-BasePaint and the Painting of Masonry.Manager, Paint and Coatings Research,United States Gypsum Company ResearchCenter. In active research in water-thinnedcoatings since 1953. Active in many subcommittees of Am erican Society for Testingand Materials Committee DOl and memberof Chicago Society for Paint Technology.James D. McGinness B.A. University ofEvansville. Chapter 9.1, Sampling, Separations, and Identification of Binder andSolvent. Manager, Reliability for CoatingsGroup, Sherwin-Williams Co. Chairmanof Group 4 on Analysis of Whole Paint ofAmerican Society for Testing and Materials CommitteeDOl.21; and member ofSociety for Applied Spectroscopy andCleveland Society for Paint Technology.

Charles T. Ray B.S. Berry College. Chapter 8.11, Printing Ink. Technical Director,U.S. Government Printing Office, whichhe joined in 1948. Member of AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials Committee E-12, American Chemical Society,Technical Association of Graphic Arts,Technical Association of Pulp and PaperIndustry, and other scientific societies.


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BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILESHorace E. Riley, B.S. Marietta College.Chapter 2.6 Plasticizers. Staff Chemist,retired. Union Carbide Corp., Chemicaland Plastics Operation Division. Memberof American Society for Testingand Materials Comm itteesDOl and D-16(honorary), American Chemical Society (emeritus), and American Institute of Chemists(fellow emeritus).A. Gene Roberts, B.S. University ofRichmond. Chapter 5.2 Abrasion Resistance. Physical Scientist, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, incharge of Test Method Development.Twenty yearsinresearchanddevelopmentof organic coatingsat National BureauofStandards. Inventor of Jet Abrader andAdherometer-Integrator. Awarded BronzeMedalofDepartmentofCommercefor thebook Organic oatingsTheir PropertiesSelection andUses. MemberofAmericanSociety for Testing and Materials andAmerican Chemical Society.Richard T. Ross, Ph.D. University ofTennessee. Chapter 6.4 Biological Deterioration of Paints and Paint Films.Marketing Manager, Buckman Laboratories; previously. Research Manager.Principal research involvedthebiodeterio-ration ofpaint filmsand thedevelopmentof microbiocides for paint. Chairman ofAmerican Society for Testing and Materials Committee DOl.28 on Biodeterio-ration.Garmond G. Scliurr, B.S. North DakotaState U niversity. C hapters5.4 Flexibility;and 5.5 Tensile Strength andElongation.Director, Paint Research, Sherwin-WilliamsCo., since 1966. Publications includepapersonhouse paints, roleofcoatingsincorrosion prevention, and diffusion ofwater in coating systems. Member ofAmerican SocietyforTesting andM aterials,Gordon Research Conferences on Coatings, and Chicago Society for PaintTechnology.

Francis Scofield, B.S. Lehigh University.Chapter 7.3, Atmospheric Pollutants. Consultant. Vice-President, Technical Affairs,retired. National Paint, Varnish, andLacquer Association, which he joined in1936. Author of numerous technicalpapers. Member of American Society forTesting and Materials Committee DOlBaltimore Society for Paint Technology,and other scientificandtechnical societies.

WillardF.Spengeman, Ph.D. UniversityofWisconsin. Chapter 2.8 Pigments.Director, Technical Service Laboratory,Pigments Department, duPont Co. Authorof numerous papers on the role of pigmentsin the weatheringof exterior architectural paints. ActiveinAmerican Societyfor TestingandM aterials Com mitteeDOl.Melvin H. Swann, B.A. Asbury College.Chapter 2.4 Synthetic Resins. ChiefAnalytical Section, U.S. Army Coatingand Chemical Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground. Responsible for researchanddevelopment in the analysisandapplicationof paints and related materials, includingmetal conditionersandphosphate coatings.Has published over50papers in these fields.Member of American Society for Testingand Materials CommitteeDOl.G. G. Sward, M.S. University of Iowa.Chapters 2.2 Driers and Metallic Soaps;2.3, Natural Resins; 2.5 Cellulosics; 3.1Density, Specific Gravity, and BulkingValues; 3.4 Particle Size Measurement;3.5, Oil Absorption of Pigments; 4.3Drying Time; 7.2 Artificial Weathering;8.2, Architectural Paints; 8.4 WaxesandPolishes; 8.5 Putty, Glazing Compounds,Caulking Compounds, and Sealants;8.8Traffic Paint; 11.1 Sources of Specifications. Director, retired. Scientific Section,National Paint, Varnish, and LacquerAssociation. Consultant, Gardner Laboratory, Inc. Coauthor of recent editions ofthis book. Member of American Societyfor TestingandMaterials CommitteeDOl(honorary), American Chemical Society(emeritus), and American Insitute ofChemists (fellow emeritus).Arthur W. VanHeuckeroth, B.S. GeorgeWashington University. Chapter 6.3 FireRetardance and Flame Resistance. Chiefretired. Materials Division, U.S.A. Engineers Research and Development Laboratories, which he joined in 1941.John C. Weaver, Ph.D. University ofCincinnati. Chapter 11.1 Sources ofSpecifications. Director, ResearchinPaint,Varnish, and Lacquer, Sherwin-WilliamsCo., Cleveland. Vice-chairman of American Society for Testing and MaterialsCommitteeDOl;received AwardofMeritin 1968. MemberofCleveland SocietyforPaint Technology. Technical editor ofJournal of Paint Technology. AwardedGeorge Baugh Heckel Award in 1969.


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xii CONTENTS

Part9 AnalysisofWhole Paint9.1 Sampling Separations andIdentification ofBinderandSolventj. D.MCGINNESS 4959.2 Chemical AnalysisofPigmentsG.G.SWARD 500

Part10 Instrumental MethodsofAnalysis10.1 Microscopyw. K.LIND 51510.2 ChromatographyG. G. ESPOSITO 52210.3 Ultraviolet Spectroscopyw. T.LEWIS 54510.4 Infrared Spectroscopyw. T.LEWIS 54710.5 Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopyj. K.DUFFER 55010.6 Mass SpectrometryE. R. BLOSSER AND M.B. NEHER 55310.7 PolarographyH. W. BERGER 55610.8 Constant-Current CoulometryH. W.BERGER 56010.9 Differential Thermal AnalysisH.W. BERGER 56210.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyL. C.AFREMOW 564

Part11 Specifications11.1 Sources of SpecificationsG. G. SWARD ANDJ .C. WEAVER 583Index 587

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