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Page 1 Herbs, Herbs, Herbs Unit 7 HW205 Vitamins, Herbs & Nutritional Supplements Jennifer Neily, MS, RD, CSSD, LD Adjunct Faculty - Kaplan University

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Page 1

Herbs, Herbs, Herbs

Unit 7

HW205

Vitamins, Herbs & Nutritional Supplements

Jennifer Neily, MS, RD, CSSD, LDAdjunct Faculty - Kaplan University

Page 2

Learning Outcomes

• Identify common herbs and know when they would be recommended. 

• Understand the categorization of herbs. 

• Be able to define an herb. 

• Know what the German Commission E Monographs are. 

• Understand the issues surrounding herbs and potential contamination.

Page 3

Discussion Board

• Discuss the article on herbs and/or herbal medicine that you selected when you completed the reading assignment and visited the BS Resource Room for the School of Health Sciences.

• Be sure to cite the article,

journal and any quotations using APA format.

Page 4

Exercise

• Using your Mosby’s book, the internet and a trip to a health food store, read about and compare three different herbs.

• For each herb, find one standardized and one non-standardized brand.

• Write down what is on the Nutrition Facts Panel and Ingredients as well as the price. Did the supplements with the standardization cost more? Were there other interesting differences like GMP or organic stamps on the standardized products?

• Write a two page paper (APA format) on your findings.

Page 5

Outline of Tonight’s Seminar

• Introduce phytochemicals.• Define and categorize herbs• Introduce the German Commisson E Monographs• Discuss issues regarding safety, regulation and

contamination• Q & As

Page 6

What are Phytochemicals?

• “Nonnutrient” compounds found in plants that have biological activity in the body.

• Tens of thousands of them exist.

• Not considered essential because the body does not develop a deficiency disease if they are not consumed.

• The body cannot make them.

Page 7

Characteristics of Phytochemicals

• Act as plant hormones.

• Provide color, flavor and protect plants from insect, microbes and oxidation.

• Over 2000 phytochemicals act as pigments and at least 600 carotenoids – orange, yellow, red.

• Amount and type of phytochemical vary depending on the plant.

Page 8

How Do Phytochemicals Work?

• Act as hormone-inhibiting substances that prevent the initiation of cancer.

• Serve as antioxidants that prevent and repair damage due to oxidation.

• Block or neutralize enzymes that promote the development of cancer and other diseases.

Page 9

Examples of Phytochemicals

• Allicin – garlic, onions, leeks, chives, shallots

• Capsaicin – hot peppers

• Carotenoids – deeply pigmented fruits/veggies

• Curcumin – tumeric

• Flavonoids – berries, black/green tea, purple grapes/juice, soybeans/soy products, wine

Page 10

Examples of Phytochemicals

• Indoles – cruciferous veggies

• Terpenes (eg limonene) – citrus fruit peels and oils

• Phenolic acids – coffee beans, fruits, oats, potatoes, soybeans

• Lignans – flaxseed, whole grains

Page 11

Examples of Phytochemicals

• Phytic acid – whole grains

• Phytoestrogens – soybeans, soy flour/milk, tofu, other legume products

• Resveratrol – red wine, peanuts

• Tannins – black-eyed peas, grapes, lentils, red/white wine, tea

Page 12

Health Benefits

• Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against CVD & certain cancers.

• Reduce risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.

• Reduce risk of infectious disease, type 2 DM, stroke, HTN, and other disorders.

Page 13

Let’s do a poll!

Page 14

False!They can be sold without proof of safety or efficacy.

Page 15

Let’s do one more…

Page 16

False!

Results of clinical trials - not historic use - are the

gold standard for determining safety and effectiveness of herbal

remedies and other dietary supplements.

Page 17

What is an Herb?

• A plant lacking a permanent woody stem.

• Many are flowering garden plants or other potherbs.

• Some have medicinal properties.

Page 18

The Science of Herbal Use

• Phytotherapy – the science of using plant medicine to positively impact illness.

• German physician Rudolf Fritz Weiss (1898-1991) wrote the Textbook of Phytotherapy (Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie) which became one of the leading authorities as a reference for herbal medicine. Now called Herbal Medicine.

Page 19

Categorizing Herbs

• Adaptogens – Herbs that have a nonspecific effect

of balancing the body systems.• Antioxidants

– Help to fight against free radical damage.

• Astringents– Have a tightening effect and help to

promote a toning effect on tissue.

Ginseng, Photo Source: Wikipedia

Milk thistle, Photo Source: Wikipedia

Witch hazel, Photo Source: Wikipedia

Page 20

Categorizing Herbs

• Carminatives– Derived from the Latin word

‘carminare’ meaning ‘to cleanse’.

• Cholagogues– Help to stimulate both the production

and flow of bile from the gallbladder.• Demulcents

– Help to soothe or protect irritated mucous membranes due to their high mucilage content.

Chamomille, Photo Source: Medline

Peppermint, Photo Source: Medline

Turmeric & curcumin, Photo Source: Medline

Page 21

Categorizing Herbs

• Digestive bitters– Help the digestion of foods eaten.

• Immunomodulators– Promote healthy immune function.

• Laxatives– Promotes elimination. – Bulk form or stimulant.

Echinacea, Photo Source: Wikipedia

Psyllium plant, Photo Source: Wikipedia

Page 22

Remember This!

• “You can call anything a dietary supplement, even something you grown in your backyard.” Donna Porter, PhD, RD

• Supplements are loosely regulated by the FDA – they do not have to be tested. GMPs however are being phased in.

Page 23

FDA Regulations – Remember!

• Supplements are considered safe until demonstrated to be hazardous by the FDA.

– Few have been adequately tested.

– Negative results in studies might not be reported.

• The FDA receives thousands of reports of adverse effects of supps, involving over 100 deaths.

• Must be labeled with a listing of ingredients.

• Report problems to 1.888.SAFEFOOD or 888.723.3366

• Sign up for MedWatch: http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/default.htm

Page 24

Did You Know?

• National surveys show that more than 50% of Americans take some form of dietary supplement.

• Total sales from all supps in 2009 were more than $20 billion!– Est. herbal-supplement sales $5 billion

(American Botanical Council)

Page 25

Top 16 Selling Individual Herbs in Food and Drug Market

• Cranberry $31.3 million

• Soy $19.6 “• Saw palmetto $18.8 “• Garlic $17.9 “• Echinacea $16.2 “• Ginkgo $16.0 “• Milk thistle $11.1 “• St. John’s Wort $ 8.7 “

Source: Blumenthal, HerbalGram.2009, as reported by Information Resources, Inc., Chicago, Il.

Page 26

Top 16 Selling Individual Herbs in Food and Drug Market

• Ginseng $ 8.3 million

• Black cohosh $ 8.1 “• Green tea $ 6.7 “• Evening primrose $ 4.2 “• Valerian $ 4.1 “• Horny goat weed $ 2.8 “• Bilberry $ 1.9 “• Elderberry $ 1.8 “

Source: Blumenthal, HerbalGram.2009, as reported by Information Resources, Inc., Chicago, Il.

Page 27

Did You Know?

• Plant products known to treat disease are considered drugs but OTC herbs are not.– Drugs have been tested, herbs have not.– Drugs are highly regulated, herbs are not.

• About 30% of all modern drugs have been derived from plants.

Page 28

Examples of Drugs Derived from Plants

• Aspirin - White willow bark (Salix alba)

• Cephalosporin - Marine fungus (Cephalopsorium acremonium)

• Cyclosporin - Cordyceps (Cordyceps sp.)

• Digoxin - Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

• Morphine - Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

• Taxol - Pacific Yew (Taxus sp.)

Page 29

Did You Know?

• Herbal remedies have side effects just like drugs do.

• The benefits must outweigh the risks to be valuable.

• Available evidence indicates that some herbal remedies are safe and effective while others are neither safe nor effective.

Page 30

German Commission E Monographs

Created in Germany, these monographs describe plant medicine, their health care applications, dosages and

safety precautions. There are more than 300 monographs

listed currently that have been reviewed by professionals in the field of natural medicine.

Page 31

Contamination and Quality Issues

• Lack of regulation.

• Governed by DSHEA, but no specifics as to quality.

• Where they’re grown, soil content, how they’re harvested all play a role in potency, strength and quality.

• No one profits from testing.

• Herbs cannot be patented.

Page 32

Contamination and Quality Issues

• Manufactured into different mediums– Teas, infusions, tinctures, tablets/ capsules, liquid

extracts, solid extracts, bulk dried herbs, creams and ointments, suppositories

– Standardization • Guarantees a certain level of a particular constituent is present in

the formulation.• Expressed as total weight of product. • A way to check for quality in herbal preps.

• Concerns about herbs imported into US– Possible contamination with heavy metals, pesticides, etc

Page 33

GAO Report on Deception/Questionable Marketing Practices

US GAO Report – May 2010

Herbal Dietary Supplements: Examples of Deceptive or Questionable Marketing Practices and Potentially Dangerous Advice

http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-662T

Page 34

Be Aware and Be Safe!

• Not all herbs and supplements are the same.• You MUST know what you are looking for on the

label before recommending or taking herbal products on your own.

• Learn quality brands & look for standardization. • Know where to look for proper dosages.

– German Commission E Monographs, your textbooks, links I posted in Webliography.

Don’t blindly trust the internet!

Page 35

Feel free to email me anytime at [email protected]

Questions?

Jake – www.danerescue.net