CHAPTER 28: WWI

Pages 681-690Primary Sources: Comments of the German

Delegation, pgs.381-384

Trench warfare

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

Vickers machine gun

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

Mustard gas

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

British Mark I tank

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

German U-boats

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

Fokker E. I

“Modern Warfare” Technologies

Armistice German commanders agreed to armistice (cease-

fire) on November 11, 1918 German people stunned by sudden loss after it

appeared they might win Military tries to place blame on new civilian government Many accept myth that Germany had been betrayed by

socialist and Jewish politicians Casualty totals after four years

10 million dead 20 million wounded Post war influenza pandemic spreads from Asia around

the globe War cost hundreds of billions of dollars, destroys

cities and farmland

Treaty of Versailles

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), George Clemenceau (France), and David Lloyd George (Britain) meet in Paris at Versailles to determine the outcome/peace of WWI. France and Britain want to punish Germany by forcing

them to take blame for the war and pay reparations. Wilson proposes Fourteen Points (Really wants a League

of Nations) Germany is not a part of drafting the treaty, and had no

opportunity to amend or refuse it. (Humiliated) Austro-Hungarian empire is dismembered

New nations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia created Poland was reborn and given chunks of what had once been

German territory

Problems with the Peace

New Russian leaders (Bolsheviks) not invited to the conference

Wartime promises to the Arabs in return for war are forgotten Britain and France divide Arab heartlands of the

Middle East between themselves China’s pleas for protection against the

Japanese occupation of the Shandong peninsula were dismissed

United States never joins the League of Nations, later makes separate peace with Germany

Lays some of the foundations for WWII

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

Campaigns in Africa, Middle East Britain draws on colonial resources Indian production stepped up

Asians, Africans work, serve Colonies

Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj

India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines Nationalist movements

Worldwide patterns Leadership of Western-educated elite Charismatic leaders Nonviolence

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj

India Indian National Congress, 1885

Initially loyal to British Spurred by racism Builds Indian identity

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement

Critique of British rule Economic privilege for British Indian army used for British interests High-paid British officials Cash crops push out food production

The Rise of Militant Nationalism

Hindu/Muslim split B.G. Tilak

Nationalism above religious concerns Boycotts of British goods Bombay regions Imprisoned

The Rise of Militant Nationalism

Hindu communalists Violent means Terrorism in Bengal

Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 More opportunity for Indians (Vote/Local

councils)

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle

Loyal to British at start of war But war casualties and costs mount Inflation, famine Promises broken (move to self government)

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 Greater Indian participation in government

Increased power of Indian legislators at all-India level

Provincial administrations of India under their control

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle

Rowlatt Act, 1919 Civil rights restricted (Press) Gandhi protests

Mohandas K. Gandhi Western educated combined with Hindu

traditions Nonviolence (boycotts, strikes,

noncooperation, mass demonstrations) Satyagraha, or truth force

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

Egyptian nationalism preceded European conquest and domination Ahmad Orabi- led mutiny of officers against Turkish overlords

Rising, 1882 Lord Cromer (High commissioner-British)

Reforms (Econ, Bureaucracy, Irrigation, public works) Benefit upper classes

Journalists predominate 1890s

Political parties form (three alternatives, but none speak to poor) Harsh repression

Dinshawi Incident, 1906 Focuses Egyptian nationalism

British grant constitution, 1913

Revolt in Egypt, 1919

Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 Martial law to protect Suez Canal War drains Egyptian resources

Egyptians refused to present at Versailles Wafd Party

Sa'd Zaghlul British agree to independence

From 1922 To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

Early regimes Little progress

[1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]

War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) Independence by 1923 Reforms

Westernizing France, Britain

Promises to former Ottoman subjects Renege on promises to preserve independence

Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances

Balfour Declaration- Promise of Jewish homeland in Palestine Zionism

World Zionist Organization Theodore Herzl Promote Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

General loyalty War

Drains resources Western-educated Africans gain authority

Pan-African movement Marcus Garvey W.E.B. Du Bois

Paris Négritude: literary movement

Sédar Senghor Aimé Césaire Léon Damas

Comments of the German Delegation

What quotes or “comments” from this delegation give you an indication of the anger rising in the German people after the Treaty of Versailles?

Who/what does the German Delegation appeal to for a better solution?