pacs and teleradiology pacs and teleradiology. digital projection radiography depends on computer...
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PACS and TELERADIOLOGYPACS and TELERADIOLOGY
DIGITAL PROJECTION DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHYRADIOGRAPHY DEPENDS ON DEPENDS ON COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO
PRODUCE DIGITAL PRODUCE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGERADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR)
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
vsvs
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
DETECTORS
11011101
DR
ADC
X-RAYS
CR PLATE
11011101
CR
ADC
X-RAYS
SCANNER
CONVENTIONAL FILM CONVENTIONAL FILM DIGITIZATIONDIGITIZATION
DIGITIZERS TYPESDIGITIZERS TYPES
CCD
LASER
11011101
VIDEO CAPTUREVIDEO CAPTURE
ADC
IMAGE DISPLAYIMAGE DISPLAY
IMAGE CHECK-INDEX???IMAGE CHECK-INDEX???
IMAGE MANIPULATION-IMAGE MANIPULATION-WINDOWINGWINDOWING
PICTURE DESTINATION -PICTURE DESTINATION -PACSPACS
PACSPACS
PACSPACS
IT’S A COMPUTER NETWORK
IT’S LINKED TO HOSPITAL INFO SYSTEM (HIS) AND RADIOLOGY INFO SYSTEM (RIS)
COMPUTER NETWORKCOMPUTER NETWORK
PACSPACS
COMPONENTS OF FULL COMPONENTS OF FULL SERVICE PACSSERVICE PACS
IMAGE AQUSITIONIMAGE DISPLAY AND
INTERPRETATIONIMAGE STORAGE AND RETRIEVALCOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
IMAGE ACQUSITIONIMAGE ACQUSITION
DISPLAYDISPLAY
STORAGESTORAGE
SERVERSERVER
In information technology, a server is a computer system that provides services to other computer systems—called clients—over a computer network
COMMUNICATION -COMMUNICATION -NETWORKNETWORK
ARCHIVINGARCHIVING
An archive is a collection of computer files that have been packaged together for backup, to transport to some other location, for saving away from the computer so that more hard disk storage can be made available, or for some other purpose. An archive can include a simple list of files or files organised under a directory or catalog structure (depending on how a particular program supports archiving).
ARCHIVING (STORAGE) ARCHIVING (STORAGE) MEDIAMEDIA
MODCD
MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISKMAGNETO-OPTICAL DISK
CDCD
PACS JUKEBOXPACS JUKEBOX
COMPRESSION FOR COMPRESSION FOR ARCHIVINGARCHIVING
LOSSLESS
LOOSY
Lossless data compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. It reduces the file size of an image but results in exactly the same data after decoding,
Lossless compression is used when it is important that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or when no assumption can be made on
whether certain deviation is uncritical.
lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. It
modifies the image such that the original pixel values cannot be reconstructed anymore, although the decoded image might look very similar or even identical when compared to it’s original
STANDARD OF STANDARD OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
PACS EQUIPMENTPACS EQUIPMENT
DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE
DICOM
•The standard for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. •Developed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) in conjunction with the American College of Radiology (ACR). •Covers most image formats for all of medicine. •Specification for messaging and communication between imaging machines
COMPUTER WORKSTATION COMPUTER WORKSTATION IN PACS IS CALLED: IN PACS IS CALLED:
A NODE
HARD COPY GENERATED IN HARD COPY GENERATED IN LASER PRINTERLASER PRINTER
TELERADIOLOGYTELERADIOLOGY
Tele-radiology is the process of sending radiologic images from one
point to another through digital, computer-assisted transmission, typically over standard telephone lines, wide area network (WAN), or over a local area network (LAN).
Through tele-radiology, images can be sent to another part of the hospital, or around the world
CAPTURE OF THE IMAGESCAPTURE OF THE IMAGES
DIRECTLY FROM THE MODALITY DICOM FILE TRANSFER VIDEO CAPTURE (VIDEO SIGNAL)
CONVENTIONAL FILM CAPTURE DIGITIZATION VIDEO CAPTURE (CAMERA)
STANDARD OF STANDARD OF COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is a standard that is a framework for medical-imaging communication
COMMUNICATION MEDIACOMMUNICATION MEDIA
Depending on data-transfer rate requirements and economic
considerations, images can be transmitted by means of common
telephone lines (twisted pairs of copper wire), digital phone lines (ISDN,
switched-56, etc.), coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, satellite, and frame relay or T1 telecommunication
links.
IMAGE COMPRESSIONIMAGE COMPRESSION
Although images should be permanently archived as raw data or with only
lossless data compression (no data is destroyed), hardware and software
technology exists that allows teleradiology systems to compress
digital images into smaller file sizes so that the images can be transmitted
faster
TRANSMISSION SPEED TRANSMISSION SPEED FACTORS:FACTORS:
TYPE OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA
ORIGINAL IMAGE FILE SIZE (PIXELS + DYNAMIC RANGE)
IMAGE COMPRESSION RATIO
OVERREAD NETWORKOVERREAD NETWORK
While most teleradiology systems purchased over the last decade were intended for on-call
purposes, the past two years have seen a rapid increase in the use of teleradiology to link
hospitals and affiliated satellite facilities, other primary hospitals, and imaging centers. A number of the enabling technologies needed for effective overread networks, such as more affordable high-
speed telecommunications networks and improved data compression techniques, have
matured in recent years.
NightHawk Radiology Services has developed an innovative approach to the delivery of radiology services by operating centralized, state-of-the-art reading centers in Sydney, Australia and Zurich, Switzerland. Staffing U.S.-trained, board-certified radiologists specializing in emergency radiology, these locations are ideally situated for U.S. care because when it’s the middle of the night in Boston, it’s daytime “Down Under.” When it’s early morning in Los Angeles, it’s daytime in the Alps. From the centralized reading centers, NightHawk radiologists interpret exams and report the results to attending physicians in real-time, usually less than 20 minutes.