pain & pain management psyc 4080 health psychology amber m. henslee, m.s
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Pain & Pain Management
PSYC 4080Health Psychology
Amber M. Henslee, M.S.
Meaning of Pain• __________ pain
– Tissue damage to the body
• Psychological/emotional pain
– Perception
• EX: hook through the arm
Stages of Pain• Acute Pain
– Short duration– Signals us not to do that again!– e.g., _______
• Prechronic Pain– Either overcome pain or develops feelings of _________
• Chronic Pain– Long duration– Either from injury or a chronic condition– e.g., lower back
Assessment• Self report
– Rating scales, questionnaires
• ___________ methods
– Behavioral assessment
• Physiological measures
– ____ (Electromyography) measures muscle tension
McGill Pain
Quest.
Pain Rating Scales
Signs vs. SymptomsWhat you can observe:• Muscle rigidity• Tears• Grimace• Groan• Agitation• _____________
What they report:• Intensity • _________ • Duration• Better or Worse
Pain Management Techniques• Relaxation• Biofeedback• Hypnosis• Acupuncture• TENS (____________)• Distraction• Medication - __________• Surgery
Biofeedback• DFN = info on bodily process to learn to control it
– e.g., bp, hr, skin temp
• Electromyograph (EMG) = electrical discharge in muscle fibers
• __________ = skin temperature
• Audio/visual signal• Trial/error- patient changes thoughts & behaviors
Biofeedback Outcomes• Joint pain, migraine
headache, hypertension• Expensive technology
& trained personnel– Relaxation & hypnosis
cheaper & easier
• NOT better for _____• Better for migraines
Hypnosis• __________ state• Mesmer made famous• Multiple DFNS:
– altered state of consciousness– trait of hypnotizability
• Hypnotized people:– will perform minor feats– won’t hurt self or others
Hypnosis Process• Relaxation• Told it will decrease pain (_______)• Induction = being placed under hypnosis
(distraction)• Instructed to think of pain differently
(reinterpretation)
Hypnosis Outcomes• Surgery, childbirth, dental procedures, burns,
headaches
• Unclear: block pain OR _________
• NOT better for low suggestible pts
• Better for high suggestible pts
Acupuncture• DFN = long, thin needles
inserted into body• China: anesthetic for surgery• Expectations
– Decreases fear
– Increases tolerance
• Releases __________? (thus decreased pain)• Better for short-term pain
Distraction• Other activity (e.g., pledge of allegiance,
art/crafts)
• ______________
• Better for short-term, low-level pain
Medication• Morphine
– Tolerance– ___________– Good for severe pain– Poor for one who is chemically dependent
• Local anesthetics to wounded area
• Block transmission (e.g., spinal cord)
• Brain (e.g., antidepressants)
Surgery• Cut/disrupt body’s “pain fibers”
– Periphery to spinal cord– Spinal cord to brain
• ___________ (e.g., different neural pathways)
• Damage nervous system > chronic pain