page 1 slides for fr technical conference office of electric reliability september 2010
TRANSCRIPT
Page 1
Slides for FR Technical Conference
Office of Electric ReliabilitySeptember 2010
Page 2
Frequency Response Basics (Using a 1400 MW generation loss event as an example)
Page 2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Time (Seconds)
Go
ve
rno
r/L
oa
d R
es
po
ns
e (
MW
)
59.60
59.65
59.70
59.75
59.80
59.85
59.90
59.95
60.00
60.05
60.10
Fre
qu
en
cy
(H
z)
Governor Response
Load Response
Frequency
A
B
Cc
NERC Frequency Response =
Generation Loss (MW) FrequencyPoint A-FrequencyPoint B
Slope of the dark green line illustrates the System Inertia (Generation and Load). The slope is ΔP/(D+2H)
Pre Event Frequency
Frequency Nadir:Generation and Load Response equals
the generation loss
Settling Frequency: Primary Response is almost all deployed
Page 3
Frequency Response Basics
Page 4
59.80
59.82
59.84
59.86
59.88
59.90
59.92
59.94
59.96
59.98
60.00
60.02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Time (Seconds)
Fre
qu
en
cy
(H
z)
August 4, 2007 1744 Hours Event
Source: 2010. NERC Overview of Frequency Response. NERC
PointTime post-
event FrequencyFrequency Response
A 0 59.997B1 20 59.878 -3,756B2 55 59.868 -3,464B3 60 59.867 -3,437
A
B1B3B2
FRCC Under-frequency load shed
level
Page 5
Frequency PerformanceArresting
PeriodRebound
Period Recovery Period
Page 6
ERCOT May 15, 2003 Event
59.00
59.10
59.20
59.30
59.40
59.50
59.60
59.70
59.80
59.90
60.00
60.10
2:52:30 2:53:30 2:54:30 2:55:30 2:56:30 2:57:30 2:58:30 2:59:30 3:00:30 3:01:30 3:02:30 3:03:30 3:04:30 3:05:30
Time
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
ERCOT UFLS level
Source: ERCOT
Page 7
ERCOT May 15, 2003 1453 Event
-3000
-2700
-2400
-2100
-1800
-1500
-1200
-900
-600
-300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
2:37:00 2:42:00 2:47:00 2:52:00 2:57:00 3:02:00 3:07:00 3:12:00 3:17:00 3:22:00 3:27:00 3:32:00 3:37:00
59.20
59.27
59.33
59.40
59.47
59.53
59.60
59.67
59.73
59.80
59.87
59.93
60.00
60.07
60.13
60.20
REG RESP HZ
5/15/03TXU MLSES Unit 1, CPSES Units 1 & 2, DCSES Unit 1, DYN LGE Unit 1, COR TGCCS
Unit 1
FREQUENCY & SCE ERCOT3434.23205
4
Source: ERCOT
Page 8
Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee
Page 9Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee
Page 10
Source: MISO Reliability Subcommittee
Page 11
Frequency Recordings from Different Locations within the Western Interconnection Following the Sudden Loss of a
Large Generator
Source: Courtesy of Genscape
Page 12
Basic Representation of System Frequency Governing
Page 12
Supply
Demand
1
2H
Frequency
GovernorResponse
D
Event
Frequency-responsiveDemand Response
Page 13
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3059.6
59.7
59.8
59.9
60
60.1
Fre
quency (
Hz)
System Frequency
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
Pow
er
(PU
)
Generation and Load Change
Supply = Demand
Supply < Demand
Supply = Demand
Supply > DemandSupply = Demand
LoadGeneration
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Pow
er
(PU
)
Total Response
Time (sec)
Total (Load + Generation) Response
Illustration of Frequency Response for a 3% generation
loss
Page 14
Simple Test System
LOAD, D=1
Baseloaded
Responsive
Tripped
System size is 100 GW3 GW of generation trippedAll generators have inertia of 4 secondsLoad damping D=1Baseloaded generation does not response to frequency, produces the same MWsResponsive generation has droop setting of 5% and head room of 3GW
Page 15
Different speed of reponse of “responsive” units
Blue = gas-turbine unit on governor controlRed = (fast) hydro-power unit on governor controlGreen = (ideal) steam-turbine unit on governor control
Page 16
Nadir Frequency will greatly depend on how reserves are
allocated15 MW reserve with 10 MW per 0.1 Hz allocaion
Resereves are fully deployed at 59.85 Hz
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
Unit
RESERVE
GEN
15 MW reserve with 3.3 MW per 0.1 Hz allocaionResereves are fully deployed at 59.65 Hz
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
Unit
RESERVE
GEN
On the left side, all the reserves are put on a single unit. On the right, the reserves are spread among three units. With the same droop setting, the frequency drop for the case on the left case will be three times the frequency drop for the case on the right side.
Page 17
Importance of Deployment Rate
20 GW of generating capacity (red)25 GW of generating capacity (blue)30 GW if generating capacity (green)
Page 18
Frequency Response Sustainability
Blue = frequency response is sustainedRed = generator has a “slow” load controller returning to MW set-point
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
2,812 MW RAS event June 17, 2002
Page 22
2,815 MW RAS event on May 20, 2008
Page 23
West Wing fault in Arizona on June 14, 2004:
3,900 MW lost at 0 seconds on plot scale
Page 24
West Wing fault in Arizona on June 14, 2004: Captain – Jack – Olinda 500-kV line was out of service during the
disturbance