paf chapter...the city school /paf chapter / prep + senior i section / worksheets for intervention...

The City School

PAF Chapter

Prep + Senior 1 Section

GEOGRAPHY

Class – 8

Worksheets for Intervention Classes

SECOND TERM

The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (2nd Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 3 of 34

GEOGRAPHY TODAY BOOK 3 REVISED EDITION

TOPIC: AGRICULTURE ( Pg.no : 61-72 )

Q.1 Fill in the blanks.

1. Pakistan has held agricultural censuses in 1960, 1972, ____________ and ____________

2. In the 1950s, agriculture was largely ignored because attention was being paid to the

development of __________.

3. From 1960 onwards an important reason for the increase in crop yields and output was

the_____________________.

4. This has been described as one of the most important events in the history of agriculture in

____________.

5. In the 1960s high – yield varieties of _________ and _________ were developed by research

institute.

6. Mexi-Pak wheat was produced at the international wheat and maize institute in

__________.

7. IRRI rice , called “miracle rice”, was produced at the International Rice research institute in

the ____________.

8. These HYV seeds required the accurate amount of the _________ and _________ to be

applied at the right times for them to produce the high yields. Water was the most

important _________.

9. The production of these seeds came at the time when Pakistan was increasing its irrigation

facilities manly from _________ and later from _________.

10. In 1991, IRRI announced the development of a new type of rice which has a larger yield then

“miracle rice” called as ______________.

11. This type of rice has been genetically modified to enrich it with _________ because it is

lacking in the diets of millions of people in __________.

12. This type of rice has ________,________ stalks on one plant and bigger clusters of _______

than present varieties of rice.

13. This type of rice is also being bred to resist _______ and _______.

14. IRRI hoped to send seeds of this type of rice to ______ major rice _______ growing

countries for testing in 2001.

15. It was forecast that farmers in South and _________ Asia would be able to grow it would be

able to grow it after 2002.

16. In the 1950s there were only a ____________ tube wells in Pakistan, but by the end of

1960s there were ________ tube well.

17. Most of these tube wells were installed in a few parts of the __________ province of

Pakistan.

18. The hard , stony mountainous land of Balochistan and KPK made them too _________ to

install there.

19. Only a few were install in Sindh because much of the ground water there is _______.

20. Rural ______________ also influenced the location of tube wells.

21. Research found that on a 50 acre farm in the Gujranwala district the increase in the crop

yield paid off the cost of an electric water in ______ year/s.


22. 70 % of the tube wells were installed by farmers with ______ acres or more. Only ______ %

were installed by farmers owning fewer than 13 acres.

23. The word “tractor” comes from a Latin verb meaning “__________________”.

24. The hiring of tractors mean that 550,000 farms used tractors it is still a smaller number

compared with __________ which is the total No of farms.

25. 75 % of privately owned tractors have been bought by the farmers who have _________

tube wells.

26. In recent years some small and medium farmers have bought tractors with the _________

from their family members working in the Middle East.

27. Irrigation has a long history in Pakistan. The first canals were built around _________ BC

during the _____________________ Civilization.

28. The Indus River Irrigation system is one of the largest and______________________systems

in the world.

29. An insect called the “stem-borer” which lives in dead rice – stubble may attack the next

___________ crop.

30. The first canals were built around 2000BC during the time of the

___________________________.

31. By 2000 the total area irrigated increased to ________________ hectares.

32. The Bhakra- Nangal Dam was built on the river _____________________.

33. After 1960 there was also an increase in_________________ cropping.

34. The deposition of silt is a major problem in ______________ Dam.

35. Mangla Dam and Reservoir were completed in _____________.

Q.2(a) - Match the year with the event and write the correct year in column C.

A B C

a. 1960,1972, 1980,1990

Mangla Dam

b. 1950s Tarbela Dam loses 50% of its capacity

c. 1960 Few hundred tube wells

d. 1999 Agriculture was ignored, industry was set up

e. 2001 Tarbela Dam

f. 1950s IRRI Rice

g. 1960s Indus Water Treaty

h. End of 1960s 79,000 tube wells

i. After 2002 Testing of Super Rice

j. 1968 HYV seeds

k. 1982 Agricultural censuses in Pakistan

l. 2030 Growing Super Rice


Q.2 (b) - Match column A and B with a ruler and a blue ink pen. A B

a. HYV seeds Deposition of silt

b. Tractor Less than 13 acres

c. Bhakra- Nangal Dam cultivation

d. Tarbela Dam To pull

e. Multi-purpose dam harvesting

f. Karez insect

g. Watering crops Green Revolution

h. Growing crops 25 acres or more

i. Stem-borer Super Rice

j. Iron Underground water channel

k. Cutting crops Tarbela and Mangla Dam

l. 4% tube wells Sutlej

m. 70% tube wells irrigation

Q.3- Write full forms for these short forms/ abbreviations.

S.NO. Short Form/ Abbreviation

Full form

1 HYV seeds

2 IRRI

3 KPK

4 IWT

5 IRIS

Q.4- Give short answers to the following questions.

Economic Development- Agriculture (Pg: 61-62)

1) Look at the given tables and answer the question given below.


Q (1) - Name the crops that had been grown on the largest area in the following years and discuss

whether the crops gave the highest output and highest yield that year. (Fig- 3.16, 3.14, 3.15)

1965:____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________1995:____

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________2010:_____________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________2015:______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

The Green Revolution: (Pg: 62)

a) What was the Green Revolution?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b) What led to the Green Revolution?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c) What thing brought the Green Revolution?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

d) For which crops the improved quality seeds were produced?

_________________________________________________________________________________

e) What was Mexi- Pak wheat and where was it produced?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

f) What was IRRI, What did it produce and when?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


g) What did the HYV seeds need in order to give higher yield of the crops?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

h) What was the most important input for growing these seeds?

_________________________________________________________________________________

i) When were these seeds produced?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Super Rice: (Pg: 62)

j) What was Super Rice, when was it produced and by whom?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

k) Describe how was the Super Rice modified and what were its characteristics?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

l) To how many countries were the seeds of Super Rice sent and for what reason and when?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


The sinking of tube wells (Pg: 62)

m) How did the NO. of tube wells grow in Pakistan from 1950s to 1960s?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Location (Pg: 62)

n) Where were the most of the tube wells installed in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

o) What factors affected the installation of the tube wells in Sindh, Balochistan and KPK?

1.________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

p) What other factor also affected the installation of the tube wells? How was that problem

overcome?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Cost (Pg: 63)

q) What were the %ages for the installation of tube wells by farmers?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


r) Why the larger farmers were mainly benefited from the Green Revolution?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

s) What were the reasons that the poorer farmers could not benefit from the Green

Revolution as much as the larger farmers have?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Mechanisation: (Pg: 63)

t) What does mechanisation mean?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

u) What is the origin of the word “tractor”?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

v) What different jobs can a tractor do? Give examples.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

w) What does draught animal mean? Give examples.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Growth in the use of tractors (Pg: 63 -64)

x) How many total NO. of farms are there in Pakistan and on how many farms are tractors

used?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


y) What sizes of the tractors are usually used and who owns these tractors?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

z) How do the larger farmers make more use of their tractors?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

1) How have some small and medium farmers managed to buy tractors?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2) How do these small- scale farmers make some extra income by using their tractors?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Hiring tractors (Pg: 64-65)

3) Who usually hires a tractor? What may be the problems related to hiring a tractor?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4) How is the farm prepared for wheat after harvesting rice?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5) What could be the problem faced by a small- scale farmer at this stage of preparing the

farm?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


6) What is the “stem borer”? Which crop does it affect and how?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7) Look at the picture of a tractor given below and list the jobs of a,

Plough:_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Disc cutter:________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

8) What has happened due to the increased use of tractors?

a)____________________________________________________________________________b)__

__________________________________________________________________________c)______

______________________________________________________________________d)_________

___________________________________________________________________

Irrigation (Pg: 65-67)

9) How old is the history of irrigation in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

10) What ways are mainly used for irrigation in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11) What led to the development of the irrigation system in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


12) What is the importance of the Indus River Irrigation System (IRIS)?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

13) Look at the map given below, What do you mean by the” cultivated area is irrigated”?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

14) In which areas of Pakistan 70% of the cultivated area is irrigated?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

15) Where does Nara Irrigation canal start from and which area does it pass through?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

16) Look at the Fig. given below and answer the question.


Q- The area irrigated by tube well water is about 25% of the total irrigated land. How much larger is

the area irrigated by canal water?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

17) Name a few old methods of irrigation in Pakistan.

_________________________________________________________________________________

18) Define those methods of irrigation mentioned in the answer above.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

19) Why don’t we usually use these old methods of irrigation nowadays?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

20) How much area was irrigated in the year 2000?

_________________________________________________________________________________

21) Compare the tube well water with canal water. Which one is better and why?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) (Pg: 67, 70)

22) When and by whom the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) was signed?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

23) Which dam was built on the river Sutlej? Where is the river Sutlej?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

24) How much area in Pakistan was irrigated by the water of river Sutlej at the time of

partition?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

25) Who should have got the water of river Sutlej? What did India do to the water of river

Sutlej? How was Pakistan affected by that act of India?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

26) How did Pakistan manage to overcome that problem caused by India for river Sutlej?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

27) Who developed the idea of a treaty between India and Pakistan? How was the water of the

rivers divided between India and Pakistan according to the treaty?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

28) What happened to the water of the eastern rivers at the point where they enter Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

29) How did Pakistan solve this problem caused by having no water in the eastern rivers?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

30) Apart from the distribution of rivers between the two countries what else was included in

the Indus Water Treaty to be done in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

31) Who is supposed to resolve any issues with obeying the Indus Water Treaty by the two

countries?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

32) Look at the Fig. given below and answer the related questions.


a) How many rivers are mentioned in the Fig? _____________________________________

b) Name all the rivers mentioned in the Fig.

______________________________________________________________________________

c) Name the western rivers:___________________________________________________

d) Name the eastern rivers:____________________________________________________

e) According to the IWT India got western/ eastern rivers and Pakistan got western/ eastern

rivers. (Encircle the correct answers for both).

f) Name all the dams in the Fig. ________________________________________________

g) How many link canals are shown on the Fig? In what directions do these canals flow?

h) How many barrages are mentioned in the Fig? __________________________________

i) Name the barrages built on river Indus

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

j) Name the barrages built on river Jhelum

_____________________________________________________________________________

k) Name the barrages built on river Chenab

______________________________________________________________________________

l) Name the barrages built on river Ravi

______________________________________________________________________________

m) Name the barrages built on river Sutlej

______________________________________________________________________________

n) Name the barrages on the river Indus from where link canals originate and go to river

Jhelum.

______________________________________________________________________________

o) Name the barrages on the river Jhelum from where link canals originate and go to river

Chenab.

______________________________________________________________________________

p) Name the barrages on the river Chenab from where link canals originate and go to river Ravi.

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

q) Name the barrages on the river Ravi from where link canals originate and go to river Sutlej.

___________________________________________________________________________


r) Name the barrages on the river Jhelum from where link canals originate and go to river Ravi

and then to river Sutlej.

______________________________________________________________________________

s) At which barrage does the water of river Jhelum and river Chenab join together?

______________________________________________________________________________

t) After which barrage does the water of river Ravi joins with the collected water of rivers

Jhelum and Chenab?

______________________________________________________________________________

u) How does Bahawal canal get water in it?

______________________________________________________________________________

v) At which barrage does the water of all four rivers, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej joins

together?

______________________________________________________________________________

w) Which barrages are built on river Indus after all the other four rivers join with river Indus?

______________________________________________________________________________

x) After which barrage the water of river Indus along with the water of all other four rivers falls

into the Arabian Sea?

______________________________________________________________________________

y) What does Mailsi gated syphon on the Fig. mean?

______________________________________________________________________________

z) What does the Upper and lower course of the river mean? What is Upper Chenab link?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

33) What does “double cropping” mean, when did it start in Pakistan?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


34) What were the results of the Indus Water Treaty?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

The Background to the Indus Water Treaty (Pg: 68-69)

Q.1-Fill in the blanks.

I. The sub-continent was divided into ________, _________ and India.

II. Pakistan and India have borders on the land, water (Sea), _________ and _________.

III. Prof. Spat was born in __________, his father was __________, and mother was English.

IV. As a boy he developed interest in _________ and History.

V. In the 1930’s he studied _________ and English at _________ University.

VI. In 1937 he moved to the university of Rangoon Myanmar then _________.

1) What factors had to be taken in account in order to draw the boundary line?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2) What factors were particularly important for dividing the Punjab?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3) While dividing countries to possibly be the boundary lines?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

4) Why did Prof. Spate regard the idea that rivers in the Punjab were “natural boundaries” was a

mistake?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

5) What was the problem in using rivers as natural boundaries?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


6) What was the Punjab boundary commission made up of and how did it have to work?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

7) What problems were caused as a result of drawing this line for dividing the rivers?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

8) Who was Prof. Spate? Write a note on his life.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

The Tarbela and the Mangla Dams and reservoirs (Pg: 70)

a) The Mangla Dam and Reservoir were completed in

_________ and built on the river _____________.The

Tarbela Dam and Reservoir were completed in

___________and built on river________________.

b) The Tarbela Dam is the largest _________ and

______________ filled dam in the world.

c) When the reservoir of Tarbela Dam is very full, the water

is allowed to flow out of the _______ spillways, which are

__________ of the dam.

d) Due to the construction of the Tarbela Dam and

Reservoir__________ villages were drowned and

___________ people lost their homes and farms.

e) When Mangla Dam and Reservoir were constructed many

people who lost their homes and farms migrated to

_________, but the people who were affected by the

construction of Tarbela Dam could not migrate to the

________ as no more workers were needed over there.

f) The Tarbela Dam is towards the _____________ of its

spillways.


g) What is the purpose of a dam and a reservoir? What type of dams are the Tarbela and the

Mangla Dam? Why are they called so?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Deposition of silt (Pg: 71-72)

h) What is the negative effect of a dam made at a reservoir?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

i) What is silt? Which reservoir has got serious problem of deposition of silt?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

j) What causes the deposition of silt in that reservoir and not much deposition of silt in the

other reservoir?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

k) What will happen to that reservoir in 2030?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

l) How many rivers carry silt into that reservoir?( shown in Fig.3.26)

_________________________________________________________________________________

m) What are the effects of deposition of silt on the floor of the reservoir?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


Unit: Agriculture (Additional information)

Introduction More than two thirds of the population of Pakistan lives in rural areas, and

about 68% are directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture. It constitutes the largest sector

and is considered to be the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It accounts for 21% of the GDP

and together with agro-based products fetches 80% of the country’s total export earnings.

However, the recent trend in agriculture does not show a very good picture. After the

steady growth of almost three decades, contributing substantially to poverty reduction

during the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural income has shown a decline. The poverty level

since 2000 is back to where it was at the beginning of the 1990s. This has happened despite

favorable policies on prices and markets and a liberal environment. Though climatic hazards

such as drought and floods have played an important role in the decline of the performance

of this sector, there are other constraints as well which have hindered the sector’s

contribution to economic growth and poverty reduction.

Agricultural Export Products: Pakistan’s chief agricultural export products are textiles

(fabric and yarn), apparel and clothing, and rice. Other exports are fruit, tobacco, sugarcane,

cotton, grams and pulses, maize, barley and millet and wheat.

Trade Partners: Pakistan’s trade partners are USA, UAE, UK, Germany, China, Japan and

India.

Pakistan’s Agriculture in the International Market: The economy of every state

depends on three sectors i.e. agriculture, industry and commerce. These three are

interrelated with each other as the progress of one sector effects the other two. Pakistan is

an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of greater importance than any other sector.

The importance of this sector is manifold as it feeds people, provides raw material for

industry and is a base for foreign trade. Foreign exchange earned from merchandise exports

is 45% of the total exports of Pakistan. It contributes 26% of GDP and 52% of the total

populace is getting its livelihood from it.

There are two growing seasons in Pakistan i.e. Rabi and Kharif.

Crop Sowing Season Harvesting Season

Kharif April - June October - December

Rabi October - December April - May

Major crops in Pakistan are wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane. Minor crops

are canola, onions, mangoes and pulses. Pakistan’s exports are highly concentrated.

Currently the majority of exports originate in the textiles and apparels sectors which earn


the largest share of export income. The phenomenal increase in global trade has created

many new market opportunities for agricultural producers and processors worldwide. Let us

have a look at the major agricultural exports of Pakistan in the international market.

Textile and Textile Products: For a long time, textile and clothing have played an

important role in the economic development of the country. Its development has been the

major economic objective in industrialised countries as well as the less developed countries

(LDCs). Textiles and clothing, no doubt, is the largest industrial sector of Pakistan from the

investment, employment and export point of view. It accounts for approximately 27 percent

of total industrial output, absorbs about 38 percent of industrial labor force, and contributes

around 60 percent to export earnings. However, despite its impressive contribution at the

national level, the share in the world exports of textile and clothing is marginal. For clothing

in particular, Pakistan’s share is negligible. Apparel export is relatively new for Pakistan.

The major share of our textile exports goes to U.S.A., E.U., Canada and Japan. The U.S.A. is

the largest market for our textile products. The exports to these economies are in the form

of quotas (a proportional share of goods assigned to a group or to each member of a group).

Japan is the only exception. In the textile industry much of the emphasis is on yarn spinning.

The major portion of good quality yarn produced is exported instead of utilising large part of

it for producing high value-added products like fabrics, or garments. This is an important

structural weakness in our textile industry. Countries like Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong

which do not grow cotton but have well-established textile industries, buy cotton yarn from

Pakistan and convert it into high value added products and fetch much higher prices in the

international market.

Another problem is lack of investment in this sector even though Pakistan has the

advantage of a large labour force and very good quality local cotton. The shrinking weaving

sector is another problem which is faced by the exporters. This is due to the fact that

maximum efforts focus on spinning and we see almost no effort to develop or modernise

the weaving sector. This is happening in the mill sector. The non-mill sector weaves cloth

but we do not fetch good prices in the international market compared to other countries

due to the lack of modern technology and a qualified work force. Another area of attention

of everyone is the need to fund research studies so that new genetically modified cotton

seeds are introduced to meet the gap between consumption and production. All around the

world, MMF (man-made fibre) is mixed with cotton. This is due to the changing trends in the

world market where the demand for synthetics is rising. Secondly, the cotton price has shot

up by more than 115%, forcing mill owners to shift from producing pure cotton to


synthetics. The ratio in Pakistan is far less than the standard ratio adopted world-wide.

More investment is needed in this sector to compete in the international market. All the

above mentioned factors are hampering Pakistan’s progress in the international market and

for raising its share of export earnings from textiles in the GDP.

Rice : Pakistani basmati and non-basmati rice has good demand in the international market due to

its quality. Currently China, The Gulf, Middle East and most African nations are buying rice from

Pakistan. Rice is a high valued cash crop. However, there has been a general decline in its export.

This decline has been experienced in both the basmati and non-basmati varieties. The major reason

for this decline is the high price of Pakistani rice in the international market. Another reason for this

decline is that investors usually hold back stocks of rice which means that exporters do not get them

in time for exporting to the international market. Pakistan cannot export rice to Iran due to the

international ban. This has deprived Pakistan of its traditional market. Another setback to rice export

to international markets is that India has lifted a four year ban on the export of rice. This coupled

with the lack of research facilities, certain restrictions and levies on rice export by the government

and the high cost of input has led to the decline in rice exports. If the levies are eased by the

Government of Pakistan, it cannot only provide rice to the traditional markets but also capture

newer markets such as USA, Canada, UK and other European countries which are flooded with

Indian basmati rice. Every year the land area use for rice cultivation is shrinking because of these

reasons.

Fruit and Vegetables: Pakistan is blessed with diverse environment conducive to the

production of nearly thirty types of fruits mainly citrus, mango, apple, guava, banana, dates

and melons. Pakistani fruit and vegetables are being demanded all over the world. Presently

Pakistan is exporting fruits and vegetables to the USA, the Europe, Middle East, Far East,

India and Sri Lanka. Mango, kino, apple, dates, pine nuts, oranges and guava are a few well-

exported fruit and among vegetables are potato, onion, mushroom, garlic, chilies etc.

Pakistan relies heavily on one market for each item. For example, Dubai is the biggest

market for Pakistani Mango followed by England and Saudi Arabia. Sri Lanka is the biggest

market for Pakistani apples. In such situations, the buyer dictates the terms. There is a need

to explore new markets for Pakistani fruits and vegetables to gain good prices. The Export

Promotion Bureau is striving hard to explore new markets and assist interested exporters to

increase exports. Kino is the most exportable fruit of Pakistan. More than 30% is exported

only to the Middle East, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and the rest of the

world. Pakistan’s ranking has declined in the export of mango and has declined to fourth

position from second in the world. This is due to the fact that Mexico and China have both

taken over much of the market share by increasing their production through plant


protection and area expansion. Pakistan must find more markets for its fruits and

vegetables instead of relying on a few countries.

Wheat: Wheat is the staple food of Pakistan. It is a food crop but is also exported when the

production is good due to good climatic conditions. Wheat is exported to Afghanistan every

year even if it is not exported to other countries. The Government of Pakistan is the primary

buyer of wheat and controls the market by setting the procurement and issue prices.

Government decisions are based on politics. Pakistani wheat is struggling in the

international market for a number of reasons. First of all the quality of wheat is inferior to

the wheat sold in the international market. Secondly, the price of this low quality wheat is

higher compared to other exporting countries. The exporters are not happy with the policies

of the government. There is a lack of coordination between government agencies and

farmers (growers) e.g. in the year 2011, the Government gave ambitious figures for

procurement of wheat in spite of the claims from growers that they will plant less wheat.

Low wheat plantation was a result of increased prices of input and water shortages both of

which lead to low production. The Government increased the procurement prices but the

farmers thought that they have not been increased enough. Exporters are also facing logistic

problems as trucks are not available for the haulage of wheat from the government silos to

the ports in Karachi. The exporters have seen setbacks also in the world market after the

government put a sudden ban on wheat exports after the exporters had signed deals with

different buyers. As a result Pakistani exporters lost their credibility. The exporters demand

that the Government should allow wheat export ahead of wheat crop every year. Due to

inconsistent government policies, Pakistani wheat does not have a large international

market. At present Pakistan is exporting wheat to Bangladesh, Singapore, Afghanistan, the

Middle East and Africa.

Comparison of Pakistani commodities against international standards

Pakistani agricultural commodities have big competition in the international market against the

same agricultural products of other developing countries and also with the developed countries. The

fact is that Pakistan has an edge over developed countries in many agricultural products. However,

Pakistan has not been able to maintain or expand its ability to meet the demands of the world

trading system, not only in terms of competitive prices but also quality of products and safety

standards. It is also a fact that Pakistan lacks in resources to comply with international standards and

misses opportunities to capture new markets or retain the old ones.


Q.2 Give answers to these questions.

1) Changes in three aspects of agriculture in Pakistan are shown in figure 3.14,3.15 and

3.16.Which crop increase its yield to give a total output in 2015, that was more than 5 times

as large as in 1965?

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2) Define “Rabi crop” and “Kharif crop”

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3) Name the main “Rabi and Kharif crops” grown in Pakistan.

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4) The Green Revolution was widely successful and improved the overall crop yield and output.

Evaluate why all farmers were not able to benefit from these new changes.

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5) Discuss how mechanization helped increase agricultural output and how tractors were used

for various jobs around the farms

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6) Discuss the various ways in which the increased use of tractors has affected the population.

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7) Explain the need of signing the Indus Water Treaty and its impact on agriculture in Pakistan.

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8) Describe the problems associated with the Green Revolution.

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9) Explain in detail why has there been in a reduction in the flow of water to the Indus delta.

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TOPIC : INDUSTRIES (Page.no: 54 – 61), ( Pg.no : 72 - 86)

Q.1-Answer the following questions.

1) Define the term development.

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2) Explain the two types of development.

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3) Describe the need for development in a country.

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4) Relate the economic progression of a country with its social development.

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5) Describe how people can be important for the economic development of a country.

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6) Describe the negative impacts of development decisions taken by the government.

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7) Differentiate between developed and developing countries.

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8) Explain how the levels of development of countries are measured.

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9) Examine different levels of development with in Pakistan.

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10) Explore the reasons for development in Saudi Arabia.

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11) Explore the relationship between the industrial development and economic development

with reference to large and small scale manufacturing industry.

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12) Identify the types of tourism.

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13) Describe the factors which have helped in the growth of tourism.

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14) Explain the factors which affect the growth of tourism negatively.

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15) Explain the effects of tourism on development.

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16) Explain the levels of social development with references to social development indicators in

Pakistan.

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17) Highlight the attempts to improve the level of social development in Pakistan by different

governments and NGOs.

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18) Describe the UN development goals and their results in the World.

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19) Explain why the Egyptians wanted to build the Aswan dam and the lake Nasser.

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TOPIC: POWER (project) Power potential in Pakistan The Material Power potential in Pakistan Pakistan does not have

large proven reserves of fossil fuels but is fortunate enough to have been endowed with

considerable hydroelectric potential. Unfortunately Pakistan’s energy market investment in hydel

power generation has shown no significant improvement. At present, Pakistan is generating power

from a number of sources which are as follows:

Hydel

Thermal

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Bio Fuels

Hydel Pakistan is a water rich country. The hydel resources are mainly in the north; the

resources in the south being scarce. The hydel potential of Pakistan can be divided into six

sectorial regions namely:

KPK

Punjab

Azad Jammu & Kashmir

Gilgit-Baltistan

Sindh

Baluchistan Pakistan is endowed with a hydel potential of approximately 41722 MW, most of which lies in the

province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Northern Areas, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. However,

an abundant hydel potential (about 27,000MWh) is still untapped which needs to be harnessed.

Pakistan’s hydel power generation capacities have deteriorated as a result of lower water levels in

rivers. Hydel electricity is a considerably cheaper source when compared to thermal sources.

WAPDA controls the country’s major hydroelectric plants; with the largest being the Tarbela plant

at 3,046 MWh installed capacity. Additional hydroelectric plants in operation include Mangla

1,000MWh, Warsak 240MWh. Hydro-electric power represents about a third of Pakistan’s power

source. However, periodic droughts affect the availability of hydroelectric production. Due to this

WAPDA and other power generation companies have to rely more on thermal power generators to

cater the power demand of the country and are facing difficulties in coping with the high prices of

oil on the international market. Following are the large existing hydel power stations of Pakistan

according to their installed capacity:

Name of Project Installed Capacity Tarbela 3478 Ghazi Brotha 1450 Mangla 1000 Warsak 240 Chashma 184 Jagran 1 30.4 Rasool 22 Dargai 20 Malakand 19.6 Shadiwal 13.5 Chichoki Malian 13.2


There are other smaller projects also generating electricity in small amounts.

Thermal To combat the recent power crisis in Pakistan due to the underutilisation of the power

potential, it is necessary to look for other ways of generating electricity. There are a number of

reasons for which it is beneficial to establish thermal power plants.

Transmission costs of thermal power are much less compared to hydel power because thermal

power stations are close to the distribution centres.

Thermal power production is more demand driven and can accommodate daily, seasonal and

annual fluctuations and peaking requirements.

Thermal power stations can be designed and constructed in relatively less time and therefore are

planned for short/medium needs.

Mostly thermal power stations do not cause displacement problems.

Initial capital cost of thermal projects is relatively less compared to hydel projects WAPDA (Water

and Power Development Authority) operates the majority of thermal power plants in Pakistan, with

over 5000MW of installed capacity in its control. The Guddu plant is the largest plant operated by

WAPDA with a capacity of 1,650 MW. In recent years, growth in thermal power generation has

come primarily from new IPPs (Independent Power Producers), some of which have been funded by

the foreign investors. The two largest IPPs in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hub Power

(1,292 MW), both of which provide power to WAPDA.

Nuclear Power Generation Pakistan has three nuclear power plants; Chashma 1 or Chasnupp

with a capacity of 330MWe and Kanupp with a capacity of 125MWe. Chasnupp 2 with a capacity of

325 MWe was connected to the national grid on 14th March, 2011. The Pakistan Atomic Energy

Commission (PAEC) operates these power plants. Kanupp was Pakistan’s first nuclear power reactor

and was set up in 1971 whereas Chasnupp 1 became operational in 2000. Government of Pakistan

is having negotiations with China National Nuclear Corporation to set up two more plants in Karachi

(Kanupp II and III).

Solar Energy Pakistan is lucky to have longer sunshine hours coupled with high insolation levels

and is ideally located to benefit from solar energy for power generation. Pakistan is currently

building solar power plants in Kashmir, Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan. The program is currently

under development by the International Renewable Energy Agency, China and Pakistani private

sector energy companies.

Pakistan has stepped ahead by inaugurating the first ever solar power on-grid power plant in

Islamabad. This has been set up with the assistance of Japan under Cool Earth Partnership Program.

This project includes the installation of a Solar System each at two offices in Islamabad.

Wind Power The Government of Pakistan has developed Alternative Energy Development Board

(AEDB) which looks after the development of wind power farms for the generation of wind power.

Wind farms have not been developed on a larger scale though Pakistan has the potential to

produce up to 346 gigawatts of electricity through wind energy alone. This can be achieved if the


Government of Pakistan utilises the potential and encourages more companies to build wind

energy projects in the country. Pakistan’s first 50MW wind energy project at Jhimpir in Thatta

District started its trial production in June 2012. This wind farm has been set up with the technical

assistance of a Turkish company. Other local and foreign companies have shown keenness to invest

in this sector as well.

Bio fuels The Government of Pakistan is focusing on promoting bio technology. Since more than

60% of exports come from the agricultural sector, bio-technology is of utmost importance. The

energy crisis is badly affecting agricultural activities and the Pakistani Government needs to put a

lot of stress on developing the bio fuel sector. The Government has handed over bio gas plants to

many villages especially in Punjab to overcome the electricity problem.

Most villages are away from main transmission lines or the population is not large enough to make

the provision of electricity feasible. Under such conditions alternative energy methods need to be

developed, bio fuels being one of them.

Reasons for low productivity and transmission and line losses For years, the matter of

balancing Pakistan's supply against the demand for electricity has remained a largely unresolved

matter. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in revamping its network responsible for the supply of

electricity. One major issue is the disparity between returns from foreign and domestic investors.

Contrary to Pakistani Government claims, Pakistan suffers from a massive electricity shortage.

Electricity generation in Pakistan has shrunk by up to 50% in recent years due to an over-reliance on

fossil fuels. Pakistan was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007 when production fell by 6000

Megawatts and massive blackouts followed suit. Load shedding and power blackouts have

drastically hampered the economy and public life. The main reasons for Pakistan's poor power

generation are given below:

Political instability

Under exploitation of indigenous resources

Poor governance and lack of integrated planning

Existing power plants not working to full capacity

Low efficiency of thermal power plants

Power line losses

The reasons for power or transmission line losses are:

use of old transmission lines which do not have the required diameter conductor

old transformers instead of low loss transformers which are more energy efficient

use of solid conductors instead of twisted conductors

lack of use of high temperatures super conductors

lack of monitoring of transmission equipment

low maintenance level

There is a dire need for the Government to make an integrated plan and encourage the

electric supply companies to minimise line losses to combat the current situation.


POWER (project)

Answer the following questions.

1) List the sources used to generate power in Pakistan.

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2) Investigate why Pakistan’s hydel potential to generate power is deteriorating slowly.

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3) Name a few major hydel plants in Pakistan.

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4) Give reasons for the development of thermal generation in Pakistan.

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5) Name the nuclear power plants in Pakistan.

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6) Investigate the prospects of alternative energy generation in Pakistan.

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7) Explore the possibilities of relying on bio fuels in Pakistan.

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8) Examine the reasons for low productivity, transmission and line losses in Pakistan.

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Topic : ENVIRONMENT ( Pg no : 87 – 94 ), (Pg no : 97 – 117 )

Answer the following questions.

1) Explain the impact between environment and development.

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2) Explore the inter dependences of society, the economy and the environment.

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3) Describe different areas which had serious environmental problems after the

developmental work in Pakistan.

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4) Explain the repercussions of agricultural and industrial development on environment of

Pakistan.

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5) Explain how tourism is damaging the environment in Murree.

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6) Describe examples of developmental disaster to Aral Sea due to natural and human factors.

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7) Describe how Aral Sea has increased in area and volume of water.

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8) Explain the impact of air pollution on the environment.

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Topic : TRANSPORT,TELECOMMUNICATION AND TRADE (Pg no. : 135 - 140 )

Answer the following questions. 1) State the meaning of the term “globalization”.

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2) Describe the factors that lead to globalization.

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3) Discuss the effects of globalization on the economy of a developing country.

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4) Discuss how modern methods of transport and communication have brought us even closer

together in the world.

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5) Describe how the textile industry has helped in bringing Pakistan into global context.

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6) Describe the importance of geography to become an effective global citizen.

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