packer testing program design and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Packer Testing Program Design and Management
Eric E. Swanson, P.G., AquaLithos Consulting Brian C. Titone, P.G., Orogen HydroGeo LLC.
www.PackerTest.com www.AquaLithos.com
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What is Packer Testing?
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Packer Testing Overview
• An inflatable device that isolates a segment of borehole
• “Packer Testing” refers to hydraulic tests
facilitated by the use of a packer to determine hydraulic conductivity
• Wireline hydraulic packers are optimized for deep
testing in conjunction with diamond core drilling
What is a Packer? What is Packer Testing?
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Hydraulic Wireline Packers
• Designed for core rigs
• Water inflated, no high pressure gas
• Rapidly deployed just like a core inner tube
• Retrieved via rig wireline • No cumbersome inflation
lines
• Optimized for deep testing (100m-1000m)
• No need to trip out drill rods (saves time)
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Why Packer Testing?
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Why Packer Testing? Hydraulic Wireline Packer Testing is the most economical way to collect “discrete” rock hydraulic conductivity data at depths relevant to most mining operations.
1
5
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11-5step
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8A
6A
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2A
3A
4A
5A
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1000
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1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
Hydraulic Conductivity (m/day) vs Vertical Depth (ft) In most fractured hard rock mining environments, hydraulic conductivity can be a function of depth and fracture frequency, not always rock type
This hydraulic conductivity / depth curve is critical for the development of accurate ground water models and geotechnical design
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Packer Testing Strategies
When to Test • Concurrent with drilling • Completion of borehole
Test Configuration • Single Packer • Double Packer
Test Type • Injection Test • Airlift Test • Falling Head • Shut-in Tests
Analysis Type • Discrete zone test • Cumulative Analysis
Testing Frequency • Entire borehole • Selected Intervals • Opportunistic
Program Scale • Multiple drill rigs • Single drill rig • Multiple Packers
Staffing Plan • Consultants • Internal Staff • Drillers
Test Purpose • Pit Design (Geotech) • Dewatering Plan • Groundwater Model
Development Stage • Preliminary Drilling • Pre Feas. / Feasibility • Expansion / Infill
Decisions, Decisions….
Packer Testing Planning Matrix
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Types of Packer Tests
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Packer Test Basics
Drill Rod
Core Barrel
Packer
Bottom of Open Borehole
Test Interval
Drill Bit
Landing Ring (seal)
Water Filled Fractures
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Single Packer Test
Single element packer test interval are bound by the base of the packer and the bottom of the borehole
Water filled fractures
Pressurized Water from rig pump
Water enters hole through packer into formation
Base of Drilled Interval
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Double (Straddle) Packer • A straddle packer allows
zones to be tested discretely
• Typically done during Cumulative Testing
• Test zones can be 1m or larger.
Upper Packer
Lower Packer
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Injection (Lugeon) Testing Injection testing involves injecting water at specified pressures and recording flow
Step Pressure Flow Rate
1 20 psi 4.2 L/min
2 40 psi 7.5 L/min
3 60 psi 12.1 L/min
4 40 psi 7.3 L/min
5 20 psi 4.1 L/min
Example data
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Airlift Testing Airlift testing involves removal of water using compressed air. Constant flow is measured, then air is turned off and water is allowed to recover. Hydraulic conductivity is determined using rising head analysis.
Air lifted water and air
Water enters from the formation
Time
Pre
ssure
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Falling Head Test Falling head tests can be conducted by rapidly filling the rods with water and allowing it to drain into the formation. The resultant curve can be analyzed for hydraulic conductivity. This is typically done after an injection test for quality assurance.
Falling water column
Water enters the formation
Pressure transducer measures water level
Time Heig
ht
of W
ate
r
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Concurrent or Completion Testing?
Completion Testing Concurrent Testing Advantages: • Rapid testing (more tests in shorter
time)
• Less rig standby time
• Testing crew required only at hole completion
Disadvantages: • Hydraulic conductivity “Masking”
• May require straddle packer to resolve any hydraulic conductivity masking
• Lower quality data
Advantages:
• Higher quality data
• No hydraulic conductivity masking
• Hole stability less of an issue
Disadvantages:
• Takes longer
• Requires crew and packer during drilling (higher cost)
Concurrent testing occurs during drilling Completion testing is performed after drilling is finished
Concurrent testing is preferred, Completion testing used for special situations
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Cumulative Testing The entire hole is drilled then packer testing is performed in intervals on the way out. Measured values in upper zones may be masked by high hydraulic conductivity in lower zones.
Discrete Test Measured Values
Interval K (m/d)
50-100m 8.0e-5
100-150m 1.0e-5
150- 200m 2.3e-4
200-250m 5.0e-6
K=5e-6 m/day
K=2.3e-4 m/day
K=2.3e-4 m/day
K=2.6e-4 m/day
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Packer Testing Program Design
Test Program Objectives
Scoping and Scaling
Logistics and Equipment
Budgeting and Cost Controls
Scheduling and Coordination
Staffing Options
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Defining Test Program Objectives
It is critical that the end users of packer testing data be involved in the field planning, i.e. groundwater modelers and geotech engineers
Clearly defined end uses of packer testing data leads to an efficient field program that is neither to large or too small in scope
Placing a little more effort on clearly defining and communicating data objectives is money and time well spent
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Scoping and Scaling Multiple Drill Rigs, Multiple Packer Systems, Multiple Test Crews
Multiple drill rig advantages • Maximizes efficiency of testing crew and equipment
Multiple packer system advantages • Concurrent testing on multiple rigs • Reduces risk due to equipment loss or damage • Reduces transportation time between rigs
Additional testing personnel advantages • Allows for sustainable day/night operations • Continuity during shift rotations • Collaborative problem solving • Eliminates excessive standby when using
multiple rigs
Bottom line: Redundancy reduces risk but increases costs
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Logistics and Equipment
"Amateurs talk about tactics, but professionals study logistics.“ - Gen. Robert H. Barrow, USMC
• Complete equipment list • Timing of personnel • Customs delays • Access of materials in remote sites • Availability of materials locally
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Budgeting and Cost Control Packer testing can be expensive, but there’s no reason to take a bath
The highest cost component is consulting fees. Training junior staff on the packer equipment can reduce costs.
A significant and avoidable cost on many projects is standby time due to logistical delays, scheduling, and equipment issues
Careful planning and an experienced project team is the key to cost control
Adding packer testing to an existing drilling program saves money
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Scheduling and Coordination
Drilling rate and subsurface conditions make packer testing scheduling highly uncertain
During single rig packer testing, much of the testing crew is on standby, waiting for the borehole to advance
Due to the 24/7 nature of drilling, testing may take place during day or night shift and is highly irregular
Flexibility in testing methods and test interval selection can mitigate irregularities and promote efficiency
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Staffing Options Successful Packer Testing Requires a Trained and Motivated Staff
Staffing Options Include: • Specialized Consulting Firms • Mining Project Internal Staff • Self Performing Drillers • Independent Experts / Trainers
The staffing mix is a balance between cost control and testing effectiveness
Staffing Considerations: • Day and Night Shift Operations • Scale and Scope of Testing Activities • Program Duration and Mobilization Costs
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Conclusions
• Reliability in mine design requires the right types of data
• For deeper mine designs, this means discrete zone hydraulic conductivity data
• Hydraulic wireline packer testing is the best way to acquire this data
• Many different options can be used to obtain your data objectives and control costs
• The key is careful program planning, using experienced consultants, and keeping the big picture in in mind
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Thanks to Inflatable Packers International (IPI, Perth, Australia) Brent Johnson (Interralogic, Golden, CO)
Thank you for attending
www.Aqualithos.com www.PackerTest.com