pages 473-476 and 494-497. teeth – mechanical digestion through mastication salivary glands –...
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Pages 473-476 and 494-497
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Teeth – mechanical digestion through mastication
Salivary glands – parotid, submandibular, sublingual◦ Secrete saliva, a bicarbonate rich juice◦ chemical digestion via secretions of enzymes
Salivary amylase begins starch digestion
◦ Saliva also contains lysozyme and antibodies to inhibit bacteria
Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
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Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Esophagus
Parotid glandSublingual glandSubmandibulargland
Salivary glands
Pharynx
StomachPancreas
Transverse colonDescending colon
Ascending colon
CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canalAnus
Smallintestine
DuodenumJejunumIleum
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
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Produces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food◦ releases into the duodenum via the
hepatopancreatic ampulla◦ Alkaline (bicarbonate) fluid with these enzymes
neutralizes the acidic chyme Produces hormones: (negative feedback
loops)◦ Insulin – reduces blood glucose ◦ Glucagon – raises blood glucose
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right and lefthepatic ductsfrom liver
Cystic ductCommon hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas
Jejunum
Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
DuodenumHepatopancreaticampulla and sphincter
Duodenalpapilla
Gallbladder
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largest gland in the body; consists of four lobes
can regenerate if part is damaged/removed
suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
Connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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the body’s key metabolic organ After the GI tract, blood travels to liver via the hepatic
portal circulation
Roles in digestion:◦ Manufactures bile and blood clotting proteins◦ Detoxifies drugs and alcohol◦ Degrades hormones◦ Produces cholesterol:
Low Density Lipoproteins: transport cholesterol/lipids to the cells; large amounts circulating can build up in vessel lumen (BAD GUYS)
High Density Lipoproetins: transport cholesterol from the cells to the liver for disposal in bile (GOOD GUYS)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The liver manages blood glucose levels through:
◦ Glycogenesis:◦ Glucose is removed from the blood (via insulin)◦ Converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
◦ Glycogenolysis:◦ Glucose is released into the blood (via glucagon)◦ Glycogen is “split” and put back into blood
◦ Gluconeogenesis:◦ The Liver can make glucose using fats and amino acids
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Right and lefthepatic ductsfrom liver
Cystic ductCommon hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas
Jejunum
Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
DuodenumHepatopancreaticampulla and sphincter
Duodenalpapilla
Gallbladder
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produced by cells in the liver a yellow-green, watery solution containing:
◦ Bile salts and bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
◦ Cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes leaves the liver via the common hepatic
duct◦ enters duodenum through the bile duct
Function: emulsify fats◦ Chemically breaks large fat globules into smaller
ones
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Sac found in shallow fossa of liver When no digestion is occurring:
◦ bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder Water is removed at this time to concentrate it
Gallstones◦ crystallized cholesterol that can cause blockages
Result from removal of too much water Prolonged storage in gallbladder
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right and lefthepatic ductsfrom liver
Cystic ductCommon hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas
Jejunum
Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
DuodenumHepatopancreaticampulla and sphincter
Duodenalpapilla
Gallbladder