Kelly Matheson ENH 160

May 10, 2011

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! Have been perceived by Euro-Americans as pests rather than as important supportive organisms.(Caudill et al. 2008)

! Anadromous

! Often used as fishing bait (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Conservation interest in Pacific lampreys has

grown in recent years, with increasing attention from Tribes, agencies, and others.

! In 2003, four lamprey species were

petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act, including the Pacific Lamprey (Western Lampreys Conservation Team)

http://oregonwild.blogspot.com/2010/07/treaty-rights-pacific-lamprey-

lampetra.html

Elmer Crow Jr., a Nez Perce Elder and technical supervisor for the Nez Perce Department Of Fisheries Resources Management.

! They play “an important role in the food web, may

have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source

for marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds” (Close et al. 2011).

! Also, “Pacific lamprey die within 3 to 36 days after spawning, and these adult carcasses are most likely a big contributor of nutrients in oligotrophic streams” (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002).

! They are anodromous and carry nutrients from the ocean upstream to freshwater; their population decline has probably affected trophic relations with both freshwater and the Pacific Ocean ecosystems (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002).

!Significant for salmon and watershed protection.

! It is theorized that when macropthalmia and ammocoetes are abundant, they provided a buffer to

juvenile salmon predation by birds (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).

! They have high cultural significance to Native American tribes from California to

Alaska and may have served as a primary food source for aquatic, mammal, and avian predators that also prey on ESA-listed salmonids and other recreational and commercially important fish species (Federal Wildlife & Fish Service, April 2010).

Umatilla tribe members exercising their treaty rights to fish for Pacific lamprey.

http://oregonwild.blogspot.com/2010/07/treaty-rights-pacific-lamprey-lampetra.html

!A primitive group of fishes that are eel-like in form

!Lack jaws and paired fins

!Round sucker-like mouth (oral disc)

!No scales

!Multiple gill openings

!Adult with three large teeth (cusps) and posterior teeth on the oral disc

!Their lack of paired fins and elongated body shape causes them to swim by using an undulatory movement (snakelike)

!They have no swim bladders to maintain neutral buoyancy and must, therefore, swim constantly or hold fast to objects to maintain their position in the water column (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

http://wapedia.mobi/en/Lamprey

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2010

!Young adult lampreys migrate to the Pacific Ocean from fall until spring (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

!As adults, Pacific lampreys are

parasitic and feed on a variety of marine and anadromous fish.

!After spending 1 to 3 years in the marine environment, Pacific lampreys return to freshwater between February and June.

!They are thought to overwinter

and remain in freshwater habitat for approximately one or two years before spawning. (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

!Eggs are fertilized and deposited in the nest, embryos hatch in approximately 18-49 days.

!The young ammocoetes drift

downstream to areas of low velocity and silt or sand substrate.

!They remain burrowed in the stream bottom, for 3 to 7 years, filter-feeding on algae, diatoms and detritus, making them important for nutrient processing, cycling, and storage.

!Once the ammocoetes reach about 6 in (15 cm), they begin metamorphosis into macropthalmia (juvenile phase) (Western Lammprey Conservation Team).

http://flickriver.com/photos/stefolcen/tags/islands/ http://ww(snakelike) w.durmphoto.com

Ammocoete Macropthalmia Parasitic Adult

!Metamorphosis takes place over several months as developmental changes occur, including the appearance of eyes and teeth, as they leave the substrate to enter the water column and

begin their migration to salt water (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).

http://fishbio.com/other-fish-species/first-fish

!Range from the west coast of Mexico, U.S.A. (not including Alaska), and Canada and in Japanese rivers (Renaud 1997)

!Parasitic-phase (ocean habitat) Pacific lampreys have been found at distance from 10 to 100 km off the Pacific coast, and at depths from 100 to 800 m (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

!Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata) historically were widely distributed from Mexico north along the Pacific Rim to Japan!(Western Lampreys Conservation Team)

!Pacific lampreys are the most widely distributed lamprey species on the west coast of the United States (Western Lampreys Conservation Team)

Pacific Lamprey Conservation Plan, Western Lamprey Conservation Team

http://www.audubonguides.com/species/Fish/Pacific-Lamprey.html

! Fine sediments for burrowing while in ammocoete

phase; coarser sediments during migration to ocean.

Large strata for adult lamprey returning upstream (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

! Larval lamprey populations negatively associated with water velocity and distance upstream (Torgersen and Close 2004)

! Ammocoetes prefer eddies; larger ammocoetes prefer faster water (Stone and Barndt 2005)

! Some detailed, small scale studies have shown that larval

lampreys are associated with patchy fluvial elements (backwaters, eddies, insides of bends, and the downstream end of sand bars), where fine sediments collect (Torgersen and Close 2004)

! Average water depth 0.9 m, with a range from 0.5 - 10.4m (Bayer et al. 2000)

! Average velocity was 0.37 m/s, with a from of 0.02 - 1.22 m/s (Bayer et al. 2000)

! Slow water velocities required to accumulate fine burrowing substrates. Preference of silty and sandy habitat to organic debris (Stone and Barndt 2005)

! Negative relationship between ammocoete presence and

riparian canopy: dense canopies shade the stream,

which reduces autotrophic production and limits the base for ammocoetes to forage (Stone and Barndt 2005)

Best Management Practices for Pacific Lamprey April 2010, photo by Bernt René Voss Grimm

European brook larval lamprey use similar substrate

Best Management Practices for Pacific Lamprey, April 2010, photo by Steven Clark

! Fecundity is high but variable, with females producing between 20,000 and 200,000 eggs (Moyle 2002).

! After the eggs are fertilized and deposited in the nest, embryos hatch in 18-49 days at 59° Fahrenheit (15° Celsius).

! They spawn between March and July, depending upon location within their range, in gravel bottomed streams, at the upstream end of riffle habitat, typically above suitable ammocoete (larvae) habitat (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

! Both sexes construct the nests, often moving stones with their mouths. After the eggs are deposited and fertilized, the adults typically die within 3 to 36 days (Kostow 2002).

http://www.fws.gov/columbiariver/games/scramble/spawninglamprey.jpg

! Coho salmon fry feed on emergent larval lampreys (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Ammocoetes most subject to predation during two periods: while emerging from nests and during scouring events that displace larvae out of their burrows (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Lampreys feed on some midwater species such as Pacific hake (Merlucciusproductus) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) while in the ocean

! Non-indigenous predators in freshwater streams include largemouth bass, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), eastern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), black and white crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus and Pomoxis annularis), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (Close et al. 2010)

! Marine mammals prey on lampreys because they are easier to catch than adult salmon, have a higher caloric value than salmonids (they are much richer in fat than salmonids), and their migrations in schools mean fertile feeding patches (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Pacific lamprey were found to be the most abundant dietary item in seals and sea lions; low population numbers of lamprey may lead to a

higher predation rate of salmonids (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

http://tmp.kiwix.org:4201/A/Lamprey.html

! Reduced access to spawning habitat from human construction, especially sand extraction, damming, or irrigation projects (Renaud 1997)"

! Also degrades spawning and rearing areas (Renaud 1997)

! Commercial harvest of the midwater species Pacific hake and walleye pollock is likely to have a great impact on Pacific lamprey (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002) "

! Damming affects larval Pacific lamprey by the

dewatering of rearing habitat (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Channelization increases water velocity, which reduces depositional areas, degrading larval lamprey habitat (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Poor water quality and chemical treatments (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Larvae have a sedentary lifestyle, making them

more vulnerable to toxicological effects (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

Pacific lamprey populations persist for only a few

years above impassable barriers before dying out (Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010)

Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010

! Survival greatest at 18°C, followed by 14, 10, and 22°C (survival significantly less at 22°C, and survival differences between other temperatures were not significant)

! Abnormalities occurred most at 22°C, followed by 18, 10, and 14°C (significant differences between 22°C and 18°C, 22°C and 14°C, 22°C and 10°C, but not between any other temperature differences) (Meeuwiga et al. 2011)

Meeuwiga et al. 2011

The following efforts have occurred or are underway :

! Discussions between the Service and the Army Corp of Engineers (ACOE) to address lamprey passage and research needs. ! The Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission (CRITFIC) is developing a plan for Pacific lamprey in the Columbia River Basin. ! The Service initiated the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative (USFWS 2007). ! The Columbia River Basin Lamprey Technical Workgroup published: Critical Uncertainties for lamprey in the Columbia River Basin (CRBLTWG 2005). ! Idaho has developed a Draft Management Plan for Conservation of Pacific lamprey in Idaho (IDFG 2008). ! Oregon Native Fish Status Report addresses Pacific lamprey in Oregon (ODFW 2005). (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation began a reintroduction program in the Umatilla River in 1998 (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).

In 2007, the Nez Perce Tribe relocated adult Pacific lamprey into tributaries of the Clearwater River drainage and Asotin Creek (Western Lamprey Conservation Team).

Restoration projects for salmon are predicted to be beneficial for Pacific lamprey (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2010)

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Wildlife and Fish Service, April 2010

An impassable salmon ladder

Lamprey friendly culvert

Surprisingly, lamprey friendly. Thanks to their sucking ability.

Many lamprey populations are in decline, and are especially hit hard where dams, culverts, and other manmade structures exist.

Reintroductions are being done and awareness of Pacific lampreys has increased, but the big issues are:

- Migration obstruction - Degradation of larval habitat - Substrate disturbance

Dam, culvert, etc. removal or redesign could make significant improvements in Pacific lamprey population numbers.

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! Lacking historical and current distribution and abundance data, especially in areas beyond the coterminous U.S.

! Only a few observations of Pacific lampreys have been documented in Baja California, and little information is available for areas beyond Alaska around the Pacific Rim to Japan. (Western Lamprey Conservation Team)

! The ocean stage of the Pacific lamprey life history is not well understood, and the time of ocean residency may vary (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Effect on Pacific lamprey population from intense

commercial fishing of prey midwater (Close and Fitzpatrick 2002)

! Little known about thermal requirements (Meeuwig et al. 2011)

! Thermal requirements in early life stages of particular interest - believed to be the most narrow (Meeuwig et al. 2011)

! Timing, behavior, quantification of habitat preference (Bayer et al. 2000)

!Tributary behavior to provide baseline information; this can help future studies understand behavior such as migration delays (Bayer et al. 2000)

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Thank you