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Business Transactions and Accounting Equation

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JOIN KHALID AZIZ

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• MICRO ECONOMICS, STATISTICS & MACRO ECONOMICS.

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• 0322-3385752

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JOIN KHALID AZIZ

• ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM.

• FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP MODULE B, B.COM, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.

• COST ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 2,3 ICAP MODULE D, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.

• CONTACT:• 0322-3385752• R-1173,ALNOOR SOCIETY

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Outline

• Enterprises

• Accounting Transactions, Accounting Events, and Accounting Circumstances

• Economic Activities and Accounting Elements

• Accounting Equation

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Opening Story

• Funding and Spending at College– Assets of a college student

• Cash• CD player• Computer

– Funding these assets• Sponsored by parents• Sponsored by relatives• Borrowed from relatives and acquaintance

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Opening Story (continued）

• We could deal with the above-mentioned financial issues from the following perspectives：– How do we fund our daily expenditures and possessio

ns？– How do we spend the “funds” which we have sourced？– What about the relationship between the “funds”which

we have sourced and our daily expenditures and possessions？

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Enterprises

• Concept of Enterprise

– Definition of “enterprise”

– Functions of an enterprise– Characteristics of an enterprise

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Forms of Enterprise

• There are three major forms of enterprise:

– Sole-proprietorship

– Partnership– Corporations

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Sole proprietorships

• Single person owns the business

• Not separate from its owner in terms of responsibility and liability

• The business is the owner and the owner is the business

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Partnership

• Owned by two or more people

• Similar to a sole proprietorship

• Not separate from the owners in terms of responsibility and liability

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Corporations

• Legally separate and financially separate from the owners

• Ownership in a corporation is divided into units called shares of capital stock

• Owners are called shareholders or stockholders

• Corporations are separate legal entities

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Characteristics of Enterprise

Characteristics Proprietorship Partnership CorporationBusiness entity yes yes yesLegal entity no no yesLimited liability no no yesUnlimited life no no yesBusiness taxed no no yesOne owner allowed yes no yes

Characteristics Proprietorship Partnership CorporationBusiness entity yes yes yesLegal entity no no yesLimited liability no no yesUnlimited life no no yesBusiness taxed no no yesOne owner allowed yes no yes

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Four Types of Enterprise

• Service organization – provides services (does something for you) rather than selling something

• Merchandising business – buys goods, adds value to them, then sells them to customers

• Manufacturer – makes the products it sells • Financial services company – doesn’t make

tangible products and doesn’t sell products made by other companies; deals in services related to money

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Resources in an Enterprise

• Major resources：– Human resources– Properties,plant and equipment,supplies, raw

materials, finished products or inventories– Financing

• In cash or bank deposits• In material forms

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• An example-Beauty Photo Store

Movements of Material Resources in an Enterprise

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Movements of Material Resources in an Enterprise

– Movements in a manufacturing enterprise

• cash/bank deposit→raw materials →work-in-process→finished products→fin→cash/bank deposit

– Movements in a merchandising enterprise

• cash/bank deposit→inventory→ cash/bank deposit

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Activities of Enterprise

• Three major phases of business activities:

–Inception

–Operating

–Liquidation

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– Inception and investment of funds

• External funding

– State, legal persons, privates or foreign investo

rs；– Financing from banking institutions, other legal

persons or privates

• Owners’equity and liabilities

Inception of Enterprise

InvestmentInvestmentof ownersof owners

InvestmentInvestmentof ownersof owners

Financing ofFinancing ofcreditorscreditors

Financing ofFinancing ofcreditorscreditors Total funds of a firmTotal funds of a firmTotal funds of a firmTotal funds of a firm

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Inception of Enterprise

– Forms of Investment• Monetary(cash/bank deposits)• Property, plants and equipment• Raw materials and goods,etc.

– Sources and changes of funds• Increase of owners’equity or liabilities• Increase of assets

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• Operating activities and changes of asset– Changes of assets in Beauty Photo Store

– Connections between Beauty Photo Store and Suppliers, clients, etc.

Operating Activities

cashcashcashcash

2 cameras2 cameraslenslens

＋＋ producing producing equipmentequipment

＋＋suppliessupplies

2 cameras2 cameraslenslens

＋＋ producing producing equipmentequipment

＋＋suppliessupplies

photosphotosphotosphotos cashcashcashcash

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Liquidation of Enterprise

• Liquidation of enterprise and payoff of funds– Payment of taxes– Distribution of profits– Declaration of dividends– Payoff of borrowings

• Withdrawals and changes of funds– Decrease of assets– Decrease of liabilities or owners’equity

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Accounting Transactions

• A business transaction is an event that

affects the financial position of a business

and may be reliably recorded

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Economic Activities and Accounting Elements

• Accounting element：–Uses of funds and assets

• cash

• equipment,etc.

–Resources of funds and equity• Borrowings and equity of creditors-liabilities• Investments and owners’equity

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Uses of Funds

• Uses and changes of funds

– Beauty Photo Store• From cash to equipment• Using equipment to produce photos• From photos to cash

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Circulation of Funds

• Circulation of funds:

– Uses of funds• Beauty Photo Store

– Cost of equipment– Cost of supplies– Human costs？

– Uses and payoff of funds• What are the operating purposes for Beaut

y Photo Store？

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Payoff of Funds

– Payoff of Funds and Revenues• Cash receptions and revenues by Beauty P

hoto Store

– Net increase of funds and profit• Difference between uses and payoff of cas

h？• Nature of profit?

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Accounting Transactions

• Accounting transactions-Economic exchange between two different accounting entities– Mutual exchange

• A purchases an asset,paying cash or bearing the responsibility of paying cash in future

• B sells the asset, earning the rights of receiving or collecting cash

– One-way transaction• Investments or donations to another accounting entity

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Accounting Events

• Accounting events-internal transferring of resources among departments of a same entity– allotments of raw materials for plants– Damages caused by earthquakes

• External versus internal events– Between different entities– Within a same entity

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Accounting Circumstances

• Accounting circumstances-usually an outcome of collaboration of multiple events– Circumstances and their impacts

• Changes in prices,exchange rates• How to determine these changes？

– E.g. uncollectability of receivables due to the liquidation of the debtor

– Unpredictability

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Accounting Elements

• Assets

• Liabilities

• Owners’equity

• Revenues

• Expenses

• Profits

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• Assets are economic resources owned by a business that are expected to be of benefit in the future.

Assets

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Further Thoughts on Assets

• Human resources as an asset？– Value and labor of Manager of Beauty Photo

Store？– Cameramen and shop

assistants？• Natural resources as an asset?

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Liabilities

• Liabilities are creditor’s claims to the assets. Liabilities are obligations to outsiders

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Owners’Equity

• Owner’s Equity is the owner’s claim to the assets. It is the amount of assets that remains after subtracting the liabilities.

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Changes in Owners’Equity

• Investments by owners and revenues, amounts earned by delivering goods or services to customers, increase owner’s equity.

• Withdrawals of assets from the business by owners and expenses decrease owner’s equity. Expenses occur when assets are used or liabilities increase as a result of earning revenues.

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Revenue

• Revenues (sales) are increases in owners' equity arising from increases in assets received in exchange for the delivery of goods or services to customers.

• Revenues are increases in economic resources, either through increases to assets or reductions to liabilities

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Revenue Recognition

• Revenue should be recognized in the financial

statement when: – the performance has been achieved – there is reasonable assurance regarding the

measurement and collectability of the consideration

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Expense

• Expenses are decreases in owners' equity that arise because goods or services are delivered to customers.

• Expenses are decreases in economic resources, either through outflows or the using-up of assets or incurrence of liabilities from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity’s normal business

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Expense Recognition

• Cost, expenditure, and expense

• General recognition criteria

• Approaches to expense recognition

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Cost, Expenditure, and Expense

• When we agree to pay out cash (or other assets) for goods or services received, we have incurred a cost

• When we actually pay the cash, we have an expenditure

• When the benefits of the cost have been used and we put that cost (or a portion thereof) on the income statement, we have recognized an expense

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General Recognition Criteria

• Recognized items must:– meet the definition of a financial statement

element– have a valid measurement basis and amount

• Financial statement elements are based on future economic benefits or sacrifices; these must be probable for recognition to be appropriate

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General Recognition Criteria (cont)

• Expenses are decreases in economic resources, either by way of outflows or reductions of assets or incurrence of liabilities, resulting from an entity’s ordinary revenue generating or service delivery activities [CICA 1000.38]

• Asset or expense? if the asset recognition criteria are met, an asset is recorded. If not, an expense is recorded

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Approaches toExpense Recognition

• Definitional approach: expenses are created either through the reduction of an asset or the increase in a liability

• Matching approach: once revenues are determined in conformity with the revenue principle for any reporting period, the expenses incurred in generating the revenue should be recognized in that period

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Profit / Loss

• Income (profit or earnings) is the excess of revenues over expenses

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Accounting Equation

• Assets – Liabilities = Owners Equity• Net Assets = Owners’ Equity• Every accounting transaction has an equal affect

on both sides of the equation.• Purchase a $20,000 car for cash.

– Increase asset car and decrease asset cash by $20,000. No net change to assets.

• Purchase a $20,000 car on credit.– Increase asset car and increase liabilities by

$20,000.

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Dual Aspect ofAccounting Equation

• Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ equity.– LHS = RHS.– First view:

• Resources = Obligations to creditors or claims on resources + Residual claim.

– Second view:• Amounts invested in resources = how these

amounts were financed.• Resources = financed by creditors + financed by

owners.

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• Changes to the accounting equation of Beauty Photo Store：

Beauty Photo Store-- An Illustration

Asset:130000Asset:130000Asset:130000Asset:130000 Liability:30000Liability:30000Liability:30000Liability:30000 Equity:100000Equity:100000Equity:100000Equity:100000

Liabilities30000Liabilities30000Liabilities30000Liabilities30000 Owners’ equityOwners’ equity100000100000＋＋ 60006000

Owners’ equityOwners’ equity100000100000＋＋ 60006000

AssetsAssets130000130000＋＋ 1500015000－－ 90009000

AssetsAssets130000130000＋＋ 1500015000－－ 90009000

Profit:6000Profit:6000Profit:6000Profit:6000Revenue:15000Revenue:15000Revenue:15000Revenue:15000Expense:9000Expense:9000Expense:9000Expense:9000

＋＋＋＋ ＝＝＝＝

＋＋＋＋ ＝＝＝＝

＋＋＋＋ ＝＝＝＝

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Summary

• Economic resources in the enterprise-human,financial and material resources

• Economic transactions derive from the operating activities of an enterprise

• Accounting elements are basic components of economic transactions

• Accounting elements comprise of assets,liabilities, owners’equity, revenues, expenses and profit

• Economic transactions are viewed in the forms of increase or decrease in accounting elements

• Accounting equation： A＝ L＋ OE

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Case for Discussion

Marks and Spencer• In 1882, a Russian refugee named Michael Marks came

to the North East of England. Needing work, he put a tray round his neck and started selling haberdashery in the villages around Leeds. Two years later he borrowed ￡ 5 from his friend Isaac Dewhirst to buy stock, and was able to open a stall in Leeds market.

• Within ten years Marks’s success as a trader had enabled him to establish a chain of stalls in markets throughout North East England. In 1894, Marks realized that his business was getting too large for him to manage effectively on his own. He decidedto form a partnership withTom Spencer – and Marks& Spencer was born.

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Case for Discussion (cont)

• The business continued to thrive and grow, so in 1903 Marks and Spencer registered their partnership as a private limited company. This allowed more people to become involved with managing the growing company and increase its finances by buying shares in the company. One shareholder was Israel Sieff, who became chairman of the company in 1917. Sieff can be credited with shaping the future of Marks & Spencer. By 1926, Marks & Spencer had opened 125 stores. In order to continue its successful development the company finally registered as a public limited company (plc) in order to obtain as much capital as possible to finance its continued growth.

• And the rest, as they say, is history.

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