paediatric first aid course introduction to your course work book
TRANSCRIPT
Paediatric First Aid CoursePaediatric First Aid Course
Introduction to Introduction to your course your course
work bookwork book
House RulesHouse Rules Mobile phones switched offMobile phones switched off
ToiletsToilets
Break timesBreak times
Start and finish timesStart and finish times
Competence assessmentCompetence assessment
CPR practical sessionCPR practical session
Incident trainingIncident training
CertificatesCertificates
Paediatric First AidPaediatric First Aid
Write down in your own words why you have Write down in your own words why you have chosen or asked by your employers to attend chosen or asked by your employers to attend
this course.this course.
From a personal point of view, what would From a personal point of view, what would you like to achieve / learn on the course you like to achieve / learn on the course
Cou
rse
Cou
rse
obje
ctiv
esob
ject
ives
Identify a range of
Identify a range of illnesses and injuries
illnesses and injuries Treat a range of illnesses
Treat a range of illnesses
and injuriesand injuries Manage an unconscious
Manage an unconscious
casualtycasualty Manage the airway
Manage the airway Perform effective Cardio
Perform effective Cardio
pulmonary resuscitation
pulmonary resuscitation Manage bleeding
Manage bleeding
What is First Aid?What is First Aid?
First Aid is the immediate First Aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to assistance or treatment given to
someone injured or suddenly someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of a taken ill before the arrival of a
ambulance, doctor or other ambulance, doctor or other appropriately qualified personappropriately qualified person
First Aid and the Law
Acts and RegulationsActs and Regulations
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974Health & Safety at Work Act 1974
Health & Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981Health & Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)
Risk assessment of First Aid needsRisk assessment of First Aid needs
To considerTo consider Workplace hazards and risksWorkplace hazards and risks Size of the organizationSize of the organization History of accidentsHistory of accidents Nature & distribution of work forceNature & distribution of work force Remoteness for medical servicesRemoteness for medical services Needs of travelling, lone or remote workersNeeds of travelling, lone or remote workers Working on shared or multi-occupied sitesWorking on shared or multi-occupied sites Annual leave and other absences of First AidersAnnual leave and other absences of First Aiders
The Aims of First AidThe Aims of First Aid
PPreserve lifereserve life
PPrevent the injury from worseningrevent the injury from worsening
PPromote recoveryromote recovery
Role and ResponsibilitiesRole and ResponsibilitiesFirst Aider must alwaysFirst Aider must always
AAssessssess
DDangeranger
PPrioritiserioritise
AAsksk
TTreat/reat/TTransferransfer
Managing casualtiesManaging casualties
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
Obj
ectiv
esO
bjec
tives
Understand how oxygen
Understand how oxygen
gets to the vital organs
gets to the vital organs State the priorities of life
State the priorities of life Triage a group of
Triage a group of casualtiescasualties
P3
Transf
er
of
Transf
er
of
oxyg
en
oxyg
en Your trainer will now Your trainer will now
explain how oxygen explain how oxygen is transferred around is transferred around
the bodythe body
P3
Multiple casualtiesMultiple casualties
From the following list decide who From the following list decide who needs your attention first. needs your attention first.
Remember you can only deal with one Remember you can only deal with one casualty at a time. casualty at a time.
Please give reasons for your answers.Please give reasons for your answers.P3
Who n
eeds yo
u
Who n
eeds yo
u
first
first
Screaming childScreaming child
Nose bleedNose bleed
Arterial bleedArterial bleed
Broken legBroken leg
Asthma attackAsthma attack
ShockShock
Quiet child on the Quiet child on the floorfloor
ChokingChoking
Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock
P3
Answ
ers
Answ
ers
Quiet child on floorQuiet child on floor
ChokingChoking
Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock
Asthma attackAsthma attack
Arterial bleedArterial bleed
Nose bleedNose bleed
Broken legBroken leg
ShockShock
Screaming childScreaming child P3
TriageTriage
BreathingBreathing
overover
BleedingBleeding
overover
BurnsBurns
overover
BonesBones
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
obje
ctiv
esob
ject
ives
Identify life threatening
Identify life threatening
problemsproblems Perform the primary
Perform the primary assessmentassessment Maintain an airway
Maintain an airway State which three sets of
State which three sets of
clues help make up a
clues help make up a
diagnosisdiagnosis Perform a secondary
Perform a secondary
assessmentassessment Place a casualty in the
Place a casualty in the
recovery position
recovery position
P3
Primary AssessmentPrimary Assessment
DD: Danger: Danger
RR: Response: Response
AA: Airway: Airway
BB: Breathing: Breathing
CC: Circulation: CirculationP3
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
Obj
ectiv
esO
bjec
tives
Perform effective CPR
Perform effective CPR on the adult, child and
on the adult, child and babybabyDeal with problems
Deal with problems that may occur during
that may occur during CPR CPR Manage a range of
Manage a range of scenarios scenarios
P4
Cardio-Pulmonary Cardio-Pulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation
Adult Child Baby
P4
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation DDangeranger
RResponseesponse
AAirwayirway
BBreathingreathing
CCompressionsompressionsP4
Child
and
Child
and
baby
baby In cases involving
In cases involving children and infants
children and infants we should attempt
we should attempt one minutes CPR
one minutes CPR (3 cycles) before
(3 cycles) before leaving the casualty
leaving the casualty to go and get help
to go and get helpP5
Unresponsive
Shout for help
Open airway
Not breathing normally
Call 999
30 chest compressions
2 rescue breaths30 compressions
Adult
P6
CP
RC
PR Adult
Adult 30 compressions : 2 inflations
30 compressions : 2 inflations
5 - 6cm depth of compression
5 - 6cm depth of compression
2 Hands2 Hands 100 - 120 rate per minute
100 - 120 rate per minute
P6
Problems during resuscitationProblems during resuscitation Broken ribs
Broken ribs
Casualty vomits
Casualty vomits Stomach distension
Stomach distension Not making a good seal
Not making a good sealP9
Hygiene ConsiderationsHygiene ConsiderationsDuring ResuscitationDuring Resuscitation
P9
Teta
nus
and
Teta
nus
and
Loc
k Ja
w L
ock
Jaw
What is tetanus?
What is tetanus?
Unresponsive
Shout for help
Open Airway
Not breathing normally
5 rescue breaths
30:2 (x 3 cycles)
Call 9992 Rescue breaths30 compressions
Paediatric CPR
P10
CPRCPR
ChildChild
30 compressions : 2 inflations30 compressions : 2 inflations
3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute
At least a 1/3At least a 1/3rdrd depth of chest depth of chest
1 hand1 hand
100 – 120 rate per minute100 – 120 rate per minute
P10
CPRCPR
InfantInfant
30 compressions : 2 inflations30 compressions : 2 inflations
3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute
At least a 1/3At least a 1/3rdrd depth of chest depth of chest
2 fingers2 fingers
100 – 120 rate per minute100 – 120 rate per minute
P12
Assessing casualties Assessing casualties
Primary assessmentPrimary assessment
Secondary assessmentSecondary assessment
Recovery positionRecovery position
A practical sessionA practical session
Secondary Assessment
P14
Sec
onda
ry
Sec
onda
ry
Ass
essm
ent
Ass
essm
ent
HistoryHistory
SignsSigns
SymptomsSymptoms
Remember children &
Remember children &
babies may not be able to
babies may not be able to
clearly explain how they feel
clearly explain how they feel
& what has happened
& what has happened P14
UnconsciousnessUnconsciousnessCausesCauses
FaintingFainting
StrokeStroke
Heart attackHeart attack
ShockShock
Head injuriesHead injuries
HypoxiaHypoxia
PoisoningPoisoning
EpilepsyEpilepsy
DiabetesDiabetesP15
The AVPU CodeThe AVPU CodeTo check response:To check response:
AA AlertAlert
VV Responds to Responds to VVoiceoice
PP Responds to Responds to PPainain
UU UnresponsiveUnresponsiveP15
The Recovery PositionThe Recovery Position
P15
ChokingChoking
P16
Children & babies Children & babies CCauses of airway obstructionauses of airway obstruction
Inhalation of vomitInhalation of vomit
Foreign object e.g. toy, peanutForeign object e.g. toy, peanut
Submersion in waterSubmersion in water
Infection of the lungs or throatInfection of the lungs or throat
Injuries to the head, neck or chestInjuries to the head, neck or chest
Cot deathCot death
P16
Rec
ogni
tion
of
Rec
ogni
tion
of
chok
ing
chok
ing Often stand up very quickly Often stand up very quickly
clutching throatclutching throat
Congested face, veins Congested face, veins
prominent in face and neckprominent in face and neck
CoughingCoughing
Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing
May have been eating May have been eating
P16
Choking Adult TreatmentChoking Adult Treatment
Assess severity
Severe airway obstructionIneffective cough
Mild airway obstructionEffective cough
UnconsciousStart CPR
Encourage to coughMonitor for deteriorationConscious
5 back blows5 Abdominal thrusts
Adu
lt ch
okin
g
Adu
lt ch
okin
g
Encourage the casualty to coughEncourage the casualty to cough
Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps
Up to 5 abdominal thrustsUp to 5 abdominal thrusts
Repeat cycleRepeat cycle
Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR
Choking Paediatric TreatmentChoking Paediatric Treatment
Assess severity
Ineffective cough
Effective cough
UnconsciousOpen airway
5 breathsStart CPR
Continue to check for deterioration to ineffective cough
or relief of obstruction
Conscious 5 back blows
5 thrusts*
* Chest for infants/abdominal for child > 1
P16
Chi
ld C
hoki
ng
Chi
ld C
hoki
ng
Encourage to coughEncourage to cough
Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps
Up to 5 abdominal thrustsUp to 5 abdominal thrusts
Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR
P16
Bab
y C
hoki
ng
Bab
y C
hoki
ng
Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps
Up to 5 chest thrustsUp to 5 chest thrusts
Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR
P17
Obtaining medical assistanceObtaining medical assistance
In pairs write a list of information the 999 operator may ask you for
Conditions that affect the Conditions that affect the breathingbreathing
Causes of breathing Causes of breathing problemsproblems
Make a list of all of the conditions that could affect your casualties breathing
Workshop
HypoxiaHypoxia
Blockage Blockage Suffocation Suffocation
Febrile convulsionsFebrile convulsions Gas/smoke Gas/smoke
Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia Paralysis Paralysis
Lack of O² Lack of O² Electrical injury Electrical injury
PoisoningPoisoning Carbon Carbon monoxidemonoxide
Compression of chest FitsCompression of chest Fits
Anaphyl
act
ic
Anaphyl
act
ic
Shock
Shock
P19
Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockMajor allergic reactionMajor allergic reaction
Bee stingsBee stings
Peanuts, foodsPeanuts, foods
DrugsDrugsP19
Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockAnxietyAnxiety
Red blotchy skinRed blotchy skin
Swelling of the face and neckSwelling of the face and neck
Puffiness around the eyesPuffiness around the eyes
Impaired breathingImpaired breathing
A rapid pulseA rapid pulseP19
Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockTreatmentTreatment
Calm and reassureCalm and reassure
Get helpGet help
Help the casualty to sit up if consciousHelp the casualty to sit up if conscious
Recovery position if unconsciousRecovery position if unconscious
Help them to take their EpipenHelp them to take their EpipenP19
AsthmaAsthmaWhere the air passages to the lungs go into spasm Where the air passages to the lungs go into spasm
causing the lining of the airways to swell.causing the lining of the airways to swell.
The casualty then finds it difficult to breatheThe casualty then finds it difficult to breathe
Causes of attackCauses of attack
Pollen / Dust / Cigarette smokePollen / Dust / Cigarette smoke
Allergens such as pet hairAllergens such as pet hair
ExerciseExerciseP20
Asthma recognitionAsthma recognition
Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing
WheezingWheezing
Distress and anxietyDistress and anxiety
Difficulty in speakingDifficulty in speaking
Grey blue skinGrey blue skin
Dry, tickly coughDry, tickly cough
May become exhaustedMay become exhaustedP20
Asthma treatmentAsthma treatment
Calm and reassure casualtyCalm and reassure casualty
Sit them down, leaning forward supportedSit them down, leaning forward supported
Plenty of fresh airPlenty of fresh air
Allow him to use medicationAllow him to use medication
If attack is prolonged or medication does If attack is prolonged or medication does not relieve attack, seek medical helpnot relieve attack, seek medical help
P20
P22
Conditions that affect
Conditions that affect
the circulation
the circulation
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
obje
ctiv
esob
ject
ives
List the different types of
List the different types of
blood vessel
blood vessel Treat bleeding
Treat bleeding Apply a dressing
Apply a dressing Identify different types of injury
Identify different types of injury
Recognise and treat various
Recognise and treat various
conditions affecting circulation
conditions affecting circulation
P22
Section 7Section 7
What sudden illnesses What sudden illnesses or conditions can affect or conditions can affect the circulatory system?the circulatory system?
P22
ShockShock What is it?What is it?
CausesCauses
P22
Causes of shockCauses of shock Severe bleedingSevere bleeding
Loss of body fluidsLoss of body fluids
Loss of serumLoss of serum
Severe painSevere pain
Acute heart attackAcute heart attack
Abdominal emergenciesAbdominal emergenciesP22
Shock RecognitionShock Recognition Pale or grey skinPale or grey skin Cold, clammy skinCold, clammy skin Feel faint or giddyFeel faint or giddy Feels sick or may vomitFeels sick or may vomit Feels thirstyFeels thirsty Anxious or restlessAnxious or restless Yawn or gasp for airYawn or gasp for air Rapid, weak pulseRapid, weak pulse Shallow, rapid breathingShallow, rapid breathing May lose consciousnessMay lose consciousness
P22
Shock TreatmentShock Treatment
Deal with the injury or causeDeal with the injury or cause
Lay casualty down, raise legs if possibleLay casualty down, raise legs if possible
Head low and turned to one sideHead low and turned to one side
Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing
Moisten lips if thirstyMoisten lips if thirsty
Keep casualty warmKeep casualty warm
Transfer to hospitalTransfer to hospital
P22
Wounds and
Wounds and
bleeding bleeding
Incised Incised
LacerationLaceration
PuncturePuncture
ContusionContusion
AbrasionAbrasion
P22
Blo
od Vess
els
Blo
od Vess
els
Types of bleedingTypes of bleedingArterialArterial
Severe. Bright red oxygenated blood spurts Severe. Bright red oxygenated blood spurts from wound with each heartbeatfrom wound with each heartbeat
VenousVenous
Dark red. Blood may escape from the body as Dark red. Blood may escape from the body as quickly as an arterial bleed, may gush quickly as an arterial bleed, may gush
profuselyprofusely
CapillaryCapillary
Oozing occurs at the site of all wounds, blood Oozing occurs at the site of all wounds, blood loss is usually slightloss is usually slight
P22
Ext
erna
l ble
edin
g
Ext
erna
l ble
edin
g
Pale skin with cold clammy skinPale skin with cold clammy skin
Rapid weak pulseRapid weak pulse
Shallow fast breathingShallow fast breathing
Feels sick or may vomitFeels sick or may vomit
Feels cold and thirstyFeels cold and thirsty
Confused/distressedConfused/distressed
Obvious injuryObvious injury
P23
Internal bleedingInternal bleedingRecognitionRecognition
Cold, clammy skinCold, clammy skin Rapid, weak pulseRapid, weak pulse PainPain ThirstThirst Confusion, restlessnessConfusion, restlessness Possible collapsePossible collapse Pattern bruisingPattern bruising Bleeding from orificesBleeding from orifices
P23
Treatment of severe bleedingTreatment of severe bleeding
Direct pressureDirect pressure
Elevate the injuryElevate the injury
Apply a sterile dressingApply a sterile dressing
Transfer to hospitalTransfer to hospital
P23
Trea
tmen
t for
Trea
tmen
t for
B
leed
ing
Ble
edin
g Practical Practical
Dressings and BandagesDressings and Bandages
P24
Hyg
iene
Hyg
iene
consi
dera
tions
consi
dera
tions
duri
ng fi
rst
aid
duri
ng fi
rst
aid
Wash your hands
Wash your handsWear protective gloves
Wear protective glovesWash the affected area
Wash the affected areaDon’t talk or cough
Don’t talk or coughClean up after
Clean up after
For
eign
Obj
ects
For
eign
Obj
ects
EyesEyes Irrigate the eye with eye
Irrigate the eye with eye
wash, dress if the object
wash, dress if the object
won’t come out
won’t come outEars & NoseEars & Nose Do not insert anything
Do not insert anything into the ear to remove the
into the ear to remove the
object, seek medical
object, seek medical attentionattention
P25
Bite
s an
d S
tings
Bite
s an
d S
tings
Animal bites and stings
Animal bites and stings can be extremely
can be extremely painful and painful and
distressing, bites are
distressing, bites are susceptible to
susceptible to infection, stings can
infection, stings can lead to anaphylactic
lead to anaphylactic shockshock
P27
Trea
tmen
tTr
eatm
ent
Seek medical assistance
Seek medical assistance
where the child or infant
where the child or infant
suffers an allergic
suffers an allergic reactionreaction Scrape the sting out of
Scrape the sting out of
the skin using a credit
the skin using a credit
card or similar
card or similar Apply a cold compress to
Apply a cold compress to
relieve painrelieve pain Wash bites with soap and
Wash bites with soap and
water and dress any open
water and dress any open
injuriesinjuries
P27
PoisonsPoisons
A poison is a substance which, if taken A poison is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, may into the body in sufficient quantity, may cause temporary or permanent damagecause temporary or permanent damage
P28
WorkshopWorkshop In small groups compile
In small groups compile a list of things which
a list of things which could poison children
could poison children and infants.and infants. Think carefully about
Think carefully about your work place.
your work place.
P28
PoisonsPoisons
How can a poison enter the body?How can a poison enter the body?
IngestedIngested
InhaledInhaled
InstilledInstilled
InjectedInjected
AbsorbedAbsorbedP28
PoisonsPoisons
The affects of poisonsThe affects of poisons
Cause confusion, fits and unconsciousnessCause confusion, fits and unconsciousness
Burn lips, mouth and food passagesBurn lips, mouth and food passages
Affect the normal action of the heartAffect the normal action of the heart
Cause vomiting & diarrheaCause vomiting & diarrhea
Damage blood preventing oxygen reaching Damage blood preventing oxygen reaching the tissuesthe tissues
Inhaled poisons can cause severe respiratory Inhaled poisons can cause severe respiratory distressdistress
P28
Bur
ns a
nd S
cald
s
Bur
ns a
nd S
cald
s
P30
Bur
ns a
nd
Bur
ns a
nd
Sca
lds
Sca
lds
What sort of things
What sort of things cause burns and
cause burns and scalds? scalds?
What could cause a
What could cause a burn to a child or
burn to a child or infant in the care
infant in the care environment?
environment?
P30
Burns and ScaldsBurns and ScaldsCausesCauses
FrictionFriction
Dry heatDry heat
Electric currentElectric current
Acids and alkalisAcids and alkalis
Intense coldIntense cold
RadiationRadiation
Scalds are caused by moist heat, water, steamScalds are caused by moist heat, water, steamP30
Classification of BurnsClassification of Burns
Superficial:Superficial: Redness, swelling, tendernessRedness, swelling, tenderness
Partial thickness:Partial thickness: rawness of skin and blisters rawness of skin and blisters
Full thickness:Full thickness: scorching, damage to nerves, fat scorching, damage to nerves, fat tissue and muscles tissue and muscles
P30
Trea
tmen
t of
Trea
tmen
t of
Bur
ns a
nd S
cald
s
Bur
ns a
nd S
cald
s
Burns Burns Scalds
Scalds Chemical burns
Chemical burns Chemicals to the eye
Chemicals to the eye And: And: Foreign objects in
Foreign objects in
the eye the eye
P30
Medical AttentionMedical Attention
Must be sought for:Must be sought for:
Full thickness burnsFull thickness burns
Burns to face, hands, feet or genital areaBurns to face, hands, feet or genital area
Burns that extend all around a limbBurns that extend all around a limb
Partial thickness burns greater than Partial thickness burns greater than
1% of body surface = palm of casualties hand1% of body surface = palm of casualties hand
P30
ElectricityElectricity
P31
Ele
ctric
ity in
the
Ele
ctric
ity in
the
Wor
kpla
ceW
orkp
lace Where in the work
Where in the work place could the
place could the children and
children and infants in your
infants in your care receive an
care receive an electric shock?
electric shock?
P31
Dom
estic
Vol
tage
Dom
estic
Vol
tage
S
hock
sS
hock
s
Isolate the appliance
Isolate the applianceOnce safe D.R.A.B.
Once safe D.R.A.B. If not breathing start
If not breathing start CPRCPRTreat any burns
Treat any burns Monitor and record
Monitor and record conditionconditionRecovery position if
Recovery position if unconsciousunconscious
P31
Hig
h V
olta
ge
Hig
h V
olta
ge
Inju
ries
Inju
ries
P31
FracturesFractures
P32
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
Obj
ectiv
esO
bjec
tives Recognise fractures
Recognise fracturesManage the treatment of
Manage the treatment of
fracturesfracturesRecognise and treat
Recognise and treat injuries to muscles and
injuries to muscles and
jointsjoints
P32
Cau
ses
of F
ract
ures
Cau
ses
of F
ract
ures
Direct forceDirect force Indirect force
Indirect force
Can you think of some
Can you think of some examples of incidents
examples of incidents
or accidents that may
or accidents that may cause a fracture to a
cause a fracture to a bone?bone?
P32
Open FractureOpen Fracture
P32
Fractured ends of the bone Fractured ends of the bone protrude through the skinprotrude through the skin
Closed FractureClosed Fracture
P32
When the skin is not broken
Complicated FractureComplicated Fracture
Leads to further damage and injury Leads to further damage and injury to major organs or blood vessels.to major organs or blood vessels.
P32
Gre
en S
tick
Gre
en S
tick
Fra
ctur
eF
ract
ure
A partial fracture or
A partial fracture or hairline fracture
hairline fracture where the bone does not
where the bone does not
break in twobreak in two
are quite common in
are quite common in children and infants
children and infants where bones are still
where bones are still
quite flexiblequite flexible
P32
FracturesFractures
Recognition featuresRecognition features
Casualty may hear the bone snapCasualty may hear the bone snap
PainPain
TendernessTenderness
Swelling, bruisingSwelling, bruising
Loss of powerLoss of power
Grating sound on movementGrating sound on movement
Deformity Deformity P32
Pra
ctic
al T
reat
men
t
Pra
ctic
al T
reat
men
t of
Fra
ctur
esof
Fra
ctur
es
A practical session
A practical session Collarbone
Collarbone Upper armUpper arm Lower arm / wrist
Lower arm / wrist Hand / fingers
Hand / fingers ThighThigh Lower leg / ankle
Lower leg / ankle
P32
Bones, Muscles and JointsBones, Muscles and Joints
Provides support, protects vital Provides support, protects vital organs and allows movementorgans and allows movement
Sprains, Strains & DislocationsSprains, Strains & Dislocations
SprainSprain is an injury to a ligament at a joint is an injury to a ligament at a joint
StrainStrain is an injury to a muscle or tendon is an injury to a muscle or tendon
DislocationDislocation is the dislodging of a bone head is the dislodging of a bone head at a ball and socket jointat a ball and socket joint
P33
TreatmentTreatment
RRestest
IIcece
CComfortable Positionomfortable Position
EElevationlevationP33
Disorders of the BrainDisorders of the Brain
P34
Aim
s an
d O
bjec
tives
Aim
s an
d O
bjec
tives
Identify the various
Identify the various levels of levels of consciousness
consciousnessRecognise a range of
Recognise a range of head injuries and
head injuries and describe the treatment
describe the treatment for themfor themRecognise and
Recognise and manage epilepsy
manage epilepsy
P34
The AVPU CodeThe AVPU CodeTo check response:To check response:
AA AlertAlert
VV Responds to Responds to VVoiceoice
PP Responds to Responds to PPainain
UU UnresponsiveUnresponsive
ConcussionConcussion
• History of blow to the head• Brief or partial loss of
consciousness• Dizziness or nausea• Loss of memory• Mild headache• Monitor and sent to hospital
P34
CompressionCompression
P34
May be disorientated, confused, unconscious or weeping
Progressive loss of consciousness
Strong pulse
Weakness or paralysis of mouth, face and one side of the body
Flushed face with hot, dry skin
Pupils unevenly dilated
TreatmentTreatment
Monitor and record levels of responseMonitor and record levels of response
Calm and reassureCalm and reassure
Ensure privacyEnsure privacy
Carry out the general management Carry out the general management and treatment for unconsciousnessand treatment for unconsciousness
Arrange for urgent transfer to hospitalArrange for urgent transfer to hospital
P34
Skull fractureSkull fracture
P34
Skull fractureSkull fracture
Could lead to compressionCould lead to compression
A wound or bruise to the headA wound or bruise to the head
A soft area or depression of the scalpA soft area or depression of the scalp
Deterioration in level of responseDeterioration in level of response
Clear fluid or watery blood coming form the Clear fluid or watery blood coming form the nose or earsnose or ears
Blood in white of the eyeBlood in white of the eye
Distortion of the face or headDistortion of the face or head
Monitor & seek medical attentionMonitor & seek medical attentionP34
TreatmentTreatment
Monitor and record levels of responseMonitor and record levels of response
Calm and reassureCalm and reassure
Ensure privacyEnsure privacy
Carry out the general management Carry out the general management and treatment for unconsciousnessand treatment for unconsciousness
Arrange for urgent transfer to hospitalArrange for urgent transfer to hospital
P34
Observation of head injuriesObservation of head injuries
EyesEyes
SkinSkin
BreathingBreathing
ConsciousnessConsciousness
PulsePulse
P35
The Spinal ColumnThe Spinal Column
Spinal injuries are rare in children and
infants but we should still have an awareness of the
recognition features
P36
Spinal InjuriesSpinal InjuriesRecognition featuresRecognition features
Damage to spinal bones:Damage to spinal bones: Pain at injury sitePain at injury site Step or twist in spineStep or twist in spine TendernessTenderness
Damage to the cord:Damage to the cord: Loss of control or one or more limbsLoss of control or one or more limbs Abnormal sensations, tinglingAbnormal sensations, tingling Disorientation or bewildermentDisorientation or bewilderment Difficulty in breathingDifficulty in breathing
P36
How should we manage a How should we manage a
suspected spinal injury?suspected spinal injury?
P36
Spine Cord Injury Spine Cord Injury Management skillsManagement skills
Management using two peopleManagement using two people
Head tilt and chin liftHead tilt and chin lift
P36
DiabetesDiabetes Affects of heat and coldAffects of heat and cold PoisoningPoisoning Foreign bodiesForeign bodies Electrical injuriesElectrical injuries Bites and stingsBites and stings Febrile convulsionsFebrile convulsions Sickle cellSickle cell MeningitisMeningitis
P37
Oth
er M
edic
al
Oth
er M
edic
al
Con
ditio
nsC
ondi
tions
Aim
s an
d A
ims
and
Obj
ectiv
esO
bjec
tives Recognise a range
Recognise a range of injuriesof injuriesManage a range of
Manage a range of illnesses illnesses Treat a range of
Treat a range of injuriesinjuries
P37
Sic
kle
Cel
l Ana
emia
Sic
kle
Cel
l Ana
emia
A serious condition where
A serious condition where
the red blood cells become
the red blood cells become
sickle shaped instead of the
sickle shaped instead of the
normal doughnut shape.
normal doughnut shape.
This prevents oxygen
This prevents oxygen moving around the body
moving around the body
causes severe pain and
causes severe pain and
organ damage.
organ damage. Is common in families from
Is common in families from
Africa, Caribbean, eastern
Africa, Caribbean, eastern
Mediterranean, the Middle
Mediterranean, the Middle
East and Asia.
East and Asia.
P37
Sic
kle
Cel
l Ana
emia
Sic
kle
Cel
l Ana
emia
Recognition features:
Recognition features:Severe abdominal
Severe abdominal painpain
Treatment:Treatment:Keep the child
Keep the child comfortable and
comfortable and transport to hospital
transport to hospitalP37
Men
ingi
tisM
enin
gitis
Viral and aseptic
Viral and aseptic meningitis are both
meningitis are both relatively mild.
relatively mild. Bacterial meningitis is
Bacterial meningitis is far more serious.
far more serious. Infection attacks the
Infection attacks the fluid that surrounds the
fluid that surrounds the
brain and spinal cord.
brain and spinal cord.P38
Men
ingi
tisM
enin
gitis Caused by a viral or
Caused by a viral or bacterial infection,
bacterial infection, this can be spread
this can be spread by discharge from
by discharge from the nose and throat
the nose and throat of the infected
of the infected personperson
P38
Rec
ogni
tion
Rec
ogni
tion
Fea
ture
sF
eatu
res
Newborns and infants
Newborns and infants Inactivity
Inactivity IrritabilityIrritability Vomiting
Vomiting Poor feeding and high
Poor feeding and high pitched crypitched cry Fever, headache and
Fever, headache and neck stiffness
neck stiffness
P38
Rec
ogni
tion
Rec
ogni
tion
Fea
ture
sF
eatu
res
Over two years old
Over two years old High fever (101 – 106f or
High fever (101 – 106f or
38.3 – 41.1c)
38.3 – 41.1c) Headache, stiff neck
Headache, stiff neck developing between 1 – 2
developing between 1 – 2
daysdays Nausea, vomiting
Nausea, vomiting Back pain, fuzziness
Back pain, fuzziness Red or purple skin rash
Red or purple skin rash Loss of appetite
Loss of appetite
P38
Trea
tmen
tTr
eatm
ent Seek urgent medical
Seek urgent medical assistanceassistance
Be aware not all
Be aware not all sufferers develop all
sufferers develop all the recognition
the recognition featuresfeatures
P38
Dia
bete
sD
iabe
tes
This condition is caused when
This condition is caused when
the body can no longer
the body can no longer
regulate the levels of sugar in
regulate the levels of sugar in the bloodthe blood
The pancreas fails to produce
The pancreas fails to produce
the hormone insulin
the hormone insulin Hypoglycaemia
HypoglycaemiaHyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia P39
DiabetesDiabetes
Recognition of HypoglycemiaRecognition of Hypoglycemia Pallor of skinPallor of skin
Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating
Casualties pulse is rapidCasualties pulse is rapid
Breathing is shallowBreathing is shallow
Limbs may trembleLimbs may tremble
Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be mistaken for someone who is drunkmistaken for someone who is drunk
Faintness or unconsciousnessFaintness or unconsciousnessP39
Treatment of HypoglycemiaTreatment of Hypoglycemia
Conscious casualty:Conscious casualty: Give a sweetened drink with 2 or tablespoons Give a sweetened drink with 2 or tablespoons of sugar, or other sweet substanceof sugar, or other sweet substance If the casualty improves dramatically ensure If the casualty improves dramatically ensure he gets more sugar, as the problem was an he gets more sugar, as the problem was an excess of insulin excess of insulin
Unconscious casualty:Unconscious casualty: Place into recovery positionPlace into recovery position Ensure open airwayEnsure open airway Sent to hospitalSent to hospital
P39
DiabetesDiabetes
Recognition of HyperglycemiaRecognition of Hyperglycemia Hot red faceHot red face
Dry skinDry skin
Acetone smell on the breathAcetone smell on the breath
May be wearing a medic alert braceletMay be wearing a medic alert bracelet
May be carrying a testing kit May be carrying a testing kit
Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be mistaken for someone who is drunkmistaken for someone who is drunk
Faintness or unconsciousnessFaintness or unconsciousnessP39
DiabetesDiabetes
Treatment of HyperglycemiaTreatment of Hyperglycemia
Calm and reassureCalm and reassure
Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing
Advise to seek medical assistanceAdvise to seek medical assistance
Place into recovery position if unconsciousPlace into recovery position if unconscious
P39
Major epilepsyMajor epilepsyDisturbance in the normal electrical activity Disturbance in the normal electrical activity
of the brainof the brain May have an “Aura” or warning periodMay have an “Aura” or warning period
Sudden loss of consciousness, falls to the floor Sudden loss of consciousness, falls to the floor and becomes rigidand becomes rigid
Flushed or livid face and neckFlushed or livid face and neck
Commences convulsions, may lose control of Commences convulsions, may lose control of bladder or bowelbladder or bowel
Relaxes and becomes unconsciousRelaxes and becomes unconscious
Recovers after a few minutesRecovers after a few minutesP40
TreatmentTreatment
Try to support or ease the fall of the casualty, lay Try to support or ease the fall of the casualty, lay him downhim down
Clear the space around the casualtyClear the space around the casualty
Loosen tight clothing, put something soft under Loosen tight clothing, put something soft under the headthe head
DO NOT move, restrain, try to wake or put DO NOT move, restrain, try to wake or put anything in the casualties mouthanything in the casualties mouth
When convulsion has finished place into the When convulsion has finished place into the recovery position, check for other injuriesrecovery position, check for other injuries
Advise casualty to see a doctorAdvise casualty to see a doctorP40
Effects of heat and coldEffects of heat and coldHeat exhaustionHeat exhaustion
Caused by a loss of salt and water from Caused by a loss of salt and water from excessive sweatingexcessive sweating
HypothermiaHypothermia
Body temperature falls below 35CBody temperature falls below 35C
Heat strokeHeat stroke
A failure of the “thermostat” in the brain causes A failure of the “thermostat” in the brain causes this conditionthis condition
P41
Feb
rile
Feb
rile
Con
vuls
ions
Con
vuls
ions
Associated with
Associated with high temperature
high temperature caused by ear,
caused by ear, nose and throat
nose and throat infections. infections. Occasionally
Occasionally seen after MMR
seen after MMR vaccinationvaccination
P42
Feb
rile
Feb
rile
Con
vuls
ions
Con
vuls
ions
Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness Violent muscle spasms
Violent muscle spasms Fever, hot flushed skin
Fever, hot flushed skin Breath holding, red
Breath holding, red “puffy” face and neck
“puffy” face and neck Convulsions lasting no
Convulsions lasting no more than four minutes
more than four minutes
P42
Feb
rile
Feb
rile
Con
vuls
ions
Con
vuls
ions
Prevent injury by padding
Prevent injury by padding
around the body during
around the body during
seizureseizure Supply cool fresh air
Supply cool fresh air Sponge the skin with
Sponge the skin with tepid water to assist
tepid water to assist coolingcooling Maintain airway, place
Maintain airway, place into the recovery position
into the recovery position
P42
How to recognise Heat How to recognise Heat ExhaustionExhaustion May have a head ache
May have a head ache Be profusely sweating or
Be profusely sweating or
has stopped sweating
has stopped sweating Be hot to the touch
Be hot to the touch Become pale with cold
Become pale with cold clammy skinclammy skin Suffer from cramp
Suffer from cramp Become confused
Become confused P43
Trea
tmen
t for
Hea
t
Trea
tmen
t for
Hea
t E
xhau
stio
nE
xhau
stio
n Move the casualty to
Move the casualty to a cool placea cool placeAllow to sip cool
Allow to sip cool waterwaterArrange for medical
Arrange for medical assistance if they
assistance if they don’t recover quickly
don’t recover quickly P43
Hea
t str
oke
Hea
t str
oke
Keep the casualty
Keep the casualty comfortable and
comfortable and send to hospital
send to hospital urgentlyurgently
P43
HypothermiaHypothermia
Hypothermia is
Hypothermia is where the body's
where the body's core temperature
core temperature drops below 35c
drops below 35cP44
How to recognise How to recognise HypothermiaHypothermia
May have very cold skin
May have very cold skin
which feels like marble
which feels like marble Have white skin and blue
Have white skin and blue
extremitiesextremities Be shivering uncontrollably
Be shivering uncontrollably
Have slow breathing
Have slow breathing Have a slow pulse
Have a slow pulse Become confused and very
Become confused and very
slow to react
slow to react P44
Infa
nts
with
In
fant
s w
ith
Hyp
othe
rmia
Hyp
othe
rmia Infants may not
Infants may not shiver and as
shiver and as such cannot
such cannot warm themselves
warm themselves in this wayin this way
P44
The AftermathThe Aftermath
ReportReport to the HSE to the HSE
RecordRecord in the accident in the accident bookbook
ReplenishReplenish first aid first aid suppliessupplies
P47
Accident detailsAccident details
Name of casualtyName of casualty Home addressHome address Name of person writing the reportName of person writing the report When the accident happenedWhen the accident happened Where the accident happenedWhere the accident happened What happenedWhat happened Treatment givenTreatment given Method of disposalMethod of disposal
P47
First Aid containersFirst Aid containers
WorkshopWorkshop
P48
Firs
t Aid
F
irst A
id
Con
tain
ers
Con
tain
ers Think about the type
Think about the type of injuries and
of injuries and illnesses you see in
illnesses you see in your workplace.
your workplace. What do you need in
What do you need in your first aid kit?
your first aid kit?
P48
First Aid ContainersFirst Aid ContainersContentsContents
Disposable glovesDisposable gloves
Guidance cardGuidance card
20 individually wrapped sterile dressings20 individually wrapped sterile dressings
2 sterile eye pads2 sterile eye pads
4 individually wrapped triangular bandages4 individually wrapped triangular bandages
6 safety pins6 safety pins
6 medium sized individually wrapped sterile dressings6 medium sized individually wrapped sterile dressings
2 large sized individually wrapped sterile dressings2 large sized individually wrapped sterile dressingsP48
Question and Answer Question and Answer SessionSession