pac report on 2g spectrum scam

8/7/2019 PAC Report on 2G Spectrum Scam

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pac-report-on-2g-spectrum-scam 1/219

^F[B^Q

[E^Q ” H

MGE[QF^ # H

NEMOL^BVDA

5$5 Hd ~fmfdq qhcf}) Hdahe ge} fcf~lfa e} bdf b` qgf cb}q axdechm eda {~bch}hdl

eda è}qf}q l~b|hdl qfifmbc ce~ofq} hd qgf |b~ia$ Hq ge} qgh~a ie~lf}q bpf~eii qfifmbc

dfq|b~o eda qgf }fmbda ie~lf}q |h~fif}} dfq|b~o hd qgf |b~ia$ Cbnhif qfif{gbdx eda

qgv} ]{fmq~vc gepf {iexfa e phqei ~bif hd qgf }qv{fdabv} l~b|qg b` qgf qfifmbc

}f~phmf} hd Hdahe$ Qgf |b~a ‗]{fmq~vc‘ ne}hmeiix ~f`f~} qb e mbiifmqhbd b` pe~hbv} qx{f}

b` fifmq~bceldfqhm ~eaheqhbd} b` ah``f~fdq |epfifdlqg}$ êahb `~fuvfdmx ]{fmq~vc h} e

ihchqfa libnei deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf |hqg e ghlg fmbdbchm peivf) avf qb hq} gfepx afceda hd

qgf qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd }fmqb~$ Hq h} e `hdhqf nvq dbd#mbd}vcenif deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf$ Nvq

hq |hii nf |e}qfa h` dbq v}fa f` hmhfdqix$ Hd Hdahe) qgf ~eahb `~fuvfdmhf} e~f nfhdl v}fa

`b~ e~bvda `b~qx ah `f~fdq qx{f} b` }f~phmf} ihof }{emf mbccvdhmeqhbd) cbnhif

mbccvdhmeqhbd) n~beame}qhdl) ~eahb dephleqhbd) cbnhif }eqfiihqf }f~phmf) ef~bdevqhmei

}eqfiihqf }f~phmf}) af`fdmf mbccvdhmeqhbd fqm$

5$> ]bcf b` qgf hc{b~qedq eda qx{hmei mge~emqf~h}qhm} b` qgf ~eahb `~fuvfdmx]{fmq~vc e~f e} nfib|:

'h( êahb `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc abf} dbq ~f}{fmq hdqf~deqhbdei lfbl~e{ghmeinbvdae~hf} e} hq h} }{~fea bpf~ e ie~lf qf~~f}q~hei e~fe$

'hh( V}f b` ~eahb `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc h} }v}mf{qhnif qb bpf~ie{{hdlhdqf~`f~fdmf eda ~fuvh~f} qgf e{{ihmeqhbd b` mbc{ifw fdlhdff~hdl qbbi} qbfd}v~f hdqf~`f~fdmf `~ff b{f~eqhbd b` pe~hbv} |h~fif}} dfq|b~o}$

'hhh( Vdihof bqgf~ deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf}) ~eahb `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc h} dbq

mbd}vcfa v{bd hq} v}elf$ Hq h} ei}b ihenif qb nf |e}qfa h` hq h} dbq v}fab{qhceiix eda f``hmhfdqix$ êahb `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc v}elf h}) qgf~f`b~f)qb nf }ge~fa ecbdl}q qgf pe~hbv} ~eahb }f~phmf} eda cv}q nf v}faf``hmhfdqix) b{qhceiix eda fmbdbchmeiix hd mbd`b~chqx |hqg qgf {~bph}hbd} b` deqhbdei eda hdqf~deqhbdei ie|}$

5$= Qgf ihchqeqhbd b` qgf ~eahb `~fuvfdmx ]{fmq~vc h} cehdix avf qb qgf `biib|hdl

èmqb~}:

'h( [~b{eleqhbd mge~emqf~h}qhm} b` ah` f~fdq qx{f} b` ~eahb |epf}$



'hh( Epehienhihqx b` qfmgdbiblx eda fuvh{cfdq b~ ah` f~fdq qx{f} b` ~eahb`~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc e{{ihmeqhbd}$

'hhh( Qgf }vhqenhihqx b` ~fuvfdmx neda} `b~ }{fmh hm e{{ihmeqhbd}$

5$1 ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd h} hc{b~qedq eda dfmf}}e~x qb fd}v~f hdqf~`f~fdmf `~ff

b{f~eqhbd `b~ femg ~eahb }f~phmf$ Eii deqhbd} }ge~f qgf fifmq~bceldfqhm ]{fmq~vc eda

~f}f~pf qgfh~ ~hlgq qb hq} vdihchqfa v}f$ Gb|fpf~) |hqg e phf| qb èmhihqeqhdl hdqf~deqhbdei

qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd mbb{f~eqhbd qb }v{{b~q q~eaf) q~ed}{b~qeqhbd) mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda

cvqvei {~bqfmqhbd elehd}q hdqf~`f~fdmf) eii qgf mbvdq~hf} gepf el~ffa qb ed

Hdqf~deqhbdei Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd Mbdpfdqhbd$ Qgv}) ]{fmq~vc `~fuvfdmhf} `b~ qgf v}f

b` pe~hbv} mbvdq~hf} e~f eiibmeqfa nx qgf Hdqf~deqhbdei Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd Vdhbd 'HQV(

eq qgf ‗\b~ia êahb Mbccvdhmeqhbd Mbd`f~fdmf}‘ |ghmg e~f gfia fpf~x qg~ff"`bv~

xfe~}$ Qgf ie}q mbd`f~fdmf |e} gfia hd >;;<$ Eiibmeqhbd} e~f ceaf bd e ~flhbdei

ne}h} eda `b~ ah` f~fdq qx{f} b` }f~phmf}$ Hq h} cedaeqb~x `b~ eii qgf mbvdq~hf} qb eagf~fqb qgf}f eiibmeqhbd}$ Hdahe mbcf} hd qgf ~flhbd dvcnf~ qg~ff$

5$6 @b~ qgf {v~{b}f b` ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd femg cfcnf~ mbvdq~x }vnchq} hq}

{~b{b}ei qb qgf HQV) ne}fa bd qgfh~ ~fuvh~fcfdq} eda {~hb~hqhf} `b~ b{fdhdl b` qgf

neda}$ Av~hdl qgf mbd`f~fdmf}) eii qgf {~b{b}ei} e~f ah}mv}}fa eda afmh}hbd} e~f

emmb~ahdlix qeofd `b~ b{fdhdl b` qgf neda} `b~ df| }f~phmf} b~ fwqfd}hbd b` qgf

fwh}qhdl neda}$ Qgf}f afmh}hbd} e~f ~fìfmqfa hd qgf Hdqf~deqhbdei @~fuvfdmx

Eiibmeqhbd Qenif b` qgf ~eahb ~flvieqhbd eda bqgf~ ~flvieqb~x {~bph}hbd} `b~ v}f b` qgf

neda} |ghmg `b~c} qgf ne}h} `b~ eiibqcfdq nx qgf cfcnf~ mbvdq~hf}$

5$0 Femg `~fuvfdmx neda h} }ge~fa ecbdl}q pe~hbv} ~eahb }f~phmf} nvq qgf }ge~hdl

h} {b}}hnif bdix |hqg qgf v}f b` }hchie~ }x}qfc}$ ]ge~hdl h} ei}b {b}}hnif nx |ex b`

lfbl~e{ghmei }f{e~eqhbd) qhcf#}ge~hdl qg~bvlg qfmgdhmei }bivqhbd} ihof }ce~q edqfdde

eda hdqfiihlfdq ~eahb }x}qfc$ Hd Hdahe) qgf ~eahb `~fuvfdmhf} e~f mbd`hdfa nfq|ffd 8

OGz eda 1;; LGz$

5$< Qgf \h~fif}} [ieddhdl eda Mbb~ahdeqhbd '\[M( \hdl hd qgf Chdh}q~x b`

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx 'Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd(

m~feqfa hd 586> h} ~f}{bd}hnif `b~ ]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq) \h~fif}} ihmfdmhdl eda

`~fuvfdmx e}}hldcfdq}$ \[M h} ahphafa hdqb cejb~ }fmqhbd} ihof Ihmfd}hdl eda

^flvieqhbd 'I^() Df| Qfmgdbiblx L~bv{ 'DQL( eda qgf }qedahdl Eaph}b~x Mbcchqqff



bd êahb @~fuvfdmx Eiibmeqhbd ']EM@E($ ]EM@E ceof} qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd

cejb~ `~fuvfdmx eiibmeqhbd h}}vf}) `b~cvieqhbd b` qgf `~fuvfdmx eiibmeqhbd {ied eda

ceohdl ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd pe~hbv} h}}vf} ~fieqfa qb qgf HQV qb }b~q bvq qgf {~bnifc}

~f`f~~fa qb qgf Eaph}b~x Mbcchqqff nx pe~hbv} |h~fif}} v}f~}$

5$7 Qgf Deqhbdei @~fuvfdmx Eiibmeqhbd [ied 'D@E[(”5875 `b~c} qgf ne}h} `b~

hafdqh`hmeqhbd b` qgf `~fuvfdmx neda} qb nf eiibmeqfa `b~ pe~hbv} cejb~ v}f~}) ]{fmq~vc

vqhihzeqhbd eda afpfib{cfdq eda cedvèmqv~hdl b` |h~fif}} fuvh{cfdq hd qgf mbvdq~x$

Qgf D@E[ |e} fe~ihf~ b``hmheiix mbd}haf~fa e} e mie}}h`hfa abmvcfdq$ Nvq qgf Df|

Qfifmbc [bihmx 5888 afmhafa qgeq hq }gbvia nf ceaf e {vnihm abmvcfdq eda qgf

]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd }gbvia nf ceaf hd e q~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~$ Bd 5 }q Jedve~x) >;;;

qgf AbQ ceaf qgf D@E[ e {vnihm abmvcfdq e`qf~ avf mbd}viqeqhbd} |hqg eii qgf

}qeofgbiaf~}$ Qgf D@E[ h} ~fphf|fa {f~hbahmeiix nx qgf AbQ eda mv~~fdqix qgf D@E[)

>;;7 h} hd pblvf$ Qgf [ied mbdqehd} qgf }f~phmf b{qhbd} hd pe~hbv} `~fuvfdmx neda}

`b~ Hdahe eda ei}b {~bphaf} qgf mgeddfihdl {ied hd ah``f~fdq neda}$ @~fuvfdmx neda}

eiibmeqfa `b~ mf~qehd qx{f} b` ~eahb }f~phmf} hd Hdahe e~f e} vdaf~:

@~fuvfdmx Neda ]f~phmf}

'h( 8 OGZ # 6 >6 OGZ # Ce~qhdf) Ef~bdevqhmei Dephleqhbd) Cfahvc

\epf N~beame}qhdl

'hh( 6 >6 #5 0> 6 oGz # Ce~hdf e da Ef~bdevqhmei Dephleqhbd) }gb~q

|epf n~beame}qhdl ) Eceqfv~ 'Gbv~( ~eahb

eda Mb~aif}} [gbdf }$

'hhh( 5$0 #= ; CGz # @hwfa) Cbnhif) Ce~hqhcf) N~beame}qhdl

'hp( =; # 7< $6 CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif ) N~beame}qhdl) Ef~bdevqhmei

Dephleqhbd

'p( 7<$6 # 5;7 CGz # @C ~eahb

'ph( 5;8 # 5<= CGz # Ef~bdevqhmei Cbnhif '^ () eahb Dephleqhbd

eda Bvqabb~ N~beame}q ped} $

'phh( 5<1 # >=; CGz # Qfifph}hbd N~beame}qhdl

'phhh( >=; # 1 6; CGz # êahb E}q~bdbcx) @hwfa Cbnhif Ef~bdevqhmei)

êahb Dephleqhbd) eahb [fllhdl

'hw( 16; # 676 CGz # N~beame}qhdl)



'w( 676 # 087 CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif )

'wh( 087 # 7;0 CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif )

'whh( 7;0 # 80; CGz # L]C &MACE cbnhif }f~phmf} '>L() Q~vmohdl

'whhh( 80; # 5<5; CGz # Cbnhif }eqfiihqf) @hwfa Cbnhif eahb Ibmeqhbd)

êahb Dephleqhdl ]eqfiihqf) Ef~bdevqhmei

Cbnhif$

'whp( 5<5; # 58=; CGz # L]C ]f~phmf} '>L() @hwfa Cbnhif

'wp( 58=; # >;5; CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif

'wph( >;5; # >;>6 CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif

'wphh( >;>6 # >55; CGz # ]eqfiihqf eda ]{e mf B{f~eqhbd) @hwfa Cbnhif

'wphhh( >55; # >5<; CGz # = L) @hwfa Cbnhif

'whw( >5<; # >=;; CGz # @hwfa Cbnhif

'ww( >=;; # >1;; CGz # N\E) @hwfa) Cbnhif

'wwh( >17=$6 # >6;; CGz # @hwfa) Cbnhif

>6;; #>08; CGz # C]]$ N\E) N]]

'wp( ==;; # =0;; CGz # H][) ]eqfiihqf

'wph( =0;; # 5;;;; CGz # ]{e mf ~f}fe~mg ~eahb dephleqhbd) ]eqfiihqf

Mbccvdhmeqhbd

'wphh( 5;;;; # 51;;; CGz # ]eqfiihqf Mbccvdhmeqhbd eda AQG }f ~phmf}

'wphhh( 51;;; #> =; ;; CGz # @hwfa) Cbnhif ]eqfiihqf

'whw( >=;;; #>1;;; CGz # êahb Ibmeqhbd

'ww( >1;;; ” ><;;; CGz # Ef~bdevqhmei) eahb Dephleqhbd

'wwh( >08; #=>;; CGz # êahb Ibmeqhbd

'wwhh( =1;; # <5>6 CGz # ]eqfiihqf Mbccvdhmeqhbd

'wwhhh( <5>6 ” 5;;;; CGz # @hwfa Chm~b|epf ihdo}) W # Neda ea e~

5$8 Hd Hdahe qgf Mfiivie~ Cbnhif ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} 'MC][]( v}f q|b qx{f} b`

qfmgdbiblhf} phz$ Libnei ]x}qfc `b~ Cbnhif Mbccvdhmeqhbd 'L]C( eda Mbaf Ahph}hbd

Cviqh{if Emmf}} 'MACE($ Qgf eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc qb qgf MC][} af{fda bd qgf

qx{f b` qfmgdbiblx qgfx v}f$

5$5; L]C h} e ahlhqei cbnhif qfif{gbdx }x}qfc |ghmg v}f} e pe~heqhbd b` Qhcf

Ahph}hbd Cviqh{if Emmf}} 'QACE( eda h} |hafix v}fa |b~ia bpf~$ Hq b{f~eqf} hd qgf 8;;



CGz b~ 57;; CGz `~fuvfdmx neda$ MACE qfmgdbiblx eiib|} cedx v}f~} qb bmmv{x

qgf }ecf qhcf eda `~fuvfdmx eiibmeqhbd} hd e lhpfd neda"}{emf$ E} hq} pf~x decf

hc{ihf}) MACE e}}hld} vdhuvf mbaf} qb femg mbccvdhmeqhbd qb ah``f~fdqheqf hq `~bc

bqgf~} hd qgf }ecf ]{fmq~vc neda}$ Hq b{f~eqf} hd qgf 7;; CGz eda 58;; CGz

neda}$ [~f}fdqix >6 CGz ]{fmq~vc hd 8;; CGz neda '78;#856"8=6#80; CGz( eda <6

CGz hd qgf 57;; CGz neda '5<5;#5<76"57;6#577; CGz( e~f fe~ce~ofa `b~ qgf L]C}f~phmf}$ ]{fmq~vc `b~ qgf ~biibvq b` =L }f~phmf} 'pbhmf) aeqe phafb |f~f eiibqqfa

qg~bvlg f#evmqhbd hd qgf >$5LGz '58>;#587;">55;#>5<; CGz( neda$ Qgf afqehi} b` >L

=L ]{fmq~vc neda} e~f fivmhaeqfa eq Eddfwv~f#H$

5$55 Eii qgf enbpf neda} |f~f gh}qb~hmeiix eiibqqfa qb qgf af`fdmf `b~ qgfh~ cbnhif eda

{bhdq qb {bhdq mbccvdhmeqhbd dffa} hd Hdahe$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgfh~ mbb{f~eqhbd |e} ei}b

~fuvh~fa qb ceof qgf neda} epehienif `b~ mbccf~mhei v}f$ Qb `emhihqeqf qgf }ecf) qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe gepf nffd eiibmeqhdl `vda} `~bc qhcf qb qhcf qb {~bphaf B{qhmei

@hnf~ Menif 'B@M( `b~ v}f nx qgf af`fdmf eda mbd}fuvfdq pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc `b~

mbccf~mhei {v~{b}f}$

5$5> Nf`b~f qgf cbnhif qfif{gbdx mecf hdqb fwh}qfdmf hd Hdahe) qgf~f |e} ge~aix edx

mbccf~mhei peivf b` ]{fmq~vc) ~eqgf~ hq |e} {~emqhmeiix dbdf$ Qgeq h} |gx hd qgf

587;}) hq |e} eiibmeqfa qb pe~hbv} Af{e~qcfdq} |hqgbvq edx mge~lf$ Qgf afceda `b~

]{fmq~vc |e} `fiq hd 5881 |gfd hd emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf Deqhbdei Qfifmbc [bihmx) 5881'Eddfwv~f#HH() qgf Qfifmbc }f~phmf }fmqb~ |e} `b~ qgf `h~}q qhcf b{fdfa v{ `b~ [~hpeqf

}fmqb~ {e~qhmh{eqhbd qb mbc{ifcfdq qgf f``b~q} b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq qb ~eh}f eaahqhbdei

~f}bv~mf} qg~bvlg hdm~fe}fa hdqf~deqhbdei lfdf~eqhbd eda eab{qhdl hddbpeqhpf cfed}

ihof ife}hdl) af`f~~fa {excfdq} fqm$ Qgf Ihmfd}hdl b` Mfiivie~ Cbnhif ]f~phmf} hd

emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf bnjfmqhpf} fdvdmheqfa hd DQ[”5881 |e} hdhqheiix abdf hd q|b

{ge}f}$

5$5= Hd qgf `h~}q {ge}f) q|b Mfiivie~ Cbnhif Qfif{gbdf ]f~phmf 'MCQ]( ihmfdmf} |f~f

e|e~afa hd Dbpfcnf~) 5881 hd femg b` qgf `bv~ Cfq~b Mhqhf} b` Afigh) Cvcneh) Obioeqe

eda Mgfddeh bd e Nfevqx [e~eaf ne}h} |ghmg cfedq qgeq qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmf} qb nf

`hwfa hd }vmg e ceddf~ }b e} qb fd}v~f hq} b{qhcvc vqhihzeqhbd nx e|e~ahdl hq qb qgf

v}f~'}( |gb }mb~fa qgf ghlgf}q elehd}q e l~bv{ b` {~f}fdq m~hqf~he }vmg e} ~v~ei

mbpf~elf b~ qgf `vi`hiicfdq b` qgf ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}$ Ihmfdmf `ff `b~ qgf enbpf q|b



ihmfdmf} |e} {~fafqf~chdfa$ ]{fmq~vc Mge~lf} eda ^bxeiqx `b~ v}f b` ]{fmq~vc

|f~f {exenif }f{e~eqfix$

5$51 Hd qgf }fmbda {ge}f) qgf q|b MCQ] ihmfdmf} |f~f e|e~afa hd Afmfcnf~) 5886

hd 57 Qfifmbc Mh~mif}"Ihmfdmf ]f~phmf E~fe} ne}fa bd e mbc{fqhqhpf nhaahdl {~bmf}}$

Nha} |f~f `b~ ihmfdmf `~ff }{~fea bpf~ 5; xfe~} ihmfdmf {f~hba$ Hq aha dbq hdmivaf]{fmq~vc mge~lf} `b~ |ghmg e }f{e~eqf |h~fif}} b{f~eqhdl ihmfdmf |e} qb nf bnqehdfa

eda ]{fmq~vc Mge~lf} |f~f {exenif }f{e~eqfix eq e{{ihmenif ~eqf}$ Hd eaahqhbd) ~hlgq

b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |e} ~f}f~pfa qb b{f~eqf qgf mfiivie~ cbnhif }f~phmf} e} qgf qgh~a

b{f~eqb~$

5$56 ]b `e~ e} e|e~a b` Ne}hm ]f~phmf Ihmfdmf} |e} mbdmf~dfa) qfdaf~} |f~f hdphqfa

hd Jedve~x 5886 qg~bvlg nhaahdl {~bmf}} eda ihmfdmf `ff |e} {exenif bpf~ e {f~hba

b` 5; xfe~}$ Qgf Ne}hm }f~phmf ihmfdmf} |hqg `hpf mbc{edhf} |f~f }hldfa |hqg f` fmqhpf

aeqf e} ]f{qfcnf~) 588< eda |hqg bdf mbc{edx e} f``fmqhpf aeqf `~bc Ce~mg) 5887$

5$50 Qgf Hdav}q~x nfmecf }hmo vdaf~ qgf enbpf mhqfa `hwfa ihmfdmf ~flhcf qb nf {eha

v{ ~bdq fpf~x xfe~ ~fle~aif}} |gfqgf~ edx ~fpfdvf} |f~f ceaf b~ dbq$ Hd bqgf~

|b~a}) qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} ceaf ghlg nha} eda gvlf hdpf}qcfdq} hd qgf gb{f b`

ie~lf l~b|qg b` nv}hdf}} |ghmg aha dbq ceqf~heihzf$ Qgf mbcchqcfdq} `b~ ghlg ihmfdmf

`ff mbvia dbq nf gbdb~fa nfmev}f b` hdeafuveqf ~fpfdvf lfdf~eqhbd$ Hq dfmf}}hqeqfae ~fibbo eda ~fphf| b` qgf fwh}qhdl Qfifmbc [bihmx$

5$5< Emmb~ahdlix) e Ghlg Ifpfi ‗L~bv{ bd Qfifmbc‘ |e} mbd}qhqvqfa nx qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq qb ceof ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd 'h( qgf {~b{b}fa Df| Qfifmbc [bihmx) 'hh(

H}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb fwh}qhdl ihmfdmf} b` Ne}hm eda Mfiivie~ }f~phmf} eda }vllf}q

e{{~b{~heqf ~fcfahei cfe}v~f} |hqghd qgf `~ecf|b~o b` qgf Df| Qfifmbc [bihmx eda

'hhh( H}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb qgf Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe 'Q^EH($

5$57 Qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf L~bv{ bd Qfifmbc 'LbQ( bd mgedlf} hd qgf

Qfifmbc {bihmx eda qb ~f}bipf qgf {~bnifc} b` qgf fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~} |f~f mbd}haf~fa

nx qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq |gb e{{~bpfa qgf Df| Qfifmbc [bihmx”5888$ Qgf DQ[”5888

'Eddfwv~f#HHH( nfmecf f``fmqhpf `~bc 5}q E{~hi) 5888$ Qgf cehd bnjfmqhpf} eda qg~v}q

e~fe} b` qgf DQ[”88 |f~f e} vdaf~:



Emmf}} qb qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} h} b` vqcb}q hc{b~qedmf `b~ emghfpfcfdqb` qgf mbvdq~x,} }bmhei eda fmbdbchm lbei}$ Epehienhihqx b` e``b~aenif edaf``fmqhpf mbccvdhmeqhbd} `b~ qgf mhqhzfd} h} eq qgf mb~f b` qgf ph}hbd edalbei b` qgf qfifmbc {bihmx$

]q~hpf qb {~bphaf e neiedmf nfq|ffd qgf {~bph}hbd b` vdhpf~}ei }f~phmf qbeii vdmbpf~fa e~fe}) hdmivahdl qgf ~v~ei e~fe}) eda qgf {~bph}hbd b` ghlg#ifpfi }f~phmf} me{enif b` cffqhdl qgf dffa} b` qgf mbvdq~x,} fmbdbcx$

Fdmbv~elf afpfib{cfdq b` qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd `emhihqhf} hd ~fcbqf) ghiix

eda q~hnei e~fe} b` qgf mbvdq~x$ M~feqf e cbaf~d eda f``hmhfdq qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} hd`~e}q~vmqv~f qeohdl

hdqb emmbvdq qgf mbdpf~lfdmf b` HQ) cfahe) qfifmbc eda mbd}vcf~ fifmq~bdhm} eda qgf~fnx {~b{fi Hdahe hdqb nfmbchdl ed HQ }v{f~{b|f~$

Mbdpf~q [MB,}) |gf~fpf~ jv}qh`hfa) hdqb [vnihm Qfifhd`b mfdq~f} gephdlcviqhcfahe me{enhihqx ihof H]AD }f~phmf}) ~fcbqf aeqene}f emmf}})lbpf~dcfdq eda mbccvdhqx hd`b~ceqhbd }x}qfc} fqm$

Q~ed}`b~c hd e qhcf nbvda ceddf~) qgf qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} }fmqb~ qb el~feqf~ mbc{fqhqhpf fdph~bdcfdq hd nbqg v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe} {~bphahdlfuvei b{{b~qvdhqhf} eda ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia `b~ eii {iexf~}$

]q~fdlqgfd ~f}fe~mg eda afpfib{cfdq f``b~q} hd qgf mbvdq~x eda {~bphafed hc{fqv} qb nvhia |b~ia#mie}} cedv`emqv~hdl me{enhihqhf}$

Emghfpf f``hmhfdmx eda q~ed}{e~fdmx hd }{fmq~vc cedelfcfdq$

[~bqfmq af`fdmf eda }fmv~hqx hdqf~f}q} b` qgf mbvdq~x$

Fdenif Hdahed Qfifmbc Mbc{edhf} qb nfmbcf q~vix libnei {iexf~}$

5$58 Hd ihdf |hqg qgf enbpf bnjfmqhpf}) qgf }{fmh`hm qe~lfq} qgeq qgf DQ[ 5888 }bvlgq

qb emghfpf |bvia nf qb:

Ceof epehienif qfif{gbdf bd afceda nx qgf xfe~ >;;> eda }v}qehd hqqgf~fe`qf~ }b e} qb emghfpf e qfifafd}hqx b` < nx qgf xfe~ >;;6 eda 56 nxqgf xfe~ >;5;$

Fdmbv~elf afpfib{cfdq b` qfifmbc hd ~v~ei e~fe} ceohdl hq cb~fe``b~aenif nx }vhqenif qe~h`` }q~vmqv~f eda ceohdl ~v~ei mbccvdhmeqhbdcedaeqb~x `b~ eii `hwfa }f~phmf {~bphaf~}$

Hdm~fe}f ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx `~bc qgf mv~~fdq ifpfi b` ;$1 qb 1 nx qgf xfe~ >;5; eda {~bphaf ~fihenif q~ed}ch}}hbd cfahe hd eii ~v~ei e~fe}$

Emghfpf qfifmbc mbpf~elf b` eii phiielf} hd qgf mbvdq~x eda {~bphaf~fihenif cfahe qb eii fwmgedlf} nx qgf xfe~ >;;>$

[~bphaf Hdqf~dfq emmf}} qb eii ah}q~hmq gfea uve~qf~} nx qgf xfe~ >;;;$

[~bphaf ghlg }{ffa aeqe eda cviqhcfahe me{enhihqx v}hdl qfmgdbiblhf}hdmivahdl H]AD qb eii qb|d} |hqg e {b{vieqhbd l~feqf~ qged > ieog nx qgfxfe~ >;;>$

5$>; DQ[”88 qgv} }qh{vieqfa qgf epehienhihqx b` e` b~aenif eda f``fmqhpf

mbccvdhmeqhbd} `b~ qgf mhqhzfd} eda b{fd v{ qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ qb e l~feqf~

mbc{fqhqhpf fdph~bdcfdq hd nbqg v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe} {~bphahdl fuvei b{{b~qvdhqhf}

eda ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia `b~ eii qgf {iexf~}$ ^f}biphdl qgf {~bnifc} b` qgf fwh}qhdl

ihmfdmff} |e} ei}b fdph}elfa vdaf~ qgf DQ[”88$



5$>5 Qgf Df| [bihmx `~ecf|b~o meqflb~hzfa qgf `biib|hdl fhlgq }f~phmf} hd qgf

Qfifmbc ]fmqb~:

'h( Mfiivie~ Cbnhif ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}) 'MC][}() @hwfa ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}'@][}( eda Menif ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} mbiifmqhpfix ~f`f~~fa qb e} qgf,Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~},$

'hh( êahb [elhdl ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}'hhh( [vnihm Cbnhif eahb Q~vdohdl ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}'hp( Deqhbdei Ibdl Ah}qedmf B{f~eqb~} 'DIAB}('p( Hdqf~deqhbdei Ibdl Ah}qedmf b{f~eqb~} 'HDIAB}('ph( Bqgf~ ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}'phh( Libnei Cbnhif [f~}bdei Mbccvdhmeqhbd nx ]eqfiihqf 'LC[M}( ]f~phmf

[~bphaf~}'phhh( P#]EQ ne}fa ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}$

5$>> ]b è~ e} qgf MC][] e~f mbdmf~dfa) DQ[”88 ceaf qgf `biib|hdl {~bph}hbd}:

'h( MC][} }geii nf {f~chqqfa qb {~bphaf cbnhif qfif{gbdx }f~phmf} hdmivahdl

{f~ch}}hbd qb me~~x hq} b|d ibdl ah}qedmf q~e``hm |hqghd qgfh~ }f~phmf e~fe|hqgbvq }ffohdl ed eaahqhbdei ihmfdmf$

'hh( Ah~fmq hdqf~mbddfmqhphqx nfq|ffd ihmfdmfa MC][‘} eda edx bqgf~ qx{f b` }f~phmf {~bphaf~ 'hdmivahdl edbqgf~ MC][( hd qgfh~ e~fe b` b{f~eqhbdhdmivahdl }ge~hdl b` hd`~e}q~vmqv~f |hqg edx bqgf~ qx{f b` }f~phmf {~bphaf~ }geii nf {f~chqqfa$

'hhh( Hdqf~mbddfmqhphqx nfq|ffd }f~phmf {~bphaf~} hd ah `f~fdq }f~phmf e~fe}}geii nf ~fphf|fa hd mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe 'QÊH( eda qgf }ecf |bvia nf eddbvdmfa nx Evlv}q 56) 5888 e} e

{e~q b` qgf }q~vmqv~f `b~ b{fdhdl v{ deqhbdei ibdl ah}qedmf$

'hp( Qgf MC][ }geii nf eiib|fa qb ah~fmqix hdqf~mbddfmq |hqg qgf P]DI e`qf~ b{fdhdl b` deqhbdei ibdl ah}qedmf `~bc Jedve~x 5) >;;;$

'p( Qgf MC][ }geii nf `~ff qb {~bphaf) hd hq} }f~phmf e~fe b` b{f~eqhbd) eiiqx{f} b` cbnhif }f~phmf} hdmivahdl pbhmf eda dbd#pbhmf cf}}elf}) aeqe}f~phmf} eda [MB} vqhihzhdl edx qx{f b` dfq|b~o fuvh{cfdq) hdmivahdlmh~mvhq eda"b~ {emofq }|hqmgf}) qgeq cffq qgf ~fifpedq Hdqf~deqhbdeiQfifmbccvdhmeqhbd Vdhbd 'HQV("Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd Fdlhdff~hdl Mfdqf~ 'QFM( }qedae~a}$

'ph( Qgf MC][ |bvia nf l~edqfa }f{e~eqf ihmfdmf) `b~ femg }f~phmf e~fe$Ihmfdmf} |bvia nf e|e~afa `b~ ed hdhqhei {f~hba b` q|fdqx xfe~} eda|bvia nf fwqfdaenif nx eaahqhbdei {f~hba} b` qfd xfe~} qgf~fe`qf~$ @b~ qgh} {v~{b}f) }f~phmf e~fe} |bvia nf meqflb~hzfa hdqb qgf `bv~ cfq~bmh~mif} eda Qfifmbc mh~mif} e} {f~ qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx$ MC][ |bvia nffihlhnif qb bnqehd ihmfdmf} `b~ edx dvcnf~ b` }f~phmf e~fe}$

'phh( Epehienhihqx b` eafuveqf `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc nfhdl f}}fdqhei dbq bdix `b~ {~bphahdl b{qhcei neda|haqg qb fpf~x b{f~eqb~ nvq ei}b `b~ fdq~x b` eaahqhbdei b{f~eqb~}) ne}fa bd qgf hccfaheqfix epehienif `~fuvfdmx



}{fmq~vc neda) e{e~q `~bc qgf q|b {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~} ei~feax ihmfdmfa)AbQ"CQDI |bvia nf ihmfdmfa qb nf qgf qgh~a b{f~eqb~ hd femg }f~phmfe~fe hd me}f qgfx |edq qb fdqf~) hd e qhcf nbvda ceddf~$ Hd b~af~ qbfd}v~f ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia nfq|ffd ah``f~fdq }f~phmf {~bphaf~} hd }hchie~ }hqveqhbd}) ihmfdmf `ff |bvia nf {exenif nx AbQ ei}b$ Gb|fpf~) e} AbQh} qgf deqhbdei }f~phmf {~bphaf~ gephdl hccfd}f ~v~ei eda }bmheibnihleqhbd}) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |hii ~fhcnv~}f `vii ihmfdmf `ff qb qgf AbQ$

'phhh( ]{fmq~vc vqhihzeqhbd med nf ~fphf|fa ~bc qhcf qb qhcf off{hdl hd phf|qgf fcf~lhdl }mfde~hb b` }{fmq~vc epehienhihqx) b{qhcei v}f b` }{fmq~vc)~fuvh~fcfdq} b` ce~ofq) mbc{ifqhbd eda bqgf~ hdqf~f}q b` {vnihm$

'hw( Qgf fdq~x b` cb~f b{f~eqb~} hd e }f~phmf e~fe }geii nf ne}fa bd qgf~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf QÊH |gb |hii ~fphf| qgh} e} ~fuvh~fa eda dbieqf~ qged fpf~x q|b xfe~}$

'w( Qgf MC][} |bvia nf ~fuvh~fa qb {ex e bdf qhcf fdq~x `ff$ Qgf ne}h} `b~ afqf~chdhdl qgf fdq~x `ff eda qgf ne}h} `b~ }fifmqhbd b` eaahqhbdeib{f~eqb~} |bvia nf ~fmbccfdafa nx qgf QÊH$

'wh( E{e~q `~bc qgf bdf qhcf fdq~x `ff) MC][ b{f~eqb~} |bvia ei}b nf~fuvh~fa qb {ex ihmfdmf `ff ne}fa bd e ~fpfdvf }ge~f$

'whh( E{{~b{~heqf ifpfi b` fdq~x `ff eda {f~mfdqelf b` ~fpfdvf }ge~fe~~edlfcfdq `b~ ah``f~fdq }f~phmf e~fe} |bvia nf ~fmbccfdafa nx QÊHhd e qhcf#nbvda ceddf~) off{hdl hd phf| qgf bnjfmqhpf} b` qgf Df|Qfifmbc [bihmx$

5$>= Qgf DQ[”88 }qh{vieqfa qgeq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |bvia hdpe~henix }ffo QÊH‘}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf dvcnf~ eda qhchdl b` df| ihmfdmf} nf`b~f qeohdl afmh}hbd bd

h}}vf b` df| ihmfdmf} hd `vqv~f$ Qgv} DQ[ ” 88 ceaf hq mife~ qgeq nf`b~f qeohdl edx

afmh}hbd bd qgf h}}vf b` df| ihmfdmf}) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq }geii }ffo qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH bd qgf dvcnf~ eda qhchdl b` qgf df| ihmfdmf}$ ]hchie~ix)

qgf fdq~x b` cb~f b{f~eqb~} hd e mh~mif"}f~phmf e~fe h} ~fuvh~fa qb nf ne}fa bd qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |ghmg |e} qb ~fphf| qgh} ~fuvh~fcfdq fpf~x q|b xfe~}$

5$>1 Qgf DQ[ ” 88) |hqg e phf| qb {~bphahdl ~fihf` qb qgf Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}|gb |f~f èmhdl `hdedmhei q~bvnif}) n~bvlgq hd qgf ~fpfdvf }ge~hdl ~flhcf |ghmg

mbdqfc{ieqfa {excfdq b` bdf qhcf fdq~x `~ff eda ihmfdmf `ff ne}fa bd ~fpfdvf }ge~f$

5$>6 Emmb~ahdlix) bd >>da Jvix) 5888 qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b``f~fa e cejb~ {emoelf qb qgf

fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff} eiib|hdl chl~eqhbd `~bc qgf fwh}qhdl `hwfa ihmfdmf `ff ~flhcf vdaf~

DQ[ ” 81 qb e ~fpfdvf }ge~hdl ~flhcf vdaf~ DQ[#88 eibdl|hqg e dvcnf~ b` bqgf~

mbdmf}}hbd}$ Qgh} nehibvq {emoelf }vn}qedqheiix eiqf~fa qgf mbdq~emqvei bnihleqhbd} b`



qgf ihmfd}ff} qb|e~a} {excfdq b` ihmfdmf `ff qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Vdaf~ qgf chl~eqhbd

{emoelf) fwh}qhdl ihmfdmff} gea qb `b~flb qgfh~ avb{bix ~hlgq} eda eaahqhbdei b{f~eqb~}

|f~f hdavmqfa hd cviqh{bix ~flhcf$ Eii qgf fwh}qhdl N]B} eda MC][} chl~eqfa qb qgf

^fpfdvf ]ge~hdl ~flhcf |$f$`$ 5}q Evlv}q) 5888 emmb~ahdl qb |ghmg e }ge~f b` 56 {f~

mfdq b` qgf Eajv}qfa L~b}} ^fpfdvf 'EL^( |e} mge~lfenif e} ihmfdmf `ff `~bc qgf

MC][} eda qgf N]B}$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) qgf }ge~f |e} cbah hfa qb qgf }ien} b` 5>{f~mfdq) 5; {f~mfdq eda 7 {f~mfdq b` qgf EL^ af{fdahdl bd qgf }hzf b` qgf

Mh~mif"]f~phmf E~fe$ Qgh} ~fpfdvf }ge~f |e} {exenif uve~qf~ix$ E{e~q `~bc qgf

ihmfdmf `ff}) qgf B{f~eqb~} |f~f ei}b ~fuvh~fa qb {ex bdf qhcf dbd#~f`vdaenif fdq~x

`ff nf`b~f }hldhdl qgf df| ihmfdmf el~ffcfdq$

5$>0 Qgv}) hd emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf {~bph}hbd} b` DQ[#88 qg~ff qx{f} b` `ff} |f~f

{~f}m~hnfa phz 'h( E `hwfa {f~mfdqelf b` EL^ e} eddvei ihmfdmf `ff) 'hh( E `hwfa

{f~mfdqelf b` EL^ b` MC][] e} eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf eda 'hhh( Bdf qhcf fdq~x `ff

nf`b~f }hldhdl qgf ihmfdmf el~ffcfdq$

5$>< Q|b Lbpf~dcfdq []V} phz$ Cegedele~ Qfif{gbdf Dhlec Iqa$ 'CQDI( eda

Nge~eq ]edmge~ Dhlec Iqa$ 'N]DI( |f~f e|e~afa MCQ] ihmfdmf} hd 5888#>;;; e} qgf

qgh~a cbnhif b{f~eqb~$ Hd ]f{qfcnf~"Bmqbnf~ >;;5) 5< df| MCQ] ihmfdmf} |f~f

h}}vfa) ne}fa bd qgf QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} eda qgf e{{~bpei b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq)

bdf femg hd `bv~ Cfq~b mhqhf} eda 5= Qfifmbc Mh~mif}$ Qgf}f ihmfdmf} |f~f e|e~afane}fa bd nhaahdl `b~ qgf v{`~bdq `ff$ Qgf eiibqcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc |e} e}}v~fa vdaf~

qgf Ihmfdmf eda db }f{e~eqf v{`~bdq `ff |e} mge~lfa `b~ ]{fmq~vc$

5$>7 Bd >6qg Jedve~x) >;;5 qgf lvhafihdf} `b~ h}}vf b` ihmfdmf `b~ Ne}hm ]f~phmf vdaf~

DQ[ ” 88 |e} eddbvdmfa ne}fa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |gf~fhd qgf

ihmfd}hdl b` Ne}hm Qfif{gbdf }f~phmf |e} b{fdfa bd mbdqhdvedmf ne}h} bd ~fmfh{q b`

e{{ihmeqhbd eda }vnjfmq qb `vi hiicfdq b` fihlhnhihqx mbdahqhbd}$ Ne}fa bd qgf}f

lvhafihdf}) >6 eaahqhbdei Ne}hm Qfif{gbdf ]f~phmf Ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa$

5$>8 Hd ]f{qfcnf~) >;;=) e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} bd Qfifmbc ceqqf~} |e} mbd}qhqvqfa

vdaf~ qgf Mgeh~ced}gh{ b` qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ phaf qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq Cfcb

aeqfa 5;qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;=$ Qgf Qf~c} b` qgf ^f`f~fdmf} 'QB^}(b` qgf LbC

hdmivafa qgf h}}vf qb ’Mge~q qgf mbv~}f qb e Vdhpf~}ei Ihmfdmf–$ Qgf LbC bd =5 }q

Bmqbnf~ >;;= e{{~bpfa qgf ><qg Bmqbnf~) >;;= ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH bd Vdh`hfa

Emmf}} ]f~phmf Ihmfdmf 'VE]I( ~flhcf$ Qgf Menhdfq mbd}haf~fa qgf



~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf LbC bd =5}q Bmqbnf~) >;;= eda hdqf~#eihe e{{~bpfa qgf

`biib|hdl:

’††$$Qgf }mb{f b` DQ[#88 cex nf fdgedmfa qb {~bphaf `b~ ihmfd}hdl b` Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} `b~ ne}hm eda mfiivie~ ihmfdmf }f~phmf} eda vdh`hfaIhmfd}hdl mbc{~h}hdl eii qfifmbc }f~phmf}$ Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}

cex nf evqgb~hzfa qb h}}vf dfmf}}e~x eaafdavc qb DQ[#88 qb qgh} f``fmq$

Qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |hqg ~fle~a qb hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgfVdh hfa Emmf}} Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf `b~ ne}hm eda mfiivie~ }f~phmf} cex nfemmf{qfa$

AbQ cex nf evqgb~hzfa qb `hdeihzf qgf afqehi} b` hc{ifcfdqeqhbd |hqg qgfe{{~bpei b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ hd qgh} ~fle~a hdmivahdl qgfmeimvieqhbd b` qgf fdq~x `ff af{fdahdl bd qgf aeqf b` {excfdq ne}fa bd qgf{~hdmh{if lhpfd nx QÊH hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

H` df| }f~phmf} e~f hdq~bavmfa e} e ~f}viq b` qfmgdbiblhmei eapedmfcfdq)|ghmg ~fuvh~f eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc bpf~ eda enbpf qgf }{fmq~vc ei~feaxeiibqqfa"mbdq~emqfa) eiibmeqhbd b` }vmg }{fmq~vc |hii nf mbd}haf~fa bd {excfdqb` eaahqhbdei `ff b~ mge~lf}? qgf}f |hii nf afqf~chdfa e} {f~ lvhafihdf} qb nffpbipfa hd mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg QÊH–$

5$=; Ne}fa bd qgf enbpf Menhdfq afmh}hbd) ed eaafdavc qb DQ[#88 'Eddfwv~f#HP(

|e} dbqh`hfa bd 55qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;=$ Lvhafihdf} `b~ Vdh`hfa Emmf}} 'Ne}hm Mfiivie~(

]f~phmf} Ihmfdmf 'Eddfwv~f#P( |f~f h}}vfa bd qgf }ecf aeqf$ Qgf Lvhafihdf} hdqf~#

eihe }qh{vieqfa qgeq ’|hqg qgf h}}vf b` qgf}f Lvhafihdf} eii e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ df| Emmf}}]f~phmf} Ihmfdmf }geii nf hd qgf meqflb~x b` Vdh hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf Ihmfdmf.$ Qgf

V]EI ~flhcf fdph}elfa qgf {~bph}hbd b` |h~f ihdf) `hwfa eda ihchqfa cbnhif |h~fif}})

`vii cbnhif |h~fif}} eda mfiivie~ cbnhif qfif{gbdf }f~phmf} vdaf~ bdf ihmfdmf bd

{excfdq b` qgf {~f}m~hnfa fdq~x `ff}$

5$=5 Bd 5<qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;=) AbQ afmhafa qb emmf{q eda {~bmf}} qgf VE]I

e{{ihmeqhbd} }hchie~ qb qgf ceddf~ eab{qfa `b~ Ne}h} ]f~phmf Ihmfdmf$ Bd >1 qg

Dbpfcnf~) >;;=) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx

~f{b~qfaix e{{~bpfa qgf e{{~bemg b` l~edqhdl VE] ihmfdmf} bd @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q

]f~pfa ne}h} e} qgf eddbvdmfa lvhafihdf} gea ceaf hq b{fd `b~ df| ihmfdmf} qb nf

h}}vfa bd mbdqhdvbv} ne}h} eq edx qhcf eda ]{fmq~vc |e} qb nf eiibqqfa }vnjfmq qb

epehienhihqx$ Qgv}) }hldhdl b` VE]I aha dbq lve~edqff eiibqcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc$ ]f~phmf

{~bphaf~} hdqfdahdl qb {~bphaf |h~fif}} }f~phmf} |f~f ~fuvh~fa qb e{{ix qb qgf \[M

\hdl `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc e`qf~ bnqehdhdl VE] ihmfdmf$



5$=> Cfed|ghif e`qf~ fdgedmfcfdq b` @AH hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ `~bc 18 {f~mfdq qb

<1 {f~mfdq) qgf AbQ h}}vfa ~fph}fa Lvhafihdf} `b~ VE] ihmfdmf} 'Eddfwv~f#PH( bd 51qg

Afmfcnf~ >;;6$ Qgf}f Lvhafihdf} hdqf~#eihe }qh{vieqfa qgeq:

Ihmfdmf} }geii nf h}}vfa |hqgbvq edx ~f}q~hmqhbd bd qgf dvcnf~ b` fdq~edq} `b~ {~bph}hbd b` Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} hd e ]f~phmf E~fe$

Qgf e{{ihmedq |hii nf ~fuvh~fa qb {ex bdf qhcf dbd#~f`vdaenif fdq~x `ff)eddvei ihmfdmf `ff K 57"7"0 & b` qgf EL^ `b~ meqflb~x E"N"Mmh~mif}"]f~phmf E~fe} ~f}{fmqhpfix eda ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} bd ~fpfdvf}ge~f ne}h} e} }{fmh`hfa nx qgf \[M \hdl$

5$== Qgf enbpf Lvhafihdf} h}}vfa bd 51qg Afmfcnf~) >;;6 ~fcehd qgf fwqedq

Lvhafihdf} `b~ l~edq b` df| VE] ihmfdmf}$ [~hb~ fw{f~hfdmf hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ |e}

db cb~f e {~f~fuvh}hqf `b~ l~edq b` qfifmbc }f~phmf ihmfdmf$

5$=1 E} {f~ qgf mbdahqhbd b` VE] ihmfd}f) hdhqhei ]{fmq~vc b` 1$1 CGz/ 1$1 CGz |e}

qb nf eiibqqfa `b~ L]C ne}fa }x}qfc} eda e cewhcvc b` >$6 CGz/ >$6 CGz ]{fmq~vc

qb nf eiibqqfa `b~ MACE ne}fa }x}qfc}) bd me}f nx me}f ne}h} eda }vnjfmq qb

epehienhihqx$ Hdm~fcfdqei ]{fmq~vc nfxbda qgf hdhqhei eiibqcfdq |e} ihdofa qb qgf

}vn}m~hnf~ ne}f emghfpfa nx ed b{f~eqb~$

5$=6 Qgf afqehi} b` eiibmeqhbd b` mbdq~emqvei eda eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc e~f e} vdaf~:Eiibmeqhbd b` mbdq~emqveieda eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc

Afqehi b` ihmfdmf} Eiibmeqhbd b` mbdq~emqvei }{fmq~vc Eiibmeqhbd b` eaahqhbdei}{fmq~vc

MCQ] ihmfdmf} `b~ `h~}q eda }fmbdab{f~eqb~} '5881#5886(

E mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb 1$1CGz/1$1 CGz hd qgf 8;; CGz nedane}fa bd e{{~b{~heqf jv}qh`hmeqhbd$

E} {f~ AbQ‘} b~af~ aeqfa>>da ]f{qfcnf~) >;;5neda|haqg v{ qb 0$>CGz/0$>CGz hd}qfea b` 1$1CGz/1$1 CGz }vnjfmq qbepehienhihqx eda jv}qh`hmeqhbd

f``fmqhpf ~bc 5$7$88$MCQ] ihmfdmf} `b~ qgh~a B{f~eqb~}'588<#87(

E mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb 1$1CGz/1$1 CGz hd qgf 8;; CGz nedane}fa bd e{{~b{~heqf jv}qh`hmeqhbd$

MCQ] ihmfdmf} `b~ `bv~qg b{f~eqb~}'>;;5(

E mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb 1$1CGz/1$1 CGz hd qgf 57;; CGz neda$Ne}fa v}elf) jv}qh hmeqhbd edaepehienhihqx) eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc v{ qb5$7 CGz/5$7 CGz ceohdl e qbqei b` 0$>CGz/0$> CGz$

E} {f~ AbQ‘} b~af~ aeqfa5$>$>;;>) 5$7 CGz/5$7CGz}{fmq~vc nfxbda 0$> CGz'qbqei 7 CGz/7CGz( |bvianf e}}hldfa qb ed b{f~eqb~ bd ~femghdl e }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f b` 6 ieog b~ cb~f hd e}f~phmf e~fe$@v~qgf~) eiibmeqhbd b`



}{fmq~vc v{ qb 5;CGz/5;CGz bd ~femghdl{~f}m~hnfa }vn}m~hnf~ ne}fmbvia ei}b nf mbd}haf~fa}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$

MCQ] ihmfdmf} `b~ `bv~qg b{f~eqb~}'>;;5(

Hdhqheiix e mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb1$1 CGz/1$1 CGz hd QACE"L]Cne}fa }x}qfc} b~ e cewhcvc b` >$6CGz/>$6CGz hd MACE ne}fa}x}qfc}) bd me}f nx me}f ne}h}}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$Qgf ihmfd}ff b{f~eqhdl |h~fif}}}f~phmf} |hii mbdqhdvf qb {~bphaf }vmg}f~phmf} hd ei~feaxeiibmeqfa"mbdq~emqfa }{fmq~vc$

Hd >;;0) m~hqf~he `b~ eiibqcfdqb` eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc hdL]C nfxbda hdhqhei }{fmq~vc'1$1 CGz( |e} ~fph}fa |ghmg|e} ne}fa bd qgf chdhcvc}vn}m~hnf~ ne}f ~edlhdl`~bc > ieog }vn}m~hnf~} `b~ 0$> CGz qb >0 ieog}vn}m~hnf~} `b~ cewhcvc b` 56 CGz >L }{fmq~vcaf{fdahdl v{bd qgfmeqflb~x 'E"N"M( b` qgf mh~mifb~ }f~phmf e~fe$

Hd Jedve~x >;;7) m~hqf~he `b~ eiibqcfdq b` eaahqhbdei}{fmq~vc hd L]C nedanfxbda hdhqhei }{fmq~vc '1$1

CGz( |e} elehd ~fph}fadffahdl e chdhcvc}vn}m~hnf~ ne}f ~edlhdl`~bc 56 ieog }vn}m~hnf~} `b~ 0$> CGz qb 550 ieog}vn}m~hnf~} `b~ cewhcvc b` 51$> CGz >L }{fmq~vcaf{fdahdl v{bd qgfmeqflb~x 'E"N"M( b` qgf mh~mifb~ }f~phmf e~fe$

Df| VE] Ihmfdmf}l~edqfa av~hdlDbpfcnf~) >;;= qb

Ce~mg) >;;<

Hdhqheiix e mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb1$1 CGz/1$1 CGz hd QACE"L]Cne}fa }x}qfc} b~ e cewhcvc b` >$6

CGz/>$6 CGz hd MACE ne}fa}x}qfc}) bd me}f ne}h} }vnjfmq qbepehienhihqx$Eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc eiib|fa ne}fa bdb{qhcei vqhihzeqhbd nvq dbq cb~f qged6/6 CGz hd ~f}{fmq b` MACE b~ 0$>CGz/0$> CGz hd ~f}{fmq b` QACE"L]C

VE] ihmfdmf} v}hdlavei qfmgdbiblx'>;;7(

Hdhqheiix e mvcvieqhpf cewhcvc b` v{ qb1$1 CGz/1$1 CGz hd QACE"L]Cne}fa }x}qfc} eda e cewhcvc b` >$6CGz/>$6 CGz hd MACE ne}fa}x}qfc}) bd me}f nx me}f ne}h}}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$ Eaahqhbdei}{fmq~vc eiib|fa ne}fa bd b{qhceivqhihzeqhbd nvq dbq cb~f qged 6/6 CGzhd ~f}{fmq b` MACE b~ 0$>/0$>CGz hd~f}{fmq b` QACE"L]C$

5$=0 E} {f~ qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx) ~eahb `~fuvfdmx ]{fmq~vc eiibqqfa qb |h~fif}} }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} e~f mge~lfa ne}fa bd v}elf$ Qgf~f h} db v{`~bdq mge~lf} {exenif eq qgf

qhcf b` eiibqcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc$ Qgbvlg qgf~f h} bdf qhcf dbd#~f`vdaenif fdq~x `ff `b~



bnqehdhdl VE]I) b{f~eqb~} hdqfdahdl qb {~bphaf |h~fif}} }f~phmf} e~f fihlhnif `b~ 1$1

CGz b` L]C b~ >$6 CGz b` MACE ]{fmq~vc) af{fdahdl v{bd qgf qfmgdbiblx qgfx

mgbb}f `b~ ~bii bvq$ Hdm~fcfdqei eiibqcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc h} }vnjfmq qb emghfphdl e

af`hdhqf }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f) e} }gb|d hd qgf Qenif enbpf) eda ei}b |hqgbvq edx hdhqhei

mge~lf}$ @b~ eaahqhbdei eiibqcfdq}) qgf~f h} ed hdm~fe}f hd qgf ]{fmq~vc v}elf

mge~lf}$ \ghmg h} e} vdaf~:

]{fmq~vc eiibqqfa Eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf

V{qb >w1$1 CGz >& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}V{qb >w0$> CGz">w6CGz

=& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}

V{qb >w7 CGz 1& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}V{qb >w5; CGz 1& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}V{qb >w5>$6 CGz 6& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}V{qb >w56 CGz 0& b` EL^ b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf}

5$=< Qgf cfqgbabiblx `b~ Fdq~x `ff eda ]{fmq~vc Mge~lf} hd pe~hbv} {bihmx

^flhcf} h} e} vdaf~:

CFQGBABIBLX @B^ FDQ^X EDA @FF ]Q^VMQV^F HD PE^HBV] [BIHMX ^FLHCF]

[bihmx }qelf Cfqgbabiblx b~ fdq~x b` b{f~eqb~} @hwfa ff ~flhcf

DQ[ 5881 ▪ Hd `h~}q {ge}f 'Dbp#81() q|b MCQ]ihmfdmf} |f~f e|e~afa hd `bv~ Cfq~b mhqhf} bd nfevqx {e~eaf*ne}h}$

▪ Hd }fmbda {ge}f 'Afm#86() q|bMCQ] ihmfdmf} |f~f e|e~afa hd 57qfifmbc mh~mif} qg~bvlg e {~bmf}} b` mbc{fqhqhpf nhaahdl$

▪ ]hw mbc{edhf} |f~f e|e~afa Ne}hm

}f~phmf ihmfdmf} qg~bvlg nhaahdl{~bmf}}$

Ihmfd}f `ff |e} {~f#afqf~chdfa eda nha}|f~f meiifa bd}fifmqfa {e~ecfqf~}$

DQ[ 5888 ▪ Eii fwh}qhdl N]B} eda MC][} |f~f~fuvh~fa qb chl~eqf qb qgf df|~flhcf$

▪ Dvcnf~ eda qhchdl b` df| ihmfdmf}|e} qb nf ne}fa bd Q^EH‘}~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

# Bdf#qhcf fdq~x `ffnf`b~f }hldhdl qgfihmfdmf el~ffcfdq$

# E `hwfa {f~mfdqelf b` eajv}qfa L~b}}^fpfdvf 'EL^( e}eddvei ihmfdmf `ff$

# E `hwfa {f~mfdqelf b`



▪ N]DI eda CQDI nfmecf qgf qgh~aMCQ] b{f~eqb~ hd >;;;$

▪ ]fpfdqffd df| MCQ] ihmfdmf} e}`bv~qg mfiivie~ cbnhif b{f~eqb~} hd>;;5 qg~bvlg e cviqh#}qelf nhaahdl{~bmf}}$

▪ Q|fdqx @hpf df| Ne}hm }f~phmfihmfdmf} hd >;;5 ne}fa bd fihlhnhihqxe} {f~ qgf lvhafihdf} h}}vfa bdJedve~x) >;;5$

eajv}qfa L~b}}^fpfdvf 'EL^( b` cbnhif }f~phmf} e}eddvei }{fmq~vcmge~lf$

VE] >;;= ▪ Eii qgf fwh}qhdl N]B} eda MC[]|f~f lhpfd b{qhbd qb chl~eqf qbVE]I ~flhcf? nx N]B} {exhdl qgfah` f~fdmf b` fdq~x `ff {eha nx qgfcqgeq e} {eha nx qgf `bv~qg MCQ]

b{f~eqb~ hd >;;5 eda MCQ]b{f~eqb~ eq dhi fdq~x `ff$

▪ 65 df| VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f e|e~afanfq|ffd >;;1 qb Ce~mg) >;;0 eq qgffdq~x `ff afqf~chdfa hd >;;5$

▪ 5>> df| VE] ihmfdmf} e|e~afa hd>;;7) ei}b eq qgf }ecf fdq~x `ff b` >;;5$

# Bdf#qhcf fdq~x `ffnf`b~f }hldhdl qgfihmfdmf el~ffcfdq$

# E `hwfa {f~mfdqelf b` Eajv}qfa L~b}}

^fpfdvf'EL ( e}eddvei ihmfdmf `ff$

# E `hwfa {f~mfdqelf b` Eajv}qfa L~b}}^fpfdvf'EL^( b` cbnhif }f~phmf} e}eddvei }{fmq~vcmge~lf$

Hdq~bavmqhbdb` aveiqfmgdbiblx

▪ E{{~bpei} |f~f h}}vfa hd >;;<#;7`b~ avei qfmgdbiblx '`b~ v}hdl nbqgMACE eda L]C( hd =6 }f~phmfe~fe} eq qgf fdq~x `ff fuvhpeifdq qbqgf chl~eqhbd `ff `hwfa hd >;;5$

# Bdf#qhcf fdq~x `fffuvhpeifdq qbchl~eqhbd `ff `b~ VE] ne}fa bd >;;5fdq~x `ff b` MC][}|e} mge~lfa `b~ eiib|hdl AQ hd >;;<$

# ^fpfdvf }ge~hdl e}`b~ VE] >;;=$

5$=7 ]b `e~ e} ihmfdmf `ff |e} mbdmf~dfa) e }ge~f b` 56 {f~mfdq b` qgf EL^ |e}

mge~lfenif `~bc {~hpeqf MC][} eda N]B} |$f$`$ 5}q Evlv}q) 5888$ ]vn}fuvfdqix)

qgf ~fpfdvf }ge~f |e} cbah`hfa qb }ien} b` 5> {f~mfdq) 5; {f~mfdq eda 7 {f~ mfdq b`

qgf EL^ af{fdahdl bd qgf }hzf b` qgf Mh~mif$ Qgh} ~fpfdvf }ge~f |e} {exenif

uve~qf~ix$ Qgf ihmfdmf `ff }q~vmqv~f ge} v~qgf~ nffd ~fph}fa e} vdaf~:#

]f~phmf E~fe Ihmfdmf @ff '[f~mfdqelf b` EL^(



Cfq~b} 5;&

kE‘ 'E[) Lvj~eq) Oe~deqeoe) Cege~e}q~e) Qechideav( 5;&

kN‘'\N) Ge~xede) Of~eie) C[) [vdjen) eje}qged) V[( 7&

kM‘ 'E}}ec) Nhge~) G[) JO) DF) B~h}}e( 0&

5$=8 ]hdmf >;;1) qgf Af{e~qcfdq gepf nffd h}}vhdl df| Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf

Ihmfdmf} eda eiibqqhdl >L ]{fmq~vc bd mbdqhdvbv} eda `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q }f~pfa ne}h}$

Nfq|ffd >;;1 eda >;;< 65 df| VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa e`qf~ qgf hdq~bavmqhbd b` qgf

VE] ihmfd}hdl ~flhcf bd 55qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;=$ Afqehi} b` qgf}f ihmfdmf} e~f eq

'Eddfwv~f#PHH($

5$1; Bd 5=qg E{~hi) >;;<) AbQ ceaf e ~f`f~fdmf qb QÊH }qeqhdl qgeq qgf {bihmx bd

VE]I |e} `hdeihzfa hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;= ne}fa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH eda

568 ihmfdmf} gea nffd h}}vfa }b è~ `b~ {~bphahdl Emmf}} ]f~phmf} 'MCQ]"VE]"Ne}hm(

hd qgf mbvdq~x |hqg 6#7 Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} hd femg }f~phmf e~fe$ Qgf}f }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} |f~f cb}qix {~bphahdl |h~fif}} }f~phmf} v}hdl L]C"MACE qfmgdbiblx$

Qgf~f |e}) qgf~f`b~f) }vn}qedqhei afceda bd }{fmq~vc e} edx Hdahed mbc{edx

`vi`hiihdl qgf fihlhnhihqx m~hqf~he mbvia e{{ix `b~ VE] ihmfdmf$

5$15 QÊH) hd hq} >;;< ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) }vllf}qfa kDb Me{‘ bd qgf dvcnf~ b`

{iexf~} eda ei}b ~fmbccfdafa db evmqhbd b` }{fmq~vc hd qgf 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGzneda}$ Qgf Evqgb~hqx ei}b ~fmbccfdafa l~edq b` }{fmq~vc vdaf~ mbcnhdeqhbd b`

qfmgdbiblx$ Qgf QÊH hd hq} Cex) >;5; ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} eapbmeqfa qgeq eii VE]

ihmfdmf} |f~f fihlhnif `b~ 0$> CGz b` >L }{fmq~vc$

5$1> Hd Bmqbnf~) >;;<) =6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx Ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa qb ^fihedmf

Mbccvdhmeqhbd}) ]gxec Qfifihdo Iqa eda G@MI Hd`bqfi Iqa$ |gb |f~f bqgf~|h}f

b``f~hdl MACE }f~phmf}$ Qgf}f mbc{edhf} {eha qgf fdq~x `ff e} {f~ qgf QÊH

~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$ Hd qgf mbdqfwq b` qgf M~b}}bpf~ b~ Avei Qfmgdbiblx) QÊH

~fmbccfdafa qgeq e ihmfd}ff v}hdl bdf qfmgdbiblx cex nf {f~chqqfa bd ~fuvf}q

v}elf b` eiqf~deqhpf qfmgdbiblx eda qgv} eiibmeqhbd b` avei }{fmq~vc h$f$ nbqg `b~

MACE L]C }f~phmf}$ Gb|fpf~) }vmg e ihmfd}ff cv}q {ex qgf }ecf ecbvdq b` `ff

|ghmg ge} nffd {eha nx qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff} v}hdl qgf eiqf~deqhpf qfmgdbiblx b~

|ghmg |bvia nf {eha nx e df| ihmfd}ff lbhdl qb v}f qgeq qfmgdbiblx$ Hd emmb~aedmf



|hqg qgf enbpf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) hd {~hdmh{if e{{~bpei |e} mbccvdhmeqfa qb

qgf enbpf mhqfa mbc{edhf} qb v}f eiqf~deqf |h~fif}} qfmgdbiblx$

5$1= QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` kDb Me{‘ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` {iexf~} eda qgf ~fcbpei

b` qgf {~f#~fuvh}hqf b` fw{f~hfdmf hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ nx qgf VE]I lvhafihdf} ifa qb

qgf ~fmfh{q b` e ìbba e{{ihmeqhbd} hd AbQ `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf}$ Bd >1 qg

]f{qfcnf~) >;;<) e [~f}} ^fife}f |e} h}}vfa qb qgf f``fmq qgeq df| e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~

VE] ihmfdmf} |bvia dbq nf emmf{qfa nx qgf AbQ e`qf~ 5 }q Bmqbnf~) >;;< qhii `v~qgf~

b~af~}$ Qgf [~f}} ^fife}f e{{fe~fa hd qgf Df|}{e{f~} bd >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;<$

Qgf~f |f~f >=> e{{ihmeqhbd} {fdahdl qhii >6qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< eda =1= cb~f

e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f ~fmfhpfa nfq|ffd >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< eda 5}q Bmqbnf~) >;;<$

Qgv}) 6<6 e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f ~fmfhpfa e} b` qgf mvq b`` aeqf$ Hd e

}f~hf} b` eiiflfaix mbdq~bpf~}hei emqhbd}"afmh}hbd}) 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa bd

5;qg Jedve~x) >;;7$ Qgf qbqei dvcnf~ b` ihmfdmf} h}}vfa nx AbQ }hdmf 5881 h} eqEddfwv~f#PHHH$

5$11 Qgf l~edq b` 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} bd 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;7 bvq b` qgf 6<6

e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa) }qh~~fa e gb~dfq‘} df}q$ Qgf l~edq b` qgf}f ihmfdmf} eibdl|hqg

qgf =6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} hd Bmqbnf~) >;;< eda qgf eiibqcfdq b` eaahqhbdei

}{fmq~vc qb qgf MC][} ~eh}fa cedx fxfn~b|} eda ~v` ifa cedx `feqgf~}$ Qgf~f

|f~f eiifleqhbd} `~bc cedx uve~qf~} bd qgf h~~flvie~hqhf} mbcchqqfa hd qgf h}}vf b`

VE] ihmfdmf} eda eiibqcfdq b` >L }{fmq~vc hd >;;<#>;;7 hd ed e~nhq~e~x ceddf~ nx

eapedmhdl qgf mvq#b`` aeqf qb >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;<) cedh{vieqhdl qgf @M@] {bihmx)

mgf~~x {hmohdl qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} }haf q~emohdl qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf)

hldb~hdl qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~,} eaphmf fqm$ \geq h~ofa cb}q h} qgf l~edq b` ihmfdmf} hd

>;;<#>;;7 eq e {~hmf afqf~chdfa hd >;;5 b}qfd}hnix qb èpbv~ mf~qehd mbc{edhf}$

5$16$ Qgf~f |f~f Ibo ]enge afneqf} bd 1qg eda 6qg Afmfcnf~) >;;< bd qgf h}}vf b`

eiibmeqhbd b` eaahqhbdei >L }{fmq~vc qb qgf L]C b{f~eqb~}) `~ff b` mb}q$ ]hchie~ix)qgf~f |e} e afneqf hd êjxe ]enge bd 50qg Afmfcnf~) >;;7 bd qgf eiiflfa

h~~flvie~hqhf} mbcchqqfa hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc$ Qgf~f |f~f }fpf~ei }qe~~fa

eda vd}qe~~fa uvf}qhbd} hd nbqg Ibo ]enge eda êjxe ]enge bd qgf >L }{fmq~vc

h}}vf$ E dvcnf~ b` Cfcnf~} b` [e~ihecfdq eda {~f}hafdq} b` {bihqhmei {e~qhf} |~bqf qb

qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd eiibmeqhbd b` eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc) ihmfdmf} `b~ Avei Qfmgdbiblx)

h~~flvie~hqhf} mbcchqqfa hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc hd >;;<#;7 eda ~fieqfa

h}}vf}$



5$10 Qgf~f |f~f fwqfd}hpf {~f}} e~qhmif} ei}b mbccfdqhdl v{bd qgf l~b}}

h~~flvie~hqhf} hd qgf h}}vf b` VE] ihmfdmf}"eiibqcfdq b` >L }{fmq~vc hd >;;<#;7$

]fpf~ei jbv~db} |~bqf hd afqehi qgf mgehd b` fpfdq} qgeq ifa qb qgf ce}}hpf ib}} qb qgf

fwmgfuvf~ bd emmbvdq b` l~edqhdl ihmfdmf}"}{fmq~vc hd >;;<#>;;7 eq e {~hmf

afqf~chdfa hd >;;5$ Qgf cb}q {~bchdfdq eda {~bnhdl ~f{b~qhdl bd qgf ceqqf~ |e}ceaf nx ]g~h J$ Lb{ho~h}gded |gb |~bqf fwqfd}hpfix }hdmf Afmfcnf~) >;;7 bd qgf

eiiflfa >L }{fmq~vc }mec$

5$1< Bd qgf ne}h} b` deqhbd|haf mbdmf~d} fw{~f}}fa qb|e~a} h~~flvie~hqhf} b` l~epf

deqv~f hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc vdaf~ VE]I eda }{fmh`hm mbc{iehdq} ~fmfhpfa

nx qgf Mfdq~ei Phlhiedmf Mbcch}}hbd 'MPM( elehd}q qgf @h~}q Mbcf @h~}q ]f~pfa [bihmx

'@M@]( eab{qfa `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf}) e dvcnf~ b` uvf}qhbddeh~f} |f~f }fdq qb

qgf AbQ nx qgf MPM `b~ mie~h`hmeqhbd} bd qgf @M@] {bihmx$ E} qgf ~f{ihf} ~fmfhpfa `~bc

qgf AbQ |f~f dbq }{fmh`hm) qgf Mbcch}}hbd afmhafa qb mbdavmq e ah~fmq hduvh~x bd qgf

ceqqf~ bd 5<qg Jvdf) >;;8$ Bd 5>qg Bmqbnf~) >;;8 qgf MPM ~f`f~~fa qgf ceqqf~ qb qgf

Mfdq~ei Nv~fev b` Hdpf}qhleqhbd 'MNH( `b~ afqehifa hdpf}qhleqhbd bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf

Mbcch}}hbd,} Ah~fmq Hduvh~x ^f{b~q |ghmg ghlgihlgqfa }f~hbv} h~~flvie~hqhf} hd qgf l~edq

b` VE] ihmfdmf}"}{fmq~vc hd >;;7$ Qgf MPM‘} ~f`f~fdmf b` qgf me}f qb qgf MNH

eibdl|hqg qgf Mbcch}}hbd‘} Ah~fmq Hduvh~x ^f{b~q e~f eq 'Eddfwv~f#HW($ Qgf MNH)

emmb~ahdlix) `hifa qgf @h~}q Hd`b~ceqhbd ^f{b~q '@H^( 'Eddfwv~f#W( bd >5}q

Bmqbnf~)>;;8$

5$17 Elehd}q qgf enbpf nemoa~b{) qgf [vnihm Emmbvdq} Mbcchqqff '>;;8#5;( vdaf~

qgf Mgeh~ced}gh{ b` ]g~h Lb{hdeqg Cvdaf) C$[$ eq qgfh~ }hqqhdl gfia bd 58 qg Jedve~x)

>;5; hdqf~#eihe afihnf~eqfa bd qgf afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~) f}{fmheiix qgf

eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda ~fieqfa h}}vf}$ ]bcf Cfcnf~} {~b{b}fa qgeq qgf }vnjfmq

chlgq nf qeofd v{ nx qgf [EM `b~ afqehifa fwechdeqhbd eda ~f{b~q$ E`qf~ }bcf

ah}mv}}hbd} bd pe~hbv} h}}vf} vdaf~ixhdl qgf }fifmqhbd b` qgf }vnjfmq) qgf Mbcchqqff

af}h~fa qgeq qgf ]fm~fqe~heq) hd mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg qgf B``hmf b` MEL b` Hdahe) chlgq

fwechdf qgf `fe}hnhihqx b` qeohdl v{ qgf }vnjfmq `b~ fwechdeqhbd eda e{{~h}f qgf

Mgeh~ced emmb~ahdlix$ E`qf~ qgf dffa`vi |e} abdf eda qgf Mgeh~ced |e} e{{~h}fa)

qgf }vnjfmq k^fmfdq Afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ hdmivahdl Eiibmeqhbd b` >L

eda =L ]{fmq~vc‘ |e} }fifmqfa `b~ fwechdeqhbd phaf Ibo ]enge Nviifqhd [e~q#HH aeqfa

5>qg @fn~ve~x) >;5;$ Gb|fpf~) avf qb {evmhqx b` qhcf eda `hdeihzeqhbd b` ^f{b~q} bd



bqgf~ }vnjfmq}) qgf Mbcchqqff mbvia dbq fwechdf qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L =L ]{fmq~vc

eda bqgf~ ~fieqfa afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~$

5$18$ Bd 8qg E{~hi) >;5; evmqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf =L neda |e} mbccfdmfa eda nx

58qg E{~hi) >;5; qgf {~bmf}} |e} bpf~$ H` `fqmgfa e |gb{{hdl ^}$ 0<)<57$86 m~b~f qb

qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ed ecbvdq cvmg cb~f qged qgf f}qhceqf eda edqhmh{eqhbd b` qgf AbQ

hq}fi`$

5$6; Qgf [vnihm Emmbvdq} Mbcchqqff '>;5;#55( |e} mbd}qhqvqfa bd 6qg Cex) >;5;

vdaf~ qgf Mgeh~ced}gh{ b` A~$ Cv~ih Cedbge~ Jb}gh) C$[$ Hd qgf `h~}q }hqqhdl b` qgf

Mbcchqqff gfia bd >5}q Cex) >;5;) }bcf Cfcnf~} }vllf}qfa qgeq qgf }vnjfmq ’^fmfdq

Afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ hdmivahdl Eiibmeqhbd b` >L eda =L ]{fmq~vc–

|ghmg |e} }fifmqfa nx qgf {~fafmf}}b~ Mbcchqqff chlgq nf ~f}fifmqfa `b~

fwechdeqhbd$ E`qf~ avf afihnf~eqhbd}) qgf Mbcchqqff afmhafa qb qeof v{ qgf }vnjfmq `b~ fwechdeqhbd av~hdl qgf xfe~ >;5;#55$ Emmb~ahdlix) qgf ceqqf~ |e} dbqh`hfa hd Ibo

]enge Nviifqhd [e~q#HH aeqfa 55qg Jvdf) >;5;$

5$65 Hd qgf cfed|ghif) evmqhbd b` N\E ]{fmq~vc }qe~qfa bd >1qg Cex) >;5; eda

mbc{ifqfa bd 55qg Jvdf) >;5;$ Hq `fqmgfa qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ^}$ =7)61=$=5 m~b~f$ Qgv})

qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ~fmfhpfa ~fpfdvf qb qgf qvdf b` ^]$ 5);0)>0>$>0 m~b~f `~bc qgf

evmqhbd b` =L eda N\E ]{fmq~vc |ghmg |e} `hpf qhcf} cb~f qged qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf$

5$6> Bd =;qg Jvdf) >;5;) qgf Mbcchqqff gfia e }hqqhdl bd qgf }vnjfmq |gf~fhd ]g~h

[$J$ Qgbce}) ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ eda bqgf~ b` hmf~} b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq n~hf`fa qgf

Mbcchqqff bd pe~hbv} e}{fmq} b` qgf afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ hdmivahdl

qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L =L ]{fmq~vc$ Bd qgf }ecf aex) qgf Mbcchqqff gfe~a qgf

phf|} b` ]g~h E}gbo Mge|ie) ]fm~fqe~x) Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf 'Af{e~qcfdq b` Fmbdbchm

E`èh~}( eda bqgf~ b``hmf~} b` qgeq Chdh}q~x ~fle~ahdl qgf ~bif eda ~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` qgf

@hdedmf Chdh}q~x hd ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$ Qgf Mbcchqqff bnqehdfa {b}q fphafdmf

mie~h`hmeqhbd}"hd`b~ceqhbd `~bc nbqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq} bd }bcf b` qgf hc{b~qedq {bhdq}

qgeq |f~f ~eh}fa hd qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf af{b}hqhbd}$

5$6= Bd 50qg Jvix) >;5;) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e) qgf

`b~cf~ Mgeh~ced) QÊH qb odb| enbvq qgf fpfdq} qgeq bmmv~~fa av~hdl gh} qfdv~f }b

è~ e} QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ]{fmq~vc eda ~fieqfa h}}vf} |f~f mbdmf~dfa e}

|fii e} qgf }qedmf qeofd nx ghc$ Bd qgf }ecf aex) qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b qbbo fphafdmf



b` ]g~h J$]$ ]e~ce) Mgeh~ced QÊH eda bqgf~ b``hmf~} b` qgf ^flvieqb~x Nbax |gf~fhd

pe~hbv} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH bd ihmfd}hdl }{fmq~vc h}}vf}) qgf cedaeqf lhpfd qb

QÊH hd qgf `b~cvieqhbd eda e{{ihmeqhbd b` pe~hbv} {bihmhf}"lvhafihdf} `b~ qgf fw{ed}hbd

b` Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ fqm$ |f~f n~bemgfa v{bd$ [b}q fphafdmf |~hqqfd ~f{ihf} bd pe~hbv}

{bhdq} |f~f bnqehdfa `~bc qgf QÊH$

5$61 Hd qgf cfedqhcf) ]g~h N~hjfda~e O$ ]xdlei) `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI eda e ~fdb|dfa

fw{f~q hd qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ |~bqf qb qgf Mgeh~ced) [EM ghlgihlgqhdl }f~hbv}

h~~flvie~hqhf} hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc hd >;;<#>;;7$ ]g~h ]xdlei |e}

emmb~ahdlix meiifa qb e{{fe~ nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff eda gf qfdaf~fa fphafdmf bd 8 qg

Evlv}q) >;5; eda e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff hd afqehi b` qgf pe~hbv} fpfdq} qgeq ifa qb qgf

ce}}hpf h~~flvie~hqhf} hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc$ E} }bcf {bhdq} }qhii ~fcehdfa

qb nf mie~h`hfa) ]g~h ]xdlei elehd qfdaf~fa fphafdmf nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff bd >< qg

Evlv}q) >;5;$ [b}q fphafdmf |~hqqfd ~f{ihf} eda bqgf~ abmvcfdq}"hd`b~ceqhbd bd qgf}vnjfmq |f~f ei}b bnqehdfa `~bc ghc$

5$66 Bd 50qg Dbpfcnf~) >;5;) qgf MEL‘} [f~`b~cedmf Evahq ^f{b~q bd qgf kH}}vf

b` Ihmfdmf} eda Eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc‘ |e} ieha hd qgf [e~ihecfdq$ Hq {~bphafa

}bcf eaahqhbdei eda phqei hd{vq} qb qgf Mbcchqqff hd e qgb~bvlg fwechdeqhbd b` qgf

}vnjfmq$ Qgf lh}q b` qgf cejb~ `hdahdl} b` qgf Evahq ^f{b~q h} e} `biib|}:#

'e( Le{} hd [bihmx Hc{ifcfdqeqhbd

Hd mbd}bdedmf |hqg qgf bnjfmqhpf} fdvdmheqfa hd qgf Df| Qfifmbc [bihmx) 5888)

e {bihmx `~ecf|b~o |e} f}qenih}gfa hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;= qb mge~q qgf mbv~}f b`

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` e Vdhpf~}ei Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf$ Hq fdph}elfa q|b {ge}f} phz$ `h~}q

{ge}f b` }hw cbdqg} e}}hldfa `b~ chl~eqhbd b` qgf ei~feax fwh}qhdl Ne}hm ]f~phmf

B{f~eqb~} 'N]B}( eda Mfiivie~ Cbnhif ]f~phmf B{f~eqb~} 'MC]B}( qb qgf df|

^flhcf) eda qgf }fmbda {ge}f |ghmg |e} qb }qe~q e`qf~ qgf `h~}q {ge}f fdph}elfa e

dbchdei fdq~x `ff `b~ qgf ihmfdmf eda }f{e~eqf mge~lf} `b~ ]{fmq~vc$ \ghif qgf `h~}q

{ge}f |e} hc{ifcfdqfa) qgf }fmbda bdf |e} bpf~ibbofa ifeahdl qb qgf peiveqhbd b`

>L ]{fmq~vc hd >;;7 eq >;;5 {~hmf}$ Qgv}) bdf b` qgf cb}q hc{b~qedq bnjfmqhpf} b` qgf

df| {bihmx afmh}hbd qb afihdo ]{fmq~vc `~bc h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf eda afph}f ed f``hmhfdq

eiibmeqhbd `b~cvie eda e{{~b{~heqf {~hmf `b~ ]{fmq~vc ~fcehdfa vdemghfpfa$



'n( ]haf q~emohdl b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda Bpf~~vihdl qgfh~ phf|}eda mbdmf~d}

Qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} 'AbQ( aha dbq e}}bmheqf qgf Chdh}q~x b`

@hdedmf hd qgf ah}mv}}hbd `b~ f``hmhfdq eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda hq} {~hmf `hweqhbd

eiqgbvlg qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x |e} evqgb~hzfa nx qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= qb

{e~qhmh{eqf hd }vmg ah}mv}}hbd}$ ]hchie~ix) qgf eaphmf b` qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x hd

Dbpfcnf~) >;;< qb ~fphf| qgf ceqqf~ b` {~hmf `hweqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc bd >;;5 ne}h} |e}

bpf~ibbofa nx qgf AbQ$ Dbq bdix qgeq) qgf ~bif b` qgf LbC |e} mbd`hdfa qb h}}vf}

mbdmf~dhdl pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc) ifephdl bvq qgf q|b bqgf~ Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf} phz$

f``hmhfdq eiibmeqhbd eda e{{~b{~heqf {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc) hd mbdq~epfdqhbd |hqg qgf {bihmx

afmh}hbd b` >;;=$

'm( Bpf~ibbohdl qgf Eaphmf b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf

Qgf b{hdhbd b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) eq qgf ifpfi b` qgf Chdh}qf~) qb

~f`f~ qgf fdqh~f h}}vf b` ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd qb ed Fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}

'FLbC( eda hd qgf {~bmf}} bnqehd qgf iflei b{hdhbd b` qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei |e}

hldb~fa nx AbQ) eiqgbvlg qgf }eha b{hdhbd |e} fw{~f}}fa hd ~f}{bd}f qb qgf ~fuvf}q b`

qgf Af{e~qcfdq hq}fi` hd Bmqbnf~) >;;<$

'a( Dbd#eagf~fdmf qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~‘} ]vllf}qhbd}

Qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~‘} eaphmf hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;< qb ~fmbd}haf~ qgf {~hmf

ah}mbpf~fa hd >;;5 `b~ e `eh~ eda q~ed}{e~fdq cfqgba b` ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd |hqg ed

fxf bd ~fpfdvf lfdf~eqhbd |e} dbq gffafa qb bd qgf {ife b` {~bphahdl e ifpfi {iexhdl

`hfia qb qgf df| e{{ihmedq}$

'f( Dbq Mbd}viqhdl qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd

Qgf Ghlg [b|f~fa Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd |ghmg ei}b hdmivaf} {e~q qhcf

cfcnf~} `~bc qgf Chdh}q~hf} b` @hdedmf) Hdav}q~x fqm$ eda [ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd |e}

dbq e{{~h}fa b` qgf Q^EH ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Evlv}q) >;;< db~ |f~f qgfx mbd}viqfa

eq qgf qhcf b` l~edq b` 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} hd >;;7$

'`( E~nhq~e~x Mgedlf} hd qgf mvq#b`` aeqf



Mh~mvcpfdqhdl qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH bd ‗db me{‘ bd qgf dvcnf~ b`

ihmfdmf} hd edx }f~phmf e~fe) qgf AbQ‘} [~f}} ^fife}f b` ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< }qeqfa qgeq

e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} |bvia nf emmf{qfa bdix v{qb 5 }q Bmqbnf~) >;;<) |ghmg

hd f``fmq {vq ed e~qh`hmhei me{ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` ihmfdmf} qb nf e|e~afa$ Dbq bdix qgeq)

qgf mvq b`` aeqf b` 5

}q

Bmqbnf~) >;;< |e} e~nhq~e~hix eapedmfa qb >6

qg

]f{qfcnf~) >;;<$

'l( Dbq `biib|hdl qgf @h~}q Mbcf @h~}q ]f~pfa '@M@]( [bihmx hd ifqqf~ eda}{h~hq

Qgf @h~}q Mbcf @h~}q ]f~pfa '@M@]( [bihmx ed hdqf~deiix eda fe~ihf~ eab{qfa

[bihmx hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc |ghmg |e} fwqfdafa `b~ h}}vf b` df| VE]

ihmfdmf} |e} dbq `biib|fa hd ifqqf~ eda }{h~hq e} |bvia nf mb~~bnb~eqfa `~bc qgf èmq

qgeq e{{ihmeqhbd} }vnchqqfa nfq|ffd Ce~mg) >;;0 eda >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< |f~f

h}}vfa Ifqqf~} b` Hdqfdq} 'IbH( bd e }hdlif aex phz$ 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;7$

'g( H}}vf b` Ihmfdmf qb hdfihlhnif E{{ihmedq}

Fhlgqx `hpf bvq b` qgf 5>> ihmfd}f} h}}vfa hd >;;7 |f~f `bvda qb nf h}}vfa qb

Mbc{edhf} |ghmg aha dbq }eqh}`x qgf ne}hm fihlhnhihqx mbdahqhbd} }fq nx qgf AbQ eda gea

}v{{~f}}fa èmq}) ah}mib}fa hdmbc{ifqf hd`b~ceqhbd eda }vnchqqfa `hmqhqhbv} abmvcfdq}

`b~ lfqqhdl VE] ihmfd}f} eda qgf~fnx emmf}} qb ]{fmq~vc$

'h( [~f}vc{qhpf eda [bqfdqhei ib}} qb qgf Fwmgfuvf~ nx dbq Evmqhbdhdl>L ]{fmq~vc

Bd qgf peivf} afqf~chdfa qg~bvlg pe~hbv} hdahmeqb~} ihof qgf {~hmf} b``f~fa nx

]$ Qfi Ihchqfa) qgf ~fpfdvf lfdf~eqfa qg~bvlg =L ]{fmq~vc evmqhbd eda mbc{edhf}

}fiihdl qgfh~ fuvhqx e`qf~ e|e~a b` ihmfdmf) qgf {~f}vc{qhpf peivf b` >L ]{fmq~vc bd

emmbvdq b` eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc nfxbda qgf mbdq~emqfa ecbvdq b` 0$> CGz eda l~edqb` 56< ihmfdmf} '5>> VE] {iv} =6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihfdmf}( hd ah``f~fdq mh~mif} av~hdl

>;;<#;7 |bvia nf hd qgf ~edlf b` ^}$ 6<)000 m~b~f qb ^}$ 5)<0)016 m~b~f$

5$60 Bd >>da Dbpfcnf~) >;5;) qgf Mbcchqqff gfia ed hdqf~dei ah}mv}}hbd |gf~fhd

qgf Mgeh~ced hdqf~#eihe e{{~h}fa qgf Cfcnf~} b` qgf |b~o abdf nx qgf Mbcchqqff

{~hb~ qb qgf iexhdl b` qgf Evahq ^f{b~q bd qgf }vnjfmq eda db| qgeq qgf Evahq ^f{b~q gea



mbcf bvq |hqg }fpf~ei `hdahdl}) qgf}f |bvia }f~pf eaahqhbdei peivenif hd{vq} `b~ qgf

Mbcchqqff qb èmhihqeqf qgf fwechdeqhbd b` qgf }vnjfmq$

5$6< Bd <qg Afmfcnf~) >;5;) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` ]g~h [~eah{ Nehjei)

`b~cf~ Mgeh~ced) QÊH eda ]g~h ]haage~qg Nfgv~he) `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qb qeof

}qbmo b` qgf }hqveqhbd eda qgf fpfdq} qgeq ge{{fdfa av~hdl qgf qfdv~f eq qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf b``hmf} }b è~ e} ihmfd}hdl) eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc fqm$ |f~f mbdmf~dfa$

5$67 Bd >;qg Afmfcnf~) >;5;) e [~f}} mbccvdhuvè hdphqhdl cfcb~edae bd qgf

}vnjfmq `~bc hdahphavei}"b~ledhzeqhbd}"E}}bmheqhbd} |e} }fdq qb qgf AEP[ `b~

{vnihmeqhbd$ Bd >=~a Afmfcnf~) >;5; qgf }eha [~f}} Mbccvdhuvè e{{fe~fa hd pe~hbv}

Deqhbdei eda ^flhbdei Df|}{e{f~}$ Hd ~f}{bd}f qb qgeq) 1; baa cfcb~edae |f~f

~fmfhpfa qg~bvlg cehi"f#cehi$ ]bcf b` qgf cfcb~edae mbdqehdfa ~fifpedq

}vllf}qhbd} |ghmg |f~f e{{~b{~heqfix vqhihzfa |ghif qeohdl fphafdmf eda bnqehdhdlhd`b~ceqhbd"abmvcfdq} `~bc pe~hbv} Chdh}q~hf}"Af{e~qcfdq}$

5$68 Bd ><qg Afmfcnf~) >;5;) qgf Mbcchqqff hdqf~emqfa |hqg qgf MEL |gb

fdihlgqfdfa qgfc bd pe~hbv} `hdahdl} bd qgf h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} eda eiibmeqhbd b` >L

}{fmq~vc e} mbdqehdfa hd qgf Evahq ^f{b~q$ Gf fpfd `v~dh}gfa |~hqqfd ~f{ix qb qgf

uvf~hf} ~eh}fa nx }bcf Cfcnf~}$

5$0; Bd >5}q Jedve~x) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` qgf ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qb

gepf }fpf~ei mie~h`hmeqhbd} bd qgf }vnjfmq ceqqf~$ [b}q#fphafdmf ~f{ihf} bd cedx

h}}vf} |f~f ei}b bnqehdfa `~bc qgf Af{e~qcfdq$ Bd qgf }ecf aex) ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~)

`b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ eda C}$ Cedjv Ceageped) `b~cf~ Cfcnf~'@hdedmf() Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd af{b}fa nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff mie~h`xhdl qgf }qedmf qeofd nx qgfc hd

qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf me{emhqhf} bd qgf cfqgbabiblx eab{qfa `b~ h}}vf b` VE]

ihmfdmf}"eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc eda bqgf~ ~fieqfa h}}vf}$

5$05 Bd =~a @fn~ve~x) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` A~$ A$ ]vnne~eb)

Lbpf~db~) ^f}f~pf Nedo b` Hdahe eda `b~cf~ @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x qb lfq qb odb| qgf

}qedmf qeofd nx qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf) av~hdl gh} qfdv~f) bd qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b`

>;;= bd qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf) gh} mb~~f}{bdafdmf |hqg qgf ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ fqm$



5$0> Bd 56qg @fn~ve~x) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH qb

bnqehd m~vmhei hd`b~ceqhbd bd qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf >L ]{fmq~vc }mec) qgf afiex bd

qgf {e~q b` qgf elfdmx hd hdpf}qhleqhdl qgf me}f) ah~fmq cbdhqb~hdl b` qgf MNH

hdpf}qhleqhbd nx qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q fqm$ Qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b bnqehdfa {b}q fphafdmf

~f{ihf} bd }fpf~ei h}}vf} `~bc qgf MNH$

5$0= Bd 7qg Ce~mg) >;55) ]g~h J$ Lb{ho~h}gde) ]{fmhei Mb~~f}{bdafdq) b` e

Df|}{e{f~ af{b}fa nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff eda f}qenih}gfa qgf pf~emhqx b` gh}

fwqfd}hpf |~hqhdl} }qe~qhdl `~bc 5> Afmfcnf~) >;;7 bd qgf eiiflfa >L ]{fmq~vc

}mec$ Qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b bnqehdfa bqgf~ ~fieqfa hd`b~ceqhbd ~bc ghc$

5$01 Bd 51qg Ce~mg) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` ]g~h Cedv Jb}f{g) Fahqb~)

qgf kB{fd‘ celezhdf eda ]g~h Phdba Cfgqe) Fahqb~#hd#Mghf`) qgf ,Bvqibbo‘ celezhdf qb

e}mf~qehd qgf evqgfdqhmhqx b` qgf Dhh~e êahe Qe{f} |ghmg |f~f fwqfd}hpfix {vnih}gfa hd

qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf celezhdf}$ Qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b bnqehdfa bqgf~ peivenif hd`b~ceqhbd

`~bc qgfc bd qgf êahe Qe{f}$

5$06 Bd 1qg E{~hi) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` C}$ Dhh~e êahe)

Mgeh~{f~}bd) Peh}gdeph Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Mb~{b~eqhbd [pq$ Iqa$ qb e}mf~qehd qgf

pf~emhqx b` gf~ mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg pe~hbv} {bihqhmhed}"Jbv~deih}q}"Mb~{b~eqf Gbv}f} bd

eiibmeqhbd b` {b~q`bihb} hd qgf Vdhbd Lbpf~dcfdq) eiibqcfdq b` >L ]{fmq~vc) q~ed}`f~ b`

b``hmhei} hd qgf AbQ) eiiflfa {excfdq b` n~hnf fqm$

5$00 Bd qgf }ecf aex) qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b qbbo fphafdmf b` ]g~h êqed D$ Qeqe)

Mgeh~ced) Qeqe ]bd} Iqa$ qb pf~h`x qgf evqgfdqhmhqx b` gh} mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg Dhh~e êahe

eda h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb eiibmeqhbd b` Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf}) Qeqe‘} mbccf~mhei

eapedmf qb Vdhqfmg fqm$

5$0< Bd 6qg E{~hi) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ 'db|

AN Fqh}eieq() ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$) ]$ Qfi Iqa$ eda Vdhqfmg \h~fif}} Iqa$ qb

bnqehd mie~h`hmeqhbd} bd pe~hbv} `hdahdl} b` Evahq) qgfh~ ~f{~f}fdqeqhbd elehd}q qgf Evahq

`hdahdl}) AbQ‘} mie~h`hmeqhbd} eda }fpf~ei bqgf~ ~fieqfa h}}vf}$

5$07 Bd 56qg E{~hi) >;55) qgf Mbcchqqff qbbo fphafdmf b` qgf Ie| ]fm~fqe~x) qgf

Ah~fmqb~) MNH eda qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe qb lfq mie~h`hmeqhbd} bd pe~hbv} h}}vf}



ihof qgf }qedmf qeofd nx qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| Jv}qhmf hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` VE]

ihmfdmf">L ]{fmq~vc hd >;;<#;7) qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei‘} iflei b{hdhbd bd ~fieqfa

ceqqf~} eda qgf ieqf}q {b}hqhbd b` qgf MNH‘} hdpf}qhleqhbd$

5$08 Bd 50qg E{~hi) >;55 qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x eda qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf

[~hcf Chdh}qf~ af{b}fa nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff qb mie~h`x qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf ~bif eda~f}{bd}hnhihqhf} b` qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq eda qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} B` hmf hd qgf

`b~ceqhbd b` qgf LbC) fd}v~hdl mbc{ihedmf qb qgf Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf} 'Qb^}( b` qgf

LbC}) afeihdl |hqg pe~hbv} ifqqf~"~f{~f}fdqeqhbd} b` qgf Cfcnf~} b` [e~ihecfdq eda

bqgf~ ~fieqfa ceqqf~}$

5$<; Qgf mg~bdbiblhmei }fuvfdmf b` fphafdmf} qeofd nx qgf Mbcchqqff nf`b~f eda

e`qf~ iexhdl b` qgf Evahq ^f{b~q h} e} vdaf~:#

]$Db$

Aeqf \hqdf}}f} fwechdfa

5$ =;$;0$>;5; ]fm~fqe~x) Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} edaHd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx 'Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}( eda bqgf~ b``hmf~}$

>$ =;$;0$>;5; ]fm~fqe~x) Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf 'Af{e~qcfdqb` Fmbdbchm E``eh~}( eda bqgf~ b``hmf~}$

=$ 50$;<$>;5; ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e) fw#Mgeh~{f~}bd)Q^EH

1$ 50$;<$>;5; Qgf Mgeh~ced eda bqgf~ ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe$

6$ ;8$;7$>;5; ]g~h N~hjfda~e O$ ]xdlei0$ ><$;7$>;5; ]g~h N~hjfda~e O$ ]xdlei<$ >>$55$>;5; Hdqf~dei ah}mv}}hbd7$ ;<$5>$>;5; 'h( ]g~h [~eaff{ Nehjei) @b~cf~

Mgeh~{f~}bd) Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~xEvqgb~hqx b` Hdahe$

'hh( ]g~h ]haage~qg Nfgv~e) `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd}eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx'Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}($

8$ ><$5>$>;5; Hdqf~emqhbd |hqg qgf MEL5;$ >5$;5$>;55 'h( ]fm~fqe~x) Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd}

eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx'Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}($

'hh( ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~) @b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x)AbQ eda C}$ Cedjv Ceagped) @b~cf~ Cfcnf~) Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$

55$ ;=$;>$>;55 A~$ A$ ]vnne~eb) Lbpf~db~) ^f}f~pf



Nedo b` Hdahe eda @b~cf~ @hdedmf]fm~fqe~x$

5>$ 56$;>$>;55 ]g~h Ece~ [~eqe{ ]hdlg) Ah~fmqb~) MNH5=$ ;7$;=$>;55 ]g~h Lb{ho~h}gded) ]{fmhei Mb~~f}{bdafdq)

Qgf [hbdff~$51$ 51$;=$>;55 'h( ]g~h Cedv Jb}f{g)

Fahqb~) B{fd Celezhdf'hh( ]g~h Phdba Cfgqe) Fahqb~#hd#Mghf`)

Bvqibbo

56$ ;1$;1$>;55 'h( Dhh~e êahe) Mgeh~{f~}bd) Peh}gdephMbccvdhmeqhbd Mb~{b~eqhbd Iqa$

'hh( ]g~h êqed D$ Qeqe) Mgeh~ced) Qeqe]bd} Iqa$

50$ ;6$;6$>;55 'h( ^f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` AN Fqh}eieq'hh(^f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` ^fihedmf

Mbccvdhmeqhbd Iqa$'hhh( ^f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` ]$ Qfi Iqa$

'hp( ^f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` Vdhqfmg \h~fif}}Iqa$

5<$ 56$;1$>;55 'h( Qgf ]fm~fqe~x 'Chdh}q~x b` Ie|Jv}qhmf() Af{e~qcfdq b` Iflei E`èh~}$

'hh( Qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH'hhh( Qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe

57$ 50$;1$>;55 'h( Qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x'hh(Qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~

5$<5 Qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b {~bmv~fa }fpf~ei }v{{ifcfdqe~x"eaahqhbdei

hd`b~ceqhbd"abmvcfdq} ~vddhdl hdqb qgbv}eda} b` {elf} `~bc

qgf [CB) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq) AbQ) AFE) QÊH) MNH fqm$ Ne}fa bd qgf

fphafdmf} qeofd eda abmvcfdq} bnqehdfa `~bc pe~hbv} Chdh}q~hf}"Af{e~qcfdq"

Elfdmhf}"B~ledh}eqhbd}"Fw{f~q}"Hdahphavei}) qgf Mbcchqqff fwechdfa qgf }vnjfmq hd

l~feq afqehi |ghmg e~f fivmhaeqfa eda n~bemgfa v{bd hd qgf `biib|hdl Mge{qf~}$



#><#

MGE[QF^ # HH

]GB^QMBCHDL] HD QGF HC[IFCFDQEQHBD E][FMQ

>$5 E} cfdqhbdfa fe~ihf~) hd Bmqbnf~ >;;= QÊH }vnchqqfa hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd

Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl ~flhcf |ghmg fdph}elfa qbqei fihchdeqhbd b` }f~phmf ne}fa ihmfd}hdl$

Vdh`hfa Ihmfdmf |e} ed e{{~bemg qb|e~a} mbdpf~lfdmf b` emmf}} cfahe$ @vii

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf df| ~flhcf |e} qb nf mbc{ifqfa hd q|b {ge}f}$ Qgf Vdhbd

Menhdfq e{{~bpfa qgf QÊH ~f{b~q hd Bmqbnf~ >;;=$ [ge}f H |e} qgf `h~}q }qf{ b`

chl~eqhbd b` fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff} qb qgf Vdh`hfa Emmf}} Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf$ Qgh} |e} qb nf

`biib|fa nx e }fmbda {ge}f b` e `viix Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl "Evqgb~h}eqhbd ^flhcf gephdl

eii qfifmbc }f~phmf} vdaf~ bdf ihmfdmf$ Qgh} |e} `b~ l~edq b` ihmfdmf} qb df|b{f~eqb~}$ Qgf QÊH) hd hq} ~f{b~q bd Vdh hfa Ihmfd}hdl emmf{qfa nx Lbpf~dcfdq hd

Bmqbnf~ >;;=) gea ~fmbccfdafa qgeq Vdh`hfa Ihmfdmf ^flhcf }gbvia ehc eq

evqbceqhm ihmfd}hdl"evqgb~h}eqhbd `b~ qfifmbc }f~phmf} }vnjfmq qb dbqh`hmeqhbd qb

^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx eda mbc{ihedmf |hqg {vnih}gfa lvhafihdf} nx b{f~eqb~ qgf~fnx

~fcbphdl eii ne~~hf~} `b~ l~b|qg hd qgf }fmqb~$ Qgf vdaf~ixhdl {~hdmh{if |e} qb eiib|

ihmfdmf eq dbchdei fdq~x `ff eda {~hmf qgf }{fmq~vc }f{e~eqfix) hq nfhdl e }me~mf {vnihm

~f}bv~mf$ QÊH gea `v~qgf~ bn}f~pfa qgeq ’]{fmq~vc |e} qb nf ah}q~hnvqfa nx }vmg e

cfmgedh}c qgeq hq h} eiibmeqfa b{qhceiix qb qgf cb}q f``hmhfdq v}f~–$

>$> Vdh hfa Ihmfd}hdl"Evqgb~hzeqhbd nfhdl qgf cehd bnjfmqhpf) QÊH gea

~fmbccfdafa e q|b#{ge}f hc{ifcfdqeqhbd$ ^fmbldhzhdl qgeq {~hce~x bnjfmqhpf b`

l~b|qg hd qfifafd}hqx af{fdafa bd }fmv~hdl emmf}} dfq|b~o eq ib| mb}q) hd qgf `h~}q

{ge}f) vdh`hmeqhbd b` emmf}} }f~phmf} eq qgf Mh~mif ifpfi |e} ~fmbccfdafa |gf~fnx

qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} b` df| Vdh`hfa Emmf}} Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf |bvia nf enif qb b``f~

ne}hm eda"b~ mfiivie~ }f~phmf} v}hdl edx qfmgdbiblx 'L]C b~ MACE($ Qgf }fmbda{ge}f |e} qb nf }bbd `biib|fa nx af`hdhdl qgf lvhafihdf} eda ~vif} `b~ `viix Vdh`hfa

Ihmfdmf"Evqgb~hzeqhbd ^flhcf$

>$= Qgv}) qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf VE]I ~flhcf ne}fa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b`

QÊH eda e{{~bpfa nx qgf Mbvdmhi b` Chdh}qf~} |e} qb nf me~~hfa bvq hd q|b {ge}f}

|hqg qgf `h~}q {ge}f b` }hw cbdqg} e}}hldfa `b~ qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` VE]I ~flhcf `b~



#>7#

chl~eqhbd b` ei~feax fwh}qhdl Ne}hm ]f~phmf B{f~eqb~} 'N]B}( eda Mfiivie~ Cbnhif

]f~phmf B{f~eqb~} 'MC]B}( qb qgf df| ~flhcf$ Qgf fdq~x `ff `b~ chl~eqhbd b` N]B}

|e} afqf~chdfa e} qgf `ff fuvei qb |geq |e} {eha nx qgf `bv~qg mfiivie~ b{f~eqb~

hdq~bavmfa qg~bvlg cviqh#}qelf nhaahdl {~bmf}} hd >;;5$ MC]B} |f~f dbq ~fuvh~fa qb

{ex edx fdq~x `ff `b~ chl~eqhdl e} qgfx gea ei~feax fdqf~fa qgf ce~ofq qg~bvlg e

nhaahdl {~bmf}} eda qgv} {eha e ce~ofq afqf~chdfa {~hmf$ Qgf }fmbda {ge}f |e} qb

}qe~q e`qf~ qgf `h~}q {ge}f hd |ghmg e Vdh`hfa Ihmfdmhdl ~flhcf) |hqg e dbchdei fdq~x `ff

`b~ qgf ihmfdmf |hqg qgf }{fmq~vc nfhdl mge~lfa }f{e~eqfix) |e} fdph}elfa$

>$1 Gb|fpf~) Evahq fwechdeqhbd b` qgf }vnjfmq ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdq b`

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} aha dbq hc{ifcfdq qgf ihmfd}hdl ~flhcf e} e{{~bpfa nx qgf

Menhdfq eda hc{ifcfdqfa bdix qgf `h~}q {ge}f b` qgf {bihmx) bpf~ibbohdl qgf }fmbda

{ge}f$ Hd qgf emqvei hc{ifcfdqeqhbd) qgf hdqf~hc }qelf b` hc{ifcfdqeqhbd }ffcfa qb

gepf nfmbcf qgf `hdei af}qhdeqhbd$ Qgh} e{{fe~fa qb gepf nfmbcf qgf vdaf~ixhdl

`emqb~) uvhqf f~~bdfbv}ix) qb peivf qgf }{fmq~vc hd >;;7 eq >;;5 {~hmf}$ Ed hc{b~qedq

bnjfmqhpf b` qgh} {bihmx afmh}hbd qb afihdo qgf {~hmf} b` }{fmq~vc `~bc qgf h}}vf b`

ihmfdmf eda afph}f ed f``hmhfdq eiibmeqhbd `b~cvie `b~ }{fmq~vc eibdl |hqg ed

e{{~b{~heqf {~hmf) ~fcehdfa vdemghfpfa$

>$6 Evahq `v~qgf~ {bhdqfa bvq qgeq e} e mbd}fuvfdmf b` }vmg iemvdef hd qgf

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf {bihmx ieha ab|d nx qgf Mbvdmhi b` Chdh}qf~} hd >;;=) qgf

h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf} hd >;;7 eibdl |hqg eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc gea nffd abdf nx AbQ

eq {~hmf} afqf~chdfa hd >;;5 |ghmg |f~f ne}fa bd e qbqeiix de}mfdq ce~ofq af}{hqf qgf

}fmqb~ |hqdf}}hdl }vn}qedqhei q~ed}`b~ceqhbd eda cedh`bia l~b|qg$ Qgf h}}vf |e}

dfpf~ {iemfa nf`b~f Menhdfq `b~ e ~fphf|$

>$0 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf AbQ qgf ~fe}bd}

`b~ dbq afihdohdl qgf {~hmf b` ]{fmq~vc `~bc Ihmfdmf eda afph}hdl ed f``hmhfdq `b~cvie

`b~ eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda hq} e{{~b{~heqf {~hmhdl e} fdph}elfa qb nf hc{ifcfdqfa

hd qgf {ge}f }fmbda b` qgf VE]I ~flhcf$ Hd ~f{ix qgf Af{e~qcfdq ~f{~bavmfa [e~e

<$> b` qgf Q^EH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd aeqfa ><$5;$>;;= bd ‗Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf‘ e}

vdaf~:



#>8#

’Qgf Lvhafihdf} |bvia nf dbqh`hfa nx qgf ihmfd}b~ ne}fa bd QÊH~fmbccfdaeqhbd} qb hdmivaf dbchdei fdq~x `ff) V]B) fqm$ Qgf mge~lf} `b~ }{fmq~vc }geii nf afqf~chdfa }f{e~eqfix$ Qgf b{f~eqb~ }geii nf ~fuvh~fa qbe{{~bemg qgf ihmfd}b~ cehdix `b~ }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd$ ]hdmf) }{fmq~vc h} e

}me~mf ~f}bv~mf) hq dffa} qb nf ~flvieqfa }f{e~eqfix$ ]{fmq~vc }gbvia nfah}q~hnvqfa v}hdl }vmg e cfmgedh}c qgeq hq h} eiibmeqfa b{qhceiix qb qgf cb}qf``hmhfdq v}f~.$

>$< Qgf AbQ `v~qgf~ }vnchqqfa qgeq }vn}fuvfdq qb hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd aeqfa

><$5;$>;;= bd ‗Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf‘) QÊH }vnchqqfa qgf `biib|hdl

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} hd qgf ceqqf~) hd qgf xfe~ >;;6:

'e( ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa 5=$;5$>;;6 bd ‗Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf‘$

'n( ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa 5=$;6$>;;6 bd ‗]{fmq~vc ^fieqfa H}}vf}‘$

>$7 Bd qgf h}}vf b` }{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f) qgf QÊH hd hq}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa 5=$;5$>;;6 bd ‗Vdh`hfa Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf‘) ~fmbccfdafa e}

nfib|:

’8$5 Hd qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx) }{fmq~vc mge~lf} gepf q|b mbc{bdfdq} # 'h( bdfqhcf }{fmq~vc mge~lf} |ghmg e~f {eha e} {e~q b` bdf qhcf fdq~x `ff nx qgf}f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda 'hh( eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf} |ghmg e~f {eha hd qgf `b~c b` {f~mfdqelf b` EL $ Qgf }{fmq~vc ~fieqfa h}}vf} hdmivahdl }{fmq~vc{~hmhdl eda hq} eiibmeqhbd e~f ei~feax vdaf~ e mbd}viqeqhbd {~bmf}} edaaf{fdahdl v{bd qgf mbccfdq} ~fmfhpfa av~hdl mbd}viqeqhbd {~bmf}} edaQÊH‘} b|d edeix}h} qgf }{fmq~vc ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |hii nf `hdeihzfa$ Hdqgf hdqf~hc {f~hba qhii }{fmq~vc lvhafihdf} e~f h}}vfa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdqb` Hdahe ne}fa bd QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) qgf fwh}qhdl }{fmq~vc {~hmhdleda eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f} |hii mbdqhdvf–$

>$8 ]vn}fuvfdqix) QÊH hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa 5=$;6$>;;6 bd ‗]{fmq~vc

^fieqfa H}}vf}‘ lepf `biib|hdl ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf h}}vf b` f``hmhfdq vqhihzeqhbd b`

}{fmq~vc) }{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f:'h( E} hd qgf fwh}qhdl `~ecf|b~o qgf }{fmq~vc mge~lf} }gbvia mbdqhdvf qb gepf q|b

mbc{bdfdq}: bdf qhcf }{fmq~vc mge~lf eda eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf$ '[e~e 1$5(

'hh( Hd VE]I) qgf bdf qhcf }{fmq~vc mge~lf} eda fdq~x `ff `b~ ihmfd}f gepf dbqnffd }f{e~eqfa$ Hd bqgf~ |b~a}) qgf fdq~x `ff hdmivaf} bdf qhcf }{fmq~vc mge~lf ei}b$'[e~e 1$=$=(



#=;#

'hhh( Fwh}qhdl cfqgba b` eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf hd qf~c} b` {f~mfdqelf b` ~fpfdvf }ge~f}gbvia mbdqhdvf '[e~e 1$6$5($

'hp( Off{hdl hd phf| qgf bnjfmqhpf} b` l~b|qg) e` b~aenhihqx) {fdfq~eqhbd b` cbnhif }f~phmf} hd}fch#v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe} eda ei}b qgf e}{fmq b` }{fmq~vc mge~lf}) Evqgb~hqx `v~qgf~

~fmbccfda} qgeq fwh}qhdl mfhihdl bd eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf} b` 0& EL^ }gbvia nfn~bvlgq ab|d qb 1& b` EL^$ '[e~e 1$6$>(

'p( Qgf {~f}fdqix v}fa }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f af{fdafdq }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~fh} v}f`vi hd }hqveqhbd} |gf~f qgf~f h} mbd}q~ehdq hd qgf epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc$ '[e~e>$>$0(

>$5; ]vn}fuvfdqix) QÊH hd [e~e >$66 b` qgf hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd aeqfa >7$;7$>;;<

bd ‗^fphf| b` ihmfd}f qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} eda me{{hdl b` dvcnf~ b` emmf}}

{~bphaf~}‘) ~fieqhdl qb afihdohdl b` }{fmq~vc `~bc ihmfdmf) }qeqfa e} nfib|:’>$66 Qbaex qgf }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd `biib|} l~edq b` VE] Ihmfd}f$ Bd {excfdqb` mf~qehd fdq~x `ff) qgf e{{ihmedq h} lhpfd qgf ihmfd}f eda }vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx)gf h} lhpfd e mf~qehd ecbvdq b` }{fmq~vc hd qgf >L neda$ Hd me}f qgf e{{ihmedqabf} dbq ~fuvh~f qgh} }{fmq~vc `b~ {~bphahdl qgf emmf}} }f~phmf) gf cex|edq qb v}f bdix |h~f#ihdf b~ cex |edq qb {~bphaf }f~phmf} v}hdl }bcfbqgf~ }{fmq~vc) f$l$ N\E) qgf~f h} db mife~ mvq {eqg `b~ ghc$ Gf h}~fuvh~fa qb {ex qgf `vii ihmfd}f fdq~x `ff$ Qgf Evqgb~hqx hd qgf {e}q ge} ei}b~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf ihmfd}f `ff }gbvia nf }f{e~eqf `~bc qgf }{fmq~vc `ff$\hqg qgf eapfdq b` df| qfmgdbiblhf} |gf~f }{fmq~vc bqgf~ qged >L neda |hii nfv}fa) ~f}bivqhbd b` qgh} h}}vf h} nfmbchdl m~hqhmei$ E} ~fmbccfdafa fe~ihf~)qgf Evqgb~hqx elehd ~fhqf~eqf} qgeq }{fmq~vc }gbvia nf af#ihdofa `~bc qgfihmfd}hdl ~flhcf$ Qgf~f h} ei}b e dffa qb mife~ix }{fmh`x qgf ihmfd}f `ffmge~lf} |hqgbvq }{fmq~vc$ Qgf Evqgb~hqx h} b` qgf phf| qgeq ihmfd}f `ff mge~lf}}gbvia nf bd e ~favmfa }meif qb èmhihqeqf {fdfq~eqhbd b` qfifmbc }f~phmf}$Nh`v~meqhdl {~f}fdq fdq~x `ff hd qb ihmfd}f `ff eda }{fmq~vc mge~lf h}ah``hmviq$ Hq h} ei}b e èmq qgeq fdq~x `ff afqf~chdfa hd >;;5 abf} dbq nfe~ edx~fieqhbd}gh{ qb {~f}fdq }{v~q hd qgf qfifmbc ce~ofq$ Off{hdl hd chda qgeq}{fmq~vc h} e }me~mf ~f}bv~mf) qgf Evqgb~hqx ~fmbccfda} qgeq qgf AbQ}gbvia fwechdf qgf h}}vf fe~ix eda }{fmh`x e{{~b{~heqf ihmfd}f `ff `b~ VE] ihmfd}ff} |gb ab dbq |h}g qb vqhihzf qgf }{fmq~vc–$

>$55 Bd qgf enbpf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) Lbpf~dcfdq afmhafa e} nfib| 'e}

mbdpfxfa qb QÊH phaf AbQ ifqqf~ aeqfa 7$55$>;;<(:

’E} {f~ qgf D[Q‘88) hq |e} fdph}elfa qgeq qgf~f }geii nf qgf `biib|hdl meqflb~hf}b` ihmfdmf} `b~ qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd }f~phmf}:



#=5#

'h( Vdh`hfa Ihmfdmf `b~ Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd ]f~phmf} {f~chqqhdl Ihmfd}ff qb{~bphaf eii qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd" qfifl~e{g }f~phmf} mbpf~hdl pe~hbv}lfbl~e{ghmei e~fe} v}hdl edx qfmgdbiblx?

'hh( Ihmfdmf `b~ Vdh hfa Emmf}} 'Ne}hm eda Mfiivie~( ]f~phmf} {f~chqqhdl Ihmfd}ff

qb {~bphaf Ne}hm eda "b~ Mfiivie~ ]f~phmf} v}hdl edx qfmgdbiblx hd e af`hdfa}f~phmf e~fe$

>$5> [~b{b}hdl e df| meqflb~x b` ihmfdmf h$f$ ’VE] Ihmfd}ff |gb ab dbq |h}g qb

vqhihzf qgf }{fmq~vc– |bvia nf bvq b` {~fphf| b` DQ[‘ 88$ Qgh} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd h} dbq

emmf{qfa–$

>$5= Qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq elehd}q qgh} nemol~bvda) afihdohdl b` {~hmhdl b` }{fmq~vc

`~bc h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf} gea dbq qeofd {iemf }b è~$ Qgf Af{e~qcfdq ei}b cfdqhbdfa

qgeq QÊH hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa 55$;6$>;5; bd ‗]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq eda

Ihmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o‘ gea ~fmbccfdafa qgeq eii `vqv~f ihmfdmf} }gbvia nf vdh`hfa

ihmfdmf} eda qgeq }{fmq~vc nf afihdofa `~bc qgf ihmfdmf$ QÊH gea `v~qgf~) bd

57$;6$>;5;) ~fuvf}qfa qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb e|ehq hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd }{fmq~vc

{~hmhdl eda ~fè~chdl) |ghmg |f~f }qhii e|ehqfa$

>$51 E}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf ceqqf~ b` qgf dbd#emghfpfcfdq b` qgf}fmbda {ge}f b` qgf V]EI) e} e{{~bpfa nx qgf Mbvdmhi b` Chdh}qf~} hd Bmqbnf~) >;;=)

|e} {iemfa nf`b~f qgf Menhdfq) eq edx {bhdq b` qhcf `b~ e ~fphf|) qgf AbQ ~f{ihfa qgeq

qgf ceqqf~ |e} dbq {iemfa nf`b~f qgf Menhdfq `b~ e ~fphf|$

>$56 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ QÊH gea lhpfd qgfh~ `v~qgf~

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda ~fè~chdl |ghmg |f~f e|ehqfa nx qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq bd 7qg @fn~ve~x) >;55 QÊH gea ceaf

`v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$ E`qf~ fwechdhdl qgf enbpf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH) qgf Mbcchqqff b` AbQ gea }vnchqqfa hq} ~f{b~q bd >> da

@fn~ve~x) >;55$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ gea hdqf~emqfa

|hqg qgf qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~} bd 7 qg Ce~mg) >;55 bd qgf enbpf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd

b` QÊH eda `hdei afmh}hbd bd qgf ceqqf~ |bvia nf qeofd hd avf mbv~}f b` qhcf$



#=>#



#==#

MGE[QF^ # HHH

BPF^^VIHDL QGF PHF\] EDA MBDMF^D] B@ QGF CHDH]Q^X B@ @HDEDMF

=$5 \hqg qgf e{{~bpei b` qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} 'LbC( bd Qfifmbc

Ceqqf~} |e} mbd}qhqvqfa vdaf~ @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} mgeh~ced}gh{ phaf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq,} cfcb aeqfa 5;qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;=$ Qgf Cfcnf~} b` qgf LbC |f~f qgf

Chdh}qf~ b` Af`fdmf) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| Jv}qhmf) Mbccf~mf Hdav}q~x)

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx Ah}hdpf}qcfdq) Chdh}qf~ b` Fwqf~dei

E``eh~}) eda Chdh}qf~ b` ]qeqf 'Hdaf{fdafdq Mge~lf( b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` Hd`b~ceqhbd

N~beame}qhdl$

=$> Qgf Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf} 'Qb^}( b` qgf LbC |f~f e} `biib|}:

'h( Qb ~fmbccfda gb| qb fd}v~f ~fife}f b` eafuveqf

]{fmq~vc dffafa `b~ qgf l~b|qg b` qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~$

'hh( Qb ~fmbccfda cfe}v~f `b~ eafuveqf ~f}bv~mf} `b~ qgf

~feihzeqhbd b` qgf DQ[ qe~lfq} b` ~v~ei qfif{gbdx$

'hhh( Qb ~f}bipf h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb qgf fdemqcfdq b` qgfMbdpf~lfdmf Nhii$

'hp( Qb mge~q qgf mbv~}f qb e Vdhpf~}ei Ihmfdmf$

'p( Qb ~fphf| eafuvemx b` }qf{} `b~ fd`b~mhdl ihchqfa cbnhihqx

|hqghd qgf ]AME `b~ \II'C( }f~phmf} b` ne}hm b{f~eqb~}) eda

~fmbccfda qgf `vqv~f mbv~}f b` emqhbd$

'ph( Qb e{{~h}f @AH ihchq} hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda lhpf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} qgf~fbd$

'phh( Qb hafdqh x h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb cf~lf~} eda emuvh}hqhbd} hd qgf

qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda ~fmbccfda qgf |ex `b~|e~a? eda



#=1#

'phhh( Qb mbd}haf~ h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb hc{b}hqhbd b` q~eaf qew bd

qfifmbc }f~phmf} nx qgf ]qeqf Lbpf~dcfdq}$

=$= Qgf LbC gfia `hpf cffqhdl} phz$ bd >6qg

eda >7qg

]f{qfcnf~ >;;= eda 1qg

) 5>qg

eda =;qg Bmqbnf~) >;;=$ Hd qgfh~ `h`qg eda `hdei cffqhdl gfia bd =; qg Bmqbnf~) qgf LbC

gea hdqf~#eihe ~fmbccfdafa qgeq ,Qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} eda qgf

Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |bvia ah}mv}} eda `hdeih}f ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie) |ghmg

|hii hdmivaf hdmfdqhpf `b~ f``hmhfdq v}f b` ]{fmq~vc e} |fii e} ah}hdmfdqhpf `b~

}vn#b{qhcei v}elf}$ Qgv}) ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf |e} qb nf afmhafa hd mbd}viqeqhbd

|hqghd qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf$

=$1 Nvq Evahq }m~vqhdx ~fpfeifa qgeq |gfd e LbC |e} mbd}qhqvqfa |e} mbd}qhqvqfa hd

@fn~ve~x >;;0) hq} Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf 'Qb^( |f~f cbah`hfa eq qgf hd}qedmf b` qgf AbQ

qb off{ qgf h}}vf b` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl bvq}haf hq} {v~phf|$ Qgbvlg Cb@ hd}h}qfa `b~ hq}

hdmiv}hbd hd qgf Qb^ `b~ qgf LbC) AbQ cehdqehdfa qgeq ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e} |hqghd qgf

db~cei |b~o me~~hfa bvq nx qgfc,$ Qgf Cb@ b{hdfa qgeq ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e} ed h}}vf

|ghmg ge} `e~ ~femghdl mbd}fuvfdmf} `b~ qgf fmbdbcx eda dffafa qb nf afneqfa) nvq

qgh} |e} dbq mbd}haf~fa eq qgf ghlgf}q ifpfi eda qgf phf|} b` qgf AbQ {~fpehifa hd

`hdeih}eqhbd b` Qb^$ Qgf LbC,} ~bif) hd Afmfcnf~ >;;0) eq qgf hd}qedmf b` qgf AbQ) |e}

mbd`hdfa qb h}}vf} mbdmf~dhdl ,]{fmq~vc pemeqhbd,$ Qgv}) |hqgbvq Cb@ lfqqhdl e

mgedmf qb mbdq~hnvqf qb qgf h}}vf b` {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc) df| ihmfdmf} mbdqhdvfa qb nf

h}}vfa eibdl |hqg qgf ]{fmq~vc$ Hq |e} ei}b dbqfa qgeq qgf AbQ of{q qgf e{{ihmeqhbd}

`b~ VE] ihmfdmf {fdahdl }hdmf Ce~mg >;;0 bd qgf l~bvda} b` dbd#epehienhihqx b`

]{fmq~vc) qgbvlg e afmh}hbd qb lfq qgf ]{fmq~vc pemeqfa `~bc CbA |e} qeofd |ex

nemo hd >;;=$ AbQ eachqqfa qgeq {~hb~ qb E{~hi >;;<) epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc |e} dbq

uvedqh`hfa eda L]C ]{fmq~vc eiibqcfdq} qb }f~phmf {~bphaf~}"b{f~eqb~} |f~f ceaf

e`qf~ avf mb#b~ahdeqhbd |hqg CbA bd e me}f qb me}f ne}h}$ ]hdmf qgf epehienhihqx b`

]{fmq~vc gea dbq nffd uvedqh`hfa qhii E{~hi >;;<) qgf ne}h} `b~ off{hdl qgf e{{ihmeqhbd}

{fdahdl eda }ffohdl Q^EH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd 'E{~hi >;;<( bd ihchqhdl qgf dvcnf~ b`

Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} bd qgf l~bvda} b` dbd#epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc h}

hdfw{ihmenif$



#=6#

=$6 Evahq `v~qgf~ {bhdqfa bvq qgeq qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |ghif el~ffhdl |hqg qgf

Evahq phf| }qeqfa qgeq qgf Chdh}q~x ge} eq pe~hbv} {bhdq} b` qhcf nffd eapbmeqhdl `b~ e

cb~f ~eqhbdei cfmgedh}c `b~ eiibmeqhbd eda {~hmhdl b` >L ]{fmq~vc$ ^hlgq `~bc Evlv}q

>;;= qgfx gepf nffd ~fmbccfdahdl l~feqf~ b~hfdqeqhbd hd ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd)

off{hdl f``hmhfdmx eda b{qhcei vqhihzeqhbd mbd}haf~eqhbd} hd chda) qg~bvlg evmqhbd qb

v}f~}) |gb e~f |hiihdl qb {ex qgf cewhcvc `ff$ Cb@ mbdmv~~fa |hqg Evahq qgeq qgf

e}}vc{qhbd b` qgf AbQ qb qgf f``fmq qgeq ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e} |hqghd hq} db~cei |b~o

eiibmeqhbd |e} dbq qfdenif$ Qgf Cb@ bn}f~pfa qgeq ’hd phf| b` qgf ah~fmqhbd} b` qgf

Vdhbd Menhdfq 'Bmqbnf~ >;;=( eda {e~qhmvie~ix hd qgf en}fdmf b` ~fuvh}hqf mie~hqx hd qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH eda afmh}hbd b` qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq) hd ~fle~a qb qgf `hweqhbd

b` fdq~x `ff} `b~ df| ihmfd}ff}) {~vafdq {~hdmh{if} b` lbpf~dedmf |bvia gepf ~fuvh~fa

AbQ qb fdlelf hd `v~qgf~ hdqf~#chdh}qf~hei ah}mv}}hbd} {e~qhmvie~ix |hqg qgf Cb@$ Qgf

èmq qgeq qgh} |e} dbq abdf af}{hqf ~f{feqfa eaphmf} `~bc Cb@ abf} lhpf }mb{f `b~

m~feqhbd b` abvnq) bd qgf peihahqx b` qgf afmh}hbd qeofd qb `hw qgf fdq~x `ff `b~ df|

ihmfd}f} eq >;;5 ifpfi}–$

=$0 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa AbQ enbvq qgf ne}h} bd |ghmg qgf

Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |e} dbq e}}bmheqfa hd qgf ah}mv}}hbd eda `hdeihzeqhbd b` qgf

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie af}{hqf qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` qgf LbC b` >;;=$ Hd ~f{ix)

qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq ne}fa bd qgf ah~fmqhbd b` qgf Menhdfq hd >;;= qgeq ’AbQ eda

Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |bvia ah}mv}} eda `hdeihzf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie) |ghmg |bvia

hdmivaf hdmfdqhpf `b~ f` hmhfdq v}f b` ]{fmq~vc e} |fii e} ah}hdmfdqhpf `b~ }vn#b{qhcei

v}elf–) hq |e} mbd}haf~fa e{{~b{~heqf qb bnqehd qgf phf|} b` QÊH$ Emmb~ahdlix) bd

5<$55$>;;=) AbQ ceaf e ~f`f~fdmf qb QÊH) ~fuvf}qhdl `b~ qgfh~ mbd}haf~fa b{hdhbd bd

f``hmhfdq vqhihzeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc) ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f$

Hd ~f}{bd}f) phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa 58$55$>;;=) QÊH }qeqfa e} nfib|:

’'h( Hd {e~e <$=5 b` QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) hq |e} cfdqhbdfa qgeq |ghifb{f~eqb~} cex nf h}}vfa vdh`hfa emmf}} ihmfd}f qgfx }gbvia mbdqhdvf qb{~bphaf |h~fif}} }f~phmf} hd qgf ei~feax eiibmeqfa " mbdq~emqfa ]{fmq~vc edadb eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc |bvia nf eiibmeqfa bdix nfmev}f b` chl~eqhbd$ Hq ge}nffd `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf~f }geii nf db mgedlf hd qgf ]{fmq~vceiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f e} {e~q b` chl~eqhbd {~bmf}}$ Qgv} qgf {~hdmh{if h} qgeqqgf {~fpehihdl ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f }gbvia mbdqhdvf qhii `~f}g



#=0#

lvhafihdf} bd qgh} ceqqf~ e~f h}}vfa nx qgf AbQ$ Qgh} {~hdmh{if med nfe{{ihfa hd qgf hdqf~hc {f~hba `b~ qgf df| fdq~edq} ei}b$

'hh(Qgv}) hd qgf hdqf~hc {f~hba nf`b~f qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd f``hmhfdqvqhihzeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc fqm nfmbcf epehienif) h` qgf ihmfd}b~ ge} qb h}}vf edx

vdh`hfa emmf}} ihmfd}f qb df| e{{ihmedq}) qgf QÊH `ffi} qgeq ]{fmq~vc qbqgf}f ihmfd}ff} cex nf lhpfd e} {f~ qgf fwh}qhdl qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd}~fieqhdl qb ]{fmq~vc hd qgf ~f}{fmqhpf ihmfdmf el~ffcfdq$ Qgh} hc{ihf} qgeqfpfd qgbvlg vdh hfa emmf}} ihmfd}f h} }f~phmf eda qfmgdbiblx dfvq~ei)]{fmq~vc vdaf~ qgf df| vdh`hfa ihmfdmf `b~ b``f~hdl cbnhif }f~phmf} cex nfeiibmeqfa hd qgf hdqf~hc {f~hba bd qgf qfmgdbiblx v}fa `b~ b``f~hdl qgf}f}f~phmf}$ @b~ fwec{if) h` e df| Vdh`hfa Emmf}} {~bphaf~ h} b``f~hdl |h~fif}}cbnhif }f~phmf v}hdl L]C qfmgdbiblx qgfd qgf eiibmeqhbd " mbdq~emqfa]{fmq~vc hd fwh}qhdl mfiivie~ cbnhif ihmfd}f cex nf {~bphafa eda `b~ qgb}fv}hdl MACE qfmgdbiblx) ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd e} {f~ qgf {~bph}hbd} b` ne}hm}f~phmf b{f~eqb~} ihmfdmf med nf mbd}haf~fa$

'hhh( ^fle~ahdl fdq~x `ff qb df| Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ihmfd}ff}) qgf ceqqf~ ge} ei~feaxnffd mie~h`hfa phaf Mgeh~ced QÊH‘} AB ifqqf~ aeqfa 51$55$>;;=.$

=$< QÊH lepf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ]{fmq~vc h}}vf} hdmivahdl ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl bd

5=qg Cex) >;;6$ QÊH lepf `biib|hdl ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf h}}vf b` f` hmhfdq

vqhihzeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc) ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f:

'h( ’E} hd qgf fwh}qhdl `~ecf|b~o qgf ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} }gbvia mbdqhdvf qb

gepf q|b mbc{bdfdq}: bdf qhcf ]{fmq~vc mge~lf eda eddvei ]{fmq~vcmge~lf.$ '[e~e 1$5(

'hh( ’Hd VE]I) qgf bdf qhcf ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} eda fdq~x `ff `b~ ihmfd}f gepf

dbq nffd }f{e~eqfa$ Hd bqgf~ |b~a}) qgf fdq~x `ff hdmivaf} bdf qhcf]{fmq~vc mge~lf ei}b.$ '[e~e 1$=$=(

'hhh( ’Fwh}qhdl cfqgba b` eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf hd qf~c} b` {f~mfdqelf b`

~fpfdvf }ge~f }gbvia mbdqhdvf– '[e~e 1$6$5($

'hp( ’Off{hdl hd phf| qgf bnjfmqhpf} b` l~b|qg) e``b~aenhihqx) {fdfq~eqhbd b`

cbnhif }f~phmf} hd }fch#v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe} eda ei}b qgf e}{fmq b` ]{fmq~vc mge~lf}) Evqgb~hqx `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfda} qgeq fwh}qhdl mfhihdl bd



#=<#

eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} b` 0& EL^ }gbvia nf n~bvlgq ab|d qb 1& b` EL^–$ '[e~e 1$6$>(

'p( ’Qgf {~f}fdqix v}fa }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f af{fdafdq ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd

{~bmfav~f h} v}f`vi hd }hqveqhbd} |gf~f qgf~f h} mbd}q~ehdq hd qgf

epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc–$ '[e~e >$>$0(

'ph( ’Qgf {~f}fdq m~hqf~he b` eiibmeqhbd b` eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc h} ah` f~fdq `b~

L]C eda MACE b{f~eqb~}$ Qgf Q^EH) qgf~f`b~f) ~fmbccfda} qgeq qgf}vn}m~hnf~ ne}fa ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd m~hqf~he `b~ nbqg L]C eda MACE}gbvia nf ~fph}fa$ Qgf ~fph}fa m~hqf~he }gbvia ei}b off{ hd chda qgffw{fmqfa ~f}viq} `~bc hdqfd}hpf f``b~q} qb lfq cb~f ]{fmq~vc ~fife}faeda qgf ~f}viqhdl epehienhihqx {hmqv~f b` ]{fmq~vc$ @v~qgf~) qgf}f m~hqf~he}gbvia nf ceaf qb l~eaveiix cbpf hd qgf ah~fmqhbd |gf~fhd qgfx nfmbcfqfmgdbiblx dfvq~ei$ H` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq }b af}h~f}) Q^EH jbhdqix |hqg QFM

med e}}h}q \[M qb `b~cvieqf e ~fph}fa m~hqf~he–$ '[e~e >$=$=(

=$7 Emmb~ahdlix) |hqg qgf }v{{b~q b` QFM) eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd m~hqf~he `b~

L]C eda MACE emmf}} ]{fmq~vc |e} ~fph}fa av~hdl Ce~mg‘ >;;0$

=$8 ]f{e~eqfix) bd qgf h}}vf b` Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf 'QB^( b` qgf L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}

'LBC( bd ‗pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda ~ezhdl ~f}bv~mf} `b~ qgf {v~{b}f‘ qgf~f |f~f

`biib|hdl mb~~f}{bdafdmf nfq|ffd eda AbQ eda Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf$

]$Db$ Aeqf Hqfc

5$ ;<$5>$>;;0 Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h}}vfa QB^ `b~ qgf LbC bd

pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc fqm$ 'Eddfwv~f#WH(

>$ >7$;=$>;;< @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |~bqf qb ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( `b~

hdmiv}hbd b` ‗]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl‘ hd qgf QB^ b` qgf

LbC 'Eddfwv~f#WHH($

=$ ;>$;1$>;;< ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( |~bqf qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x

mie~h`xhdl AbQ‘} }qeda eda hd`b~chdl enbvq qgf ifqqf~

b` Gbd‘nif CBMHQ qb Gbd‘nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~

'Eddfwv~f#WHHH($



#=7#

1$ 58$;1$>;;< @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |~bqf qb Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x `b~

hdmiv}hbd b` ‗]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl‘ hd qgf QB^ b` qgf

LbC$

6$ ;0$;0$>;;< @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |~bqf qb ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( `b~

~fmbd}haf~eqhbd b` hdmiv}hbd b` qgf h}}vf b`

‗]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl‘ hd qgf QB^ b` qgf LbC$

'Eddfwv~f#WHP(

0$ 56$;0$>;;< AbQ hd`b~cfa qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf qgeq qgf h}}vfb` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda mge~lf} `b~ qgf v}f b` ]{fmq~vc h} e axdechm h}}vf$ Hq af{fda}) hdqf~#eihe)

bd qgf ~flhbd) qx{f b` qfifmbc }f~phmf}) neda b` ]{fmq~vc v}fa$ Hq h} qb nf mbd}haf~fa `~bc qhcf qbqhcf hd mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg QÊH$ 'Eddfwv~f#WP(

=$5; Qgf AbQ ei}b }qeqfa qgeq hd hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa >>da Dbpfcnf~) >;;<

'Eddfwv~f# WPH() qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa qgeq hq h} dbq mife~ gb| qgf

~eqf b` ^}$50;; m~b~f afqf~chdfa e} è~ nemo e} hd >;;5) ge} nffd e{{ihfa `b~ e

ihmfdmf lhpfd hd >;;< |hqgbvq edx hdafweqhbd) ifq eibdf mv~~fdq peiveqhbd$ Hd

~f}{bd}f) ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( bd >8$55$>;;<'Eddfwv~f#WPHH() hdqf~#eihe hd`b~cfa qgf

Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf qgeq QÊH) hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa >7 qg Evlv}q) >;;<) ge} dbq

~fmbccfdafa edx mgedlf} hd fdq~x `ff"eddvei ihmfd}f `ff eda gfdmf db mgedlf}

|f~f mbd}haf~fa hd qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx$ Qgf~fe`qf~) qgf~f |e} db `v~qgf~ mbccvdhmeqhbd

~fmfhpfa `~bc qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf hd qgf ceqqf~$

=$55 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Fmbdbchm E`èh~} aha dbq

|~hqf qb qgf AbQ e}ohdl `b~ mbd`h~ceqhbd h` {~b{f~ {~bmfav~f gea nffd `biib|fa `b~

l~edq b` Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} qb qgf MACE b{f~eqb~} eq qgf fdq~x `ff `hwfa hd >;;5

eda |gfqgf~ qgf AbQ |e} dbq eaph}fa nx qgf AFE qb }qex eii `v~qgf~ emqhbd qb h}}vf qgf

ihmfdmf}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf {f~ch}}hbd} `b~ v}elf b` avei qfmgdbiblx



#=8#

]{fmq~vc vdaf~ qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfdmf} eq qgf fdq~x `ff ah}mbpf~fa hd >;;5 |f~f l~edqfa

ne}fa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd aeqfa >7$;7$>;;< b` QÊH) qgf ~f{b~q b` qgf Mbcchqqff

b` AbQ |ghmg fwechdfa qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) e{{~bpei b` qgf Hdqf~dei Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd eda afmh}hbd b` qgf qgfd Gbd‘nif CbMHQ$ Phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa >8$55$>;;<)

AbQ ~f}{bdafa qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa >>$55$>;;< b` AFE$ Qgf~f |e} db `v~qgf~

mb~~f}{bdafdmf ~fmfhpfa `~bc AFE |hqg ~f}{fmq qb qgf {f~ch}}hbd} l~edqfa `b~ v}elf

b` avei qfmgdbiblx ]{fmq~vc$ [f~ch}}hbd} `b~ v}elf} b` avei qfmgdbiblx ]{fmq~vc qb

{~hpeqf mbc{edhf} |f~f h}}vfa nx AbQ bd 5;"=;$;5$>;;7$

=$5> Qgf Af{e~qcfdq `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf h}}vf b` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e}

hdaf{fdafdqix ah}mv}}fa eq ifdlqg nfq|ffd Cb@ eda AbQ nfq|ffd Jedve~x eda Jvix

>;;7$ Cffqhdl} |f~f gfia nfq|ffd qgf qgfd @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ eda qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b`

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} bd Jedve~x =;) >;;7) Cex >8) >;;7 eda Jvdf 5>) >;;7? qgf qgfd

@hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x eda qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ ei}b cfq e dvcnf~ b` qhcf} nfq|ffd

@fn~ve~x eda Jvdf >;;7$

=$5= Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~hfa |gfqgf~ hq |e} dbq e èmq qgeq {v~}vedq qb qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} ceaf nx qgf Mbcchqqff mbd}qhqvqfa nx AbQ hq}fi`) bd ,Eiibmeqhbd b`

Emmf}} 'L]C"MACE( ]{fmq~vc eda [~hmhdl,) qgf AFE e}ofa qgf AbQ qb {iemf qgf~f{b~q nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd fw{fahqhbv}ix eda fd}v~f qgeq db `v~qgf~

eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc |e} ceaf nx qgf AbQ) vdqhi e `hdei phf| gea nffd qeofd bd qgf

ceqqf~$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf Mbcchqqff bd ‗Eiibmeqhbd b` Emmf}}

'L]C"MACE( ]{fmq~vc eda [~hmhdl‘ }vnchqqfa hq} ~f{b~q bd 5=$;6$>;;8$ Bd qgf }ecf

aex) ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ) phaf A$B$ aeqfa 5=$;6$>;;8 qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x `b~|e~afa e

mb{x b` qgf ~f{b~q |hqg e ~fuvf}q qb `hdeihzf qgfh~ phf|} |ghmg cex nf {vq `b~|e~a hd qgf

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd cffqhdl) aeqf} `b~ |ghmg |bvia nf hdqhceqfa }gb~qix$

'h( Hd ~f}{bd}f) @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) phaf A$B$ aeqfa ;1$;7$>;;8 qb]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ() hdqhceqfa qgeq qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf ~f{b~q gepfnffd }qvahfa hd afqehi eda ~fuvf}qfa qb mbdpfdf qgf cffqhdl b` qgfQfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd eq qgf fe~ihf}q b{{b~qvdhqx$ Hq |e} ei}b }qeqfaqgf~fhd qgeq hd qgf cfedqhcf) hq cex nf fd}v~fa qgeq db `v~qgf~ eiibmeqhbd} b` ]{fmq~vc e~f ceaf nx qgf AbQ) vdqhi e `hdei phf| gea nffdqeofd bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf ~f{b~q$



#1;#

'hh( Qgf h}}vf} bd |ghmg qgf Mbcchqqff gea lhpfd hq}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |f~f fe~ihf~ afihnf~eqfa hd afqehi nx QÊH ei}b |ghiflhphdl hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ’^fphf| b` ihmfd}f qf~c} mbdahqhbd} edame{{hdl b` dvcnf~ b` emmf}} {~bphaf~}– bd >7 qg Evlv}q >;;<$ Phf| qeofd

nx AbQ eq qgeq {bhdq |e} qgeq qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf Mbcchqqffgepf |haf~ hc{ihmeqhbd} bd Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ eda qb {vnihm eq ie~lf$Cb~fbpf~) eii qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e~f hdqf~#ihdofa b~ hdqf~#af{fdafa$Qgf~f`b~f) bd ;<$;<$>;;8) ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |f~f }bvlgq bd qgf~fmbccfdaeqhbd}"mbccfdq} b` qgf ^f{b~q$

'hhh( Emmb~ahdlix) ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ() phaf A$B$ aeqfa 55$;8$>;;8)mbdpfxfa qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x qgeq qgf ~f{b~q ge} nffd ~f`f~~fa qb QÊHhd emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf {~bph}hbd} b` qgf QÊH Emq) 588<) eda) qgf ~f{b~qb` qgf Mbcchqqff |bvia nf ah}mv}}fa nx qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd e`qf~ qgf ~fmfh{q b` qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

'hp( Qgf~fe`qf~) AFE) phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa 51$5;$>;;8) }bvlgq mie~h`hmeqhbd`~bc AbQ ~fle~ahdl qgf ihofix qhcf `~ecf nx |ghmg QÊH~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e~f fw{fmqfa qb nf ~fmfhpfa eda qgf afqehi} b` qgffwh}qhdl ~vif} eda {~bmfav~f} emmb~ahdlix qb |ghmg ]{fmq~vc eiibqcfdq h}nfhdl ceaf) eda qgf qbqei uvedqvc b` ]{fmq~vc eiibqqfa }hdmf ~fmfh{q b` qgf ~f{b~q‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

'p( Emmb~ahdlix) qgf AbQ) phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa 5=$55$>;;8) mbdpfxfa qbAFE qgeq QÊH phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa ;0$;7$>;;8 eda >5$;7$>;;8 ge}hdqhceqfa qgeq QÊH |hii nf enif qb `hdeihzf hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nx fda b`

Dbpfcnf~) >;;8$ Hq |e} `v~qgf~ mbdpfxfa qgeq dfhqgf~ hdhqhei db~ eaahqhbdei L]C Emmf}} ]{fmq~vc ge} nffd eiibqqfa e`qf~ ~fmfh{q b` qgf]{fmq~vc ^fphf| Mbcchqqff ~f{b~q$

'ph( Bd 55$;6$>;5;) QÊH }vnchqqfa hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd

’]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq eda Ihmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o–$ QÊH ge} `v~qgf~) bd57$;6$>;5;) ~fuvf}qfa qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb e|ehq hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda ~f`~echdl$

'phh( Phaf A$B$ aeqfa 5;$;0$>;5;) @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x ~fuvf}qfa

]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qgeq qgf fdqh~f h}}vf ~fieqhdl qb eiibmeqhbd eda {~hmhdl b` >L ]{fmq~vc 'L]C"MACE( cex nf {iemfa nf`b~f qgf QfifmbcMbcch}}hbd eq qgf fe~ihf}q b{{b~qvdhqx }b e} qb fpbipf e mbb~ahdeqfaphf| hd qgf ceqqf~$

'phhh( [fdahdl ~fmfh{q b` `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH 'e}cfdqhbdfa hd QÊH‘} ifqqf~ aeqfa 57$;6$>;5;() AbQ) bd 51$;<$>;5;)mbd}qhqvqfa e Mbcchqqff vdaf~ qgf Mgeh~ced}gh{ b` Cfcnf~



#15#

'Qfmgdbiblx() Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd qb fwechdf qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbdaeqfa 55$;6$>;5; b` QÊH$

'hw( Bd 7$>$>;55) QÊH ge} ceaf hq} `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}~fle~ahdl ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$ Mbd}haf~hdl qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa

55$;6$>;5; eda ;7$;>$>;55) qgf e`b~f}eha Mbcchqqff b` AbQ ge}}vnchqqfa hq} ~f{b~q bd >>$;>$>;55$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) qgf Gbd‘nif CbMHQbd ;7$;=$>;55 ge} ah}mv}}hbd |hqg qgf Qfifmbc ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} bd qgf}eha ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH$ Qgf ceqqf~ |hii db| nf {iemfa nf`b~f qgf@vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$

=$51 E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh hmeiix qgf ifpfi eq |ghmg qgf afmh}hbd |e} qeofd qb mgedlf

qgf qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf} b` qgf LbC ” >;;0 qb e}}bmheqf qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf hd qgf

ah}mv}}hbd eda `hdeihzeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl) qgf AbQ ~f{ihfa) qgeq qgf ~fph}fa Qf~c}

b` ^f`f~fdmf} |ghmg hdmivaf qgf ,]{fmq~vc [~hmhdl, |e} h}}vfa nx qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq phaf qgfh~ ifqqf~ aeqfa <qg Afmfcnf~) >;;0 'Eddfwv~f#WPHHH($

=$56 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq qb `v~dh}g qgf B~hlhdei Qb^} b` qgf

LbC b` >;;0 eda }qeqfa qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ ihchqhdl qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC qb bdix pemeqhbd}

b` ]{fmq~vc e} elehd}q qgf [ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd,} }vllf}qhbd} qb mbd}haf~ e

q~ed}hqhbd {eqg `b~ mfiivie~ cbnhif }f~phmf}) ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl} fqm$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq }qeqfa qgeq qgf b~hlhdei Qb^} b` qgf LbC b` >;;0 e} e{{~bpfa nx qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ |f~f e} `biib|}:

'h( Afqf~chdf qgf uvedqvc b` eaahqhbdei chdhcvc eda b{qhcvc ~fuvh~fcfdqeda hafdqh`x `~fuvfdmx neda} `b~ cejb~ v}f~}) phz$)

'e( Mfiivie~ ”cbnhif }f~phmf}) eda'n( Af`fdmf eda {e~echihqe~x `b~mf}) `b~ nbqg 'h( }gb~q qf~c 'h$f$) if}}

qged bdmf xfe~ ( eda 'hh( cfahvc qf~c 'h$f$) if}} qged `hpf xfe~}(

'hh( Ne}fa bd mv~~fdq bmmv{eqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc) mife~ix afihdfeqf e q~ed}hqhbd{eqg `b~ fdenihdl v}f~} ihof af`fdmf eda {e~echihqe~x `b~mf} qb chl~eqf qbqgf cb~f e{{~b{~heqf ]{fmq~vc }ibq} hafdqh`hfa eq 'h( enbpf) off{hdl hdchda qfmgdbiblx v{l~eaeqhbd) deqv~f b` v}elf eda {~bmv~fcfdq{~bmfav~f}$ Qgf q~ed}hqhbd {eqg }gbvia mife~ix iex ab|d {ge}hdl eda}fuvfdmhdl b` }qf{} eda e `fe}hnif qhcf#`~ecf qb fdenif }qf{#nx#}qf{cbdhqb~hdl$ Hq |bvia nf af}h~enif qgeq qgh} fwf~mh}f ifea} qb qgfafihdfeqhbd b` ed fwmiv}hpf neda `b~ Lbpf~dcfdq"Af`fdmf {v~{b}f}$



#1>#

'hhh( Mb~~f}{bdahdlix) }vllf}q e q~ed}hqhbd {eqg `b~ mfiivie~ eda cbnhif}f~phmf} qb }qf{ hdqb qgf ]{fmq~vc neda} pemeqfa nx }fmv~hqx `b~mf} edaeiibmeqfa qb qgfc$

'hp( F}qhceqf uvedqvc b` `vda} eda ~f}bv~mf} ~fuvh~fa qb fdenif }fmv~hqx

`b~mf} qb {~bmv~f }qeqf#b`#qgf#e~q fuvh{cfdq) qfmgdbiblhmeiix e{{~b{~heqf`b~ qgf e}}hldfa ]{fmq~vc$ F}qhceqf xfe~ |h}f `vda `ib| ~fuvh~fcfdq})qb n~hdl enbvq e }cbbqg q~ed}hqhbd$

'p( ]vllf}q e ]{fmq~vc [~hmhdl [bihmx eda fwechdf qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` m~feqhbd b` e ]{fmq~vc ^fibmeqhbd @vda$ Hdahmeqf ihofix }bv~mf edauvedqvc b` ~f}bv~mf} }b lfdf~eqfa eda lvhafihdf} `b~ qgf b{f~eqhbd b` qgf `vda$ ]{fmq~vc [~hmhdl [bihmx cex) e} `e~ e} {b}}hnif) ehc eq~fpfdvf} `viix b``}fqqhdl qgf mb}q b` pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc$

'ph( ]vllf}q lvhafihdf} qb fdmbv~elf eda hdmfdqhphzf hdq~bavmqhbd b`

]{fmq~vc f``hmhfdq qfmgdbiblhf}$

=$50 Qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf L~bv{} b` Chdh}qf~} 'LbC}( e~f

e{{bhdqfa nx qgf Menhdfq) qgf ]qedahdl Mbcchqqff} b` qgf Menhdfq) b~ qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ `b~ hdpf}qhleqhdl eda ~f{b~qhdl qb qgf Menhdfq bd }vmg ceqqf~} e} cex nf

}{fmh`hfa$ \gfd edx b` qgf e`b~f}eha evqgb~hqhf} qeof e afmh}hbd} qb mbd}qhqvqf e LbC)

qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h}}vf} qgf ~fuvh}hqf b~af~}$ Hd qgf {~f}fdq me}f) qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~,} B``hmf '[CB( phaf HA aeqfa @fn~ve~x 56) >;;0 mbccvdhmeqfa qgf afmh}hbd

b` qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qb mbd}qhqvqf e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} 'LbC( bd ,Pemeqhbd b`

]{fmq~vc eda ~eh}hdl ~f}bv~mf} `b~ qgf {v~{b}f,$ Qgf nemoa~b{ b` qgf mbd}qhqvqhbd b`

qgf LbC |e} qgf .†$dffa `b~ ghlg ifpfi {~hb~hqx hdqf~pfdqhbd qb ~f}bipf pe~hbv} h}}vf}

mbdmf~dhdl pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda v{l~eahdl qgf qfmgdbiblx eda fuvh{cfdq b`

fwh}qhdl vaaf~} ihof af`fdmf eda `vdahdl }vmg v{l~eaeqhbd††. qgf mbc{b}hqhbd b`

qgf LbC) e} e{{~bpfa nx qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ '[C() |e} e} `biib|}$

'h( ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jff) qgf qgfd eo}ge Cedq~h$'hh( ]g~h ]ghp~ej P$ [eqhi) qgf qgfd Gbcf Chdh}qf~ 'hhh( ]g~h [ Mghaecne~ec) qgf qgfd @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ 'hp( ]g~h [~hxe~edjed Ae}cvd}gh) qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Hd`b~ceqhbd eda

N~beame}qhdl'p( ]g~h Aexedhagh Ce~ed) qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda

Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx$'ph( A~ Cbdqfo ]hdlg Egiv|eihe) Af{vqx Mgeh~ced) [ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd$



#1=#

=$5< Qgf b~af~ mbd}qhqvqhdl qgf LbC bd qgf enbpf ihdf} |e} h}}vfa nx qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq bd @fn~ve~x) >=) =;;0$

=$57 AbQ |f~f e}ofa bd Ce~mg >>) >;;0 qb e{{~h}f qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq b` qgf

{~f}fdq }qeqv} b` qgf LbC$ qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ) phaf qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa E{~hi ;=)

>;;0 hd`b~cfa qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq qgeq qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda

Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx 'CbMHQ( ge} |~hqqfd qb qgf [C bd @fn~ve~x >7) >;;0) ~f`f~~hdl

qb qgfh~ fe~ihf~ ah}mv}}hbd bd qgf }vnjfmq eda {~b{b}hdl mf~qehd cbah`hmeqhbd} hd qgf

Qb^} b` qgf LbC$ Gf }qeqfa qgeq `v~qgf~ ah~fmqhbd} hd qgf ceqqf~ |f~f e|ehqfa$ AbQ

|e} elehd ~fuvf}qfa qb hdahmeqf qgf ieqf}q {b}hqhbd hd qgf ceqqf~ bd Jvdf 5>) >;;0 eda

Jvix 5<) >;;0$ Phaf VB aeqfa Bmqbnf~ ;1) >;;0) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq n~bvlgq qb qgf

dbqhmf b` qgf [CB) qgf {b}hqhbd mbccvdhmeqfa hd qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ,} ifqqf~) edaei}b hd`b~cfa [CB qgeq db cffqhdl b` qgf LbC gea nffd gfia qhii qgeq aeqf$

=$58 Phaf [CB HA aeqfa Dbpfcnf~ ><) Dbpfcnf~) >;;0) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq

|e} hd`b~cfa qgeq qgf [C gea e{{~bpfa qgf `biib|hdl ~fph}fa Qb^} hd ~f}{fmq b` qgh}

LbC:

'h( Qb ~fmbccfda cfe}v~f} `b~ pemeqhbd b` eafuveqf eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vcnx qgf fwh}qhdl ie~lf v}f~} }vmg e} Af`fdmf) ]{emf) [e~e#chihqe~x) fqm) hde qhcf nbvda ceddf~ `b~ qgf l~b|qg b` cbnhif qfif{gbdx eda n~beaneda}fmqb~} hd qgf mbvdq~x) hd qgf bpf~eii deqhbdei hdqf~f}q?

'hh( Qb ~fmbccfda eiqf~deqf `~fuvfdmx neda}"cfahe `b~ chl~eqhbd b` }vmgfwh}qhdl v}f~}) off{hdl hd chda qgf deqv~f b` qfmgdbiblx v~l~eaeqhbd?

'hhh( Qb f}qhceqf eda hafdqh`x qgf ~f}bv~mf} ~fuvh~fa nx qgf mbdmf~dfaChdh}q~hf} eda qgfh~ {ge}hdl) `b~ {vqqhdl hd {iemf dfmf}}e~x eiqf~deqf}x}qfc} nx }vmg v}f~} qb fdenif chl~eqhbd?

'hp( Qb }vllf}q cfe}v~f} `b~ fe~ix hdq~bavmqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc f``hmhfdqix ahlhqeiqf~~f}q~hei n~beame}qhdl `b~ pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ bqgf~ }f~phmf} hd ihdf|hqg hdqf~deqhbdei {~emqhmf}$

=$>; Qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf dfmf}}e~x cbah`hmeqhbd} qb qgf

Qb^} b` qgf LbC |f~f n~bvlgq enbvq nx Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq cfcb~edavc aeqfa

Afmfcnf~ ;<) >;;0$ Hq |e} `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf }vllf}qhbd} ceaf nx qgf [ieddhdl

Mbcch}}hbd ~fle~ahdl Qb^} b` qgf LbC e~f dbq epehienif |hqg qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq$



#11#

=$>> E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ifpfi eq |ghmg qgf afmh}hbd |e} qeofd qb cbah`x qgf Qb^}) qgf

Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq ~f{ihf} qgeq qgf Qb^} |f~f ecfdafa bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf [CB HA

aeqfa ><qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;0 |gf~fhd hq |e} }qeqfa qgeq qgf [C gea e{{~bpfa qgf

~fph}fa Qb^} |ghmg |f~f n~bvlgq bvq nx qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq$

=$== Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) e}ofa qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ bpf~ibbohdl qgf cedaeqb~x {~f#

mbdahqhbd b` qgf Q~ed}emqhbd b` Nv}hdf}} ^vif} |ghif afmhahdl bd ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda

eiibmeqhbd {e~qhmvie~ix |gfd qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ gea }{fmh`hmeiix af}h~fa qgeq qgf}f

h}}vf} nf hdmivafa hd qgf Qb^ b` >;;0$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq }qeqfa qgeq qgf

Vdhbd Menhdfq) hd hq} cffqhdl gfia bd Bmqbnf~ =5) >;;=) gea) hdqf~#eihe) e{{~bpfa qgf

`biib|hdl:

.>$5$> '=( Qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc eda Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |bvia ah}mv}}eda `hdeih}f ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `bcvie) |ghmg |hii hdmivaf hdmfdqhpf `b~ f``hmhfdqv}f b` ]{fmq~vc e} |fii e} ah}#hdmfdqhpf `b~ }vn#b{qhcei v}elf}††.$

=$=1 E~qhmif <<'=( b` qgf Mbd}qhqvqhbd b` Hdahe {~bphaf} qgeq qgf [~f}hafdq }geii ceof

~vif} `b~ qgf cb~f mbdpfdhfdq q~ed}emqhbd b` qgf nv}hdf}} b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe)

eda `b~ qgf eiibmeqhbd ecbdl Chdh}qf~} b` qgf }eha nv}hdf}}$ Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe

'Eiibmeqhbd b` Nv}hdf}}( ^vif}) 5805 eda qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe 'Q~ed}emqhbd b`

Nv}hdf}}( ^vif}) 5805 gepf nbqg nffd ceaf hd fwf~mh}f b` qgf {b|f~ mbd`f~~fa vdaf~

qgf }eha E~qhmif$ @v~qgf~) vdaf~ ^vif = b` qgf Q~ed}emqhbd b` Nv}hdf}} 'QbN( ^vif})

}vnjfmq qb qgf {~bph}hbd} hd qgf}f ~vif} ~fle~ahdl mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg bqgf~ Af{e~qcfdq}

eda }vnch}}hbd b` me}f} qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) qgf Menhdfq eda hq} Mbcchqqff} eda

qgf [~f}hafdq) ah}{b}ei b` eii nv}hdf}} eiibqqfa qb e Af{e~qcfdq h} qb nf abdf nx) b~

vdaf~ qgf lfdf~ei b~ }{fmhei ah~fmqhbd} b`) qgf Chdh}qf~#hd#mge~lf$ Qgv}) qgf

~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` fd}v~hdl mbc{ihedmf |hqg qgf ah~fmqhbd} b` Menhdfq b~ hq} Mbcchqqff}

~f}q} |hqg qgf mbdmf~dfa Chdh}q~x"Af{e~qcfdq 'hd qgh} me}f) qgf Af{e~qcfdq b`

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} 'AbQ($

=$=6 Qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x gea |~hqqfd qb qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ) phaf gh} ifqqf~

aeqfa Ce~mg) >7) >;;< e}ohdl `b~ qfmgdbiblx dfvq~eihqx hd ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd eda

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl qb nf hdmivafa hd qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC$ E mb{x b` qgh} ifqqf~ |e} ei}b



#16#

`b~|e~afa qb qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq$ Bd nfhdl e}ofa nx qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq `b~

mbccfdq} bd qgh} h}}vf) AbQ `b~|e~afa e mb{x b` qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa E{~hi >) >;;<) b` qgfd

]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qb qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) |gf~fhd) hq |e} hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa qgeq

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h} |hqghd qgf db~cei |b~o me~~hfa bvq nx AbQ$

=$=0 Cfed|ghif) Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq ~fmfhpfa e ifqqf~ `~bc qgf qgfd @hdedmf

]fm~fqe~x ~fhqf~eqhdl qgeq qfmgdbiblx dfvq~eihqx eda ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl }gbvia nf

hdmivafa |hqg qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC$ @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x gea hd gh} ifqqf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf

cfqgbabiblx `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda hq} {~hmhdl e~f h}}vf} qgeq hc{hdlf bd

~fpfdvf} e} |fii e} qgf viqhceqf {~hmf {eha nx qgf mbd}vcf~? gfdmf) qgf}f h}}vf}

|bvia gepf qb nf ah}mv}}fa hd qgf LbC$ Cb@ aha dbq el~ff |hqg qgf mbdqfdqhbd b` AbQ

qgeq qgf}f h}}vf} e~f |hqghd qgfh~ db~cei |b~o eiibmeqhbd) bd qgf l~bvda qgeq qgf}fh}}vf} gepf fmbdbchm eda `hdedmhei ~ech`hmeqhbd} eda dffa qb nf ah}mv}}fa hd qgf

LbC$ Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq eaph}fa nbqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Fmbdbchm E``eh~} 'AFE(

eda AbQ bd Cex 5<) >;;< qb ah}mv}} eda ~f}bipf qgf ceqqf~ eq qgf ifpfi b` ]fm~fqe~hf}

eda qgf~fe`qf~ eaph}f qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq enbvq qgf afmh}hbd} qeofd$ Dbqghdl

`v~qgf~ |e} gfe~a `~bc AFE bd qgh} h}}vf qgf~fe`qf~$ E mg~bdbiblhmei }vcce~x b` qgf

fpfdq} h} lhpfd nfib|:

H}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC

]i$Db$

Aeqf Hqfc

5$ @fn~ve~x >=) >;;0 Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h}}vf} e dbqh`hmeqhbd `b~ mbd}qhqvqhbd b` LbC bd pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc fqm$'hdmivahdl qgf h}}vf b` ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl,(

>$ E{~hi ;=) >;;0 Ifqqf~ b` qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ hdqhceqhdl qgeq`v~qgf~ ah~fmqhbd} hd qgf ceqqf~ e~f e|ehqfa {v~}vedqqb qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa @fn~ve~x >7) >;;0 b` qgf qgfd

CbMHQ qb [C$

=$ Afmfcnf~ ;<) >;;0 Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h}}vf} ~fph}fa Qb^}) afifqhdlqgf h}}vf b` ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$

1$ Ce~mg >7) >;;< @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |~hqf} qb ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( `b~ hdmiv}hbd b` ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl, hd qgf Qb^} b` qgfLbC) |hqg e mb{x qb Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq$



#10#

6$ E{~hi ;>) >;;< ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( |~hqf} qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x }qeqhdlqgeq ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h} |hqghd qgf db~cei |b~ome~~hfa bvq nx gh} Chdh}q~x eda Qb^} gepf nffdecfdafa `biib|hdl qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ qb qgf[~hcf Chdh}qf~$ E mb{x b` qgf ifqqf~ h} fdab~}fa qb

qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq$

0$ E{~hi 58) >;;< @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |~hqf} qb Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x b~ hdmiv}hbd b` ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl, hd qgf Qb^} b` qgfLbC$

<$ Cex 5<) >;;< Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq ~f{ihf} qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x}vllf}qhdl qgeq @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x eda ]fm~fqe~x'AbQ( cex ah}mv}} `b~ ~f}biphdl qgf h}}vf edaeaph}f qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq enbvq qgf afmh}hbd

qeofd hd qgf ceqqf~$ Db `v~qgf~ mbccvdhmeqhbd h}~fmfhpfa bd qgh} ceqqf~ qgf~fe`qf~$

=$=< Qgf ~bif eda `vdmqhbd b` qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq |e} qb dbqh`x qgf afmh}hbd}

qeofd eq qgf ifpfi b` qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd ~fle~a qb qgf e`b~f}eha LbC$ ]hdmf AFE

gea ~eh}fa mf~qehd h}}vf} |hqg ~fle~a qb qgf dbqh`hmeqhbd b` Afmfcnf~ ;<) >;;0 '\ghmg

|e} ne}fa bd qgf mbccvdhmeqhbd ~fmfhpfa `~bc qgf [CB() Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq e}ofa

nbqg qgf Chdh}qf~} qb ~f}bipf qgfh~ ah``f~fdmf}) nf`b~f qeohdl `v~qgf~ }qf{} hd qgf ceqqf~$

Qgh} {b}hqhbd |e} mbd}h}qfdq |hqg qgf afmh}hbd b` qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq) aeqfa Bmqbnf~ =5)

>;;=) |ghmg gea hdqf~#eihe cedaeqfa qgeq ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie |bvia nf

ah}mv}}fa eda `hdeihzfa nfq|ffd AbQ eda Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf$

=$=7 Bd nfhdl e}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ dbq mbd}qhqvqhdl e LbC `b~ ibbohdl hdqb

qgf {bihmx h}}vf} `b~ {~bmf}}hdl e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` qgf VE]

ihmfdmf}) hldb~hdl qgf }vllf}qhbd} b` qgf Chdh}qf~} b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf e} |fii e}

Mbccf~mf eda Hdav}q~x) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq ~f{ihfa qgeq L~bv{} b` Chdh}qf~}

'LbC}( e~f e{{bhdqfa nx qgf Menhdfq) qgf ]qedahdl Mbcchqqff} b` qgf Menhdfq) b~ qgf

[~hcf Chdh}qf~ `b~ hdpf}qhleqhdl eda ~f{b~qhdl qb qgf Menhdfq bd }vmg ceqqf~} e} cex

nf }{fmh`hfa$ \gfd edx b` qgf e`b~f}eha evqgb~hqhf} qeof e afmh}hbd qb mbd}qhqvqf e

LbC) Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h}}vf} qgf ~fuvh}hqf b~af~}$



#1<#

=$=8 Db èmq} bd ~fmb~a e~f epehienif |hqg qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq ~fieqhdl qb edx

eaphmf"b~af~} qb `b~c e LbC bd qgf h}}vf ~f`f~~fa qb hd qgf uvf}qhbd$

=$1; Qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| }{fmh hmeiix e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq ceaf edx f``b~q} qb fd`b~mf qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= eda e} {f~ qgf

b~hlhdei Qb^} b` >;;0 qb e}}bmheqf qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x hd qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf$

Hd ~f{ix) qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq }qeqfa qgeq qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ) phaf gh} ifqqf~

aeqfa E{~hi ;=) >;;0 hd`b~cfa qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq qgeq qgf Chdh}qf~ b`

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx 'CbMHQ( ge} |~hqqfd qb qgf [C bd

@fn~ve~x >7) >;;0) ~f`f~~hdl qb qgfh~ fe~ihf~ ah}mv}}hbd bd qgf }vnjfmq eda {~b{b}hdl

mf~qehd cbah`hmeqhbd hd qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC$ Gf }qeqfa qgeq `v~qgf~ ah~fmqhbd hd qgf

ceqqf~ |f~f e|ehqfa$

=$15 Phaf [CB HA aeqfa Dbpfcnf~ ><) >;;0) Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq |e} hd`b~cfa qgeq

qgf [C gea e{{~bpfa e ~fph}fa Qb^ hd ~f}{fmq b` qgh} LbC$ Qgf dfmf}}e~x

cbah`hmeqhbd} qb qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC |f~f n~bvlgq enbvq nx Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq

cfcb~edavc aeqfa Afmfcnf~ ;<) >;;0$ Qgh} h} hd off{hdl |hqg qgf èmq qgeq qgf

L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} 'LbC}( e~f e{{bhdqfa nx qgf Menhdfq) qgf ]qedahdl Mbcchqqff} b`

qgf Menhdfq) b~ qgf [~hcf Chd}qf~ `b~ hdpf}qhleqhdl eda ~f{b~qhdl qb qgf Menhdfq bd

}vmg ceqqf~} e} cex nf }{fmh`hfa? eda) |gfd edx b` qgf e`b~f}eha evqgb~hqhf} qeof eafmh}hbd qb mbd}qhqvqf e LbC) qgf ~bif b` qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~heq h} ihchqfa qb h}}vhdl

qgf ~fuvh}hqf b~af~}$

=$1> Qgf~fe`qf~) bd ~fmfh{q b` qgf ifqqf~ b` qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) aeqfa E{~hi 58)

>;;< e}ohdl `b~ hdmiv}hbd b` ,]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl, hd qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC) Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq) phaf hq} mbccvdhmeqhbd aeqfa Cex 5<) >;;<) eaph}fa nbqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq

b` Fmbdbchm E`èh~} 'AFE() Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf 'Cb@( eda AbQ qgeq qgf h}}vf cex nf

ah}mv}}fa eda ~f}bipfa eq qgf ifpfi b` ]fm~fqe~hf} eda qgf~fe`qf~ qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~heq nf eaph}fa enbvq qgf afmh}hbd} qeofd hd qgf ceqqf~$ Qgh} eaphmf |e}

mbd}h}qfdq |hqg qgf afmh}hbd b` qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq) aeqfa Bmqbnf~ =5) >;;=) qgeq

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf} cex nf ah}mv}}fa eda `hdeihzfa nfq|ffd AbQ eda Cb@$

Dbqghdl `v~qgf~ |e} gfe~a `~bc AFE bd qgh} h}}vf qgf~fe`qf~$



#17#

=$1= Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} B``hmf enbvq qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ dbq

mbd}qhqvqhdl e LbC af}{hqf ~fuvf}q `~bc qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf eda Chdh}qf~

b` Mbccf~mf eda Hdav}q~x$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf [CB }qeqfa qgeq db ~fuvf}q |e} ~fmfhpfa

`~bc qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf `b~ }fqqhdl v{ e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~$ Gb|fpf~) hq

cex nf cfdqhbdfa qgeq qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ eaa~f}}fa e ifqqf~

aeqfa >$55$>;;< qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) e{{~h}hdl qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdq b`

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} gea |edqfa qb fwechdf qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` edx bqgf~ {~bmfav~f) hd

eaahqhbd qb qgf mv~~fdq {~bmfav~f b` eiibqcfdq b` ihmfdmf}) eda qgeq qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie|

eda Jv}qhmf |e} ~fuvf}qfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} qb fwechdf qgf

iflei qfdenhihqx b` qgf eiqf~deqhpf}$ Bd qgh}) qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~ }vllf}qfa ~f`f~~hdl qgf

ceqqf~ qb ed Fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ Qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ

}qeqfa hd gh} ifqqf~ qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgeq qgh} }vllf}qhbd |e} qbqeiix bvq b` mbdqfwq

eda qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdq ge} afmhafa qb mbdqhdvf |hqg qgf @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa

ne}h} `b~ {~bmf}}hdl b` e{{ihmeqhbd}$

=$11 Qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccf~mf eda Hdav}q~x) ]g~h Oecei Deqg eaa~f}}fa e

ifqqf~ aeqfa =$55$>;;< qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) fw{~f}}hdl .mbdmf~d bd qgf }vaafd eda

eie~chdl afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~. eda eaahdl qgeq .}fpf~ei {~bchdfdq

hdqf~deqhbdei }q~eqflx eda `hdedmhei hdpf}qb~} gepf ceaf }f~hbv} mbcchqcfdq} hd qgf

qfifmbc }fmqb~ hd Hdahe eda hq h} hc{b~qedq qgeq qgf {bihmhf} qgeq bv~ Lbpf~dcfdq `biib|}

mbdqhdvf qb }v{{b~q qgf l~b|qg hd qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda ~fcehd èh~ qb eii {iexf~}.$ Gf

`v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf neiedmf h} phqei `b~ qgf hcelf b` Hdahe em~b}} qgf libnf$ Elehd}q

qgh} nemol~bvda) gf }vllf}qfa qgeq hq cex nf eaph}enif qb gepf mbc{~fgfd}hpf ibbo eq

qgf h}}vf} èmhdl qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda qgeq gf |bvia eaph}f }fqqhdl v{ b` e L~bv{ b`

Chdh}qf~}$

=$16 E ifqqf~ aeqfa 56$55$>;;< |e} eaa~f}}fa nx qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b`

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ) ]g~h E$ êje) qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) ~f`f~~hdl qb qgfh~ ah}mv}}hbd

bd 51$55$>;;<) |gf~fhd qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ gea cfdqhbdfa qgeq ]g~h Oecei Deqg gea

|~hqqfd e ifqqf~ qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ fw{~f}}hdl mbdmf~d bd afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf

qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda gea ei}b eaph}fa }fqqhdl v{ e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} qb }b~q bvq qgf

h}}vf}$ Hd qgh} ifqqf~) qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Chdh}qf~ }qeqfa qgeq hdm~fe}hdl mbc{fqhqhbd



#18#

|hii lhpf `v~qgf~ nbb}q qb hdpf}qcfdq hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~) n~hdl ab|d qe~h`` eda ~f}viq

hd phqei }{~fea b` qfifmbc }f~phmf} hd ~v~ei e~fe} eda ei}b n~hdl hd df| mv}qbcf~} |gb

}qhii meddbq e` b~a qgf}f }f~phmf}$ Gf eaafa qgeq qgh} |hii ei}b gfi{ hd ~favmhdl mb}q b`

qfifmbc#hdqfd}hpf hdav}q~hf} eda ceof qgfc abcf}qhmeiix eda hdqf~deiix cb~f

mbc{fqhqhpf$ Gf cfdqhbdfa qgeq qgf }vmmf}} b` qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ h} fphafdq `~bc qgf

`emq qgeq ed epf~elf b` }fpfd chiihbd }vn}m~hnf~} e~f nfhdl eaafa {f~ cbdqg eda

uve~qf~ix ~f}viq} b` qgf}f mbc{edhf} gepf }gb|d bdf b` qgf nf}q ~f}viq} fpf~) |ghmg h}

ei}b ~f ifmqfa hd qgf hdm~fe}hdl }ge~f {~hmf} b` qgf}f mbc{edhf}$ E} ~fle~a} qgf

}vllf}qhbd b` }fqqhdl v{ b` e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}) qgf Chdh}qf~ cfdqhbdfa qgeq L~bv{} b`

Chdh}qf~} e~f lfdf~eiix }fq v{ `b~ cejb~ {bihmx afmh}hbd} b` e Af{e~qcfdq b~ bd hdqf~#

Af{e~qcfdqei h}}vf}? }hdmf qgf Af{e~qcfdq gea afmhafa qb mbdqhdvf |hqg qgf fwh}qhdl

@h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#}f~pfa {bihmx `b~ {~bmf}}hdl b` e{{ihmeqhbd}) qgf }vllf}qhbd b` ]g~h

Oecei Deqg `b~ }fqqhdl v{ b` e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} h} bvq b` mbdqfwq$ Qgf Chdh}qf~

mbdmivafa |hqg qgf }qeqfcfdq qgeq gf h} fuveiix mbdmf~dfa enbvq qgf hcelf b` Hdahe

em~b}} qgf libnf eda e}}v~fa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgeq eii afmh}hbd} qeofd nx ghc |hii nf

lvhafa nx qgf ie~lf~ hdqf~f}q b` qgf {vnihm) mbc{fqhqhbd eda l~b|qg b` qgf qfifmbc

}fmqb~$

=$10 Qgf [CB `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf }vllf}qhbd ceaf nx qgf Mbccf~mf Chdh}qf~

~fle~ahdl }fqqhdl v{ b` e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} |e} qeofd v{ |hqg qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd}

Chdh}qf~) |gb ~f}{bdafa qb qgf }vllf}qhbd$ @v~qgf~) db }vllf}qhbd ~fle~ahdl }fqqhdl

v{ b` e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} |e} ~fmfhpfa hd [CB `~bc qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~) eiqgbvlg qgf

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Chdh}qf~ ghc}fi` e{{~h}fa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| Chdh}qf~,} phf| hd

qgh} ~fle~a) eibdl |hqg qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Chdh}qf~,} phf| qgf~fbd$ Dfhqgf~ }fq b`

}vllf}qhbd} ~f`f~~fa qb ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$ Qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie |e}) hd edx

me}f) qb nf `hdeihzfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} eda qgf Chdh}q~x b`

@hdedmf) hd qf~c} b` qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` =5$5;$>;;=$

=$1< E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ifpfi eq |ghmg qgf Qb^} e} }vnchqqfa nx qgf [ieddhdl

Mbcch}}hbd |e} cbah`hfa) qgf [CB ~f{ihf} qgeq qgf Qf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf} }vllf}qfa

nx nbqg qgf [ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd eda qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} `b~cfa

hd{vq} `b~ e~~hphdl eq qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf `b~ qgf L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ Qgf afmh}hbd



#6;#

~fle~ahdl qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf b` qgf L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} bd pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc

|e} qeofd eq qgf ifpfi b` qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ e`qf~ avf mbd}haf~eqhbd b` qgf ceqqf~$

=$17 E {f~v}ei b` qgf mb{hf} b` qgf b~hlhdei `hif dbqhdl} hd qgh} ~fle~a) e} `v~dh}gfa nx

qgf [CB) ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf Ah~fmqb~) [CB hd gh} dbqf aeqfa >5$55$>;;0

'Eddfwv~f#WHW( gea hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

.Hq cex nf cfdqhbdfa qgeq |ghif qgf fe~ihf~ Qb^} mbpf~fa dbq bdix qgf f}qhceqhbdb` ~fuvh~fcfdq b` `vda} eda ~f}bv~mf} `b~ fdenihdl fwh}qhdl v}f~} qb chl~eqf`~bc ]{fmq~vc neda} qb nf pemeqfa) nvq ei}b qgf ihofix }bv~mf b` ~f}bv~mf})|ghif cfdqhbdhdl qgeq) e} `e~ e} {b}}hnif) qgf ehc }gbvia nf qgeq ~fpfdvf} `viixb``}fq qgf mb}q b` pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc$ Qgf {~b{b}fa Qb^} db| ~fmfhpfambpf~ bdix qgf f}qhceqhbd b` ~fuvh~fcfdq b` ~f}bv~mf} eda) h` qgf Qb^ h} ihchqfaqb qgh}) hq e{{fe~} ihofix qgeq }vmg f}qhceqhbd |bvia viqhceqfix nf {b}fa `b~ nfhdlcfq qg~bvlg nvalfqe~x {~bph}hbd eda dbq qg~bvlg ~fpfdvf} ge~df}}fa `~bc

]{fmq~vc vqhihzeqhbd.$

=$18 Lhphdl gh} mbccfdq} bd qgf enbpf dbqf) qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x) [CB gea hdqf~#eihe

~fce~ofa e} `biib|}:

.Gb|fpf~) hq h} edqhmh{eqfa qgeq dex ecfdacfdq hd qgf Qb^} e} }vllf}qfa nxChdh}qf~) Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ) |bvia dbq nf emmf{qenif qb ghc) eda |bvia ifeaqb `v~qgf~ afiex hd qgf mbccfdmfcfdq b` |b~o nx qgf LbC$ Hq h} hd qgf hdqf~f}qb` qgf afpfib{cfdq b` qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~) qgeq qgf LbC mbccfdmf} hq} |b~o eqqgf fe~ihf}q }b qgeq }v``hmhfdq ]{fmq~vc h} ceaf epehienif qb cejb~ v}f~}.$

=$6; Qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x) qgfd) ~fce~ofa qgeq av~hdl ah}mv}}hbd |hqg qgf

]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qgf }vllf}qhbd qb .f}qhceqf eda hafdqh`x qgf ~f}bv~mf} ~fuvh~fa nx qgf

mbdmf~dfa Chdh}q~hf} eda qgfh~ {ge}hdl) `b~ {vqqhdl hd {iemf dfmf}}e~x eiqf~deqf

}x}qfc} nx }vmg v}f~} qb fdenif chl~eqhbd.) |e} hdaffa ceaf) nvq e{{e~fdqix hq h} dbq

emmf{qenif qb qgf Chdh}qf~$ Qgv}) qgf b~hlhdei Qb^} |f~f dbqh hfa |hqg qgf

e{{~bpei b` qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd >0 qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;0$

=$65 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ qgf [CB gea ceaf edx f``b~q} qbfd`b~mf qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= emmb~ahdl qb |ghmg qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl `b~cvie

|e} qb nf jbhdqix ah}mib}fa eda `hdeihzfa nfq|ffd qgf AbQ eda qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf$

Hd ~f{ix) qgf [CB }qeqfa qgeq qgf~f |e} db ~fmb~a hd qgf [CB |ghmg hdahmeqfa qgeq qgf

Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= |e} dbq nfhdl `biib|fa$



#65#

=$6> Qgf [CB `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq dbq lhphdl f` fmq qb e Menhdfq afmh}hbd h}

qedqecbvdq qb pe~xhdl b~ ~fpf~}hdl qgf }ecf$ Qgf~f`b~f) vdaf~ qgf ~vif} b` nv}hdf}}) hq

h} hdmvcnfdq v{bd qgf af{e~qcfdq mbdmf~dfa qb n~hdl }vmg e ceqqf~ nf`b~f qgf

Menhdfq$

=$6= Qgv}) hq cex nf }ffd qgeq bdmf qgf Menhdfq afmhaf} qgf ceqqf~) qgf af{e~qcfdq

mbdmf~dfa ge} qb lhpf f``fmq qb qgf }ecf eda) hd qgf fpfdq b` dbd#fd`b~mfcfdq b` }vmg

e Menhdfq afmh}hbd) hq h} nbvda qb n~hdl hq elehd nf`b~f qgf Menhdfq$ Qgf~f h} db

}{fmh`hm ~fuvh~fcfdq `b~ [CB qb fd`b~mf Menhdfq afmh}hbd} eda db~ h} qgh} qgf lfdf~ei

{~emqhmf$

=$61 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb edbqgf~ }{fmh hm uvf~x) qgf [CB ~f{ihf} qgeq Chdh}qf~ b`

Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ eaa~f}}fa qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ }qeqfa }{fmh hmeiix qgeq

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e} |hqghd qgf {v~phf| b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}$

]g~h Aexedhagh Ce~ed) qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ eaa~f}}fa qg~ff

ifqqf~} qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd >;;0) bd 55$5$>;;0) >7$>$>;;0 eda 50$55$>;;0$ Qgf}f

ifqqf~} afeiq |hqg qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf b` e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} }fq v{ `b~ pemeqhbd b`

]{fmq~vc$ Qgf ifqqf~ b` 55$5$>;;0 }vllf}qfa a~e`q qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf eda qgf }ecf

a~e`q |e} ~fmfhpfa elehd |hqg qgf ifqqf~ b` >7$>$>;;0) hd |ghmg qgf Chdh}qf~ ei}b

mbdpfxfa gh} `ffihdl qgeq }bcf b` qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf b` qgf L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} e}

mbd}qhqvqfa hc{hdlf v{bd qgf |b~o db~ceiix qb nf me~~hfa bvq nx qgf Chdh}q~x hq}fi`) eda

~fuvf}qfa `b~ cbah`hmeqhbd b` qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf$ Qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa 50$55$>;;0 ei}b

~fuvf}qfa `b~ mgedlhdl qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf e} eqqemgfa |hqg qgf ifqqf~$

=$66 Qgv}) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} ghlgihlgqfa qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgf

dffa `b~ qgf LbC qb `bmv} bd pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ emmf{qfa

qgh} {b}hqhbd$ Qgf qf~c} b` ~f`f~fdmf |f~f emmb~ahdlix ~fph}fa qb `bmv} bd qgf b~hlhdei

lbei nfghda }fqqhdl v{ b` qgf LbC) phz$) pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc$

=$60 E} cfdqhbdfa fe~ihf~) qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x ']g~h E}gbo Jge( |~bqf e ifqqf~

bd >7qg Ce~mg) >;;<'Eddfwv~f#WW( qb qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ ']g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~(

~fuvf}qhdl hdmiv}hbd b` qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf hd qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC$ ]g~h

Ceqgv~ ~f{ihfa bd >da E{~hi) >;;<'Eddfwv~f#WWH( qv~dhdl ab|d qgf ~fuvf}q$ Bd 0qg



#6>#

Jvdf) >;;< eda elehd bd >>da Dbpfcnf~) >;;< qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x 'A~$ A$

]vnne~eb( 'Eddfwv~f}#WWHH WWHHH( |~bqf qb ]g~h Ceqgv~ bd qgf }ecf ihdf qb |ghmg

]g~h Ceqgv~ aha dbq el~ff e} mbdpfxfa nx gh} ifqqf~} aeqfa 56 qg Jvdf) >;;< eda >8 qg

Dbpfcnf~) >;;< ~f}{fmqhpfix 'Eddfwv~f}#WWHP WWP($

=$6< Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc A~$ ]vnne~eb e} qb

|geq ge{{fdfa e`qf~ ]g~h Ceqgv~,} ~f{ix b` >8qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;<$ A~$ ]vnne~eb

}vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.††$$Cex nf) qgf~f |e} db fwmgedlf b` mb~~f}{bdafdmf) nvq qgf~f|f~f mf~qehdix ah}mv}}hbd} lbhdl bd nfq|ffd qgf ]fm~fqe~x 'Qfifmbc(eda cx}fi` bd qgf}f ceqqf~}.$

E}ofa qb `v~dh}g fphafdmf b` }vmg ah}mv}}hbd}) A~$ ]vnne~eb }vnchqqfa:

.]h~) qgf~f cex dbq nf e {e{f~ q~ehi) nvq qgf~f |e} mf~qehdix ah}mv}}hbd lbhdl bd$]h~) e} xbv odb|# xbv gepf nffd e Chdh}qf~ xbv~}fi`#hd qgf Lbpf~dcfdq) dbqfpf~xqghdl h} bd {e{f~ b~ ~favmfa qb |~hqhdl$ Cexnf qgf~f |e} }bcf dbqf `hiffdab~}fcfdq}) nvq H meddbq ~fmeii qgfc nfmev}f qgf dbqf `hif h} dbq gf~f$ nvq H~fmeii qgeq |f |f~f mbdqhdvhdl qb qeio qb qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}q~x.$

=$67 Qgf Mbcchqqff uvf~hfa |gfqgf~ b~ei mbccvdhmeqhbd} nfq|ffd q|b ]fm~fqe~hf}

b` ah``f~fdq Chdh}q~hf} bd }vmg hc{b~qedq h}}vf} |e} {~b`f}}hbdeiix e{{~b{~heqf$ Qgf

Lbpf~db~) ^NH }vnchqqfa:

.††$H ab el~ff qgeq ifephdl mbccvdhmeqhbd nfq|ffd q|b Chdh}q~hf} eqqgf b~ei ifpfi h} e nea {~b`f}}hbdei {~emqhmf$ Nvq hq abf} ge{{fd eii qgfqhcf nfmev}f b` {~f}}v~f b` |b~o eda bqgf~ qghdl}$ |f }geii mf~qehdix q~xqb hc{~bpf qgeq.$

E}ofa qb {hd{bhdq |geq |e} fwemqix qgf {~f}}v~f b` |b~o) A~$ ]vnne~eb ~f{ihfa:

.††$Qgh} |e} hd qgf cbdqg b` Afmfcnf~ eda |f |f~f lfqqhdl hdqb nvalfq edaqgf~f |f~f }b cedx mbdmf~d} eq qgeq qhcf$ Hq h} dbq e} h` H |e} mbc{ifqfix) `viixfdlelfa bd qgh} h}}vf) nvq H ab ~fmeii qgeq |f |f~f qeiohdl qb qgfc fpfd e} qgf~f|f~f bqgf~ mbcchqcfdq} bd bv~ qhcf$ H meddbq ~feiix }ex qgeq H gea }{fmh`hmeiixe}ofa qgfc |gx qgfx aha dbq }v{{ix qgf hd`b~ceqhbd qgeq H gea meiifa `b~.$

=$68 Fw{~f}}hdl qgfh~ }v~{~h}f qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ hq |e} {~vafdq qb hldb~f

}vmg l~feq }bv~mf b` ~fpfdvf) cb~f }b |gfd qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |e} fdlelfa hd

qgf nvalfq fwf~mh}f$ Hd ~f{ix) A~$ ]vnne~eb }vnchqqfa:



#6=#

.]h~) qb hd`f~ qgeq |f gea hldb~fa qgf h}}vf b~ enedabdfa qgf h}}vf) H qghdo)|bvia nf hdmb~~fmq eda hde{{~b{~heqf$ H el~ff qgeq |f gea dbq ~favmfa eii qgeq|e} qeohdl {iemf hd b~ei mbccvdhmeqhbd hdqb |~hqhdl$ Qgeq mf~qehdix |e} e ie{}f$Nvq H ab ~fmeii qgeq ah}mv}}hbd} |f~f qeohdl {iemf e} cvmg e} qhcf eiib|fa$ \f|f~f aff{ix mbd}mhbv} qgeq qgh} ge} ~fpfdvf hc{ihmeqhbd}$ Hd `emq) hq h} qgf

~fpfdvf hc{ihmeqhbd} |ghmg hd qgf `h~}q hd}qedmf q~hllf~fa bv~ f``b~q qb cbqhpeqf~fph}hqhdl qgf }qedmf b` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$

Emqveiix) qgf nv~afd b` cx e~lvcfdq eq qgh} qhcf h} qgeq gea |f odb|d qgeq }bcffpfdq |e} lbhdl qb qeof {iemf bd qgf 5;qg b` Jedve~x) hd Dbpfcnf~) |f |bviagepf nffd mf~qehdix cb~f emqhpf$ Nvq |f aha dbq odb|) Gbd$ Cfcnf~ gea }ehahq |e} mbchdl bvq hd qgf {e{f~}) fqm$ Hdaffa) hq |e}$ Nvq hq |e} dbq mf~qehdixmife~ qb cf b~ qb bv~ Chdh}q~x$ Dbnbax qbia cf qgeq eii qgh} h} emqveiix lbhdl qbifea qb qgf mvichdeqhbd nx h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} bd e {e~qhmvie~ aeqf$ \f qgbvlgqqgeq hq |e} }qhii b{fd#fdafa eda qgeq qgf~f |e} ~bbc `b~ ah}mv}}hbd) eda qgeq |f|hii dbq ~femg qgf {bhdq |gf~f |f }gbvia mbdmivaf qgeq ah}mv}}hbd} gea n~bofd

ab|d eda |f cv}q qeof hq qb edbqgf~ ghlgf~ `b~vc.$

=$0; Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ hq |e} dbq qgf avqx eda

~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x qb fd}v~f qgeq qgf Qb^} b` qgf LbC) |ghmg

fdq~v}qfa qgfc |hqg qgf qe}o b` ah}mv}}hdl eda `hdeihzhdl qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl h}}vf)

|f~f eagf~fa qb$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) af{b}fa:

.]h~) H }vnchq qgeq H |e} q~xhdl qb `vi`hii qgeq ~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` me~~xhdl bvq qgfQf~c} b` ^f`f~fdmf$ Xf}) H eachq qgeq qgf~f |e} db |~hqqfd ~fmb~a b` fpf~xqghdlqgeq |e} ge{{fdhdl$ nvq f` b~q} |f~f nfhdl {v~}vfa$ Mf~qehdix) |f |bvia gepfabvnifa bv~ f``b~q}) h` |f odf| qgeq qgf~f |e} e afeaihdf e{{~bemghdl$ \f ahadbq odb| eq qgeq {bhdq b` qhcf qgeq ihmfdmf} |bvia nf h}}vfa eda qgf qf~c} b` fdlelfcfdq |bvia mgedlf.$

=$05 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ qgf ceqqf~ |e} n~bvlgq qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf Menhdfq

]fm~fqe~x b~ qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~) A~$ ]vnne~eb af{b}fa:

.H ab dbq ~fmeii gephdl }eha }{fmh`hmeiix qgeq |f }gbvia lb nemo qb qgf Menhdfqqgeq H meddbq ~feiix }ex |hqgbvq }ffhdl qgf `hif$ Nvq H }gbvia gepf n~hf`fa qgf@hdedmf Chdh}qf~ enbvq qgf bd#lbhdl ah}mv}}hbd}.$

=$0> Hd ~f}{bd}f qb edbqgf~ }{fmh`hm uvf~x bd qgf ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~,} 56 qg Jvdf) >;;<

ifqqf~ A~$ ]vnne~eb }vnchqqfa:

.††$$H gepf }ffd qgh} ~f{ix db| b` 56qg Jvdf b` ]g~h Ceqgv~) nvq H ab dbq~fmeii gephdl }ffd qgh}††$hq hdaffa qgf ifqqf~ |e} ~fmfhpfa) H ab dbq~fmeii gephdl n~hf`fa qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~†.$$



#61#

=$0= Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ eq edx {bhdq b` qhcf) qgf @hdedmf

Chdh}q~x mbd}viqfa QÊH b~ bnqehdfa qgf b{hdhbd b` qgf Ie| Chdh}q~x$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) A~$

]vnne~eb }vnchqqfa:

.††H ab dbq qghdo |f gepf abdf qgeq$ Qgeq |bvia nf) e} xbv~ }eha) e }x}qfchm

ie{}f.$

=$01 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgeq cfedq qgeq avf ahihlfdmf |e} dbq e{{ihfa$

A~$ ]vnne~eb }eha$

.Hd e |ex) xf}) }h~$ H |bvia gepf qb eachq qgeq †††.$

=$06 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb }{fmh`hm uvf~x e} qb |gfqgf~ lhphdl ]{fmq~vc hd >;;5 bd qgf

AbQ,} ~fe}bdhdl b` hdm~fe}hdl mbc{fqhqhbd eda qfifafd}hqx |e} e{{~b{~heqf) A~$

]vnne~eb }vnchqqfa:

.††$H` hdaffa mbc{fqhqhbd eda |fiè~f cewhchzeqhbd |f~f qgf h}}vf}) qgfd qgf{v~{b}f b` |fiè~f cewhchzeqhbd |e} dbq }f~pfa h` xbv gea emqveiix eiib|fa}bcf ihmfdmf gbiaf~} qb qgfd }fii fuvhqx.$

A~$ ]vnne~eb }vccfa v{:

.Qgf~f h} ed e~lvcfdq qb nf ceaf qgeq h` xbv~ `b~flb ~fpfdvf) xbv med lehd bdqgf |fiè~f }haf ihof m~feqhdl qfifafd}hqx eda {~bphahdl qfifmbc emmf}} qb ib|f~ hdmbcf {fb{if$ [~bphahdl qgfc b{{b~qvdhqhf} |bvia dbq bdix fdgedmf l~b|qgnvq ei}b ceaf qgfc cb~f hdmiv}hpf$ Nvq H qghdo qgeq ge} qb nf ed fw{ihmhqixbnjfmqhpf eda hdaffa) h` qgeq |e} qgf bnjfmqhpf) |f }gbvia gepf |fhlgfa qgfmb}q} eda nfdf`hq} b` `b~flbhdl e mf~qehd ecbvdq b` ~fpfdvf elehd}q |geq |bvianf qgf ~fqvdf nx |ex b` hdm~fe}hdl qfifafd}hqx$ \f gea dbq abdf qgeq eq edx{bhdq b` qhcf$ \f |f~f ei|ex} e~lvhdl bd qgf ne}h} b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia ~eqgf~ qgfd bd qgf ne}h} b` dex l~b|qg ahcfd}hbd} qgh} chlgq gepf }vn}hah}f qgeq eda h` qgfx gepf mgb}fd qb ab qgeq) qgfd) e} e mhphi }f~pedq) hq |bvia gepf nffd nfxbdacx ~fchq qb mbdqf}q qgeq.$

=$00 ^f`f~~hdl qb qgf Jvdf 56) >;;< ifqqf~ b` ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~) qgf `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x)

AbQ qb A~$ A$ ]vnne~eb) qgf `b~cf~ @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |gf~fhd ]g~h Ceqgv~ hdahmeqfa

qgeq }hdmf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda mge~lf} `b~ qgf v}f b` ]{fmq~vc |e} e axdechm h}}vf)

hq |e} qb nf ~fphf|fa eda mbd}haf~fa `~bc qhcf qb qhcf hd qgf mbdqfwq b` qgf mgedlhdl

qfmgdbiblx eda hdqf~deqhbdei nf}q {~emqhmf}) hd mbd}viqeqhbd |hqg QÊH) qgf Mbcchqqff

e}ofa qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf qb `v~dh}g afqehi} qgf~fb`$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AFE }qeqfa qgeq

qgf }eha ifqqf~ aha dbq e{{fe~ qb gepf nffd ~fmfhpfa eda {~bmf}}fa bd qgf `hif b` AFE)

e} {f~ ~fmb~a}$



#66#

=$0< Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf AFE e} qb gb| qgf `hif ~fieqhdl qb

qgf mb~~f}{bdafdmf nfq|ffd A~$ ]vnne~eb eda ]g~h Ceqgv~ |e} mib}fa e`qf~

Dbpfcnf~) >;;<$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AFE }qeqfa qgeq e`qf~ ~fmfhphdl qgf A$B$ Db$ >;#

506">;;<#E]#5 aeqfa Dbpfcnf~ >8) >;;< `~bc ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~ qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x)

AbQ) e }fi` mbdqehdfa dbqf gea nffd {~f{e~fa nx C}$ ]gxeceie ]gvoie Ah~fmqb~

'Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f( bd Afmfcnf~ 5<) >;;<$ Qgf dbqf ge} nffd ce~ofa qb J] 'B$Q$( eda

E] 'FE($ Qgf~f e~f) gb|fpf~) db dbqhdl} qgf~fe`qf~ eda qgf `hif ge} dbq nffd

{~bmf}}fa `v~qgf~$ E mb{x b` qgf dbqhdl} b` C} ]gxeceie ]gvoie h} fdmib}fa gf~f

|hqg 'Eddfwv~f#WWPH($

=$07 Hd gh} dbqf aeqfa 56$5$>;;7 'Eddfwv~f#WWPHH() qgf qgfd @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ |~bqf

qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~:

.]{fmq~vc h} e }me~mf ~fmbv~mf$ Qgf [~hmf `b~ ]{fmq~vc }gbvia nf ne}fa bd hq}}me~mhqx peivf eda f` hmhfdmx b` v}elf$ Qgf cb}q q~ed}{e~fdq cfqgba b` eiibmeqhdl ]{fmq~vc |bvia nf qg~bvlg evmqhbd$ Qgf cfqgba b` evmqhbd |hii `emfqgf ife}q iflei mgeiifdlf$ H` Lbpf~dcfdq h} enif qb {~bphaf }v``hmhfdq hd`b~ceqhbdbd epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc) qgeq |bvia chdhchzf qgf ~h}o} eda) mbd}fuvfdqix)`fqmg nfqqf~ {~hmf} eq qgf evmqhbd$ Qgf af}hld b` qgf evmqhbd }gbvia hdmivaf e~f}f~pf {~hmf.$

Qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} }ecf dbqf qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ ~fea} `v~qgf~:

.Qgh} ifepf} qgf uvf}qhbd enbvq ihmfd}ff} |gb ei~feax gbia ]{fmq~vc bpf~ edaenbpf qgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc$ Hd }vmg me}f}) qgf {e}q cex nf q~feqfa e} emib}fa mge{qf~ eda qgf {excfdq} ceaf hd qgf {e}q `b~ eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc'bpf~ eda enbpf qgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc( cex nf q~feqfa e} qgf mge~lf} `b~ ]{fmq~vc `b~ qgeq {f~hba$ Gb|fpf~) {~b}{fmqhpfix) }vmg ihmfd}ff }gbvia {ex `b~ qgf eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc qgeq gf gbia}) bpf~ eda enbpf qgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc) eqqgf {~hmf ah}mbpf~fa hd qgf evmqhbd$ Qgh} |hii {iemf bia ihmfd}ff}) fwh}qhdlihmfd}ff }ffohdl eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc eda df| ihmfd}ff} bd {e~ }b `e~ e}

]{fmq~vc mge~lf} e~f mbdmf~dfa.$

=$08 @v~qgf~) qgf Mbcchqqff dbqf qgeq qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd gh} hdqf~emqhbd |hqg qgf

Fahqb~} b` qgf Fifmq~bdhm Cfahe bd 50$>$>;55 'Eddfwv~f#WWPHHH( }eha:

.†$ Qgh} |e} ei}b ah}mv}}fa |hqg qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x nfmev}f hd qf~c} b` qgfMenhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= qgf {~hmhdl eda eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc |e} qb nf}fqqifa nfq|ffd qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda qgf Qfifmbc Af{e~qcfdq$ Hdhqheiix) b`



#60#

mbv~}f) qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x aha e}o `b~ e ghlg {~hmf b` ]{fmq~vc nvq e`qf~ cedxah}mv}}hbd}) qgf q|b chdh}q~hf} el~ffa qgeq e} è~ e} >L h} mbdmf~dfa) |f gepfqb ihpf |hqg qgf {~f}fdq }x}qfc {e~qhmvie~ix |hqg ~fle~a qb qgf ecbvdq b` ]{fmq~vc qgeq h} nvhiq eda fcnfaafa hdqb e ihmfd}f el~ffcfdq$ ]b qgh} h} qgfnemol~bvda |gx H aha dbq {~bmffa `v~qgf~ |hqg qgh} ceqqf~ b` {~hmhdl b`

]{fmq~vc) nfmev}f h` qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda Chdh}q~x b` Qfifmbc nbqgel~ff eda qgfx gepf qgf bnihleqhbd b` qgf Menhdfq Afmh}hbd b` >;;= qb afmhaf bdqgf ceqqf~ eda ei}b }hdmf QÊH h} ed fw{f~q nbax eda Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd ge}fw{f~q}) h` eii b` qgfc e~f b` qgf }ecf phf|) H aha dbq `ffi H |e} hd e {b}hqhbd qbhd}h}q qgeq evmqhbd} cv}q nf hd}h}qfa.$

Bd qgf uvf}qhbd b` ]eif b` ]{fmq~vc) qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ `v~qgf~ mie~h`hfa:

.†† H qgbvlgq †† hq |e} qgfd qgf {~fpehihdl {~emqhmf eda êje |e} mbdqhdvhdlqgeq {bihmx) qgeq e} è~ e} |gb lfq} ihmfd}f}) qgf `h~}q mbcf `h~}q }f~pf {bihmx) gb|hq |e} hc{ifcfdqfa) qgeq |e} dfpf~ ah}mv}}fa |hqg cf$ Ihmfd}f} |e} dbq

ceqqf~ |ghmg lbq ~f`f~~fa qb cf b~ qb qgf Menhdfq qgeq |e} qgf afmh}hbdfwmiv}hpfix b` qgf qfifmbc chdh}qf~$ Db| }vn}fuvfdq fpfdq} gepf }gb|d qgeqMbc{edhf} }bia qgfh~ fuvhqx nvq H |e} qbia qgeq qgfx gea dbq }bia hq qb}ge~fgbiaf~}$ Qgfx gepf }bia hq hd e ceddf~ qb ahivqf qgf fuvhqx b` qgf{~bcbqf~}†$.$

=$<; Hd gh} }{ffmg hd qgf êjxe ]enge bd >1$>$>;55) qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ mife~ix

}qeqfa:

.†$ †$ Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq,} {bihmx b` qgf {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc |e} qeofd bd qgfne}h} b` e Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= |ghmg }{fmh`hmeiix if`q qgf h}}vf qb nfafqf~chdfa nx qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda qgf Chdh}q~x b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd$Mbdq~e~x qb qgf e}}f~qhbd b` qgf Ifeaf~ b` qgf B{{b}hqhbd) qgf ~fmb~a mife~ix}gb|} qgeq qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ |ghif gf hdhqheiix gea e ah``f~fdq phf| |ghmg gfmbccvdhmeqfa qb cf bd Jedve~x 56) >;;7) }vn}fuvfdqix mbd}viqfa qgf Chdh}qf~)Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd eda qgf q|b Chdh}qf~} |b~ofa ed el~ffa `b~cvie bd]{fmq~vc mge~lf} |ghmg |e} ~f{b~qfa qb cf hd e cffqhdl bd Jvix 1) >;;7$@v~qgf~cb~f) qgh} afmh}hbd qgeq |e} {vq qb cf nx qgf q|b Chdh}qf~} |e} hd ihdf|hqg qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH hd hq} ^f{b~q b` Evlv}q >;;<$ Hd qgeq ^f{b~q

qgf QÊH gea mife~ix }qeqfa qgeq bdix =L ]{fmq~vc }gbvia nf evmqhbdfa eda qgf{bihmx `b~ >L ]{fmq~vc }gbvia mbdqhdvf bd qgf }ecf ne}h} e} ghqgf~qb.$

=$<5 E} ~fle~a} qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= eda qgf mb~~f}{bdafdmf} nfq|ffd

]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~ eda A~) ]vnne~eb bd qgf ceqqf~) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h Ceqgv~ hd

fphafdmf enbvq qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ gh} }q~bdl af`fdmf b` qgf emqhbd} b` qgf AbQ eda gh}



#6<#

ah}el~ffcfdq |hqg qgf mbdqfdqhbd b` qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x e} fphafdq `~bc gh} ifqqf~})

hd ~f}{bd}f ]g~h Ceqgv~ }vnchqqfa:

. E} ~fle~a} mb~~f}{bdafdmf |hqg qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x) H |bvia ihof qb mie~h`xqgeq |geqfpf~ H |~bqf qb qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |e} qgeq qhcf {b}hqhbd b` qgf

Af{e~qcfdq nvq |f |f~f bv~}fipf} dbq ge{{x |hqg qgf }hqveqhbd eda) qgf~f`b~f)|f |f~f ceohdl eqqfc{q} qb mgedlf qgf }hqveqhbd) qb mgedlf qgf {bihmx$ Nvq }bibdl e} qgf {bihmx ~fcehdfa H gea qb mbccvdhmeqf qgeq {bihmx qb qgf @hdedmfAf{e~qcfdq.$

=$<> E}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf ifqqf~} |~hqqfd nx ghc |f~f pbivdqe~x b~

vdaf~ edx mbf~mhbd ]g~h Ceqgv~ ~f{ihfa$

.H` H ec qgf ]fm~fqe~x b` e Af{e~qcfdq eda h` H gepf e {bihmx nf`b~f cf) }b ibdle} H ec dbq enif qb lfq qgeq {bihmx mgedlfa hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq H |hii gepf qb

af`fda qgeq {bihmx$ H meddbq }ex qgeq qgh} {bihmx h} |~bdl eda qgf~f`b~f) qgf@hdedmf Af{e~qcfdq }gbvia hdqf~pfdf.$]g~h Ceqgv~ `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

.†††H meddbq }ex }bcfqghdl qb @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x |ghmg cx Chdh}qf~ abf}dbq el~ff$ Qgf~f`b~f) H aha dbq }ex qgeq |f |hii mgedlf qgf {bihmx$ \f gea|hqghd qgf Af{e~qcfdq n~bvlgq eii qgf ceqqf~} qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf Gbd,nifChdh}qf~ eda h` qgf Chdh}qf~ el~ffa) gea gf el~ffa) qgfd |f |bvia gepfmbccvdhmeqfa qb qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ qgeq |f gepf mgedlfa qgf {bihmx$ Nvq}b `e~ e} qgf {bihmx eda qgf {~emqhmf }qeda}) |f gepf qb mbccvdhmeqf qb qgf@hdedmf Af{e~qcfdq e} ceqqf~} }qeda.$

=$<= Bd nfhdl e}ofa qb }qeqf e} qb |gfqgf~ gf n~bvlgq qgf ceqqf~ qb qgf dbqhmf b` gh}

Chdh}qf~) ]g~h Ceqgv~ }vnchqqfa:

.Qgf Chdh}qf~ gea nffd ~fuvf}qfa eq ife}q q|hmf nx v} qb ~fmbd}haf~ qgf ceqqf~ eda n~hdl qgf ~eqf} eq |ghmg qgf ihmfdmf} |f~f qb nf lhpfd v{#qb#aeqf†††††††.

=$<1 E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh`hmeiix |gfqgf~ gf e{{~h}fa qgf Chdh}qf~ qgeq }haf q~emohdl

qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |bvia ifea qb qgf phbieqhbd b` qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;=)

]g~h Ceqgv~ ~f}{bdafa:

.H cex dbq gepf v}fa qgb}f |b~a} nvq H aha n~hdl hq qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf Gbd,nifChdh}qf~ qgeq |f cex gepf qb lb qb qgf Menhdfq `b~ qgeq.$



#67#

=$<6 \gfd qgf Chdh}qf~ aha dbq el~ff) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa) |gfqgf~ hq |e} n~bvlgq

qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x b~ qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~$

Hd ~f}{bd}f) ]g~h Ceqgv~ ~f{ihfa:

.H }vnchq qb xbv qgeq H n~bvlgq hq qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x eda qgf

dbqhmf b` qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ dbq bdmf nvq }fpf~eiqhcf}.$

E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ hq |e} abdf hd |~hqhdl) ]g~h Ceqgv~ }vnchqqfa:

.B~eiix) hd Bmqbnf~#Dbpfcnf~.$

=$<0 Emmb~ahdl qb Evahq qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf |e} hd}h}qhdl bd qgf h}}vf b` hdmiv}hbd

b` ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl hd qgf Qb^ b` LbC mbd}qhqvqfa `b~ ]{fmq~vc pemeqhbd }hdmf fe~ix>;;0$ Hd Jvdf >;;<) @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x gea hd`b~cfa qgf AbQ qgeq qgf ceqqf~ gea nffd

ah}mv}}fa eq Gbd,nif @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} ifpfi eda Chdh}q~x `fiq qgeq e }bvda {bihmx bd

]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl |e} ~fuvh~fa$ Qgf Chdh}q~x elehd hd Dbpfcnf~ >;;< uvf}qhbdfa qgf

}edmqhqx b` mbdqhdvhdl |hqg e {~hmf afqf~chdfa |ex nemo hd >;;5 |hqgbvq edx hdafweqhbd

b~ mv~~fdq peiveqhbd eda }bvlgq ~fphf| b` qgf ceqqf~$ AbQ) mbdpfdhfdqix uvbqhdl qgf 1

xfe~ bia Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` Bmqbnf~ >;;=) jv}qh`hfa qb qgf Cb@ qgeq hq |e} evqgb~hzfa

qb meimvieqf qgf fdq~x `ff `b~ ihmfd}f} af{fdahdl bd qgf aeqf b` {excfdq) bd qgf

{~hdmh{if} b` QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;= eda qgeq QÊH hd >;;< gea ei}b dbq

~fmbccfdafa edx ~fph}hbd$ El~ffhdl |hqg Cb@,} phf|}) Cfcnf~ '@( b` qgf AbQ gea

ei}b }bvlgq 'Eddfwv~f ” WWHW( ed hd#af{qg edeix}h} b` qgf h}}vf {~hb~ qb qeohdl edx

`v~qgf~ emqhbd qb |ghmg ]fm~fqe~x 'AbQ( ei}b mbdmv~~fa$ Gbd,nif CbMHQ bn}f~pfa bd

qgf `hif) ’B``hmf~} gepf dfhqgf~ v{ qb aeqf odb|ifalf b` VE] lvhafihdf} db~ gepf

nbqgf~fa qb me~f`viix lb qg~bvlg `hif††$$Qgf}f qx{f} b` mbdqhdvbv} mbd`v}hbd}

bn}f~pfa bd qgf `hif |gbfpf~ nf qgf b``hmf~ mbdmf~dfa abf} dbq }gb| edx

iflhqhcemx eda hdqfl~hqx nvq bdix qgfh~ pf}qfa hdqf~f}q††$qgf ceqqf~ b` fdq~x `ff

ge} nffd afihnf~eqfa hd qgf af{e~qcfdq) }fpf~ei qhcf} hd qgf ihlgq b` pe~hbv}

lvhafihdf} h}}vfa nx qgf af{e~qcfdq eda ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH eda

emmb~ahdlix afmh}hbd |e} qeofd qgeq fdq~x `ff dffa dbq nf ~fph}fa.$



#68#

=$<< Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa C}$ Cedjv Ceageped) qgf @b~cf~

Cfcnf~ '@hdedmf() Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd enbvq gf~ phf|} bd qgf Chdh}qf~,} eapf~}f

mbccfdq} bd gf~ {~b{b}ei qb mbd}haf~ qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x,} mbdqfdqhbd$ Hd ~f{ix C}$

Ceageped }vnchqqfa:

.Gb| med H mbccfdq bd |geq qgf Gbd,nif Chdh}qf~ }eha2.

=$<7 Fw{~f}}hdl }v~{~h}f) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf ~fe}bd `b~ gf~ nfhdl }b

mh~mvc}{fmq |gfd qgf Chdh}qf~ uvf}qhbdfa qgf nbde#`haf b` qgf b``hmf~} hdmivahdl gf~$

Hd ~f{ix) C}$ Ceageped }vnchqqfa:

.H |bvia ihof qb }ex qgh} nfmev}f H gepf e pf~x mife~ mbd}mhfdmf$ H aha |geqfpf~ H qgbvlgq |e} hd qgf nf}q hdqf~f}q b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq eda }hdmf H gepf e mife~ mbd}mhfdmf) H gepf dbq mbd}haf~fa qgf}f qghdl}$ [f~ge{} |hqg qgf |h}abc b`

ghda}hlgq) H mbvia }ex H }gbvia gepf abdf qgh} b~ H }gbvia gepf abdf qgeq$ Nvq|geqfpf~ H aha) H qghdo) H aha |hqg en}bivqfix mife~ mbd}mhfdmf.$

=$<8 Qgf Mbcchqqff ~fqb~qfa qgeq db nbax |e} uvf}qhbdhdl gf~ mbd}mhfdmf b~

{f~}bdei hdqfl~hqx eda |geq qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |e} qgeq |gfqgf~ }gf

n~bvlgq hq qb qgf dbqhmf b` qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~$ C}$ Ceageped }vnchqqfa:

.††H ab dbq qghdo }{fmh`hmeiix H gepf |~hqqfd qb qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf }exhdlqgeq qgh} ge} nffd }eha enbvq cf$ H gepf dbq {vq hd |~hqhdl.$

E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ gf~ hdemqhbd bd qgf ceqqf~) }gf ~f{ihf}:

.H aha dbq ~f{b~q hq qb qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x hd |~hqhdl nfmev}f eq qgeq {bhdq b` qhcfH dfpf~ qgbvlgq hq |e} e me}f.$

=$7; \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |ghmg eiqf~deqhpf) bvq b` qgf qg~ff

eiqf~deqhpf} }vllf}qfa nx gf~) |bvia gepf nffd qgf nf}q bdf hd qf~c} b` q~ed}{e~fdmx

eda ~fpfdvf lfdf~eqhbd) C}$ Ceageped }vnchqqfa:

.E} Cfcnf~ '@hdedmf() H qgbvlgq qgeq evmqhbd |e} qgf nf}q cfqgba$ \f geaah}mv}}fa qgh} eda H }eha evmqhbd h} qgf cb}q q~ed}{e~fdq eda qgf nf}q cfqgbaqgeq }gbvia nf eab{qfa.$



#0;#



#05#

MGE[QF^ # HP

HLDB^HDL QGF EAPHMF B@ QGF CHDH]Q^X B@ IE\ EDA JV]QHMF

1$5 [v~}vedq qb qgf }vnch}}hbd b` qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf QÊH hd qgf ceqqf~ b` k^fphf| b` ihmfdmf qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} eda me{{hdl b` dvcnf~ b` emmf}} {~bphaf~}

eda mbd}fuvfdq v{bd qgf dbqh`hmeqhbd b` qgf afmh}hbd b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ne}fa bd

QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd qg~bvlg e [~f}} ^fife}f aeqfa 58 qg Bmqbnf~) >;;<) qgf~f gea

nffd e }{v~q hd qgf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd}) 1;7 df| ~fuvf}q} hd 7 aex} qb nf {~fmh}f)

~fmfhpfa nx qgf AbQ `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf}$ Qgh} gfepx ~v}g b` e{{ihmeqhbd} eda qb

{~bmf}} qgfc hd e èh~ eda q~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~ |e} e `b~chaenif }hqveqhbd qgeq qgf AbQ

gea qb èmf eda qemoif$

1$> ]b) bd >0qg Bmqbnf~) >;;<) qgf Cfcnf~ 'Qfmgdbiblx( AbQ |~bqf e ifqqf~

'Eddfwv~f#WWW( qb qgf ]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Iflei E`èh~} bd qgf ceqqf~ }b e} qb

fdenif qgf AbQ qb gedaif }vmg vd{~fmfafdqfa }hqveqhbd hd e èh~ eda fuvhqenif ceddf~

|ghmg |bvia nf ifleiix qfdenif$ Gf ei}b fdmib}fa e ]qeqfcfdq b` Me}f} |gf~fhd `bv~

eiqf~deqhpf} |f~f }vllf}qfa qb afei |hqg qgf 6<6 e{{ihmedq} `b~ qgf l~edq b` VE]

ihmfdmf eda eiibqcfdq b` }{fmq~vc$

1$= Qgf Ie| ]fm~fqe~x emmb~ahdlix cbbqfa e dbqf 'Eddfwv~f#WWWH( bd 5}q

Dbpfcnf~) >;;< `b~ qgf mbd}haf~eqhbd b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf ghlgihlgqhdl

qgeq qgf iflei b{hdhbd }bvlgq `b~ `~bc qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei e{{fe~fa

qb nf qbb n~bea eda qgf h}}vf} |bvia gepf qb nf ~f`hdfa `v~qgf~$ Qgf Chdh}qf~ el~ffhdl

|hqg phf|} b` qgf Ie| ]fm~fqe~x ~fmb~afa bd qgf dbqf qgeq ’Hd phf| b` qgf hc{b~qedmf b`

qgf me}f) hq h} dfmf}}e~x qgeq qgf |gbif h}}vf h} `h~}q mbd}haf~fa nx ed Fc{b|f~fa

L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} eda hd qgeq {~bmf}} iflei b{hdhbd b` qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei med nf

bnqehdfa–$

1$1 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb qgf enbpf bn}f~peqhbd b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) qgf

Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda HQ |~bqf qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd >da Dbpfcnf~) >;;<

'Eddfwv~f#WWWH( hdqf~#eihe e{{~h}hdl ghc qgeq kChdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) hd}qfea b`

fwechdhdl qgf iflei qfdenhihqx b` qgf}f eiqf~deqhpf {~bmfav~f}) }vllf}qfa ~f`f~~hdl qgf



#0>#

ceqqf~ qb fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ ]hdmf) lfdf~eiix df| cejb~ {bihmx afmh}hbd}

b` e Af{e~qcfdq b~ Hdqf~#af{e~qcfdqei h}}vf} e~f ~f`f~~fa qb LbC) eda) dffaif}} qb

}ex qgeq qgf {~f}fdq h}}vf ~fieqf} qb {~bmfav~f}) qgf }vllf}qhbd b` Ie| Chdh}q~x h}

qbqeiix bvq b` mbdqfwq.$

1$6 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf AbQ qb fw{iehd qgf ~eqhbdei bd qgf ne}h} b` |ghmg qgf

eaphmf b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) eda qgeq qbb eq qgf Chdh}qf~‘} ifpfi) |e}

bpf~ibbofa eda |gfqgf~ nx abhdl }b qgf Af{e~qcfdq aha dbq af{~hpf qgfc}fipf} b` qgf

nfdf`hq b` qgf ah}mv}}hbd bd hc{b~qedq qfifmbc h}}vf} hd ed hdqf~#Chdh}qf~hei `b~vc$ Hd

~f{ix qgf AbQ fw{iehdfa qgeq qgf dffa `b~ `b~chdl e FLbC e~h}f} |gfd e df| {bihmx h}

nfhdl `~ecfa$ \gf~fe}) hd qgh} {e~qhmvie~ h}}vf) db df| {bihmx `b~ l~edq b` VE]

ihmfdmf} |e} nfhdl `~ecfa eda qgf ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| |e} ihchqfa qbe~~edlf qgf b{hdhbd b` Ia"Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei bd pe~hbv} {b}}hnif

b{qhbd} qb afei |hqg qgf ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} qb fdenif AbQ qb gedaif }vmg ed

vd{~fmfafdqfa }hqveqhbd hd e èh~ eda fuvhqenif ceddf~ |ghmg |bvia nf ifleiix qfdenif$

Gb|fpf~) qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie|) hd}qfea b` e~~edlhdl qgf b{hdhbd b` Ia" Eqqb~dfx

Lfdf~ei"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei hd qgf ceqqf~) lepf hq} b|d b{hdhbd |ghmg |e} qf~cfa e} bvq

b` mbdqfwq$

1$0 Dbq }eqh}`hfa |hqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq‘} fw{iedeqhbd) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~

~fuvf}qhdl `b~ iflei b{hdhbd qb gedaif qgf vd{~fmfafdqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} hd e

èh~ eda q~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~ |e} dbq eohd qb }ffohdl }vllf}qhbd} `b~ l~edq b` ihmfdmf

eda eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc hd e èh~ eda q~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~ eda hd qgeq me}f |gfqgf~ hq

|e} e{{~b{~heqf qb qf~c qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf‘} eaphmf bvq b` mbdqfwq) cb~f

}b |gfd qgf AbQ gea }bvlgq qgf iflei b{hdhbd bd hq} b|d pbihqhbd$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf

Af{e~qcfdq }qeqfa qgeq qgf ~f`f~fdmf aeqfa >0$5;$>;;< b` AbQ qb Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda

Jv}qhmf |hqg ~fle~a qb h}}vedmf b` IBH} |e} ceaf hd qgf nemol~bvda b` ie~lf~ dvcnf~

b` e{{ihmeqhbd}$ Hq |e} {~b{b}fa qb }ffo qgf b{hdhbd b` qgf Ia$ Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei b`

Hdahe"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe bd qgf pe~hbv} }vllf}qfa b{qhbd} qb afei |hqg qgf ie~lf

dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} qb fdenif AbQ qb gedaif }vmg ed vd{~fmfafdqfa }hqveqhbd hd e



#0=#

èh~ eda fuvhqenif ceddf~ |ghmg |bvia nf ifleiix qfdenif$ Gb|fpf~) qgf Chdh}q~x b`

Ie|) hd}qfea b` e~~edlhdl qgf b{hdhbd b` Ia" Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei hd qgf

ceqqf~) lepf hq} b|d b{hdhbd |ghmg |e} qf~cfa e} bvq b` mbdqfwq nx qgf qgfd Gbd‘nif

CBMHQ$ Qgf ~fe}bd} hdahmeqfa nx qgf qgfd Gbd‘nif CBMHQ e~f mbdqehdfa hd gh}

ifqqf~ aeqfa ;>$55$>;;< qb Gbd‘nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~ e} ~f{~bavmfa nfib|:

’'h( E`qf~ qgf eddbvdmfcfdq b` QÊH ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ^fphf| b` Ihmfdmf Qf~c}eda Mbdahqhbd `b~ 'Qfifmbc( Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} bd >7 qg Evlv}q) >;;<) edavd{~fmfafdqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl ~fmfhpfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq avf qb^fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH ~fmbccfdahdl ’Db Me{– bd dvcnf~ b` Ihmfd}f} hd e]f~phmf E~fe$

'hh( E} vd{~fmfafdqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl ~fmfhpfa) e mvq#b`` aeqfb` 5}q Bmqbnf~ >;;< |e} eddbvdmfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq bd >1 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< eda e

[~f}} ^fife}f |e} lhpfd$ Hd eii 6<6 e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ >> ]f~phmf E~fe} |f~f ~fmfhpfa$

'hhh( Qgf Af{e~qcfdq |edqfa qb fwechdf qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` edx bqgf~ {~bmfav~f hdeaahqhbd qb qgf mv~~fdq {~bmfav~f b` eiibqcfdq b` Ihmfd}f} qb {~bmf}} qgf gvlf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd}$ E `f| eiqf~deqhpf {~bmfav~f} e} afneqfa hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq eda ei}bb{hdfa nx `f| iflei fw{f~q} |f~f }vllf}qfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc qb Chdh}q~xb` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf qb fwechdf hq} iflei qfdenhihqx qb epbha `vqv~f iflei mbc{ihmeqhbd}) h` edx$ Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) hd}qfea b` fwechdhdl qgf iflei qfdenhihqx b` qgf}feiqf~deqhpf {~bmfav~f}) }vllf}qfa ~f`f~~hdl qgf ceqqf~ qb fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ ]hdmf) lfdf~eiix df| cejb~ {bihmx afmh}hbd} b` e Af{e~qcfdq b` Hdqf~#af{e~qcfdqei h}}vf} e~f ~f`f~~fa qb LBC) eda) dffaif}} qb }ex qgeq qgf {~f}fdq h}}vf

~fieqf} qb {~bmfav~f}) qgf }vllf}qhbd b` Ie| Chdh}q~x h} qbqeiix bvq b` mbdqfwq.$

1$< Gb|fpf~) qgf Bdf Ced Mbcchqqff 'BCM( vdaf~ Jv}qhmf ]ghp~ej P [eqhi bd

fwechdeqhbd b` e{{~b{~heqfdf}} b` {~bmfav~f} `biib|fa nx AbQ hd h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf}

eda eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc av~hdl qgf {f~hba >;;5 ” >;;8) ge} hd hq} ~f{b~q aeqfa

Jedve~x =5) >;55) ge} bn}f~pfa qgeq:

’^fieqhdl qb hc{b~qedq Lbpf~dcfdq mbdq~emq} Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf h}~fuvh~fa qb nf mbd}viqfa$ Qgf AbQ hq}fi` gephdl }bvlgq b{hdhbd e} qb {~bmfav~fqb nf `biib|fa `b~ l~edq b` VE]I}) hldb~fa qgf b{hdhbd b` Chdh}q~x b` Ie| edaJv}qhmf hd qgh} ~fle~a) |ghmg ~fuvh~fa mbd}haf~eqhbd b` qgf ceqqf~ nx e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}) qv~dhdl hq e} bvq b` mbdqfwq.$



#01#

1$7 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf iflei b{hdhbd bd qgf ceqqf~ |e} `hdeiix

bnqehdfa `~bc qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei) e} {~b{b}fa hd qgf

Cfcnf~'Qfmgdbiblx( AbQ‘} dbqf aeqfa >0qg Bmqbnf~) >;;<$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa

qgeq hd qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa >0$5>$>;;< `~bc Gbd‘nif CBMHQ qb Gbd‘nif [C 'mb{x

fdmib}fa eq 'Eddfwv~f#WWWHHH( hq |e} }qeqfa qgeq:

’†$ ]hdmf qgf me}f} `hifa nx Mfiivie~ B{f~eqb~} E}}bmheqhbd b` Hdahe 'MBEH( bd

qgf}f h}}vf} nf`b~f Qfifmbc Ah}{vqf} ]fqqifcfdq E{{fiieqf Q~hnvdei 'QA]EQ(

eda Afigh Ghlg Mbv~q e~f nfhdl ~f{~f}fdqfa nx ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe) gf

|e} ei}b meiifa `b~ qgf ah}mv}}hbd} qb fw{iehd qgf iflei {b}hqhbd$

†$$Hd qgf}f mh~mvc}qedmf}) qgf ah}mv}}hbd} |hqg qgf Fwqf~dei E``eh~} Chdh}qf~

eda ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe gepf `v~qgf~ fdihlgqfdfa cf qb qeof e {~f#fc{qhpf

eda {~b#emqhpf afmh}hbd bd qgf}f h}}vf} e} {f~ qgf lvhafihdf} eda ~vif} `~ecfa

qgf~f vdaf~ qb epbha edx `v~qgf~ mbd`v}hbd} eda afiex$ Qgf h}}vf |h}f afqehi}

eda cx afmh}hbd} e~f lhpfd hd qgf fdmib}fa eddfwv~f.$

Qgf fdmib}fa eddfwv~f qb qgf }eha ifqqf~ aeqfa >0$5>$>;;< cfdqhbdfa qgeq:

’††$H}}vf b` Ihmfdmf : Qgf @h~}q#mvc#@h~}q ]f~pfa {bihmx h} ei}b e{{ihmenif `b~

l~edq b` ihmfdmf bd mbc{ihedmf b` IBH mbdahqhbd}$ Qgf~f`b~f) edx e{{ihmedq |gb

mbc{ihf} |hqg qgf mbdahqhbd} b` IBH `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa VE] ihmfdmf `h~}q$ Qgh}

h}}vf dfpf~ e~b}f hd qgf {e}q e} eq bdf {bhdq b` qhcf bdix bdf e{{ihmeqhbd |e}

{~bmf}}fa eda IBH |e} l~edqfa eda fdbvlg qhcf |e} lhpfd qb ghc `b~

mbc{ihedmf b` mbdahqhbd} b` IBH$ Gb|fpf~) }hdmf qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ge} eab{qfa

e {bihmx b` ’Db Me{– bd dvcnf~ b` VE] Ihmfdmf) e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` IBH‘} e~f

{~b{b}fa qb nf h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix$ Hd qgf}f mh~mvc}qedmf}) ed e{{ihmedq|gb `vi`hi} qgf mbdahqhbd} b` IBH `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa ihmfdmf `h~}q) eiqgbvlg

}fpf~ei e{{ihmedq} |hii nf h}}vfa IBH }hcviqedfbv}ix$ Qgf }ecf ge} nffd

mbdmv~~fa nx qgf ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe av~hdl qgf ah}mv}}hbd}.$



#06#

1$8 @v~qgf~) nf`b~f h}}vf b` `h~}q [~f}} ^fife}f aeqfa 5;$;5$>;;7 ~fle~ahdl l~edq b`

VE] ihmfdmf}) bd ;<$;5$>;;7) qgf b{hdhbd b` qgf ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei |e} bnqehdfa$ Mb{x

b` qgf }ecf h} fdmib}fa eq 'Eddfwv~f#WWWHP($

1$5; ^f`f~~hdl qb qgf enbpf ifqqf~ b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ qb qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa `b~ qgf mb{hf} b` qgf `hif dbqhdl `~bc qgf AbQ qb `hda bvq

qgf b{hdhbd lhpfd nx qgf ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei bd qgf ceqqf~ b` h}}vedmf b` qgf ifqqf~ b`

Hdqfda} hd Jedve~x) >;;7$ Qgf Af{e~qcfdq `v~dh}gfa qgf ~fifpedq `hif dbqhdl

'Eddfwv~f#WWWP($ E {f~v}ei b` qgf }ecf ge} ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei

ge} lhpfd qgf `biib|hdl ~fce~o}:

’H gepf }ffd qgf dbqf}$ Qgf h}}vf} ~fle~ahdl df| IbH} e~f dbq nf`b~f edxmbv~q$ \geq h} {~b{b}fa h} `eh~ eda ~fe}bdenif$ Qgf [~f}} ^fife}f ceof} `b~ q~ed}{e~fdmx$ Qgh} }ffc} qb nf hd b~af~.$

1$55 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf Ie| ]fm~fqe~x hd fphafdmf |gfqgf~ edx

Chdh}q~x"Af{e~qcfdq mbvia }ffo ah~fmq iflei b{hdhbd `~bc edx Ie| B``hmf~ nx{e}}hdl

qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf) gf ~f{ihfa hd qgf dfleqhpf$

Hd qgf }ecf mbdqfwq) qgf Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei }qeqfa hd e |~hqqfd ~f{ix e} vdaf~:#

.Hd cx b{hdhbd) qgf Chdh}qf~ }gbvia dbq ceof ~f`f~fdmf} qb edx Ie| B``hmf~

ah~fmqix$ H qbbo bpf~ e} ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei hd >;;1$ Hdhqheiix) Chdh}qf~} v}fa qbceof ~f`f~fdmf} qb cf ah~fmqix$ H mbd}h}qfdqix ~f#~bvqfa qgfc qg~bvlg qgfChdh}q~x b` Ie|$ Fpfd |gfd v~lfdq b{hdhbd} |f~f }bvlgq H gepf hd}h}qfa qgeqqgfx }gbvia nf ~f`f~~fa qg~bvlg qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie|$ Gb|fpf~) H |bvia ihof qbfw{iehd qgeq qgf nvio b` qgf |b~o qgeq e Ie| B``hmf~ abf} h} hd ~fieqhbd qbihqhleqhbd$ Hd qgf mbv~}f b` qgf mbdavmq b` ihqhleqhbd hq nfmbcf} dfmf}}e~x `b~ eIe| B``hmf~ qb qeof afmh}hbd} hd ~fieqhbd qb }qeda qb nf qeofd hd qgf mbv~q edae``haephq} qb nf `hifa$ Qgf }fqqifa {~emqhmf hd qgh} nfgei h} qgeq }vmg afmh}hbd}e~f qeofd |hqg ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf mbdmf~dfa Chdh}q~x |hqgbvq ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf Ie|Chdh}q~x$ Hd ihqhleqhbd) ceqqf~} meddbq nf ~f`f~~fa qb qgf Ie| Chdh}q~x eq fpf~x}qelf$ Bdmf e Ie| B``hmf~ h} fdlelfa |hqg qgf e{{~bpei b` qgf Ie| Chdh}q~x hq h}

gh} avqx eda ~f}{bd}hnhihqx qb mbdavmq qgf me}f$ Av~hdl }vmg fdelfcfdq hq h}dbq qgf {~emqhmf) db~ h} hq {~emqhmei) qb ceof e ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie|eda Jv}qhmf |hqg ~fle~a qb qgf {~f}fdqeqhbd eda mbdavmq b` qgf me}f.$

1$5> Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgf~f`b~f) qbbo dbqf b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ‘}

hd`b~ceqhbd qb qgf [C hd gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;< qgeq gh} ah}mv}}hbd |hqg

qgf Fwqf~dei E``eh~} Chdh}qf~ gea fdihlgqfdfa ghc qb qeof e {~f#fc{qhpf eda {~b#emqhpf



#00#

afmh}hbd} bd qgf h}}vf} mbdmf~dfa$ Eda e}ofa qgf b` hmf b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` @hdedmf

'qgf qgfd Fwqf~dei E`èh~} Chdh}qf~( qb `v~dh}g e èmqvei dbqf bd qgf miehc} b` qgf

Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) qgf [~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf @hdedmf

Chdh}qf~ hd gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa >6qg Ce~mg) >;55'Eddfwv~f#WWWPH( `v~dh}gfa qgf èmqvei

mbccfdq} ne}fa bd qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~‘} ~fmbiifmqhbd) |ghmg e~f e} vdaf~:

’Hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;<) Gbd‘nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~ gea e}ofa ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jff)qgf qgfd Fwqf~dei E`èh~} Chdh}qf~) qb e{{~h}f ghc}fi` `b` qgf h}}vf} ~eh}fa nxMBEH eda }bcf L]C }{fmq~vc |hqg ]g~h E$ êje) qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ) eda ]g~h L$F$ Pegedpeqh) qgf qgfd ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei ']L()hd qgf mbdqfwq b` {~bmffahdl} {fdahdl hd qgf QA]EQ$

Hd qgh} mbdqfwq) ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jff gfia e cffqhdl |hqg CbMHQ eda ]L hdqgf `h~}q |ffo b` Afmfcnf~) >;;<$ ]L fw{iehdfa qgeq qgf fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~}|f~f hd}h}qhdl bd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` eaahqhbdei L]C }{fmq~vc bd qgf ne}h} b`

Ce~mg) >;;0 lvhafihdf} |ghmg qgfx mbdqfdafa |f~f eafuveqf$ Qgf~f |e} db}vn}qedmf hd qgh} mbdqfdqhbd hd phf| b` qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdafa ~fph}fa m~hqf~he|ghmg |e} }q~hmqf~ eda |e} vdaf~ `v~qgf~ mbd}haf~eqhbd$

]L fw{iehdfa qgeq e} {f~ qgf ah~fmqhbd} b` qgf QA]EQ) ed e``haephq gea nffd`hifa hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;< hdahmeqhdl qgf |ex `b~|e~a$ ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jffn~hfìx ah}mv}}fa qgf cf~hq} b` qgf me}f eda fduvh~fa |gfqgf~ edx b~af~ geanffd {e}}fa nx QA]EQ$ Gf |e} hd`b~cfa qgeq qgf~f |e} db eapf~}f b~af~ eqqgeq }qeqf$

Qgf cffqhdl ie}qfa `b~ enbvq 56 chdvqf}.$

1$5= Bd <qg E{~hi) >;55 qgf [~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~ |~bqf edbqgf~

ifqqf~ 'Eddfwv~f#WWWPHH( |gf~fhd gf }qeqfa qgeq }vn}fuvfdq qb gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa >6 qg

Ce~mg) >;55) qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x gea ~fmfhpfa mb{hf} b` }bcf {e{f~} }fdq nx qgf

[CB qb qgf [EM$ Hd qgf }eha {e{f~}) qgf~f |e} e ~f`f~fdmf qb e ’Qb ]fm~fq– dbqf

aeqfa >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;< bd qgf }vnjfmq b` qfifmbc ihmfdmf eda }{fmq~vc h}}vf}

eaa~f}}fa nx ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jff) qgf qgfd Fwqf~dei E`èh~} Chdh}qf~ qb qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~$ E} db mb{x b` qgf dbqf |e} ~fqehdfa hd ]g~h [~eden Cvogf~jff‘} b` hmf) qgf

}eha dbqf eibdl|hqg qgf fdmib}v~f} |e} bnqehdfa `~bc qgf [CB eda }fdq qb qgf [EM$

1$51 E {f~v}ei b` qgf qgfd Fwqf~dei E`èh~} Chdh}qf~‘} dbqf ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf Chdh}qf~

gea hdqf~#eihe vdecnhlvbv}ix b{hdfa qgeq ’|ghif hq h} qgf {~f~bleqhpf b` qgf



#0<#

Lbpf~dcfdq qb `~ecf) ~fph}f eda mgedlf qgf {bihmx) hq h} ei}b qgf ~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq qb ab }b hd e q~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~ eda qgfd `biib| qgf }qeqfa {bihmx nbqg hd

ifqqf~ eda }{h~hq–$ Gf ei}b ~fmb~afa qgeq ’|ghif vdaf~ qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx) qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq cex off{ bd h}}vhdl df| ihmfdmf}) qgf m~hqf~he `b~ qgf l~edq b` ihmfdmf}

cex nf }q~fdlqgfdfa eda {vq hd {vnihm abcehd eq qgf fe~ihf}q–$

1$56 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~‘} B``hmf qb `v~dh}g qgf ~fe}bd} `b~

dbq mbd}qhqvqhdl e L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~ af}{hqf qgf }vllf}qhbd b` qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda

Jv}qhmf$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf [CB }qeqfa qgeq db }vllf}qhbd ~fle~ahdl }fqqhdl v{ b` e LbC

|e} ~fmfhpfa hd qgf [CB `~bc qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~) eiqgbvlg qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd Chdh}qf~

ghc}fi` e{{~h}fa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ b` qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~‘} phf| hd qgh} ~fle~a

eibdl|hqg qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd Chdh}qf~‘} phf| qgf~fbd$



#07#

MGE[QF^ ” P

DBD# EAGF^FDMF QB QGF [^HCF CHDH]QF^,] EAPHMF EDA CH]IFEAHDL GHCQG^BVLGBVQ

6$5 Qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd eda HQ hd gh} `h~}q ifqqf~ aeqfa >da

Dbpfcnf~) >;;< 'Eddfwv~f#WWWPHHH( qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ |~bqf e} nfib|:#

’E`qf~ qgf eddbvdmfcfdq b` QÊH ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ^fphf| b` Ihmfd}fQf~c} eda Mbdahqhbd `b~ 'Qfifmbc( Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} bd >7 qg Evlv}q)>;;<) eda vd{~fmfafdqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl ~fmfhpfa nx qgfAf{e~qcfdq avf qb ^fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH ~fmbccfdahdl ’Db Me{– bddvcnf~ b` Ihmfd}f} hd e ]f~phmf E~fe$

E} vd{~fmfafdqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl ~fmfhpfa) e mvq#b`` aeqf b`

5

}q

Bmqbnf~ >;;< |e} eddbvdmfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq bd >1

qg

]f{qfcnf~) >;;<eda e [~f}} ^fife}f |e} lhpfd$ Hd eii 6<6 e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ >> ]f~phmf E~fe}|f~f ~fmfhpfa$

Qgf Af{e~qcfdq |edqfa qb fwechdf qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` edx bqgf~ {~bmfav~f hdeaahqhbd qb qgf mv~~fdq {~bmfav~f b` eiibqcfdq b` Ihmfd}f} qb {~bmf}} qgf gvlfdvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd}$ E `f| eiqf~deqhpf {~bmfav~f} e} afneqfa hd qgfAf{e~qcfdq eda ei}b b{hdfa nx `f| iflei fw{f~q} |f~f }vllf}qfa nx qgfAf{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc qb Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf qb fwechdf hq} ifleiqfdenhihqx qb epbha `vqv~f iflei mbc{ihmeqhbd}) h` edx$ Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf)hd}qfea b` fwechdhdl qgf iflei qfdenhihqx b` qgf}f eiqf~deqhpf {~bmfav~f})}vllf}qfa ~f`f~~hdl qgf ceqqf~ qb fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ ]hdmf)lfdf~eiix df| cejb~ {bihmx afmh}hbd} b` e Af{e~qcfdq b` Hdqf~#af{e~qcfdqeih}}vf} e~f ~f`f~~fa qb LBC) eda) dffaif}} qb }ex qgeq qgf {~f}fdq h}}vf ~fieqf}qb {~bmfav~f}) qgf }vllf}qhbd b` Ie| Chdh}q~x h} qbqeiix bvq b` mbdqfwq$

Db|) qgf Af{e~qcfdq ge} afmhafa qb mbdqhdvf |hqg qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx '`h~}q#mvc#`h~}q#}f~pfa( `b~ {~bmf}}hdl b` e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<)h$f$ qgf aeqf |gfd qgf df|}#hqfc bd eddbvdmfcfdq b` mvq#b`` aeqf e{{fe~fa hdqgf df|}{e{f~}$ Qgf {~bmfav~f `b~ {~bmf}}hdl qgf ~fcehdhdl e{{ihmeqhbd} |hiinf afmhafa eq e ieqf~ aeqf) h` edx }{fmq~vc h} if`q epehienif e`qf~ {~bmf}}hdl qgfe{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<$

E} qgf Af{e~qcfdq h} dbq afpheqhdl `~bc qgf fwh}qhdl {~bmfav~f) H gb{f qgh} |hii}eqh}`x qgf hdav}q~x.$

6$> Qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ }fdq e ifqqf~ bd qgf }ecf aex 'Eddfwv~f#WWWHW( qb qgf

Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ ghlgihlgqhdl qgf `biib|hdl èmq:

’E dvcnf~ b` h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc gepf nffd ~eh}fa nx

qfifmbc }fmqb~ mbc{edhf} e} |fii e} hd }fmqhbd} b` qgf cfahe$ N~beaix) qgf



#08#

h}}vf} ~fieqf qb fdgedmfcfdq b` }vn}m~hnf~ ihdofa }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd m~hqf~he)

{f~ch}}hbd qb MACE }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb ei}b {~bphaf }f~phmf} bd qgf L]C

}qedae~a eda nf fihlhnif `b~ }{fmq~vc hd qgf L]C }f~phmf neda) eda qgf

{~bmf}}hdl b` e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa `b~ `~f}g ihmfd}f} elehd}q

qgf nemoa~b{ b` hdeafuveqf }{fmq~vc qb meqf~ qb bpf~eii afceda$ Nf}haf}

qgf}f) qgf~f e~f }bcf bqgf~ h}}vf} ~fmbccfdafa nx QÊH qgeq ~fuvh~f fe~ix

afmh}hbd$ Qgf ofx h}}vf} e~f }vcce~hzfa hd qgf eddfwfa dbqf$ H |bvia ~fuvf}q

xbv qb lhpf v~lfdq mbd}haf~eqhbd qb qgf h}}vf} nfhdl ~eh}fa |hqg e phf| qb

fd}v~hdl èh~df}} eda q~ed}{e~fdmx eda ifq cf odb| b` qgf {b}hqhbd nf`b~f xbv

qeof edx `v~qgf~ emqhbd hd qgh} ~fle~a–$

Qgf Eddfwv~f qb qgf [C,} ifqqf~ vdaf~ihdfa qgf `biib|hdl hc{b~qedq h}}vf}:

5$ ’Fdgedmfcfdq b` }vn}m~hnf~ ihdofa }{fmq~vc

eiibmeqhbd m~hqf~he$

>$ [f~ch}}hbd qb MACE }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb ei}b{~bphaf }f~phmf} bd qgf L]C }qedae~a eda nf fihlhnif `b~ }{fmq~vc hd qgfL]C }f~phmf neda$

=$ [~bmf}}hdl b` e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd}~fmfhpfa `b~ `~f}g ihmfd}f} elehd}q qgf nemoa~b{ b` hdeafuveqf }{fmq~vcqb meqf~ qb bpf~eii afceda$

1$ Hd b~af~ qgeq }{fmq~vc v}f f``hmhfdmx lfq} ah~fmqixihdofa |hqg mb~~fmq {~hmhdl b` }{fmq~vc) mbd}haf~ 'h( hdq~bavmqhbd b` eq~ed}{e~fdq `fe}hnif) eda 'hh( ~fph}hbd b` fdq~x `ff) |ghmg h} mv~~fdqixnfdmgce~ofa bd bia }{fmq~vc evmqhbd `hlv~f}$

6$ Fe~ix afmh}hbd bd h}}vf} ihof ~v~ei qfif{gbdx)hd`~e}q~vmqv~f }ge~hdl) =L) N~beaneda) Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx edaN~beaneda \h~fif}} Emmf}}) bd |ghmg qgf QÊH ge} ei~feax lhpfd~fmbccfdaeqhbd}.$

6$= Qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ hd gh} }fmbda ifqqf~ bd qgf }ecf aex

'Eddfwv~f#WWWW( hdqf~#eihe ~f}{bdafa qb qgf [C e} nfib|:

’Ohdaix ~f`f~ qb xbv~ ifqqf~ aeqfa >$55$>;;< ~fle~ahdl pe~hbv} h}}vf} ~fieqfa qb

Qfifmbc }fmqb~$ Hd qgh} ~fle~a H gepf ei~feax |~hqqfd qb xbv e ifqqf~ fe~ihf~ qbaex

'mb{x fdmib}fa( mie~h xhdl qgf {b}hqhbd bd {~bmf}}hdl b` ie~lf dvcnf~ b`

e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa `b~ `~f}g ihmfdmf}$ Nf`b~f lhphdl mie~h hmeqhbd} qb qgf

epf~cfdq} mbdqehdfa hd qgf Eddfwv~f qb xbv~ ifqqf~) H |bvia ihof qb hd`b~c xbv



#<;#

qgeq qgf~f |e}) eda h}) db }hdlif afpheqhbd b~ af{e~qv~f hd qgf ~vif} eda

{~bmfav~f} mbdqfc{ieqfa) hd eii qgf afmh}hbd} qeofd nx cx Chdh}q~x eda e} }vmg

`vii q~ed}{e~fdmx h} nfhdl cehdqehdfa nx cx Chdh}q~x eda H `v~qgf~ e}}v~f xbv

qgf }ecf hd `vqv~f ei}b–$

\hqg ~f}{fmq qb {~bmf}}hdl b` e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa `b~ `~f}g

ihmfdmf} elehd}q qgf nemoa~b{ b` hdeafuveqf }{fmq~vc qb meqf~ qb bpf~eii

afceda) hd qgf }eha ifqqf~) hq |e} mbdpfxfa qgeq:

’Qgf h}}vf b` evmqhbd b` }{fmq~vc |e} mbd}haf~fa nx qgf QÊH eda qgf Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd eda |e} dbq ~fmbccfdafa e} qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfdmf gbiaf~} |gb e~fei~feax gephdl }{fmq~vc v{qb 5; CGz {f~ Mh~mif gepf lbq hq |hqgbvq edx

}{fmq~vc mge~lf$ Hq |hii nf vdèh~) ah}m~hchdeqb~x) e~nhq~e~x eda me{~hmhbv} qb

evmqhbd qgf }{fmq~vc qb df| e{{ihmedq} e} hq |hii dbq lhpf qgfc ifpfi {iexhdl

`hfia$

H |bvia ihof qb n~hdl hq qb xbv~ dbqhmf qgeq AbQ ge} fe~ce~ofa qbqeiix 5;; CGz hd

8;; CGz eda 57;; CGz neda} `b~ >L cbnhif }f~phmf}$ Bvq b` qgh}) }b è~ e

cewhcvc b` enbvq =6 qb 1; CGz {f~ Mh~mif ge} nffd eiibqqfa qb ah``f~fdq

b{f~eqb~} eda nfhdl v}fa nx qgfc$ Qgf ~fcehdhdl 0; qb 06 CGz) hdmivahdl

}{fmq~vc ihofix qb nf pemeqfa nx Af`fdmf ]f~phmf}) h} }qhii epehienif `b~ >L

}f~phmf}$

Qgf~f`b~f) qgf~f h} fdbvlg }mb{f `b~ eiibqcfdq b` }{fmq~vc qb `f| df|

b{f~eqb~} fpfd e`qf~ cffqhdl qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq} b` fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~} eda

ihmfd}ff}$ Ed hdm~fe}f hd dvcnf~ b` b{f~eqb~} |hii mf~qehdix n~hdl ~fei

mbc{fqhqhbd |ghmg |hii ifea qb nfqqf~ }f~phmf} eda hdm~fe}fa qfifafd}hqx eq ib|f~

qe~h` $ \ehqhdl `b~ }{fmq~vc `b~ ibdl e`qf~ lfqqhdl ihmfdmf h} dbq vdodb|d qb qgfHdav}q~x eda fpfd eq {~f}fdq Eh~mfi) Pbae`bdf) Hafe eda Ah}gdfq e~f |ehqhdl `b~

hdhqhei }{fmq~vc hd }bcf Mh~mif} }hdmf Afmfcnf~ >;;0.$



#<5#

6$1 Bd >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;<) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ |~bqf edbqgf~

ifqqf~ 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWH( qb qgf [C jv}qh`xhdl gh} afmh}hbd eda e}}vchdl hdqf~#eihe

qgeq:

.E} H gepf ei~feax {~bch}fa qb xbv cx f``b~q} hd qgh} }fmqb~ e~f hdqfdafaqb lhpf ib|f~ qe~h`` qb qgf mbd}vcf~ eda qb n~hdl ghlgf~ qfif#afd}hqx hd qgfmbvdq~x) cb~f }{fmh`hmeiix hd ~v~ei e~fe}††$†.$

Gf `v~qgf~ |~bqf e} vdaf~:

.]hdmf qgf `hif `b~ h}}vf b` IbH qb eii fihlhnif e{{ihmedq} |e} e{{~bpfanx cf bd ;>$55$>;;<) hq h} {~b{b}fa qb hc{ifcfdq qgf afmh}hbd|hqgbvq `v~qgf~ afiex eda |hqgbvq af{e~qv~f `~bc fwh}qhdllvhafihdf}.$

6$6 Qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ emodb|ifalfa qgf Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ bd =~a Jedve~x)

>;;7 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWHH($

6$0 Evahq {bhdqfa bvq qgeq qgf }vllf}qhbd lhpfd eda qgf mbdmf~d} fw{~f}}fa nx qgf

[~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa >da Dbpfcnf~) >;;< |e} hldb~fa nx qgf Chdh}qf~ b`

M HQ$ Qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ |e} ch}ifa |gfd qgf Chdh}qf~ |~bqf qb ghc qgeq qgf h}}vf

b` evmqhbd b` }{fmq~vc |e} mbd}haf~fa nx qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd eda |e} dbq

~fmbccfdafa |gf~fe} e} e ceqqf~ b` èmq QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` Evlv}q) >;;<

|f~f dfpf~ ah}mv}}fa nx qgf `vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd nfq|ffd qgf aeqf b`

}vnch}}hbd b` qgf QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd eda qgf aeqf b` qgf Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ h$f$ >da

Dbpfcnf~) >;;<$

6$< Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa AbQ e} qb gb| hq |bvia gepf nffd

vdèh~) ah}m~hchdeqb~x) e~nhq~e~x eda me{~hmhbv} qb evmqhbd qgf }{fmq~vc qb df|

e{{ihmedq}) e} ~f{b~qfa qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf h}}vf

b` evmqhbdhdl }{fmq~vc ph}#ë#ph} ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia nfq|ffd qgf fwh}qhdl eda df|

fdq~edq hd qgf qfifmbc |f~f afihnf~eqfa nx QÊH hd qgfh~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa

>7$;7$>;;< e} }vnchqqfa nfib|:



#<>#

’ >$<7 E} è~ e} e df| fdq~edq h} mbdmf~dfa) qgf uvf}qhbd e~h}f} |gfqgf~ qgf~f h} edx dffa `b~ mgedlf hd qgf {~hmhdl cfqgbabiblx `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc hd qgf 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz neda}$ Off{hdl hd phf| qgfbnjfmqhpf b` l~b|qg) e``b~aenhihqx) {fdfq~eqhbd b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf} hd }fch#v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe}) qgf Evqgb~hqx h} dbq hd èpbv~ b` mgedlhdl qgf

}{fmq~vc `ff ~flhcf `b~ e df| fdq~edq$ B{{b~qvdhqx `b~ fuvei mbc{fqhqhbdge} ei|ex} nffd bdf b` qgf {~hcf {~hdmh{if} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx hd}vllf}qhdl e ~flvieqb~x `~ecf|b~o hd qfifmbc }f~phmf}$ Edx ah` f~fdqheiq~feqcfdq qb e df| fdq~edq ph}#ë#ph} hdmvcnfdq} hd qgf |h~fif}} }fmqb~ |hii lbelehd}q qgf {~hdmh{if b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$ Qgh} h} }{fmh`hm eda ~f}q~hmqfa qb >Lneda} bdix h$f$ 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz$ Qgh} e{{~bemg e}}vcf} cb~f}hldh`hmedmf {e~qhmvie~ix hd qgf mbdqfwq |gf~f }vn}m~hnf~ emuvh}hqhbd mb}q`b~ e df| fdq~edq h} ihofix qb nf cvmg ghlgf~ qged `b~ qgf hdmvcnfdq|h~fif}} b{f~eqb~}$

>$<8 Hd qgf me}f b` }{fmq~vc hd neda} bqgf~ qged 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz h$f$

neda} qgeq e~f xfq qb nf eiibmeqfa) qgf Evqgb~hqx fwechdfa pe~hbv} {b}}hnife{{~bemgf} `b~ {~hmhdl eda ge} mbcf qb qgf mbdmiv}hbd qgeq hq |bvia nfe{{~b{~heqf hd `vqv~f `b~ e ce~ofq ne}fa {~hmf ah}mbpf~x }x}qfc}$ Hd ~f}{bd}fqb qgf mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~) e dvcnf~ b` }qeofgbiaf~} gepf ei}b }q~bdlix~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc }gbvia nf hccfaheqfix af#ihdofa`~bc qgf ihmfd}f eda qgf `vqv~f eiibmeqhbd }gbvia nf ne}fa bd evmqhbd$ QgfEvqgb~hqx hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd ’Eiibmeqhbd eda {~hmhdl b` }{fmq~vc `b~ =Leda n~beaneda |h~fif}} emmf}} }f~phmf}– ge} ei}b èpb~fa evmqhbdcfqgbabiblx `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc `b~ =L eda N\E }f~phmf}$ Hq h}qgf~f`b~f ~fmbccfdafa qgeq hd `vqv~f eii ]{fmq~vc fwmivahdl qgf}{fmq~vc hd 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; neda} }gbvia nf evmqhbdfa }b e} qb fd}v~ff``hmhfdq vqhihzeqhbd b` qgh} }me~mf ~f}bv~mf$ Hd qgf >L neda} '7;; CGz"8;;CGz"57;; CGz() qgf eiibmeqhbd qg~bvlg evmqhbd cex dbq nf {b}}hnif e} qgf}f~phmf {~bphaf~} |f~f eiibmeqfa }{fmq~vc eq ah``f~fdq qhcf} b` qgfh~ ihmfd}f edaqgf ecbvdq b` }{fmq~vc |hqg qgfc pe~hf} `~bc >W1$1 CGz qb >W5; CGz `b~ L]C qfmgdbiblx eda >W>$6 CGz qb >W6 CGz hd MACE qfmgdbiblx$ Qgf~f`b~f)qb afmhaf qgf mvq b`` e`qf~ |ghmg qgf }{fmq~vc h} evmqhbdfa |hii nf ah``hmviq edachlgq ~eh}f qgf h}}vf b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia.$

Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf hd`b~ceqhbd qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgeq

.ed hdm~fe}f hd qgf dvcnf~ b` b{f~eqb~} |hii mf~qehdix n~hdl ~fei mbc{fqhqhbd

|ghmg |hii ifea qb nfqqf~ }f~phmf} eda hdm~fe}f qfifafd}hqx eda ib|f~ qe~h``. |e}mb~~fmq hd phf| b` qgf èmq qgeq e dvcnf~ b` mbc{edhf} e`qf~ lfqqhdl VE]

ihmfdmf} hd >;;7 aha dbq cffq qgfh~ ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa

qgeq hd Afmfcnf~) qgf ~v~ei qfif#afd}hqx |e} 7$=6& 'qbqei ~v~ei qfif{gbdf

|f~f 0)<=)=5)=;;( eda qbqei qfif#afd}hqx |e} >=$78& 'qbqei qfif{gbdf |f~f

><)>7)<<)1;0 hd Hdahe($ Hd Jedve~x >;55) qgf ~v~ei qfif#afd}hqx ge} hdm~fe}fa qb

=>$58& 'qbqei ~v~ei qfif{gbdf |f~f >0)75)0<;)<; h$f$ cb~f qged >; m~b~f

{gbdf} |f~f eaafa hd ~v~ei e~fe} hd qgh} {f~hba( eda eii#Hdahe qfif#afd}hqx



#<=#

ge} ~femgfa qb 0<$0<&'qbqei qfif{gbdf |f~f 7;)05)=60)=0 h$f$ cb~f qged

6=$= m~b~f {gbdf} |f~f eaafa hd Hdahe hd qgh} {f~hba($ Hd >;;< qgf ibmei meii

mge~lf} |f~f enbvq ^} 5"chdvqf |ghmg ge} db| mbcf ab|d qb ³

{eh}f"}fmbda$ Hd Afmfcnf~ >;;<) qgf epf~elf ~fpfdvf {f~ v}f~ 'E^[V( `b~

L]C }f~phmf} |e} ^}$ >05 {f~ cbdqg eda `b~ MACE }f~phmf} |e} ^}$ 5<0 {f~

cbdqg$ Hd ]f{qfcnf~ >;5;) qgf E^[V `b~ L]C }f~phmf} |e} ^}$ 55; {f~

cbdqg eda `b~ MACE }f~phmf} |e} ^}$ <= {f~ cbdqg.$

6$7 \ghif hdevlv~eqhdl qgf Hdahe Qfifmbc#>;;< bd 5>qg Afmfcnf~) >;;<) qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWHHH($ .†††Eq qgf }ecf qhcf) qgf ~fpfdvf

{bqfdqhei qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq cv}q dbq nf ib}q }hlgq b`$ E`qf~ eii) Lbpf~dcfdq em~b}}

qgf Libnf gepf ge~df}}fa }vn}qedqhei ~fpfdvf |ghif eiibmeqhdl }{fmq~vc†$.$

6$8 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) |gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf

[~hcf Chdh}qf~,} eaphmf"mbdmf~d |e} qeofd me~f b` fhqgf~ nx qgf Chdh}qf~ b~ nx qgf

AbQ) hq |e} ~f{ihfa qgeq db mbccvdhmeqhbd gea nffd `bvda Db mbccvdhmeqhbd ge}

nffd `bvda bd ~fmb~a hd AbQ |ghmg |e} }fdq nx qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd}

eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx qb qgf Gbd‘nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~ '[C( b~ nx AbQ qb qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ B``hmf '[CB( ~f`f~~hdl qb qgf enbpf mbdmf~d"eaphmf b` qgf Gbd‘nif [~hcfChdh}qf~ ceaf bd 5>$5>$>;;< |ghif hdevlv~eqhdl qgf Hdahe Qfifmbc#>;;<$

6$5; Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa) |gfd qgf mbdmf~d b` qgf [C |e} dbq eaa~f}}fa

|gfqgf~ gf |e} dbq ch}lvhafa |gfd qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~ hd`b~cfa qgf [C qgeq

eiibqqhdl >L ]{fmq~vc hd >;;<#>;;7 eq e {~hmf `hwfa hd >;;5 |bvia hdm~fe}f qfif#

afd}hqx eda nfdf`hq qgf mbd}vcf~}) fpfd qgbvlg bdf e{{ihmedq pbivdqe~hix b``f~fa qb

{ex cb~f {~hmf$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ jv}q {~bavmfa qgf fwq~emq} b` qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~,}

ifqqf~ aeqfa >da Dbpfcnf~) >;;<$

6$55 ]g~h J$ Lb{ho~h}gded hd bdf b` gh} e~qhmif} |~bqf qgeq e pf~x }fdhb~ Ie| B``hmf~

|e} {~f}fdq hd ]g~h E$ ^eje,} ~f}hafdmf bd >da Dbpfcnf~) >;;< `~bc < [C qb 55$=;



#<1#

[C eda gf a~e`qfa eii qgf q|b ifqqf~} qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ nx ]g~h E$ êje$ Bdf b`

qgf `b~cf~ Eaahqhbdei [~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~hf} qb ]g~h E$ êje mbd`f}}fa nf`b~f qgf MNH qgeq

gf |e} meiifa qb qgf Chdh}qf~,} ~f}hafdmf qb qx{f qgf }eha ifqqf~} eda }bcf bqgf~

{fb{if |f~f {~f}fdq qgf~f$

6$5> Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf AbQ qb `v~dh}g qgf mb{hf} b` qgf

`hif dbqhdl} {f~qehdhdl qb qgf a~e`qhdl eda e{{~bpei b` qgf }eha ifqqf~}$ Hd ~f{ix) AbQ

}qeqfa qgeq db }vmg ~fmb~a} |f~f epehienif hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq$

6$5= Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} B``hmf qb fw{iehd gb| qgf qg~ff

ifqqf~} b` qgf `b~cf~ Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~ qb qgf [C |e} {~bmf}}fa eda fwechdfa nx

qgfc$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf [CB }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

.]g~h E$ êje) qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ) eaa~f}}fa e ifqqf~ aeqfa >$55$>;;< qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) }qeqhdl qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} gea |edqfa qb fwechdf qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` edx bqgf~ {~bmfav~f) hd eaahqhbd qb qgf mv~~fdq {~bmfav~f b` eiibqcfdq b` ihmfdmf}) eda qgeqqgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| Jv}qhmf |e} ~fuvf}qfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq qb fwechdf qgfiflei qfdenhihqx b` qgf eiqf~deqhpf}$ Qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~ }vllf}qfa ~f`f~~hdl qgfceqqf~ qb ed Fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~}$ Qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Chdh}qf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgh} }vllf}qhbd |e} qbqeiix bvq b` mbdqfwq eda qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdqgea afmhafa qb mbdqhdvf |hqg qgf `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa ne}h} `b~ {~bmf}}hdl b`

e{{ihmeqhbd}.$

.]f{e~eqfix) elehd}q qgf nemol~bvda b` e dvcnf~ b` h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb eiibmeqhbdb` }{fmq~vc nx qfifmbc }fmqb~ mbc{edhf} eda }fmqhbd} b` qgf cfahe) qgf [~hcfChdh}qf~) phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa >$55$>;;<) }fdq e dbqf }vcce~hzhdl qgf ofx h}}vf}eda ~fuvf}qhdl qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ qb lhpf v~lfdqmbd}haf~eqhbd qb qgf h}}vf} nfhdl ~eh}fa) |hqg e phf| qb fd}v~hdl èh~df}} edaq~ed}{e~fdmx) |ghif ei}b e}ohdl ghc qb ifq qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ odb| b` qgf{b}hqhbd nf`b~f qgf Chdh}qf~ qeof} edx `v~qgf~ emqhbd$

.Qgf Chdh}qf~ ~f{ihfa qb [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ aeqfa >$55$>;;< bd >$55$>;;<

hq}fi`$ Gf hd`b~cfa qgeq qgff |e}) eda h}) db afpheqhbd b~ af{e~qv~f hd qgf ~vif}eda {~bmfav~f} mbdqfc{ieqfa) hd eii afmh}hbd} qeofd nx gh} Chdh}q~x$ Gf ei}b}qeqfa qgeq `vii q~ed}{e~fdmx h} nfhdl cehdqehdfa nx qgf Chdh}q~x eda e}}v~fa b` qgf }ecf hd `vqv~f ei}b$ Bd qgf ihmfdmf {~bmf}}hdl eda }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbdh}}vf}) qgf Chdh}qf~ hd`b~cfa qgeq evmqhbd |e} mbd}haf~fa nx QÊH eda QfimbcMbcch}}hbd eda |e} dbq ~fmbccfdafa$ Gf }qeqfa qgeq evmqhbdhdl |hii nfelehd}q ifpfi#{iexhdl#`hfia `b~ df| e{{ihmedq}? qgeq qgf~f h} fdbvlg }mb{f `b~ eiibqcfdq b` }{fmq~vc qb `f| df| b{f~eqb~} e`qf~ cffqhdl ~fuvh~fcfdq} b` fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~}) cfdqhbdhdl hd qgh} mbddfmqhbd qgf cbpf `b~ pemeqhbd b`



#<6#

}{fmq~vc gfia nx Af`fdmf ]f~phmf}? eda qgeq ihmfd}ff} |ehqhdl `b~ }{fmq~vc `b~ ibdl e`qf~ lfqqhdl ihmfdmf |e} dbq vdodb|d qb qgf hdav}q~x$

.[~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb [C ah}mv}}fa qgf ceqqf~ |hqg Mgeh~ced) QÊH eda]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) bd 0$55$>;;<$ Hq |e} dbqfa qgeq

qgf h}}vf} fcedeqfa `~bc qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf QÊH) ceaf hd ~f}{bd}fqb e ~f`f~fdmf nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} vdaf~ }fmqhbd 55'5('e(b` qgf QÊH Emq) eda qgeq QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} gepf nffd emmf{qfa hd}bcf me}f} nvq cbah hfa"~fjfmqfa hd bqgf~}$ Hq |e} ei}b dbqfa qgeq qgf ceqqf~ hdpbipfa e ah``f~fdmf b` b{hdhbd nfq|ffd qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| Jv}qhmf eda qgfChdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ$ ^vif < ~fea |hqg {e~el~e{g '5( b` qgf ]fmbda]mgfavif qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe 'Q~ed}emqhbd b` Nv}hdf}}( ^vif} {~bphaf}qgeq .me}f} hd |ghmg e ah `f~fdmf b` b{hdhbd e~h}f} nfq|ffd q|b b~ cb~fChdh}qf~} eda e Menhdfq afmh}hbd h} af}h~fa. }geii nf n~bvlgq nf`b~f qgfMenhdfq$ E dbqf n~hdlhdl bvq qgh} {b}hqhbd |e} }vnchqqfa) eibdl |hqg qgf a~e`q b` e ~f{ix qb qgf Chdh}qf~ `~bc qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) `b~ mbd}haf~eqhbd$ Qgf qgfd

[~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~x qb [C ~fmb~afa: .[C ge} }ffd$ Nf`b~f {~bmffahdl |hqg qgfifqqf~) [C |edq} e dbqf {vq v{ qb ghc bd |gfqgf~ qgf emqhbd {~b{b}fa qb nfqeofd nx qgf Chdh}q~x h} mb~~fmq b~ dbq? |gfqgf~ hq h} jv}qh hfa hd abhdl |geq h}{ied} qb ab.$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) e dbqf |e} }vnchqqfa }qeqhdl) hdqf~#eihe) qgeqAf{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} hdqfda} qb hldb~f qgf eaphmf qb ~f`f~ qgfh}}vf b` eiibqcfdq b` `~f}g ihmfdmf} qb ed Fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} edahdqfda} qb {~bmffa bd `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa ne}h} |ghmg) emmb~ahdl qb qgfChdh}qf~) |hii nf e mbdqhdveqhbd b` qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx$ Hq |e} }vnchqqfa qgeq qgh}afmh}hbd aha dbq e{{fe~ qb nf hd mbd`b~chqx |hqg qgf Q~ed}emqhbd b` Nv}hdf}}^vif}) |ghmg {~bphaf qgeq .me}f} hd |ghmg e ah `f~fdmf b` b{hdhbd e~h}f}nfq|ffd q|b b~ cb~f Chdh}qf~} eda e Menhdfq afmh}hbd h} af}h~fa) }geii nfn~bvlgq nf`b~f qgf Menhdfq.$ Qgh} h}}vf |e} ieqf~ ah}mv}}fa nx qgf [~hdmh{ei]fm~fqe~x eda qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x qb [C |hqg qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~$ [~hcf Chdh}qf~ af}h~fa qgeq qgf [~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb [C) eibdl |hqg qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~xeda ]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) fwechdf eii qgf h}}vf}hdmivafa hd [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ aeqfa >$55$>;;< qb qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ eda h}}vf} {f~qhdfdq qgf~fqb) hdmivahdl qgf Chdh}qf~,}~f}{bd}f eda h}}vf} n~bvlgq qb [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} eqqfdqhbd nx pe~hbv} }bv~mf}eda h}}vf} ~eh}fa hd qgf cfahe? e}}h}qedmf b` qfmgdhmei fw{f~q} cex nf qeofde} eda |gfd ~fuvh~fa$ Emmb~ahdlix) ah}mv}}hbd} |hqg qgf Menhdfq ]fm~fqe~x eda]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} |f~f }mgfavifa |hqg qgf[~hdmh{ei ]fm~fqe~x qb [C bd >;$55$>;;<$

E} ~fle~a} qgf qgh~a ifqqf~ b` >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;<) qgf [CB fw{iehdfa:

.Qgf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ |e} fwechdfa bd `hif) eibdl |hqg qgfFwqf~dei E`èh~} Chdh}qf~,} dbqf e} |fii e} ed fe~ihf~ dbqf bd qgf qfifmbc h}}vf)eda e }vllf}qfa mbv~}f b` emqhbd) `biib|hdl ah}mv}}hbd} nfq|ffd qgf qgfd



#<0#

]fm~fqe~x qb [C eda qgf ]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) |e}}vnchqqfa qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd <$5$>;;7$ Hq |e} mbdpfxfa nx [~hpeqf]fm~fqe~x qb [C) bd 55$5$>;;7) bd qgf `hif }vnchqqfa bd <$5$>;;7) qgeq qgf[~hcf Chdh}qf~ af}h~fa qgeq qgf afpfib{cfdq mbdmf~dhdl h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} ei}bnf qeofd hdqb emmbvdq$ Emmb~ahdlix) qgf b~hlhdei }vllf}qfa mbv~}f b` emqhbd |e}

~f}vnchqqfa `b~ qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~,} mbd}haf~eqhbd) |hqg e mie~h hmeqb~x dbqfaeqfa 56$;5$>;;7$ Qgf `hif |e} ~fmfhpfa nemo |hqg [~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~x qb [C,}dbqf mbdpfxhdl qgeq qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ |edq} qgh} hd`b~ceiix }ge~fa |hqg qgfAf{e~qcfdq$ Qgf ]fm~fqe~x ceaf e ~fmb~a ~fle~ahdl }ge~hdl hd`b~ceiix |hqg]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}$ [~hcf Chdh}qf~ emodb|ifalfaqgf ifqqf~ bd =$5$>;;7.

6$51 Fw{~f}}hdl }v~{~h}f bpf~ qgf [C,} af}h~f qb hd`b~ceiix }ge~f qgf [CB,}

mie~h`hmeqb~x dbqf aeqfa 6qg Jedve~x) >;;7 |hqg qgf AbQ) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa `b~ qgf

~fifpedq `hif dbqhdl} `~bc qgf [CB qb }ff qgf }fuvfdmf b` qgf {~bmf}}hdl b` qgfMbccvdhmeqhbd Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ aeqfa >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;<$ Qgf [CB `v~dh}gfa qgf

mb{hf} b` qgf ~fifpedq hif dbqhdl} 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWHP($

6$56 E {f~v}ei b` qgf }eha dbqhdl} ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf {~bmf}} b` fwechdhdl qgf

Mbccvdhmeqhbd Chdh}qf~,} ifqqf~ mbccfdmfa `~bc =5}q Afmfcnf~) >;;< eda qgf `hif

|e} mib}fa bd =5}q Jedve~x) >;;7$ Bdf hc{b~qedq dbqhdl bd qgf `hif |e} ceaf nx qgf

[~hpeqf ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd >=~a Jedve~x) >;;7 |ghmg ~fea} e} `biib|}:#

. ” [C |edq} qgh} hd`b~ceiix }ge~fa |hqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq.$

. ” Abf} dbq |edq e `b~cei mbccvdhmeqhbd eda |edq} [CB qb nf eqe~c} ifdlqg.$

6$50 E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf emqhbd qeofd nx qgf [CB bd qgf qgfd @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} dbqf

aeqfa 56qg Jedve~x) >;;7 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWP( ~fle~ahdl {~hmhdl b` eaahqhbdei

}{fmq~vc) qgf [CB ~f{ihfa qgeq qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ }e| qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} dbqf

eda db emqhbd |e} `b~ceiix qeofd nx qgf [CB bd qgf dbqf$ Qgf [CB `v~qgf~ }qeqfa

qgeq gb|fpf~) qgf }vnjfmq ceqqf~ |e} ei~feax vdaf~ }vnch}}hbd `b~ qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~,} mbd}haf~eqhbd eda) }vn}fuvfdqix) qgf e{{~bemg }vnchqqfa e`qf~ ah}mv}}hbd

|hqg ]fm~fqe~x) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) |e} hd`b~ceiix }ge~fa |hqg qgf

}eha ]fm~fqe~x$ Cedx fifcfdq} b` qgh} e{{~bemg |f~f }hchie~ qb }vllf}qhbd} ceaf hd

qgf @hdedmf Chdh}qf~,} dbqf$ E }f~hf} b` mbd}viqeqhbd} qbbo {iemf nfq|ffd qgf



#<<#

Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} eda qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x) hdmivahdl e cffqhdl b`

qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd bd 56$5$>;;7) hd |ghmg qgf h}}vf b` }{fmq~vc v}elf mge~lf}

|e} bd qgf elfdae eda |e} ah}mv}}fa) eda cffqhdl} nfq|ffd qgf Chdh}qf~} b`

@hdedmf eda Mbccvdhmeqhbd} HQ bd =;$5$>;;7) >8$6$>;;7 eda 5>$0$>;;7) |ghmg

|f~f `biib|fa nx qgf q|b Chdh}qf~} e{{~h}hdl qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd Jvix >;;7 ~fle~ahdl

|geq |e} el~ffa nfq|ffd qgf q|b Chdh}q~hf} |hqg ~fle~a qb 'e( ~eh}hdl b` }{fmq~vc

v}elf mge~lf} `b~ >L }{fmq~vc) 'n( {~hmhdl b` }{fmq~vc `b~ >L eiibmeqhbd eda 'm(

cfqgba b` eiibmeqhbd b` =L }{fmq~vc$ Qgf Chdh}qf~} ei}b e{{~h}fa qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~

qgeq `b~cei afmh}hbd |hii nf qeofd hd qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$

6$5< Qgf Mbcchqqff `v~qgf~ dbqfa qgeq hd gh} dbqfa aeqfa 56$5$>;;7) qgf qgfd

@hdedmf Chdh}qf~ |~bqf qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~:

.]{fmq~vc h} e }me~f ~f}bv~mf$ Qgf [~hmf `b~ ]{fmq~vc }gbvia nf ne}fa bd hq}}me~mhqx peivf eda f` hmhfdmx b` v}elf$ Qgf cb}q q~ed}{e~fdq cfqgba b` eiibmeqhdl ]{fmq~vc |bvia nf qg~bvlg evmqhbd$ Qgf cfqgba b` evmqhbd |hii `emfqgf ife}q iflei mgeiifdlf$ H` Lbpf~dcfdq h} enif qb {~bphaf }v``hmhfdq hd`b~ceqhbdbd epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc) qgeq |bvia chdhchzf qgf ~h}o} eda) mbd}fuvfdqix)`fqmg nfqqf~ {~hmf} eq qgf evmqhbd$ Qgf af}hld b` qgf evmqhbd }gbvia hdmivaf e~f}f~pf {~hmf$.

.Qgh} ifepf} qgf uvf}qhbd ihmfd}ff} |gb ei~feax gbia ]{fmq~vc bpf~ eda enbpfqgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc$ Hd }vmg me}f}) qgf {e}q cex nf q~feqfa e} e mib}faMge{qf~ eda qgf {excfdq} ceaf hd qgf {e}q `b~ eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc 'bpf~ edaenbpf qgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc( cex nf q~feqfa e} qgf mge~lf} `b~ ]{fmq~vc `b~ qgeq {f~hba$ Gb|fpf~) {~b}{fmqhpfix) }vmg ihmfd}ff }gbvia {ex `b~ qgf eaahqhbdei]{fmq~vc qgeq gf gbia}) bpf~ eda enbpf qgf }qe~q v{ ]{fmq~vc) eq qgf {~hmfah}mbpf~fa hd qgf evmqhbd$ Qgh} |hii {iemf bia ihmfd}ff}) fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff}ffohdl eaahqhbdei ]{fmq~vc eda df| ihmfd}ff} bd {e~ }b `e~ e} ]{fmq~vcmge~lf} e~f mbdmf~dfa$.

6$57 @v~qgf~) qgf Mbcchqqff dbqf qgeq qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd gh} hdqf~emqhbd |hqg qgfFahqb~ b` qgf Fifmq~bdhm Cfahe bd 50$>$>;55 }eha:

.†$$Qgh} |e} ei}b ah}mv}}fa |hqg qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x nfmev}f hd qf~c} b` qgfMenhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= qgf {~hmhdl eda eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc |e} qb nf}fqqifa nfq|ffd qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda qgf Qfifmbc Af{e~qcfdq$ Hdhqheiix)b` mbv~}f) qgf @hdedmf Chdh}q~x aha e}o `b~ e ghlg {~hmf b` ]{fmq~vc nvq e`qf~



#<7#

cedx ah}mv}}hbd}) qgf q|b chdh}q~hf} el~ffa qgeq e} è~ e} >L h} mbdmf~dfa) |fgepf qb ihpf |hqg qgf {~f}fdq }x}qfc {e~qhmvie~ix |hqg ~fle~a qb qgf ecbvdq b` ]{fmq~vc qgeq h} nvhiq eda fcnfaafa hdqb e ihmfd}f el~ffcfdq$ }b qgh} h} qgfnemol~bvda |gx H aha dbq {~bmffa `v~qgf~ |hqg qgh} ceqqf~ b` {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc) nfmev}f h` qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda Chdh}q~x b` Qfifmbc nbqg

el~ff eda qgfx gepf qgf bnihleqhbd b` qgf Menhdfq Afmh}hbd b` >;;= qb afmhaf bdqgf ceqqf~ eda ei}b }hdmf QÊH h} ed fw{f~q nbax eda Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd ge}fw{f~q}) h` eii b` qgfc e~f b` qgf }ecf phf|) H aha dbq `ffi H |e} hd e {b}hqhbd qbhd}h}q qgeq evmqhbd} cv}q nf hd}h}qfa.$

Bd qgf uvf}qhbd b` ]eif b` ]{fmq~vc ) qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ `v~qgf~ mie~h`hfa:

.††$ H qgbvlgq††$$ hq |e} qgfd qgf {~fpehihdl {~emqhmf eda êje |e}mbdqhdvhdl qgeq {bihmx) qgeq e} è~ e} |gb lfq} ihmfd}f}) qgf `h~}q mbcf `h~}q }f~pf

{bihmx) gb| hq |e} hc{ifcfdqfa) qgeq |e} dfpf~ ah}mv}}fa |hqg cf$ Ihmfd}f}|e} dbq ceqqf~ |ghmg lbq ~f`f~~fa qb cf b~ qb qgf Menhdfq qgeq |e} qgf afmh}hbdfwmiv}hpfix b` qgf qfifmbc chdh}qf~$ Db| }vn}fuvfdq fpfdq} gepf }gb|d qgeqMbc{edhf} }bia qgfh~ fuvhqx nvq H |e} qbia qgeq qgfx gea dbq }bia hq qb}ge~fgbiaf~}$ qgfx gepf }bia hq hd e ceddf~ qb ahivqf qgf fuvhqx b` {~bcbqf~}††$.$

6$58 Hd gh} }{ffmg hd qgf êjxe ]enge bd >1$>$>;55) qgf {~hcf Chdh}qf~ mife~ix }qeqfa

.†††††$Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq,} {bihmx b` qgf {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc |e} qeofd bdqgf ne}h} b` e Menhdfq afmh}hbd b` >;;= |ghmg }{fmh`hmeiix if`q qgf h}}vf qb nfafqf~chdfa nx qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf eda qgf Chdh}q~x b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd$Mbdq~e~x qb qgf e}}f~qhbd b` qgf Ifeaf~ b` qgf B{{b}hqhbd) qgf ~fmb~a mife~ix}gb|} qgeq qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ |ghif gf hdhqheiix gea ah``f~fdq phf| |ghmg gfmbccvdhmeqfa qb cf bd Jedve~x 56) >;;7) }vn}fuvfdqix mbd}viqfa qgf Chdh}qf~)Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd eda qgf q|b Chdh}qf~} |b~ofa ed el~ffa `b~cvie bd]{fmq~vc mge~lf} |ghmg |e} ~f{b~qfa qb cf hd e cffqhdl bd Jvix 1) >;;7$@v~qgf~cb~f) qgh} afmh}hbd qgeq |e} {vq qb cf nx qgf q|b Chdh}qf~} |e} hd ihdf|hqg qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH hd hq} ^f{b~q b` Evlv}q >;;<$ Hd qgeq ^f{b~qqgf QÊH gea mife~ix }qeqfa qgeq bdix =L ]{fmq~vc }gbvia nf evmqhbdfa eda qgf

{bihmx `b~ >L ]{fmq~vc }gbvia mbdqhdvf bd qgf }ecf ne}h} e} ghqgf~qb.$



#<8#

MGE[QF^ # PH

DBQ MBD]VIQHDL QGF QFIFMBC MBCCH]]HBD

0$5 Nx eda hd qf~c} b` ~f}bivqhbd Db$56"5"7<#MEN#5 aeqfa 55$1$5878 b` qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe) Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} Mbcch}}hbd |e} }fq v{$ Qgf mbd}qhqvqhbd

b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd h} e} vdaf~:

'e( Qgf Mbcch}}hbd mbd}h}q} b` `vii qhcf eda {e~q qhcf cfcnf~}?

'n( Qgf ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} h}qgf fw#b``hmhb Mgeh~ced b` qgf Mbcch}}hbd?

'm( Qgf `vii qhcf Cfcnf~} b` qgf Mbcch}}hbd e~f fw#b` hmhb ]fm~fqe~x qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdqb` Hdahe hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}$ Bdf b` qgf}f Cfcnf~} h} Cfcnf~

`b~ @hdedmf? eda

'a( Qgf ]fm~fqe~x eda qgf `vii qhcf Cfcnf~} b` qgf Mbcch}}hbd e~f qb nf a~e|d `~bc qgfnf}q {f~}bd} epehienif) hdmivahdl `~bc |hqghd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}$

0$> Qgf~f e~f `bv~ `vii qhcf Cfcnf~} b` Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$ Qgfx e~f Cfcnf~

']f~phmf}() Cfcnf~ '[~bavmqhbd() Cfcnf~ 'Qfmgdbiblx( eda Cfcnf~ '@hdedmf($

]hchie~ix) qgf~f e~f `bv~ {e~q qhcf Cfcnf~}$ Qgfx e~f ]fm~fqe~x#Af{e~qcfdq b`

Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx? ]fm~fqe~x#@hdedmf) Af{e~qcfdq b` Fmbdbchm E` eh~}?

]fm~fqe~x#[ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd? eda ]fm~fqe~x#Af{e~qcfdq b` Hdav}q~hei [bihmx

[~bcbqhbd$

0$= Qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd h} ~f}{bd}hnif `b~ qgf `biib|hdl:

'e( Qb `b~cvief qgf {bihmx b` Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} `b~ e{{~bpeib` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq?

'n( Qb {~f{e~f qgf nvalfq `b~ qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} `b~

femg `hdedmhei xfe~ eda lfqqhdl hq e{{~bpfa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq? eda

'm( Qb hc{ifcfdq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq‘} {bihmx hd eii ceqqf~} mbdmf~dhdlqfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}$

0$1 E} {f~ qgf ^vif} b` Nv}hdf}} `b~ Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd) 5878 eii me}f} b` qgf

deqv~f }{fmh`hfa hd Eddfwv~f ” E qb hq }geii nf n~bvlgq nf`b~f qgf Mbcch}}hbd |ghmg



#7;#

hdmivaf hdqf~#eihe hc{b~qedq ceqqf~} b` {bihmx ~fieqhdl qb qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} eda

{~b{b}ei} `b~ emmf{qedmf b` edx ~vif} eda {~bmfav~f} |ghmg hdpbipf }hldh hmedq

afpheqhbd} `~bc db~cei ~vif} eda {~bmfav~f} b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$

0$6 ]b è~ e} qgf uvb~vc `b~ qgf cffqhdl b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd h} mbdmf~dfa)

hq h} qg~ff `vii qhcf Cfcnf~} {~f}fdq hd {f~}bd hdmivahdl qgf Mgeh~ced {~bphafa qgeq eq

cffqhdl} |ghmg qgf Mgeh~ced mbd}haf~} fw{fahfdq qb nf gfia hd gh} en}fdmf) qgf

~fuvh~fcfdq }geii nf affcfa qb gepf nffd cfq h` qgf Mgeh~ced evqgb~hzfa edbqgf~

Cfcnf~ qb {iemf nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd eda n~hdl bd ~fmb~a bd gh} phf|}$

0$0 Evahq }m~vqhdx ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH hd >;;< |f~f m~vmhei

`~bc qgf {f~}{fmqhpf b` qgf cedelfcfdq b` qgf Qfifmbc }fmqb~ eda ]{fmq~vc

cedelfcfdq eda xfq qgfx |f~f dbq {vq v{ qb qgf `vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd nf`b~f qgf

emmf{qedmf b` qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$ Evahq ei}b {bhdqfa bvq qgeq hq |e} e èmq qgeq e

cffqhdl b` qgf hdqf~dei cfcnf~} b` qgf AbQ |e} gfia bd 5; Bmqbnf~ >;;< qb ah}mv}}

qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nvq qgf~f |e} dbqghdl bd ~fmb~a hd qgf `hif qb }gb| e} qb

|gx qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf QÊH |f~f dbq qeofd qb qgf `vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$

Dfhqgf~ qgf elfdae {e{f~} db~ chdvqf} b` qgf cffqhdl b` qgf hdqf~dei cfcnf~} b` qgf

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd gfia bd 5; Bmqbnf~ >;;< qb ah}mv}} qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b`

QÊH |f~f mh~mvieqfa ecbdl qgf bqgf~ cfcnf~} b` Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd h$f$ @hdedmf

]fm~fqe~x) ]fm~fqe~x Hdav}q~x) ]fm~fqe~x HQ eda ]fm~fqe~x [ieddhdl Mbcch}}hbd$ E}

}vmg) db cffqhdl b` qgf `vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd qbbo {iemf nfq|ffd qgf aeqf b`

}vnch}}hbd b` qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH h$f$ >< Evlv}q >;;< eda qgf aeqf b` h}}vf

b` IBH qb 5>5 e{{ihmedq} h$f$ 5; Jedve~x >;;7 qb ah}mv}} qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf

QÊH$ Qgv} AbQ mgb}f qb mbd}haf~ qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |hqgbvq qgf nfdf`hq b` qgf

hd{vq} `~bc `bv~ hc{b~qedq ]fm~fqe~hf} b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe bd m~vmhei h}}vf}

~fieqfa qb qgf Qfifmbc }fmqb~$

1$ 0$< Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf AbQ qb `v~dh}g qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ dbq {iemhdl qgf QÊH

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;< nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd `b~ qgfh~ mbd}haf~eqhbd)

cb~f }b |gfd qgf Evqgb~hqx gea ceaf e mife~ af{e~qv~f `~bc qgfh~ >;;=

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} qb evmqhbd ihmfdmf"]{fmq~vc$ Qgf Mbcchqqff ei}b af}h~fa qb odb|

qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ dbq mbd}viqhdl qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd nf`b~f b~ eq qgf qhcf b`



#75#

l~edqhdl 5>> df| VE] ihmfdmf} hd >;;7 hd phf| b` qgfh~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} hd >;;< qb

ah}mbpf~ qgf ce~ofq cfmgedh}c `b~ l~edq b` df| ihmfdmf}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf ABQ }qeqfa

qgeq qgf ceqqf~ |e} dbq {iemfa nf`b~f qgf ‗@vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd‘$ Nvq qgf hdqf~dei

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd hd hq} cffqhdl gfia bd 5; qg Bmqbnf~) >;;;< afihnf~eqfa qgf Q^EH‘}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ‗^fphf| b` ihmfdmf qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} eda me{{hdl b` dvcnf~

b` emmf}} {~bphaf~}‘$

0$7 Qgf Af{e~qcfdq `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq l~edqhdl b` VE] ihmfdmf hd qgf xfe~ >;;7

|e} {e~q b` e {~bmf}} mbdqhdvhdl }hdmf hdq~bavmqhbd b` qgf VE] ihmfd}hdl ~flhcf hd

Dbpfcnf~) >;;=$ Hq |e} ei}b }qeqfa qgeq 65 VE] ihmfdmf} gea ei~feax nffd l~edqfa

{~hb~ qb qgf l~edq b` 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} hd >;;7$ Db hdahphavei me}f `b~ h}}vf b` VE]

ihmfdmf} |e} {iemfa nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$

0$8 Hd ed fphafdmf gfia bd >5}q Jed) >;55 qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf ]fm~fqe~x) ABQ

qb mie~h`x |geq qgf Af{e~qcfdq cfedq nx ‗Hdqf~dei Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd eda |gfqgf~

qgf~f |e} edx ‗Fwqf~dei Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd‘ qbb$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf ]fm~fqe~x ABQ

}vnchqqfa:

’H |hii mie~h x$ Qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd ge} `vii#qhcf cfcnf~} eda {e~q#qhcfcfcnf~}$ Qgf `vii#qhcf cfcnf~} e~f qgf cfcnf~ '@hdedmf() Cfcnf~ 'Qfmgdbiblx()Cfcnf~ ']f~phmf}( eda qgf Mgeh~ced b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd) |ghmg h} qgf]fm~fqe~x$ Qgf}f e~f `vii#qhcf cfcnf~}$ Qgf ]fm~fqe~x) @hdedmf) qgf [ieddhdlMbcch}}hbd ]fm~fqe~x) qgf ]fm~fqe~x AH[[) ]fm~fqe~x AHQ e~f {e~q#qhcf cfcnf~} hdqgf }fd}f qgeq qgfx eqqfda qgf cffqhdl} b` qgf Mbcch}}hbd `~bc qhcf qb qhcf$ Qgh}ge} nffd qgf {~emqhmf–$

0$5; Bd qgf }ecf aex hd edbqgf~ fphafdmf) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa

]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~) `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ qb mie~h x |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edxqghdl meiifa

‗Hdqf~dei Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd‘ hd qgf AbQ$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Ceqgv~ }vnchqqfa:

’Db) ]h~$ Qgf~f h} e Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd) nx qgeq |f lfdf~eiix cfed qgeq eii qgf `bv~ Cfcnf~} b` qgf Mbcch}}hbd |gb e~f Cfcnf~} hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq eda qgf Mgeh~ced|gb h} qgf ]fm~fqe~x dfwq$ \gfd |f qghdo qgeq qgf bqgf~ `bv~ ]fm~fqe~hf} }gbvia ei}bnf hdphqfa) qgfd hq h} ~f`f~~fa qb e} qgf Fwqfdafa Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd.$



#7>#

0$55 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) |gfd qgf Mbcchqqff }{fmh`hmeiix af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf

AbQ) |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx ~f`f~fdmf qb ‗hdqf~dei‘) ‗fwqfdafa‘) fwqf~dei‘ b~ ‗`vii‘

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd hd qgf ^vif} b` Nv}hdf}} b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd) qgf AbQ hd

e {b}q#fphafdmf ~f{ix }qeqfa qgeq qgf ^f}bivqhbd) ^vif} b` Nv}hdf}} eda qgf ^vif} `b~

qgf Q~ed}emqhbd b` Nv}hdf}} b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd aha dbq mbdqehd edx ~f`f~fdmf

qb Hdqf~dei Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd"Fwqf~dei Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd"@vii Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd? bdix qgf qf~c ‗Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd‘ aha `hda e {iemf$ Qgf `h~}q cffqhdl

b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd |hqg nbqg `vii qhcf eda {e~q qhcf cfcnf~} |e} gfia bd 5#

<#5878 eda qgf `h~}q |ffoix cffqhdl b` qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd |hqg `vii qhcf

cfcnf~} bdix |e} gfia bd 5;#<#5878$ Qgf ~fmb~a} hdahmeqfa qgeq hdhqheiix qgf |ffoix

cffqhdl} |f~f gfia eda bpf~ e {f~hba b` qhcf qgf |ffoix cffqhdl} b` qgf `vii qhcf

cfcnf~} b` Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd mecf qb nf qf~cfa e} cffqhdl} b` qgf hdqf~dei

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$



#7=#

MGE[QF^ # PHH

E^NHQÊ^X MGEDLF] HD QGF MVQ#B@@ AEQF

<$5 Nf`b~f qgf Evahq ^f{b~q |e} ieha hd qgf [e~ihecfdq ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei gea ei~feax

e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff hd afqehi eda |hqg abmvcfdqe~x fphafdmf} bd qgf e~nhq~e~x

afmh}hbd} qeofd nx qgf AbQ hd {vqqhdl e me{ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ qgf VE]

ihmfdmf}$

<$> Evahq }m~vqhdx ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf QÊH ^f{b~q b` Evlv}q) >;;< gea

~fmbccfdafa ,db me{, bd qgf dvcnf~ b` ihmfdmf} hd edx }f~phmf e~fe$ Af}{hqf qgh}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) qgf AbQ h}}vfa e [~f}} ^fife}f bd >1qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<}qeqhdl qgeq e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} |bvia nf emmf{qfa bdix v{qb 5$5;$>;;<$

Qgh} emqhbd) hd f``fmq) mbdpfxfa `hweqhbd b` ed e~qh`hmhei me{ hd qgf dvcnf~ b` ihmfd}f} qb

nf e|e~afa$ Gb|fpf~) hd hq} ~f}{bd}f 'Jvix >;5;( qb qgf ~f{b~q h}}vfa qb qgf Chdh}q~x

'Jvix >;5;() qgf Chdh}q~x ge} }qeqfa qgeq hq emmf{qfa qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` ,db me{, nx

qgf QÊH hd Bmqbnf~ >;;<$ Hq }ffc} qgeq qgf Chdh}q~x) nx h}}vhdl qgf {~f}} ~fife}f hd

eapedmf hd ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< gea) hd f``fmq) mh~mvcpfdqfa qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH

nx qeohdl ed emqhbd mbvdqf~ qb qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd eda hq} emmf{qedmf nx AbQ hd

Bmqbnf~ >;;<$ Qb `v~qgf~ mbc{bvda qgf fe~ihf~ afmh}hbd) b` ~f}q~hmqhdl mbd}haf~eqhbd b`

e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb 5$5;$>;;<) qgf AbQ `v~qgf~ eapedmfa qgh} aeqf qb ~f}q~hmq

h}}vedmf b` Ifqqf~} b` Hdqfdq 'IbH}( bdix qb e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb >6$;8$>;;<$ Qgh}

|e} b}qfd}hnix qb epbha iflei hc{ihmeqhbd} hd phf| b` qgf }gb~qelf b` }{fmq~vc `b~ L]C

}f~phmf}$

E mg~bdbiblx b` fpfdq `~bc >1 qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;< qb >6qg Jedve~x >;;7 h} e}`biib|}:

Aeqf [~bmfav~ei Afqehi}

>1";8">;;< Gbd,nif CbMHQ mbdpfxfa qg~bvlg {~f}} ~fife}f qgeqdb e{{ihmeqhbd vdaf~ VE] |hii nf emmf{qfa e`qf~ ;5"5;">;;<$

57"5;">;;< Chdh}q~x emmf{qfa qgf ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH$ IbH}|f~f h}}vfa qb qgf ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa edaq|b bqgf~} `b~ avei qfmgdbiblx$



#71#

58"5;">;;< E [~f}} ~fife}f |e} h}}vfa }qeqhdl qgeq qgf QÊH,}~fmbccfdaeqhbd} gepf nffd emmf{qfa nx qgf AbQ$[bihmx `b~ qgf avei qfmgdbiblx |e} ei}b eddbvdmfa$

>0"5;">;;< Chdh}q~x b` Ie| Jv}qhmf 'CIJ( |e} ~fuvf}qfa qbmbccvdhmeqf qgf b{hdhbd b` qgf Ia Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei b`

Hdahe"]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe bd qgf {~bmfav~f qb nf`biib|fa$

5"55">;;< B{hdhbd b` qgf Gbd,nif CIJ |e} ~fmfhpfa nx AbQ$

;>"55">;;< AbQ afmhafa qgeq bdix qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb>6";8">;;< }geii nf {~bmf}}fa |ghmg |f~f >=> hddvcnf~$

;>"55">;;< Qgf [C |~bqf qb qgf CbMHQ qb mbd}haf~ evmqhbdhdl b` }{fmq~vc eda ~fph}hbd b` fdq~x `ff hd e èh~ edaq~ed}{e~fdq ceddf~$

;>"55">;;< Qgf CbMHQ |~bqf qb qgf [C qgeq }v``hmhfdq >L

}{fmq~vc epehienif qb meqf~ qb qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq b` `f|df| b{f~eqb~} eda cb~f db$ b` b{f~eqb~ |hii hdm~fe}fqfifafd}hqx eda n~hdl ab|d qgf qe~h``$

;>"55">;;< Qgf CbMHQ elehd |~bqf qb qgf [C jv}qh`xhdl qgfafmh}hbd b` ecfdacfdq b` mvq b`` aeqf eda qf~cfa qgf}vllf}qhbd b` Chdh}q~x b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf `b~ LBC e},bvq b` mbdqfwq,$

>0"5>">;;< Qgf CbMHQ elehd |~bqf qb qgf [C ~fle~ahdl qgf{f~}bdei ah}mv}}hbd |hqg Gbd,nif [C eda Fwqf~deiE`èh~} Chdh}qf~ bd pe~hbv} h}}vf} hdmivahdl h}}vf b`

avei qfmgdbiblx eda h}}vf b` df| ihmfdmf}$=5"5>">;;< Qgf ]fm~fqe~x AbQ eda Cfcnf~ '@hdedmf( AbQ ~fqh~fa$

;=";5">;;7 Qgf [C emodb|ifalfa qgf ifqqf~ aeqfa >0"5>">;;< }fdqnx qgf CbMHQ$

;8";5">;;7 E cffqhdl b` `vii Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd |e} }mgfavifa`b~ ;8$;5$>;;7 qb ah}mv}} h}}vf} b` df| ihmfdmf} edaeiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc qb fwh}qhdl e} |fii e} df|{iexf~} nx evmqhbd} {b}q{bdfa qb 56$;5$>;;7$

5;";5">;;7 Afmh}hbd ~fle~ahdl mvq b`` aeqf nfhdl >6";8">;;< |e}mbdpfxfa qg~bvlg e [~f}} ^fife}f hd qgf e`qf~dbbd b`

5; Jedve~x >;;7$5;";5">;;7 Qg~bvlg e {~f}} ~fife}f) mbc{edhf} |gb gea

}vnchqqfa e{{ihmeqhbd} bd b~ nf`b~f >6 ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<|f~f eaph}fa qb af{vqf qgfh~ evqgb~hzfa ~f{~f}fdqeqhpfeq =$=; [C bd 5; Jedve~x >;;7 qb mbiifmq ~f}{bd}f'}($

5;";5">;;7 Bvq b` >=> e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{ qb mvq b`` aeqf 5>5IbH} |f~f h}}vfa qb e{{ihmedq} `bvda fihlhnif$

5;";5">;;7 Eii e{{ihmedq} mbccvdhmeqfa qgfh~ emmf{qedmf$<7



#76#

e{{ihmedq} mbc{ihfa |hqg qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} hdmivahdl}vnch}}hbd b` fdq~x `ff) [NL eda @NL$

55";5">;;7 ^fcehdhdl 1= e{{ihmedq} mbc{ihfa |hqg qf~c} edambdahqhbd}$

>6";5">;;7 Eii VE] ihmfd}f} |f~f h}}vfa qb nf f``fmqhpf `~bc >6

Jedve~x >;;7$

<$= Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf AbQ |gfqgf~ qgf AbQ gea dbq

{vq ed e~qh hmhei me{ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` ihmfdmf} qb nf h}}vfa nx `hwhdl e mvq#b` aeqf `b~

~fmfh{q b` qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} eda |gfqgf~ hd qgf {~bmf}} QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` ‗db

me{‘ |e} dbq mh~mvcpfdqfa$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgfx gea nffd h}}vhdl VE]

ihmfdmf} hd pe~hbv} }f~phmf e~fe} bd mbdqhdvbv} ne}h} }hdmf hdq~bavmqhbd b` VE]I

~flhcf hd >;;= }vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc$ Eq qgf qhcf b` ~f`f~fdmf qb QÊH bd

5=$;1$>;;<) 6= e{{ihmeqhbd |f~f {fdahdl$ E qf~ qgf ~fmfh{q b` ’Db Me{–

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa >7$;7$>;;< `~bc qgf QÊH) qgf~f |e} e }vaafd }{v~q hd qgf

e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ VE] Ihmfd}f}$ Off{hdl hd phf| ihofix epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc hq |e}

afmhafa hd qgf af{e~qcfdq qb }qb{ ~fmfhphdl `v~qgf~ e{{ihmeqhbd} qhii `v~qgf~ b~af~}$

Qgf~f`b~f) bd >1$;8$>;;<) e [~f}} ~fife}f |e} h}}vfa |ghmg e{{fe~fa hd qgf

df|}{e{f~} bd >6$8$>;;<) }qeqhdl qgeq qgf df| e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ Vdh`hfa 'Qfifmbc(

Emmf}} ]f~phmf} 'VE]( Ihmfdmf} |hii dbq nf emmf{qfa nx Af{e~qcfdq b`

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} 'AbQ( e`qf~ ;5$5;$>;;< qhii `v~qgf~ b~af~}$

<$1 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ QÊH |e} fpfd mbd}viqfa bd qgf ceqqf~ b` ~fmfh{q b`

ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd e`qf~ qgfh~ ‗db me{‘ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd eda |gfqgf~ qgf

ceqqf~ |e} {iemfa nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd) qgf AbQ ~f{ihf} qgeq qgfx aha dbq

mbd}viq qgf QÊH bd qgf ceqqf~ db~ qgf h}}vf |e} {iemfa nf`b~f qgf Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd eda qgf~f |e} db ceqf~hei bd ~fmb~a e} qb |gx qgf Evqgb~hqx eda

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} |f~f dbq mbd}viqfa"e{{~h}fa b` qgf h}}vf$

<$6 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd {bhdqfa bvq qgeq bd bdf geda qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ |e}

e{{~h}fa nx qgf qgfd Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~ qgeq h` cb~f dvcnf~ b` {iexf~} |f~f eiib|fa)

qgf~f |bvia nf l~feqf~ mbc{ifqhbd ~f}viqhdl hd ib|f~ qe~h`` eda nfqqf~ qfif#afd}hqx$ Bd

qgf bqgf~ geda) qgf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmedq} |f~f e~nhq~e~hix ~f}q~hmqfa nx qgf AbQ



#70#

ah}~fle~ahdl QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$ Hd qgh} ~fle~a) qgf Mbcchqqff fduvh~fa

|gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} dbq ed e{{e~fdq mbdq~eahmqhbd hd qgf }qedmf b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq$ Qgf

Mbcchqqff ei}b af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ lhphdl jv}q }fpfd aex} qhcf h$f$ nfq|ffd qgf

h}}vf b` [~f}} ^fife}f eda qgf mvq#b`` aeqf nf mbd}haf~fa e} ~fe}bdenif$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf

Af{e~qcfdq }qeqfa qgeq hd phf| b` qgf hdm~fe}hdl afceda bd }{fmq~vc hd e }vn}qedqhei

ceddf~) ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH |e} }bvlgq bd 5=$1$>;;< bd ihchq b` dvcnf~ b`

Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} eda bd bqgf~ qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` VE] ihmfdmf}$ Qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |f~f ~fmfhpfa nx AbQ bd >8$7$>;;<$ QÊH gea) hdqf~#eihe)

~fmbccfdafa db me{ bd dvcnf~ b` Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} hd edx }f~phmf e~fe

ecbdl bqgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qf~c} b` VE] ihmfdmf$ Hd qgf cfedqhcf) qgf df|

VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f {b~hdl hd eda qhii >1$8$>;;<) 50< e{{ihmeqhbd} `~bc 5>

mbc{edhf} `b~ >> }f~phmf e~fe} gea nffd ~fmfhpfa$ Hq |e} qgf~fhd `fiq hd AbQ qgeq hq

cex nf ah``hmviq qb gedaif }vmg ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} eq edx {bhdq b` qhcf$

Qgf~f`b~f) hq |e} {~b{b}fa qb eddbvdmf e mvq#b`` `b~ ~fmfh{q b` VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd} }vmg

qgeq db df| e{{ihmeqhbd} |bvia nf ~fmfhpfa e`qf~ mvq#b`` aeqf qhii `v~qgf~ b~af~}$ Hq |e}

ei}b {~b{b}fa qgeq e ~fe}bdenif qhcf qb eii |gb |h}g qb }vnchq df| VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd}

cex nf lhpfd }b qgeq qgf afmh}hbd h} dbq mgeiifdlfa$ Qhcf {f~hba b` 56 aex} h$f v{ qb

5;$5;$>;;< |e} {~b{b}fa$ Bd >1$8$>;;<) qgf qgfd Gbd‘nif CBMHQ |gb |ghif

e{{~bphdl qgf `hif chdvqfa qgeq ’hd phf| b` ie~lf dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} {fdahdl eda qb

ah}mbv~elf }{fmvieqhpf {iexf~}) |f cex mib}f ~fmfhphdl e{{ihmeqhbd} bd ;5$5;$>;;<

h$f$ bdf cbdqg `~bc qgf aeqf b` QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}.$ ' E mb{x b` qgf }eha `hif

dbqhdl} h} eq 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWPH(

<$0 Gb|fpf~) qgf Bdf Ced Mbcchqqff 'BCM( vdaf~ Jv}qhmf ]ghp~ej P [eqhi bd

fwechdeqhbd b` {~b{~heqfdf}} b` {~bmfav~f} `biib|fa nx AbQ hd h}}vedmf b` ihmfd}f}



’[~bmfav~f `b~cvieqfa |gf~fnx qgf {~bmf}}hdl b` e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE]I} |e} ~f}q~hmqfa qb bdix }vmg e{{ihmeqhbd} |ghmg |f~f ~fmfhpfa v{qb>6$8$>;;< |gfd qgf ie}q aeqf `b~ ~fmfhphdl ed e{{ihmeqhbd |e} }qh{vieqfa e}



#7<#

5$5;$>;;<) h} dbq q~emfenif fhqgf~ qb qgf {b|f~ pf}qfa hd qf~c} b` edx {~bmfav~fieha bvq b~ }eqh}`hf} qgf ~fuvh}hqf} b` ie| hd {e~qhmvie~ qgf{~hdmh{if} b` bnjfmqhphqx)èh~df}} eda q~ed}{e~fdmx.$

^f{b~q b` qgf Bdf Ced Mbcch}}hbd 'BCM( h} vdaf~ fwechdeqhbd$

<$< Qgf Mbcchqqff elehd e}ofa bd |geq {~fmh}f eda {~f}}hdl mh~mvc}qedmf} qgf

mvq#b`` aeqf b` 5}q Bmqbnf~) >;;< |e} eapedmfa qb >6qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< eda |gfqgf~ hq

aha dbq mbc{bvda qgf eiiflfa e~nhq~e~hdf}} eda èpb~hqh}c ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq Qb

afmhaf qgf dvcnf~ b` IBH} qb nf h}}vfa hd femg }f~phmf e~fe) e dbqf aeqfa ;>$55$>;;<)

|e} }vnchqqfa qb Gbd‘nif CBMHQ) hdqf~#eihe cfdqhbdhdl qgeq:

’Hd phf| b` QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` db me{ bd dvcnf~ b` b{f~eqb~}) ie~lfdvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl ~fmfhpfa hd qgf ABQ$ Qgf~f`b~f hq |e}afmhafa qgeq db cb~f e{{ihmeqhbd} }geii nf ~fmfhpfa e`qf~ 5$5;$>;;< qhii `v~qgf~ b~af~}$ Qhii qgf mvq#b`` aeqf `b~ ~fmfh{q b` VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd) 6<6 e{{ihmeqhbd}|f~f ~fmfhpfa `~bc 10 mbc{edhf} `b~ >> }f~phmf e~fe}$ Qgf ih}q b` qgf}fe{{ihmeqhbd} eibdl |hqg aeqf b` ~fmfh{q) mbc{edx |h}f eda }f~phmf e~fe |h}f e~f{iemfa eq {$5;"m eda 55"m ~f}{fmqhpfix$ Hd b~af~ qb epbha edx iflei hc{ihmeqhbd}b` mvq b`` aeqf) eii qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa qhii qgf eddbvdmfcfdq b` mvq b`` aeqfhd qgf {~f}} h$f$ >6$;8$>;;< cex nf {~bmf}}fa e} {f~ qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx edaafmh}hbd bd ~fcehdhdl e{{ihmeqhbd} cex nf qeofd }vn}fuvfdqix$

\[M ge} hdahmeqfa 'hd qgf ihdofa `hif( ed epehienhihqx b` mh~mif |h}f }{fmq~vcne}fa bd qgf hdqf~dei fwf~mh}f eda ihofix epehienhihqx bdmf C"b Af`fdmf pemeqf}qgf }{fmq~vc nfhdl v}fa nx qgfc$ ]hdmf <6 CGz ge} nffd fe~ce~ofa `b~ >Lhd 57;; neda b` |ghmg e cewhcvc b` enbvq 56 CGz h} if`q vdv}fa }b è~ |ghmgmbvia nf vqhihzfa `b~ df| ihmfdmf} eda eaahqhbdei ~fuvh~fcfdq b` fwh}qhdlb{f~eqb~}$ ]hdmf qgf epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc h} dbq hccfaheqfix lve~edqffa hdeii qgf }f~phmf e~fe} e} hq dffa} qb nf pemeqfa nx qgf Af`fdmf) e miev}f cex nfhd}f~qfa hd qgf IBH qgeq }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd h} dbq lve~edqffa eda }geii nf}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$

Hd phf| b` enbpf) e afmh}hbd cex nf qeofd bd qgf dvcnf~ b` IBH‘} qb nf h}}vfahd femg mh~mif.$

Bd qgf enbpf dbqf) Gbd‘nif CBMHQ) bd ;>$55$>;;<) afmhafa qgeq ’IBHcex nf h}}vfa qb qgf e{{ihmedq} ~fmfhpfa v{qb >6 qg ]f{q$ >;;<.$

<$7 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~hfa enbvq qgf ne}h} bd |ghmg qgf AbQ }vllf}qfa qb



#77#

qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ `b~ {~bmf}}hdl bdix qgb}f e{{ihmeqhbd} |ghmg |f~f ~fmfhpfa v{qb >6 qg

]f{qfcnf~ >bbx eda qgf }{fmh`hm hc{fahcfdq qgeq qgf Af{e~qcfdq `emfa hd {~bmf}}hdl

eii qgf 6<6 e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{qb 5}q Bmqbnf~ >;;<$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq e

mb{x b` qgf `hif dbqhdl 5"D qb >;"D b` `hif Db$>;#5;;">;;<#E]#H"[q$M |gf~f qgf }vmg

{~b{b}ei |e} {~bmf}}fa eda }vn}fuvfdq ah}mv}}hbd}"afihnf~eqhbd qbbo {iemf eibdl

|hqg e{{~bpei b` qgf Gbd‘nif CBMHQ h} fdmib}fa eq 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWPHH($

<$8 Qgf Bdf Ced Mbcchqqff 'BCM( vdaf~ Jv}qhmf ]ghp~ej P [eqhi bd fwechdeqhbd b`

e{{~b{~heqfdf}} b` {~bmfav~f} `biib|fa nx AbQ hd h}}vedmf b` ihmfd}f} eda eiibmeqhbd

b` }{fmq~vc av~hdl qgf {f~hba >;;5 ” >;;8) ge} hd hq} ~f{b~q aeqfa Jedve~x =5) >;55)

ge} bn}f~pfa qgeq:

’Gb|fpf~ ne}fa bd qgf dbqf$$$$) bd >$55$>;;< qgf Chdh}qf~ qbbo qgf phf| qgeq qgfb{hdhbd b` Chdh}qf~ b` Ie| eda Jv}qhmf |e} bvq b` mbdqfwq eda afmhafa qgeq{~bmfav~f `b~ l~edq b` df| VE]I} `b~cvieqfa fe~ihf~ nf mbdqhdvfa)mbd}fuvfdqix qgf h}}vf |gfqgf~ fwh}qhdl {~bmfav~f |e} hdmbd}h}qfdq |hqg qgffwqedq {bihmhf}"ah~fmqhbd} e{{fe~} qb gepf nffd hldb~fa$ Bd >$55$>;;<) e`v~qgf~ afmh}hbd |e} qeofd qb l~edq b` Ibh} qb qgb}f e{{ihmedq} `b~ VE]I} |gbgea e{{ihfa qhii >6$8$>;;< |ghmg afmh}hbd ei}b aha dbq }eqh}`x qgf ~fuvh}hqf} b` ie| hd {e~qhmvie~ qgf {~hdmh{if} b` bnjfmqhphqx) `eh~df}} eda q~ed}{e~fdmx.$

^f{b~q b` qgf Bdf Ced Mbcch}}hbd 'BCM( h} vdaf~ fwechdeqhbd$

<$5; E {f~v}ei b` qgf enbpf `hif dbqhdl ~fpfeifa qgeq hq |e} cehdix bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf

epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc qgeq hq |e} afmhafa qb {~bmf}} qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{qb

>6qg ]f{qfcnf~) >;;<$ Hd qgh} mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h ]haage~qg Nfgv~e)

qgf `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x qb mbd`h~c |gfqgf~ qgf mvq b`` aeqf b` >6lg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< |e}

eddbvdmfa bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc$ Gf }vnchqqfa:

’Db ]h~) H ab dbq qghdo qgh} |e} ihdofa qb qgf epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc eq eii$ ]hdmf>;;=) H qghdo bd qgf h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} eda epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc) qgf~f ge}nffd db }xdmg~bdhzeqhbd) db {~b{f~ }mhfdqh`hm edeix}h} |gfqgf~ |f e~f lbhdl qb



#78#

lhpf q|b ihmfdmf}) `bv~ ihmfdmf} b~ `hpf ihmfdmf} nfmev}f qgf~f h} ]{fmq~vc$ Hab dbq qghdo qgeq ohda b` e ~eqhbdei qghdl ge} fpf~ nffd abdf hd qgf Chdh}q~x.$

Gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

’Qgf e{{~bemg ge} dbq nffd qeofd$ H gepf dbq nffd hd edx b` qgf `hif} qgeq |fgepf }b cvmg b` ]{fmq~vc eda qgf~f`b~f) |f dffa qb lhpf }b cedx ihmfdmf}$Qgh} ge} dfpf~ ge{{fdfa.$

<$55 ^f`f~~hdl qb qgf enbpf `hif dbqhdl} b` qgf AbQ) |ghmg |f~f `v~dh}gfa eibdl|hqg

qgf |~hqqfd ~f{ihf}) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ hq |e} dbq h~bdhmei qgeq qgf

qgfd CBMHQ bd >da Dbpf$ >;;< e{{~bpfa qgf eapedmfcfdq b` qgf mvq#b`` aeqf qb >6 qg

]f{qfcnf~) >;;< bd qgf l~bvda b` epehienhihqx b` bdix 56CGz b` ]{fmq~vc nvq |ghif

~f{ixhdl qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ bd qgf }ecf aex) gf miehcfa qgeq qgf~f |e} 0;#06 CGz

]{fmq~vc }qhii epehienif `b~ qgf >L }f~phmf}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq Fwq~emq} b`

qgf `hif dbqhdl} bd `hif >;#5;;;">;;<#E]#H"[e~q ‗M‘ '|gf~f afmh}hbd nx qgf Gbd‘nif CbM

HQ qbbo qgf afmh}hbd qb h}}vf IbH} qb qgf e{{ihmedq} ~fmfhpfa v{qb >6 qg ]f{q$ >;;<:

[e~e 1$ ’\[M ge} hdahmeqfa 'hd qgf ihdofa `hif( bd epehienhihqx b` mh~mif |h}f}{fmq~vc ne}fa bd qgf hdqf~dei fwf~mh}f eda ihofix epehienhihqx bdmf C"BAf`fdmf pemeqf} qgf }{fmq~vc nfhdl v}fa nx qgfc$ ]hdmf <6 CGz ge} nffdfe~ce~ofa `b~ >L hd 57;; neda b` |ghmg e cewhcvc b` enbvq 56 CGz ge}nffd ~fife}fa$ Qgf~f`b~f) e{{~bwhceqfix 0; CGz h} if`q vdv}fa }b `e~ |ghmgmbvia nf vqhihzfa `b~ df| ihmfdmf} eda eaahqhbdei ~fuvh~fcfdq b` fwh}qhdlb{f~eqb~}$ ]hdmf qgf epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc h} dbq hccfaheqfix lve~edqffa hdeii qgf }f~phmf e~fe} e} hq dffa} qb nf pemeqfa nx qgf Af`fdmf) e miev}f cex nfhd}f~qfa hd qgf IbH qgeq }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd h} dbq lve~edqffa eda }geii nf}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx.$

<$5> Gb|fpf~) |ghif {~bphahdl ~f{ix qb qgf uvf}qhbd 56 'e( eda 'n( b` qgf

Uvf}qhbddeh~f aeqfa >0$55$>;5; b` Gbd‘nif [EM) hd {e~e > '{elf >0( b` qgf Ed}|f~)

|ghif ~f{~bavmhdl qgf enbpf qfwq) qgf {b~qhbd vdaf~ihdfa enbpf |e} hdeapf~qfdqix

bchqqfa$ Qgf qx{bl~e{ghmei f~~b~ h} aff{ix ~fl~fqqfa$ Emqvei `hif dbqhdl ~f`f~~fa qb

enbpf cex nf }ffd eq 0"D b` Eddfwv~f#5;$



#8;#

<$5= Fwq~emq} `~bc ifqqf~ Db$>;#5;;;">;;<#E]$H aeqfa >da Dbpfcnf~ >;;< |~hqqfd nx

Gbd‘nif CbM HQ qb Gbd‘nif [C$

[e~e =†$ ’H |bvia ihof qb n~hdl hq qb xbv~ dbqhmf qgeq AbQ ge} fe~ce~ofa qbqeiix

5;; CGz hd 8;; CGz eda 57;; CGz neda} `b~ >L cbnhif }f~phmf}$ Bvq b` qgh})}b è~ cewhcvc b` enbvq =6 qb 1; CGz {f~ Mh~mif ge} nffd eiibqqfa qb ah``f~fdqb{f~eqb~} eda nfhdl v}fa nx qgfc$ Qgf ~fcehdhdl 0; qb 06 CGz) hdmivahdl}{fmq~vc ihofix qb nf pemeqfa nx Af`fdmf ]f~phmf}) h} }qhii epehienif `b~ >L}f~phmf}.$

<$51 Hq cex qgf~f`b~f nf }ffd qgeq e} bd >$55$>;;<) AbQ gea ei~feax eiibqqfa

}{fmq~vc b` enbvq =6 qb 1; CGz hd nbqg 8;; eda 57;; CGz neda}$ Qgh} eiibqqfa

}{fmq~vc hdmivafa qgf 56 CGz b` }{fmq~vc ei~feax ~fife}fa nx Af`fdmf nx qgfd$ E

LbC |e} mbd}qhqvqfa `b~ pemeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc nx Af`fdmf ]f~phmf}$ Hq |e} fw{fmqfa

qgeq e`qf~ qgf afmh}hbd b` LbC) Af`fdmf |bvia ~fife}f qgf neiedmf }{fmq~vc b` 0; qb

06 CGz hd ah``f~fdq }f~phmf e~fe}$ Qgf dbqf aeqfa >$55$>;;< e} |fii e} qgf ifqqf~

aeqfa >$55$>;;< e~f qgf~f`b~f mbd}h}qfdq |hqg femg bqgf~$

<$56 Qgf enbpf ceqqf~ |f~f ei}b mie~h`hfa nx AbQ ifqqf~ aeqfa <qg @fn~ve~x >;55$ Qgf

hdeapf~qfdq qx{bl~e{ghmei f~~b~ h} aff{ix ~fl~fqqfa$

<$50 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd {bhdqfa bvq qgeq qgf enbpf }eha `hif dbqhdl} b` qgf

Af{e~qcfdq gea dbq cfdqhbdfa edxqghdl enbvq qgf epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf 8;;

neda eda af}h~fa qb odb| qgf ne}h} bd |ghmg qgf qgfd Chdh}qf~ e{{~h}fa qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ b` qgf epehienhihqx b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf 8;; neda$ Hd ~f{ix qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq

fwq~emq} b` A$B$ ifqqf~ Db$ >;#5;;;">;;< ”E]#H aeqfa >da Dbpfcnf~ >;;< |~hqqfd nx qgf

qgfd Gbd‘nif CbMHQ qb Gbd‘nif [c {f~qehdhdl qb epehienhihqx qb ]{fmq~vc h}

~f{~bavmfa nfib|:

[EÊ > b` {bhdq = †$.$ H |bvia ihof qb n~hdl hq qb xbv~ ohda dbqhmf qgeq AbQ ge}fe~ce~ofa qbqeiix 5;; CGz hd 8;; CGz eda 57;; CGz neda} `b~ >L cbnhif}f~phmf}$ Bvq b` qgh}) }b è~ e cewhcvc b` enbvq =6 qb 1; CGz) {f~ mh~mif ge}nffd eiibqqfa qb ah``f~fdq b{f~eqb~} eda nfhdl v}fa nx qgfc$ Qgf ~fcehdhdl 0;qb 06 CGz) hdmivahdl ]{fmq~vc ihofix qb nf pemeqfa nx Af`fdmf ]f~phmf}) h} }qhiiepehienif `b~ >L }f~phmf}.$



#85#

<$5< E} bd >$55$>;;<) AbQ gea ei~feax eiibqqfa ]{fmq~vc b` enbvq =6 qb 1; CGz hd

nbqg 8;; eda 57;; CGz neda}$ Qgh} eiibqqfa ]{fmq~vc hdmivafa 56 CGz b` ]{fmq~vc

ei~feax ~fife}fa nx Af`fdmf hd 57;; CGz nx qgfd$ Qgf ]{fmq~vc b` =6 qb 1; CGzeiibqqfa hdmivaf >; qb >6 CGz hd 8;; CGz neda eda 56 CGz hd 57;; CGz neda E

L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~ 'LbC( |e} mbd}qhqvqfa `b~ pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc nx Af`fdmf

}f~phmf}$ Hq |e} fw{fmqfa qgeq e`qf~ qgf afmh}hbd b` LbC) Af`fdmf |bvia ~fife}f qgf

neiedmf ]{fmq~vc b` 0; qb 06 CGz hd ah``f~fdq }f~phmf e~fe}$

<$57 E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf `hif dbqhdl} hdahmeqhdl hdqf~#eihe qgf b~hlhdei a~e`q b` qgf qgfd

Chdh}qf~‘} ifqqf~} qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgfh~ e{{~bpei fqm$) qgf Af{e~qcfdq ~f{ihfa qgeq

db }vmg `hif gea nffd `bvda bd ~fmb~a hd qgf AbQ$

<$58 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb edbqgf~ }{fmh`hm uvf~x) qgf Af{e~qcfdq }qeqfa qgeq dfhqgf~ qgf

mvq#b`` aeqf b` 5}q Bmqbnf~) >;;< `b~ ~fmfhphdl qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} |e} {~b{bdfa db~ |f~f

qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf} |ghmg |f~f ~fmfhpfa e`qf~ >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~

>;;< ~fjfmqfa$

<$>; Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd e}ofa |gfqgf~ eii qgf ~fcehdhdl =1= e{{ihmeqhbd} gea

nffd {~bmf}}fa eda ihmfdmf}"]{fmq~vc eiibqqfa e`qf~ Jedve~x) >;;7$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ

}qeqfa qgeq qgf ~fcehdhdl =1= e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa `~bc >0$;8$>;;< qb ;5$5;$>;;< e~f

}qhii {fdahdl |hqg qgf Af{e~qcfdq$ Gbd‘nif QA]EQ) hd {e~e 550 b` hq} jvalfcfdq aeqfa

=5$;=$>;;8) hd [fqhqhbd Db$ >70 b` >;;< hd qgf ceqqf~ b` MBEH Bqg~}$ P}$ VBH

Bqg~}) ge} bn}f~pfa qgeq:

’$$$$$$Ei~feax) e} hdahmeqfa nx Q^EH hq}fi`) qgf~f e~f 0 qb 8 b{f~eqb~} hd femg}f~phmf e~fe eda qgf~f h} afceda `b~ eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc$ Hq h} qgf~f`b~f{vzzihdl e} qb |gx Q^EH ~fmbccfdafa e db me{ {bihmx bd qgf dvcnf~ b` }f~phmf {~bphaf~}$ Hd bv~ phf|) ABQ |bvia nf |fii eaph}fa qb ~fphf| qgh} {bihmxoff{hdl hd phf| qgf pe~hbv} ~fifpedq {e~ecfqf~} eda qeof ed e{{~b{~heqfafmh}hbd$$$.$



#8>#

<$>5 Emmb~ahdlix) bd >>$;<$>;;8) AbQ }bvlgq ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) hdqf~#eihe) bd

qgf {bihmx b` ‗db me{{hdl‘ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` Emmf}} ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} hd femg }f~phmf

e~fe$ Bd 55$;6$>;5;) QÊH hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ’]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq eda

Ihmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o– ge}) hdqf~#eihe) ~fmbccfdafa qgeq:

'h( Off{hdl hd phf| qgf }me~mhqx b` }{fmq~vc eda qgf dffa qb {~bphaf qgf

mbdq~emqfa }{fmq~vc qb qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff}) qgf Evqgb~hqx ~fmbccfda}

qgeq db cb~f VE] ihmfdmf ihdofa |hqg }{fmq~vc }gbvia nf e|e~afa$

'[e~e >$65($

'hh( Qgf Evqgb~hqx |bvia ihof qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb dbqf qgeq qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd ceaf nx qgf Evqgb~hqx hd {e~e >$65 enbpf h} }vnjfmq qb

qgf mbv~q afmh}hbd} hd qgh} ~fle~a$ Qgf e{{ihmedq} |hii gb|fpf~ nf `~ff qb

e{{ix `b~ b~ b{q `b~ e Vdh`hfa ihmfdmf) |ghmg h} nfhdl ~fmbccfdafa `b~

`vqv~f ihmfdmf} }f{e~eqfix$ '[e~e >$6>(

'hhh( Eii `vqv~f ihmfdmf} }gbvia nf vdh hfa ihmfdmf} eda qgeq }{fmq~vc nf

afihdofa `~bc qgf ihmfdmf$ '[e~e >$0>(

'hp( Qgf Evqgb~hqx ge} ei~feax ~fmbccfdafa qgeq hd }b è~ e} `vqv~f ihmfd}hdlh} mbdmf~dfa) }{fmq~vc }gbvia nf afihdofa `~bc VE] ihmfdmf$

Emmb~ahdlix) qgf~f h} db dffa `b~ edx me{ bd qgf dvcnf~ b` emmf}}

}f~phmf {~bphaf~}$ Qgh} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` db me{ h} bdix h` qgf `vqv~f

ihmfdmf} e~f afihdofa `~bc }{fmq~vc$ Bqgf~|h}f) qgf Evqgb~hqx‘} }{fmh`hm

~fmbccfdaeqhbd h} qgeq db cb~f ihmfdmf} }gbvia nf lhpfd$ '[e~e >$<5(



#8=#

MGE[QF^ # PHHH

QGF @H^]Q#MBCF#@H^]Q ]F^PFA M^HQF^HBD

7$5 E} cfdqhbdfa fi}f|gf~f e dvcnf~ b` mbc{iehdq} |f~f ~fmfhpfa hd qgf Mfdq~ei

Phlhiedmf Mbcch}}hbd ~fle~ahdl qgf @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa '@M@]( {bihmx eab{qfa

nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq hd qgf h}}vedmf b` VE] ihmfdmf} hd Jedve~x) >;;7$ Bd qgeq ne}h})

qgf MPM mbdavmqfa e ah~fmq hduvh~x bd qgf ceqqf~ eda `bvda qgeq qgf~f |e} db cfdqhbd

b` qgf @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa {bihmx hd qgf lvhafihdf} h}}vfa nx qgf AbQ bd 55qg

Dbpfcnf~) >;;= eda fpfd qgf lvhafihdf} h}}vfa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq bd hq} |fn}hqf aha

dbq mbdqehd edxqghdl enbvq qgf @M@] {bihmx$

7$> ]g~h Nhjfda~e O$ ]xdlei e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff qgeq qgf~f |f~f db ne}h} eda

ne}f} `b~ qgf @M@] {bihmx$ Hq |e} e `hlcfdq b` hcelhdeqhbd b` qgf Nenv} eq qgf AbQ qb

}vhq qgf `f| nfdf`hmhe~hf} b` qgf ie~lf}}f abifa bvq nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Gf `v~qgf~

}qeqfa qgeq qgf @M@] bdix }f~pfa qgf l~ffa b` qgf }{fmvieqb~} e} gea nffd {~bpfa

nfxbda abvnq nx qgf }eif b` qgf fuvhqx nx }bcf mbc{edhf} eq cviqh{if} b` }hw b~ }fpfd

qhcf} b` qgf {~hmf qgfx {eha hd Jedve~x) >;;7$

7$= Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf AbQ enbvq qgf

]edmqhqx b` qgf @M@] {bihmx$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf qf~c ,@h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#

]f~pfa '@M@]( aha dbq e{{fe~ hd qgf VE] ihmfdmf lvhafihdf} aeqfa 51$5>$>;;6$

Gb|fpf~) {e~e 55 b` qgf lvhafihdf} }qeqf} qgeq) ’Ihmfdmf} }geii nf h}}vfa |hqgbvq edx

~f}q~hmqhbd bd qgf dvcnf~ b` fdq~edq} `b~ {~bph}hbd b` Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} hd e

]f~phmf E~fe.$ @v~qgf~ qgf afmh}hbd `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf bd @M@] ne}h} |e} qeofd

bd >1$55$>;;= |gfd `h~}q qhcf e`qf~ hdq~bavmqhbd b` VE] Ihmfd}hdl ^flhcf bd

55$55$>;;=) qgf h}}vf b` Ifqqf~ b` Hdqfdq `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf} |e} nfhdl afmhafa$ Hq

|e}) hdqf~#eihe) afmhafa nx qgf qgfd Gbd‘nif CBMHQ qb l~edq VE] ihmfdmf} bd @h~}q#

Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa ne}h} e} qgf eddbvdmfa lvhafihdf} gea ceaf hq b{fd `b~ df|

ihmfdmf} qb nf h}}vfa bd mbdqhdvbv} ne}h} eq edx qhcf eda }{fmq~vc |e} qb nf eiibqqfa

}vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$ Qgh} |e} ei}b }qeqfa qgf~fhd qgeq ’qgh} hd f``fmq |bvia hc{ix qgeq

ed e{{ihmedq |gb mbcf} `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa qgf }{fmq~vc `h~}q }b hq |hii ~f}viq hd l~edq



#81#

b` ihmfdmf bd @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa ne}h}–$

7$1 Qgf Bdf Ced Mbcchqqff 'BCM( vdaf~ Jv}qhmf ]ghp~ej P [eqhi bd fwechdeqhbd b`

e{{~b{~heqfdf}} b` {~bmfav~f} `biib|fa nx AbQ hd h}}vedmf b` ihmfd}f} eda eiibmeqhbd

b` }{fmq~vc av~hdl qgf {f~hba >;;5 ” >;;8) ge} hd hq} ~f{b~q aeqfa Jedve~x =5) >;55)

ge} bn}f~pfa qgeq:

’Qgf @M@] {~bmfav~f eab{qfa eda e{{ihfa) qgeq qbb |hqgbvq mbd}h}qfdmx) |e}mife~ix |hqgbvq edx dfwv} |hqg qgf bnjfmqhpf b` qgf }fifmqhbd b` VE] ihmfdmff}{v~}vedq qb DQ[ 5888$ Nx e{{ixhdl @M@]) qgf nf}q fihlhnif e{{ihmedq‘} b``f~ mbvia }qeda fwmivafa$ Qgh} |e} b{{b}fa qb qgf {~hdmh{if} 87 b` ifpfi {iexhdl`hfia ecbdl}q {~b}{fmqhpf e{{ihmedq}$ Qgf m~hqf~he b` @M@] e} eab{qfa nx qgfAbQ |e} dfhqgf~ mbdqfc{ieqfa db~ |e} hq mbd}h}qfdq |hqg qgf DQ[ 5888)~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Q^EH eda qgf Menhdfq afmh}hbd$ Eaafa qb qgh}) qgf ne}h} b` ~fmobdhdl) qb e{{ix @M@] |e} dbq mbd}h}qfdqix `biib|fa$ [~hb~ qb ;<$;5$>;;7)qgf aeqf b` ~fmfh{q b` e{{ihmeqhbd} hd AbQ |e} ~fmobdfa `b~ qgf {v~{b}f} b` @M@] eda e`qf~ ;<$;5$>;;7 qgf aeqf b` mbc{ihedmf b` IbH |e} ~fmobdfa `b~ {v~{b}f} b` @M@]$ Qgh} |e} ei}b dbq hd qvdf |hqg fwqedq {bihmx–$

7$6 Qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qgf Af{e~qcfdq qb `v~dh}g qgfc qgf `hif dbqhdl} b`

>1$55$>;;= |gf~fhd qgf qgfd Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx

gea ~f{b~qfaix afmhafa qb l~edq VE] ihmfdmf} bd @M@] ne}h}$ Qgf AbQ `v~dh}gfa qgf

mbc{ifqf `hif dbqhdl}$ E {f~v}ei b` qgf }eha dbqhdl} ~fpfeifa qgeq db|gf~f qgf qgfd

Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx gea ghc}fi` chdvqfa qgf

@M@] {bihmx$ Gb|fpf~) gf e{{~bpfa qgf `hif |gf~fhd qgf~f gea nffd cfdqhbd b` qgf

@M@] {bihmx hd qgf `biib|hdl q|b mbdqfwq}:

'h( .Hq h} ei}b {~f}vcfa qgeq }vmg df| ihmfdmf hd qgf meqflb~x b` VE]I|bvia nf bd e `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q }f~pfa ne}h} bd qgf ne}h} b` e{{ihmeqhbd.$

'hh( .E} ~fle~a} qgf {bhdq ~eh}fa enbvq l~edq b` df| ihmfdmf} b` `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa ne}h}) qgf eddbvdmfa lvhafihdf} gepf ceaf hq b{fd `b~ df| ihmfdmf} qb nf h}}vfa bd mbdqhdvbv} ne}h} eq edx qhcf$ gb|fpf~) qgf]{fmq~vc h} qb nf eiibqqfa }vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$ qgh} hd f``fmq |bvia hc{ixqgeq ed e{{ihmedq |gb mbcf} `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa qgf ]{fmq~vc `h~}q }b hq|hii ~f}viq hd l~edq b` ihmfdmf bd `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q }f~pfa ne}h}.$



#86#

7$0 E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf mbc{ifqf afqehi} hdahmeqhdl hdqf~#eihe }hdmf |gfd qgf @M@]

{bihmx gea nffd eab{qfa qgf ifpfi eq |ghmg hq |e} e{{~bpfa fqm$) qgf AbQ ~f{ihfa qgeq

bd >1qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;=) qgf Gbd‘nif CBMHQ e{{~bpfa qgf e{{~bemg b` l~edqhdl b`

VE] ihmfdmf} bd @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa ne}h} e} qgf eddbvdmfa lvhafihdf} gea

ceaf hq b{fd `b~ df| ihmfdmf} qb nf h}}vfa bd mbdqhdvbv} ne}h} eq edx qhcf eda

}{fmq~vc |e} qb nf eiibqqfa }vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$ Qgh} hd f``fmq hc{ihfa qgeq ed

e{{ihmedq |gb mbcf} `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa qgf }{fmq~vc `h~}q }b hq gea ~f}viqfa hd l~edq

b` ihmfdmf bd @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa ne}h}$ [~hb~ qb Jedve~x >;;7) VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f

nfhdl h}}vfa bd @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa ne}h} e} {f~ qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd `b~ l~edq

b` VE] ihmfdmf hd qgeq {e~qhmvie~ }f~phmf e~fe$ Fpfd qgbvlg) hd }bcf }f~phmf e~fe})

IbH} |f~f h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix hd >;;1 nvq `hdeiix qgf VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa

ne}fa bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf$ Hd bdf me}f hd >;;1) bd q|b

e{{ihmeqhbd} b` ah``f~fdq aeqf} hd e }f~phmf e~fe) IbH} |f~f h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix nvq

qgf VE] ihmfdmf |e} }hldfa `h~}q |hqg qgf ieqf~ e{{ihmedq e} qgf fe~ihf~ e{{ihmedq }bvlgq

qhcf `b~ `vi`hiihdl qgf mbdahqhbd} b` qgf IbH$

7$< \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb gfe~ qgf phf|} b` ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e) `b~cf~

Mgeh~ced) QÊH bd qgf @M@] {bihmx) gf }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.†$$qgf~f h} db }vmg {~hdmh{if$ Hq h} cb~f ihof |geq bdf mbvia }ex e}{~f}m~h{qhbd$ \geq |e} qgf {~emqhmf hd AbQ |e} qgeq h` qgf e{{ihmeqhbd mecf)eda H ec db| qeiohdl b` >;;1#>;;6#>;;0#>;;< {f~hba) qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f~flh}qf~fa aeqf#|h}f$ Ne}fa bd qgf aeqf) qgfx |f~f of{q bd ~fmb~a$ qgfx |f~fof{q bd ~fmb~a `b~ xfe~} ei}b nfmev}f qgf ~f`f~fdmf |e} }fdq qb qgf QÊH bdme{{hdl b` Ihmfdmf h}}vf$ .

Nvq hd qgf `hif} b` qgf AbQ qgf `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa ~f`f~fdmf mbcf}) h` cxcfcb~x h} ~hlgq qgeq mbcf} `~bc qgf ]{fmq~vc$ Qgf {~bmfav~f h}) h` e ihmfdmf h}

l~edqfa e ifqqf~ b` hdqfdq h} h}}vfa$ Bdmf xbv h}}vf e ifqqf~ b` hdqfdq) xbv lhpf 56aex}, qhcf qgeq hd 56 aex}, qhcf qgf `b~ceihqhf} hdmivahdl qgf af{b}hq cbdfx fqm$]b) eii qgb}f |gb lfq IbH) qgfx ab dbq ~f}gv`ìf qgf b~af~ b` {~hb~hqx$ H` }bcfnbax af{b}hq} cbdfx bdf bdf aex) }bcfnbax af{b}hq} bd qgh~a aex b~ }hwqg aex) nfmev}f fpf~xnbax ge} nffd lhpfd qb mbc{ifqf qgf `b~ceihqx hd 56aex}? e`qf~ gephdl mbc{ifqfa qgf `b~ceihqx) eda e`qf~ gephdl }hldfa qgfel~ffcfdq) qgfd qgf ifqqf~ b` hdqfdq h} mbdpf~qfa hdqb e ihmfdmf? bdmf qgf ihmfdmfh} mbdpf~qfa) qgfd xbv }vnchq qgf af}hld eda a~e|hdl} b` `~fuvfdmxmbb~ahdeqhbd b` qgf \h~fif}} [ieddhdl Mfii '\[M( \[M qgeq e uvf}qhbd |e}



#80#

~eh}fa qgeq eii qgb}f |gb gepf lbq qgf ihmfdmf) |geq }gbvia nf qgf cfqgba `b~ ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd eda gb|$ Eda qgf~f) bd `hif) hq |e} afmhafa qgeq qgb}f |gbgepf mbc{ifqfa qgf `b~ceihqx eda qgb}f |gb gepf db| ei}b mbc{ifqfa qgfaf}hld} eda a~e|hdl}) eda db| gepf mbcf qb qgf \[M) qgf~f h} \[Meachdh}q~eqhpfix hq |hii nf bd e `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa ne}h}$ ]b qgf~f h} db ~vif

e} }vmg |ghmg |e} qgf~f.$

7$7 Hd qgf cfed|ghif Evahq }m~vqhdx b` qgf }vnjfmq ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf @h~}q#Mbcf#

@h~}q#]f~pfa '@M@]( {bihmx fe~ihf~ hdqf~deiix eab{qfa hd AbQ `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc)

|e} qgfd fwqfdafa `b~ h}}vf b` df| VE] ihmfdmf}$ Vdaf~ qgh} {bihmx) eii e{{ihmeqhbd}

e~f ~flh}qf~fa hd qgf Mfdq~ei ^flh}q~x ]fmqhbd b` AbQ |gf~f aeqf b` ~fmfh{q eda }f~hei

dvcnf~} e~f {b}qfa bd hq$ [~hb~hqx b` e{{ihmeqhbd} h} afqf~chdfa ne}fa bd qgh} aeqf b`

~fmfh{q hd qgf Mfdq~ei ^flh}q~x$ Hd e mbccvdhmeqhbd aeqfa >da Dbpfcnf~ >;;<) qgf

Gbd,nif CbMHQ gea fpfd mbd`h~cfa qb qgf Gbd,nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgeq qgf {~bmf}}hdlb` e{{ihmeqhbd} |e} qb nf bd qgf @M@] ne}h}$ Gb|fpf~) evahq `bvda qgeq AbQ afpheqfa

fpfd `~bc qgf @M@] {bihmx hd ifqqf~ eda }{h~hq$ Qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} }vnchqqfa nfq|ffd

Ce~mg >;;0 eda >6 qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< |f~f h}}vfa qgf IbH} }hcviqedfbv}ix bd e }hdlif

aex) phz$ 5;qg Jedve~x >;;7$ E dbqhmf |e} h}}vfa qg~bvlg e {~f}} ~fife}f lhphdl if}}

qged ed gbv~ qb mbiifmq qgf }ecf$ Qgh} afmh}hbd qb h}}vf IbH} }hcviqedfbv}ix qb eii

e{{ihmedq} |e} qeofd eq qgf ifpfi b` qgf Chdh}qf~$ E} {f~ qgf @M@] {bihmx nfhdl

`biib|fa qgb}f |gb |f~f h}}vfa IbH} |f~f lhpfd 56 aex} qb `vi`hii qgf mbdahqhbd}$ Qgh}

hdmivafa }vnch}}hbd b` e [f~`b~cedmf Nedo Lve~edqff '[NL( eda e @hdedmhei Nedo

Lve~edqff '@NL($ Nx mgedlhdl qgf @M@] m~hqf~he) }bcf ihmfd}ff}) |gb mbvia

{~bemqhpfix edqhmh{eqf }vmg {~bmfav~ei mgedlf} |f~f ~feax |hqg qgf Afceda A~e`q}

a~e|d bd aeqf} {~hb~ qb qgf dbqh`hmeqhbd b` mvq b`` aeqf nx AbQ eda mbvia epehi qgf

nfdf`hq b` `h~}q ~hlgq qb eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc) gephdl jvc{fa qgf uvfvf$ Qgf fdqh~f

{~bmf}} `biib|fa iemofa q~ed}{e~fdmx eda bnjfmqhphqx eda ge} f~bafa qgf m~fahnhihqx b`

AbQ$

7$8 Hd qgf ihlgq b` qgf enbpf `hdahdl} b` qgf MEL) qgf Mbcchqqff uvf~hfa enbvq qgf

miehc b` qgf AbQ qgeq qgfx gea nffd `biib|hdl qgf @M@] {bihmx hd ifqqf~ eda }{h~hq) hq}

}edmqhqx dbq|hqg}qedahdl) hd phf| b` qgf `emq qgeq qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} }vnchqqfa nfq|ffd

Ce~mg) >;;< eda >6qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< |f~f h}}vfa IBH} }hcviqedfbv}ix bd e }hdlif

aeqf phz$ 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;7$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq e`qf~ qgf ~f`f~fdmf aeqfa



#8<#

5=$;1$>;;< b` AbQ qb QÊH) }fpf~ei VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa hd qgf cfedqhcf lbq

emmvcvieqfa e|ehqhdl QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} eda afmh}hbd b` Lbpf~dcfdq qgf~fb`$

Hq |e} afmhafa qgeq qgf IbH} qb eii qgf fihlhnif e{{ihmedq} |gb gea e{{ihfa v{qb

>6$;8$>;;< |hii nf h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix eda ed e{{ihmedq |gb `vi`hi} qgf mbdahqhbd} b`

IBH `h~}q |hii nf l~edqfa ihmfd}f `h~}q$ E {~f}} ~fife}f bd 5;#5#>;;7

'Eddfwv~f#WWWWPHHH( |e} h}}vfa }qeqhdl qgeq ABQ ge} nffd hc{ifcfdqhdl e {bihmx b`

@h~}q#mvc#@h~}q ]f~pfa `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf} vdaf~ |ghmg hdhqheiix ed e{{ihmeqhbd

|ghmg h} ~fmfhpfa `h~}q |hii nf {~bmf}}fa `h~}q eda qgf~fe`qf~ h` `bvda fihlhnif |hii nf

l~edqfa IBH eda qgfd |gb}bfpf~ mbc{ihf} |hqg qgf mbdahqhbd} b` IBH `h~}q |hii nf

l~edqfa VE] ihmfdmf$

7$5; Edbqgf~ [~f}} ^fife}f |e} h}}vfa bd 5;$;5$>;;7 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWHW( |gf~f

qgf e{{ihmedq mbc{edhf} |gb gepf }vnchqqfa e{{ihmeqhbd} qb ABQ `b~ l~edq b` VE]

ihmfdmf} hd pe~hbv} }f~phmf e~fe} bd b~ nf`b~f >6$8$>;;< |f~f ~fuvf}qfa qb af{vqf

qgfh~ Evqgb~h}fa }hldeqb~x"Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x" evqgb~h}fa ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf |hqg

evqgb~hqx ifqqf~ qb mbiifmq ~f}{bd}f'}( b` ABQ$ ]hchie~ix) qgf mbc{edhf} |gb gepf

e{{ihfa `b~ v}elf b` avei qfmgdbiblx }{fmq~vc |f~f ei}b ~fuvf}qfa qb mbiifmq qgf

ABQ‘} ~f}{bd}f$ Eii |f~f ~fuvf}qfa qb e}}fcnif eq =:=; {c bd 5;$5$>;;7 eq

Mbcchqqff ^bbc) >da @ibb~) ]edmge~ Nge|ed) Df| Afigh$ Hq |e} ei}b cfdqhbdfa qgeq

qgf mbc{edhf} |ghmg èhi qb ~f{b~q nf`b~f 1$=; [$C$ bd 5;$;5$>;;7) qgf ~f}{bd}f} b`

ABQ |hii nf ah}{eqmgfa nx {b}q$ Eii fihlhnif IBH gbiaf~} `b~ VE]I |f~f qb }vnchq

mbc{ihedmf qb AbQ qb qgf qf~c} b` IBH} |hqghd qgf {~f}m~hnfa {f~hba '56 aex} `~bc qgf

aeqf b` h}}vf b` IbH( av~hdl qgf b``hmf gbv~} h$f$ 8$;; E$C$ qb 6$=; [$C$ bd |b~ohdl

aex}$

7$55 Eii qgf fihlhnif e{{ihmedq} |gb e{{ihfa qhii >6$8$>;;< e}}fcnifa eq =:=; {c bd

5;$5$>;;7 eq Mbcchqqff ^bbc) ]edmge~ Ngeped |gf~f eii qgf IbH} |f~f h}}vfa

}hcviqedfbv}ix bd @h~}q#mbcf# h~}q#}f~pfa ne}h}$ Eii qgf e{{ihmedq} |gb e{{ihfa qhii

>6$8$>;;< odf| qgeq qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f nfhdl {~bmf}}fa nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq `b~

l~edq qb ihmfdmf e} mie~h`hmeqhbd} bd qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} v{qb >6$;8$>;;< bdix) |f~f

}bvlgq nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq bd 5;$5>$>;;<$ Cb}q b` qgf mbc{edhf} mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf



#87#

mbdahqhbd b` IBH} bd qgf 5;$;5$>;;7 eda ~f}q }vnchqqfa mbc{ihedmf bd qgf dfwq aex$

7$5> Qgf~fe`qf~) }f~phmf e~fe |h}f VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f l~edqfa e} {f~ qgf aeqf eda

qhcf b` mbc{ihedmf b` IBH}$ Gb|fpf~) aeqf eda qhcf b` mbc{ihedmf b` IBH} eda

}vn}fuvfdqix aeqf b` }hldhdl b` Ihmfdmf El~ffcfdq} aha dbq hd edx ceddf~ {~f#jvahmf

qgfh~ ~hlgq e} eiibmeqhbd b` epehienif }{fmq~vc qb eii b` qgfc hd cb}q b` qgf }f~phmf e~fe}

|f~f ceaf bd }ecf aex$ E qenvie~ }qeqfcfdq }gb|hdl aeqf b` VE]I e{{ihmeqhbd) aeqf

b` IbH) aeqf b` }hdlhdl b` Ihmfd}f el~ffcfdq) f``fmqhpf aeqf b` ihmfd}f eda aeqf b`

eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc }f~phmf e~fe |h}f h} fdmib}fa eq 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWW($

7$5= E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ h}}vf b` 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} bd e }hdlif aeqf) qgf

AbQ ~f{ihfa qgeq hd e mbccvdhmeqhbd aeqfa >0qg Afmfcnf~) >;;< `~bc qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) qgf ~fe}bd} qb emq

|hqgbvq `v~qgf~ afiex |f~f n~bvlgq bvq eq hq |e} hdahmeqfa qgf~fhd qgeq e ie~lf dvcnf~

b` IBH} |f~f {~b{b}fa qb nf h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix$

7$51 ]g~h A$]$ Ceqgv~) |ghif qfdaf~hdl fphafdmf nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff) }vnchqqfa

qgeq qgf @M@] {bihmx gea nffd hd pblvf hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq$ Gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

.†$$ qgf h}}vf ~b}f e} qb |geq }gbvia nf qgf `h~}q#mbcf#`h~}q#}f~pfa {bihmx$ QgfAf{e~qcfdq ge} nffd afeihdl |hqg qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} e} qgfx |f~f mbchdl hd fpfd`~bc fe~ihf~$ ]b) qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} |gfd qgfx mecf hd |f~f ~fmb~afa eq qgfMfdq~ei ^flh}q~x eda dvcnf~fa eda qgfx |f~f gedaifa bdf e`qf~ qgf bqgf~ hd}fuvfdqhei b~af~$ }b) qgh} |e} bdmf h}}vf |gfqgf~ qgh} }gbvia nf `biib|fa hd qgf}ecf ceddf~ b~ qgf~f }gbvia nf e mgedlf hd hq$

.]h~) H aha qfii qgf b``hmf) lhpfd qgf nemol~bvda qgeq H gepf jv}q }vnchqqfa) qgeq}hdmf qgf~f e~f mf~qehd cejb~ h}}vf} qgeq gea qb nf `h~}q }b~qfa bvq nf`b~f |fmbvia ~feiix {~bmf}} qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} qgeq |f~f {fdahdl) nfmev}f h` xbv ab dbqodb| gb| qb qeof v{ e{{ihmeqhbd} hd e }fuvfdmf) h` xbv ab dbq odb| gb| qbl~edq e ihmfdmf) gb| ab xbv {~bmf}} qgf e{{ihmeqhbd}) qgf~f`b~f) H gea hd}q~vmqfaqgf b``hmf qgeq |ghif qgf}f ceqqf~} e~f vdaf~ mbd}haf~eqhbd} eda e afmh}hbd h}ihofix qb nf qeofd) qhii }vmg qhcf qgf}f e{{ihmeqhbd} }gbvia dbq nf {~bmf}}fa.$



#88#

7$56 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ qgf @M@] {bihmx) e} gea nffd hd pblvf hd qgf

Af{e~qcfdq) |e} e{{ihfa {~b{f~ix hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` VE] ihmfdmf}">L }{fmq~vc hd

>;;7) ]g~h Ceqgv~ ~f{ihfa qgeq hq |e} dbq {f~chqqfa qb nf v}fa$

7$50 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h D~h{fdaf~e Ch}~e) qgf `b~cf~ Mgeh~ced) QÊH

e} qb |geq }gbvia mbd}qhqvqf qgf e{{~b{~heqf eagf~fdmf qb qgf @M@] {bihmx) gf

}vnchqqfa:

.†$$Nvq cx vdaf~}qedahdl h} qgeq h` qgf ifqqf~ b` hdqfdq }ex} qgeq {ife}f mbc{ifqfqgf `b~ceihqx |hqghd 56 aex}) qgfd eii qgb}f |gb mbc{ifqfa qgf `b~ceihqhf} |hqghd56 aex}) qgfx ~fcehd hd qgf }ecf b~af~ e} qgfx lbq qgf e{{ihmeqhbd aeqf$ Eda hqh} bdix e`qf~ qgf 56qg aex qgeq edx bqgf~ afqf~chdeqhbd med qeof {iemf.$

7$5< Bd qgf }ecf h}}vf) ]g~h ]haage~qge Nfgv~e) qgf `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) ABQ

af{b}fa hd fphafdmf:

.Cx bn}f~peqhbd |e} qgeq h` qgfx gepf `vi`hiifa qgf mbdahqhbd qgf aeqf b` }fdhb~hqx}geii nf afqf~chdfa nx qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$ qgh} h} qgf {e~el~e{g H eaafa qbqgf [~f}} Dbqf |ghmg |e} {~f}fdqfa nf`b~f cf$ hq |fdq qb qgf Chdh}qf~ nfmev}fqgf~f |e} e ah}mv}}hbd) }hdmf gf gea ei~feax afmhafa eda qgf ceqqf~ }qedaafmhafa$ H }eha qgeq qgh} h} qgf bdix qghdl |ghmg mecf v{ nf`b~f cf `b~ cxmbd}haf~eqhbd e} è~ e} qgf h}}vf b` ihmfdmf h} mbdmf~dfa eda qgeq e} è~ e} qgh}h}}vf h} mbdmf~dfa) H |hii dbq nf enif qb el~ff qb qgf èmq qgeq }bcfnbax |gb

ge} e{{ihfa `h~}q |hii lfq ~fifleqfa$ ]b) deqv~eiix) qgf Chdh}qf~ afmhafa qbbpf~~vif$ H gepf ~fmb~afa hq hd qgf dbqf }gffq.$

7$57 E}ofa qb fienb~eqf qgf }qedmf qeofd nx ghc qb fpbipf qgf e{{~b{~heqf

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf @M@] {bihmx) ]g~h Nfgv~e `v~qgf~ }vnchqqfa:

.Qgf~f |e} e [~f}} Dbqf |ghmg mecf `b~ cex mbd}haf~eqhbd$ qgf `h~}q qghdl|ghmg mecf `b~ cex mbd}haf~eqhbd ~fle~ahdl >L |e} e [~f}} Dbqf |ghmgbvqihdfa qgeq }b cedx e{{ihmeqhbd} e~f {fdahdl eda |f }geii) hd qgf `h~}q

hd}qedmf) mbd}haf~ e{{ihmeqhbd} ~fmfhpfa v{qb >6qg

]f{qfcnf~) >;;< eda hq ei}b}eha qgeq |f }geii) hd qgf `h~}q hd}qedmf) h}}vf e Ifqqf~ b` Hdqfdq eda qgh} Ifqqf~ b` Hdqfdq }geii nf h}}vfa }hcviqedfbv}ix qb eii eda |gbfpf~ mbc{ifqf} qgf`b~ceihqhf} ~fle~ahdl IbH }geii nf l~edqfa e ihmfdmf `h~}q eda gf med uvfvf v{ `b~ ]{fmq~vc }f{e~eqfix$

Hq ne}hmeiix cfedq qgeq }bcfnbax |gb ge} e{{ihfa `h~}q cfedq gf lfq} ]{fmq~vc`h~}q nfmev}f ihmfdmf eda ]{fmq~vc e} è~ e} Qfifmbc Af{e~qcfdq h}mbdmf~dfa) vd`b~qvdeqfix) mbdqhdvf} qhii qbaex qb nf nvdaif}$ H` ihmfdmf |f~f bd



#5;;#

eda ]{fmq~vc |f~f qb nf q~feqfa ah `f~fdqix {f~ge{} hq |bvia gepf nffdah``f~fdq$ Nvq ihmfdmf ei|ex} cfedq e 1$1 CGz b` ]{fmq~vc$ ]b) e ihmfdmf hdf``fmq cfedq ]{fmq~vc$ ]b) emqveiix h` }bcfnbax mbcf} `h~}q b~ }fmbda eda gfabf} dbq }qeda hd qgf uvfvf eda lfq} ~fifleqfa) H `ffi qgeq gf ge dbq nffd}f~pfa bd qgf `h~}q mbcf `h~}q }f~pf ne}h}$ Qgf `emq qgeq fpf~xnbax |e} lbhdl qb

nf h}}vfa ifqqf~ }hcviqedfbv}ix cfedq qgfx |f~f qb mbcf eda `vi hii qgfmbdahqhbd} `h~}q deqv~eiix nfmev}f h` qgfx ab dbq `vi`hii qgfx }qeda qb nf ~fifleqfa$

]b) |hqgbvq odb|hdl cvmg enbvq qfifmbc) qgh} fwemqix aha dbq `eii |hqghd qgf~feic b` qfifmbc) H eaafa e }hc{if ihdf qb qgf [~f}} Dbqf }exhdl qgeq) gb|fpf~)h` cb~f qged bdmf e{{ihmedq `vi`hi} qgf mbdahqhbd} b` ed IbH bd qgf }ecf aex ”nfmev}f qgf lfdf~ei `fiihdl e~bvda |e} qgeq fpf~xnbax |e} lbhdl qb `vi`hii qgfmbdahqhbd} bd qgf }ecf aex) }bcfnbax cex mbcf eq 5; qg b~ <qg) jv}q nfmev}f gfh} mbchdl bd <qg gf h} dbq lbhdl qb lfq ~fifleqfa nfmev}f }bcfnbax ge} mbcfbd 5;qg eda gf ge} mbcf }hw cbdqg} nf`b~f) H }eha hdqf~}f }fdhb~hqx }geii nf

afqf~chdfa nx qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$

Qgh} h} qgf [~f}} Dbqf |ghmg |e} }vnchqqfa qb qgf Gbd,nif Chdh}qf~$ Emqveiix) qgfChdh}qf~ gea qeofd qgh} afmh}hbd qgeq hq }geii nf bqgf~|h}f.$

7$58 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ABQ e} qb |gfqgf~ eii qgf e{{ihmedq}

|gb mbc{ifqfa qgf `b~ceihqhf} |hqghd 56 aex} e} {f~ qgf mbdahqhbd} b` qgf IBH }gbvia

gepf dbq ~fmfhpfa hd qgf }ecf b~af~ e} qgfx |f~f bd qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} aeqf$ Hd ~f{ix)

qgf ABQ }qeqfa qgeq Qgf a~e`q [~f}} ~fife}f aeqfa 5;$;5$>;;7 |e} ecfdafa nx qgf

qgfd Gbd‘nif CBMHQ 'Eddfwv~f#WWWWWH( nx afifqhdl qgf }fdqfdmf qgeq ’Gb|fpf~) h`

cb~f qged bdf e{{ihmedq mbc{ihf} |hqg IbH mbdahqhbd} bd qgf }ecf aeqf) qgf hdqf~#}f

}fdhb~hqx |bvia nf afmhafa nx qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd–$ Emmb~ahdlix) hd xfe~ >;;7) VE]

ihmfdmf} |f~f h}}vfa ne}fa bd qgf aeqf eda qhcf b` mbc{ihedmf} b` qgf mbdahqhbd} b`

qgf IbH}$

7$>; Gb|fpf~) qgf Bdf Ced Mbcchqqff 'BCM( vdaf~ Jv}qhmf ]ghp~ej P [eqhi bd

fwechdeqhbd b` e{{~b{~heqfdf}} b` {~bmfav~f} `biib|fa nx AbQ hd h}}vedmf b` ihmfd}f}





#5;5#

’E`qf~ afmh}hbd b` qgf Chdh}qf~ `b~ l~edq b` VE]I} qb eii e{{ihmedq} |gb geae{{ihfa v{qb >6$8$>;;< eda qb ~fmv~ {~hb~hqx `~bc qgf aeqf b` mbc{ihedmf |hqgIbH) `h~}q [~f}} Dbqf aeqfa 5;$5$>;;75=< |e} h}}vfa eq enbvq 5$1< [$C$dbqh`xhdl qgf }ecf$ Hq |e} `v~qgf~ dbqh`hfa qgeq AbQ ge} nffd hc{ifcfdqhdl@M@] ne}h} `b~ l~edq b` VE]I} vdaf~ |ghmg hdhqheiix ed e{{ihmeqhbd) |ghmg h}

~fmfhpfa `h~}q |hii nf {~bmf}}fa `h~}q eda qgf~fe`qf~) h` `bvda) fihlhnif e{{ihmedq|hii nf l~edqfa IbH eda qgfd |gb}bfpf~ mbc{ihf} |hqg qgf mbdahqhbd} b` IbH `h~}q|hii nf l~edqfa VE]I$ Qgf }eha [~f}} Dbqf qgbvlg `b~ qgf `h~}q dbqh`hfa qgfafmh}hbd b` AbQ qb emmb~a {~hb~hqx qb e{{ihmedq}) |gb mbc{ihfa |hqg IbH `h~}q)|~bdlix cfdqhbdfa qgeq AbQ ge} nffd hc{ifcfdqhdl }vmg e {bihmx qgbvlg hd qgf{e}q }vmg {~emqhmf |e} dfpf~ eab{qfa$ @v~qgf~) qgf `h~}q [~f}} Dbqf aeqfa5;$5$>;;7 |e} {vnih}gfa bd qgf |fn}hqf} b` AbQ eda [HN bdix$ Qgf `h~}q [~f}}Dbqf aeqfa 5;$5$>;;7 mbdqehdfa m~hqhmei hd`b~ceqhbd e} qb a~e}qhm mgedlf hd{~bmfav~f `biib|fa nx AbQ ghqgf~qb e} qgf {~hb~hqx ei~feax emuvh~fa nxe{{ihmedq} nx ph~qvf b` aeqf b` }vnch}}hbd b` e{{ihmeqhbd} |e} qb mgedlf$ Qgf}eha {~f}} Dbqf e``fmqfa qgf ~hlgq} b` e{{ihmedq} hdqf~ }f$ Qgf {vnihmeqhbd bd qgf

|fn}hqf} |hqgbvq {vnihmeqhbd} hd df|}{e{f~} eda |hqgbvq hdahphaveimbccvdhmeqhbd} qb eii qgf e{{ihmedq} |e} b{{b}fa qb qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq} b` q~ed}{e~fdmx eda èh~df}}.$

’Qgf IbH `b~ l~edq b` VE]I h}}vfa bd 5;$5$>;;7 }qh{vieqfa `h`qffd aex} e} qgf{f~hba |hqghd |ghmg qgf qf~c} b` IbH gea qb nf mbc{ihfa |hqg nx ed e{{ihmedq$Gephdl }qh{vieqfa qgf {f~hba `b~ mbc{ihedmf) qgf~f |e} db jv}qh hmeqhbd hdl~edqhdl {~hb~hqx qb ed e{{ihmedq) |gb mbc{ihfa |hqg IbH fe~ihf~ qb `h`qffd aex}eda ei}b fe~ihf~ qb bqgf~ e{{ihmedq} mbc{e~eqhpfix) ~fdaf~hdl hq vdèh~.$

MGE[QF^ ” HW

^BIF EDA ^F][BD]HNHIHQX B@ QÊH

8$5 ]fqqhdl v{ b` ed hdaf{fdafdq ~flvieqb~x nbax |e} mbd}haf~fa e{{~b{~heqf nx

qgf Lbpf~dcfdq `b~ {~b{f~ ~flvieqhbd b` qgf Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ e`qf~ qgf fdq~x b` qgf

[~hpeqf b{f~eqb~} hdqb qgf `hfia e} |fii e} |hqg e phf| qb e}}v~hdl qgf hdpf}qb~} qgeq qgf

}fmqb~ |bvia nf ~flvieqfa hd e neiedmfa) èh~ eda mbc{fqhqhpf ceddf~$ Emmb~ahdlix) qgf

Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe 'QÊH( |e} f}qenih}gfa nx ph~qvf b` qgf QÊH

Emq) 588<) |ghmg |e} ecfdafa hd qgf xfe~ >;;;) |hqg qgf cedaeqf b` ceohdl

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} fhqgf~ }vb#cbqb b~ bd ~fuvf}q `~bc qgf ihmfd}b~ bd qgf `biib|hdl

ceqqf~}:



#5;>#

'h( Dffa eda qhchdl `b~ hdq~bavmqhbd b` df| }f~phmf {~bphaf~?

'hh( Qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` ihmfdmf qb e }f~phmf {~bphaf~?

'hhh( ^fpbmeqhbd b` ihmfdmf `b~ dbd#mbc{ihedmf b` qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` ihmfdmf?

'hp( Cfe}v~f} qb èmhihqeqf mbc{fqhqhbd eda {~bcbqf f` hmhfdmx hd qgf b{f~eqhbd

b` qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd }f~phmf} }b e} qb èmhihqeqf l~b|qg hd }vmg }f~phmf}?

'p( Qfmgdbiblhmei hc{~bpfcfdq} hd qgf }f~phmf} {~bphafa nx qgf }f~phmf

{~bphaf~}?

'ph( Qx{f b` fuvh{cfdq qb nf v}fa nx qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} e`qf~ hd}{fmqhbd b`

fuvh{cfdq v}fa hd qgf dfq|b~o?

'phh( Cfe}v~f} `b~ qgf afpfib{cfdq b` qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd qfmgdbiblx eda edx

bqgf~ ceqqf~ ~fieqenif qb qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd hdav}q~x hd lfdf~ei?

'phhh( F``hmhfdq cedelfcfdq b` epehienif }{fmq~vc$

8$> Qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Evqgb~hqx e~f dbq nhdahdl v{bd qgf Mfdq~ei

Lbpf~dcfdq$ Gb|fpf~) hq h} cedaeqb~x `b~ qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq qb }ffo

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH hd ~f}{fmq b` ceqqf~} }{fmh`hfa hd 'h( eda 'hh( enbpf hd ~f}{fmq

b` df| ihmfdmf qb nf h}}vfa qb e }f~phmf {~bphaf~ eda hq h} ~fuvh~fa qb `b~|e~a hq}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |hqghd e {f~hba b` 0; aex} `~bc qgf aeqf bd |ghmg qgf Lbpf~dcfdq

}bvlgq qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}58$ Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq med h}}vf e ihmfdmf qb e }f~phmf

{~bphaf~ h` db ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e~f h}}vfa `~bc QÊH |hqghd }eha {f~hba b~ |hqghd }vmg

{f~hba e} cex nf cvqveiix el~ffa v{bd nfq|ffd qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq eda

QÊH>;$ H` qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq) gephdl mbd}haf~fa qgeq ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH)mbcf} qb e {~hce èmhf mbdmiv}hbd qgeq }vmg ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} meddbq nf emmf{qfa b~

dffa} cbah`hmeqhbd}) hq h} ~fuvh~fa qb ~f`f~ qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nemo qb QÊH `b~ hq}

~fmbd}haf~eqhbd) eda QÊH cex |hqghd 56 aex} `~bc qgf aeqf b` ~fmfh{q b` }vmg

~f`f~fdmf) `b~|e~a qb Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq) hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e`qf~ mbd}haf~hdl qgf



#5;=#

~f`f~fdmf ceaf nx Lbpf~dcfdq$ E`qf~ ~fmfh{q b` `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) h` edx)

Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq h} ~fuvh~fa qb qeof `hdei afmh}hbd$

8$= QÊH ei}b ge} ~flvieqb~x eda qe~h`` }fqqhdl `vdmqhbd}) ihof fd}v~hdl mbc{ihedmf b`

qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` ihmfdmf) iexhdl }qedae~a b` Uveihqx b` ]f~phmf 'Ub]( qb nf

{~bphafa nx }f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda dbqh`xhdl qgf ~eqf} eq |ghmg qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd ge}

qb nf {~bphafa eda fd}v~hdl f``fmqhpf mbc{ihedmf b` V]B}$ Hq ge} ei}b {b|f~ qb meii

v{bd edx }f~phmf {~bphaf~ eq edx qhcf qb `v~dh}g hd`b~ceqhbd b~ fw{iedeqhbd) hd |~hqhdl)

~fieqhdl qb hq} e`èh~}$ Hq h} qb fd}v~f q~ed}{e~fdmx |ghif fwf~mh}hdl hq} {b|f~} eda

ah}mge~lhdl hq} `vdmqhbd}$ Hq h} lhpfd {b|f~} qb {vdh}g `b~ phbieqhbd b` hq} ah~fmqhbd}$

Qgv}) qgf ~bif b` QÊH hd ~fieqhbd qb }f~phmf} hd qfifmbc }fmqb~ h} phqei$

8$1 Hd }gb~q) hd qgf h}}vf b` ihmfdmf eiibmeqhbd eda {~hmhdl b` ]{fmq~vc) fw{ed}hbd

eda {~bph}hbd b` f``fmqhpf qfifmbc }f~phmf hd qgf mbvdq~x) qgf cedaeqf) ~bif eda

~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` QÊH) e~f lvhafa nx qgf {~bph}hbd b` ]fmqhbd b` 55 b` qgf QÊH Emq

588< 'e} ecfdafa($

8$6 Qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf ohda b` ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH qgeq |f~fnhdahdl v{bd qgf Lbpf~dcfdq eda qgf ohda} qgeq |f~f eaph}b~x$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa

qgeq e} {f~ qgf {~bph}hbd} b` }fmqhbd 55'5( b` qgf QÊH Emq) qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf

Evqgb~hqx }{fmh`hfa hd qgf miev}f 'e( b` }vn }fmqhbd '5( b` ]fmqhbd 55 |f~f dbq nhdahdl

v{bd qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq$

8$0 Hd qgf }ecf mbdqfwq) ]g~h N~hjfda~e O$ ]xdlei e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff qgeq hd

qf~c} b` }fmqhbd 55'5( b` qgf QÊH Emq) bdf b` qgf `vdmqhbd} b` QÊH }geii nf qb ifpx

`ff} eda bqgf~ mge~lf} eq }vmg ~eqf} eda hd ~f}{fmq b` }vmg }f~phmf} e} cex nf

afqf~chdfa nx ~flvieqhbd}) }vmg e~f) {b~q mge~lf}) mge~lf} eda ~fpfdvf }ge~hdl)

hdqf~mbddfmqhbd v}elf mge~lf}) fqm$ `b~ |ghmg QÊH ge} en}bivqf {b|f~} e} {f~ qgf

QÊH Emq$ Bd ihmfd}hdl eda bqgf~ ceqqf~} QÊH ge} ~fmbccfdaeqb~x {b|f~}$

Gb|fpf~) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq meddbq ~fjfmq edx ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bvq~hlgq$ Qgf



#5;1#

lbpf~dcfdq ge} qb ceof e ~f`f~fdmf nemo qb QÊH nf`b~f ~fjfmqhdl edx

~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

8$< Qgf Mbcchqqff qgv} e}ofa e} qb |gfqgf~ edx hd}qhqvqhbdei e~~edlfcfdq gea

nffd {vq hd {iemf qb gepf mbd}viqeqhbd"ah}mv}}hbd nfq|ffd QÊH eda AbQ hd qgf

ceqqf~} b` afpfib{cfdq b` qfifmbc }f~phmf} hdmivahdl qgf eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda

|gfqgf~ edx cfmgedh}c gea nffd afpfib{fa qb }b~q bvq qgf ah``f~fdmf} b` b{hdhbd

nfq|ffd qgf ^flvieqb~x Nbax eda qgf AbQ bd e {e~qhmvie~ h}}vf$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf QÊH

}qeqfa qgeq db }vmg e~~edlfcfdq"cfmgedh}c gea nffd qgf~f fwmf{q `b~ ceqqf~}

}{fmh hfa fwmf{q `b~ ceqqf~} }{fmh hfa hd }vn#miev}f} 'h( 'hh( b` miev}f 'e( b` }vn#

}fmqhbd '5( b` }fmqhbd 55 |gf~f qgf ~fifpedq {~bph}hbd} e~f e} nfib|:#

@vdmqhbd} b` Evqgb~hqx

'5( Dbq|hqg}qedahdl edxqghdl mbdqehdfa hd qgf Hdahed Qfifl~e{g Emq) 5776'5= b` 5776() qgf `vdmqhbd} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx }geii nf qb:

'e( Ceof ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) fhqgf~ }vb#cbqv b~ bd e ~fuvf}q `~bc qgfihmfd}b~ bd qgf `biib|hdl ceqqf~}) decfix:#

h( dffa eda qhchdl `b~ hdq~bavmqhbd b` df| }f~phmf {~bphaf~?hh( qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` ihmfdmf qb e }f~phmf {~bphaf~?

E} {f~ {~bph}b b` }vn#}fmqhbd '5( b` }fmqhbd 55:#

[~bphafa qgeq qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx }{fmh`hfa hd miev}f

'e( b` qgh} }vn#}fmqhbd }geii dbq nf nhdahdl v{bd qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq$

[~bphafa `v~qgf~ qgeq qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq }geii }ffo qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx hd ~f}{fmq b` ceqqf~} }{fmh`hfa hd }vn#miev}f}

'h( eda 'hh( b` miev}f 'e( b` qgh} }vn#}fmqhbd hd ~f}{fmq b` df| ihmfdmf qb nf h}}vfa

qb e }f~phmf {~bphaf~ eda qgf Evqgb~hqx }geii `b~|e~a hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |hqghd

e {f~hba b` }hwqx aex} `~bc qgf aeqf bd |ghmg qgeq Lbpf~dcfdq }bvlgq qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$



#5;6#

[~bphafa ei}b qgeq h` qgf Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq gephdl mbd}haf~fa qgeq

~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` qgf Evqgb~hqx mbcf} qb e {~hce èmhf mbdmiv}hbd qgeq }vmg

~fmbccfdaeqhbd meddbq nf emmf{qfa b~ dffa} cbah`hmeqhbd}) hq }geii) ~f`f~ qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nemo qb qgf Evqgb~hqx `b~ hq} ~fmbd}haf~eqhbd) eda qgf Evqgb~hqx

cex |hqghd `h`qffd aex} `~bc qgf aeqf b` ~fmfh{q b` }vmg ~f`f~fdmf) `b~|e~a qb qgf

Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd e`qf~ mbd}haf~hdl qgf ~f`f~fdmf ceaf

nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ E`qf~ ~fmfh{q b` `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd) h` edx) qgf Mfdq~ei

Lbpf~dcfdq }geii qeof e `hdei afmh}hbd$

8$7 Hd phf| b` qgf èmq qgeq QÊH mbvia ceof }vb#cbqb ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd edx

ceqqf~ }{fmh`hfa hd miev}f 'e( b` }vn }fmqhbd '5( b` ]fmqhbd 55 b` qgf QÊH Emq) qgfMbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ QÊH fwf~mh}fa qgfh~ }vb#cbqb ~fmbccfdaeqb~x {b|f~}

|gfd qgf }b meiifa @M@] ne}h} |e} eab{qfa nx qgf AbQ hd qgf h}}vf b` VE]

Ihmfdmf"eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq h}}vf b` ihmfdmf} eda

eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc qb qgf qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~} |e} nfhdl abdf nx qgf AbQ$

Qgf Evqgb~hqx ei}b fw{iehdfa qgeq qgf h}}vf b` @M@] m~hqf~he `b~ e|e~a b` qfifmbc

ihmfdmf} aha dbq `hlv~f hd qgf QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;<$

8$8 Bd qgf }ecf h}}vf) ]g~h ]xdlei mie~h`hfa qgeq QÊH }gbvia gepf fwf~mh}fa hq}

}vb#cbqv {b|f~} qb ceof ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf m~feqhbd b` qgf k@h~}q Mbcf @h~}q

]f~pf, '@M@]( ne}h} `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc nx qgf AbQ$ Gb|fpf~) QÊH hq}fi` h}

ei}b qgf ~fe}bd `b~ qgf m~feqhbd b` qgh} @M@] e} hd hq} Evlv}q >;;< ~fmbccfdaeqhbd})

hq gea eapbmeqfa kdb evmqhbd, b` >L }{fmq~vc) nvq gea ei}b }eha kdb me{, bd qgf

dvcnf~ b` {iexf~} |gb mbvia e{{ix `b~ qgf >L#VE] ihmfd}f$ Qgh} cfedq qgeq ihchqfa

}{fmq~vc '`hdhqf ~f}bv~mf( |bvia gepf qb nf ~eqhbdfa ecbdl}q ed vdihchqfa dvcnf~ b`

e{{ihmedq} 'hd`hdhqf {iexf~}($

8$5; Dbq|hqg}qedahdl qgf @M@] enf~~eqhbd m~feqfa) qgf QÊH mbvia gepf ~fife}fa

}vb#cbqv ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf h}}vf eda }vllf}qfa e cb~f e{{~b{~heqf



#5;0#

cfqgbabiblx b` eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc phe e ce~ofq ne}fa cfqgbabiblx) |ghmg |bvia

gepf ifa qb ce~ofq ne}fa {~hmf ah}mbpf~x `b~ qgf }me~mf ~f}bv~mf$ Qgf mie~h hmeqhbd

mecf qbb ieqf `~bc QÊH) e`qf~ qgf aecelf |e} abdf nx qgf Chdh}qf~$

8$55 QÊH ceaf hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc av~hdl qgf xfe~}

>;;=) >;;6) >;;< eda >;5;$ Qgf fwq~emq} b` qgf cehd ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} hd qgh} ~fle~a

e~f eq 'Eddfwv~f}#WWWWWHH) WWWWWHHH) WWWWWHP eda WWWWWP( ~f}{fmqhpfix$

8$5> Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd uvf~hfa bd |geq l~bvda qgf AbQ hldb~fa qgf QÊH,}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;= qb hdq~bavmf eaahqhbdei {iexf~} qg~bvlg e cviqh}qelf nhaahdl{~bmf}} eda mbdqhdvfa qb l~edq VE] Ihmfdmf">L ]{fmq~vc b~ e {~hmf afqf~chdfa hd

>;;5$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Evqgb~hqx }qeqfa qgeq hd {e~e <$=8 b` QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b`

Bmqbnf~ >;;= qgf Evqgb~hqx gea }qeqfa qgeq qgf hdavmqhbd b` eaahqhbdei cbnhif }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} hd pe~hbv} }f~phmf e~fe} med nf mbd}haf~fa h` qgf~f h} eafuveqf epehienhihqx b`

}{fmq~vc$ E} qgf fwh}qhdl {iexf~} gepf qb hc{~bpf qgf f``hmhfdmx b` vqhihzeqhbd b`

}{fmq~vc eda h` Lbpf~dcfdq fd}v~f} epehienhihqx b` eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc qgfd hd qgf

fwh}qhdl ihmfd}hdl ~flhcf) qgfx cex hdq~bavmf eaahqhbdei {iexf~} qg~bvlg e cviqh#}qelf

nhaahdl {~bmf}} e} |e} `biib|fa `b~ 1qg mfiivie~ b{f~eqb~$ Gb|fpf~ hd {e~e <$=;) qgf

qgfd Evqgb~hqx gea }qeqfa qgeq ’F``hmhfdq vqhihzeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc nx eii }f~phmf {~bphaf~}

h} b` vqcb}q mbdmf~d qb QÊH f}{fmheiix hd e mbvdq~x ihof Hdahe |gf~f |h~fif}}

}vn}m~hnf~} e~f l~b|hdl eq e pf~x è}q ~eqf$ Gb|fpf~) ne}fa v{bd qgf hdqf~deqhbdei

}qeqh}qhm} 'dvcnf~ b` mfiivie~ }vn}m~hnf~} eda eiibqqfa }{fmq~vc) {ife}f }ff eddfwv~f

#HP() QÊH h} b` qgf b{hdhbd qgeq fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~} dffa hc{~bpfcfdq hd f``hmhfdmx b`

vqhihzeqhbd b` qgf }{fmq~vc QÊH }geii {~bphaf hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd f``hmhfdq

vqhihzeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc) }{fmq~vc {~hmhdl) epehienhihqx eda }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd {~bmfav~f

}gb~qix$ AbQ cex ihof qb h}}vf }{fmq~vc ~fieqfa lvhafihdf} ne}fa bd qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} }vnchqqfa nx QÊH.$ ]vn}fuvfdqix hd Dbpfcnf~) >;;= qgf qgfd

]fm~fqe~x) QÊH) h}}vfa e ifqqf~ AB Db$ 5;5#=6">;;=#CD aeqfa Dbpfcnf~ 58) >;;= $

8$5= Hd qgf }ecf mbdqfwq) ]g~h ]xdlei }qeqfa qgeq hq |e} vdmife~ |gx qgf AbQ chlgq



#5;<#

gepf mgb}fd qb hldb~f QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;=$ Uvhqf mife~ix qgf }qf{ ge} ifa

qb qgf m~feqhbd b` qgf mv~~fdq }hqveqhbd eda }vn}qedqhei ib}}f} qb qgf {vnihm fwmgfuvf~$

Hq h} fdjbhdfa v{bd AbQ e} |fii e} qgf QÊH qb gepf abdf qgfh~ gbcf |b~o {~b{f~ix$

AbQ aha dbq {vq qgf ~hlgq uvf}qhbd} qb QÊH eda QÊH mgb}f qb hldb~f hq} b|d

~fmbccfdaeqhbd}? cex nf nfghda qgf }mfdf emqhphqhf} qb ab qgf jbn ~hlgq$ \geq ge}

nffd }qeqfa nx QÊH h} qgeq hq mbvia gepf m~feqfa e dbd#ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia `b~ qgf df|

fdq~edq}) gb| ge} dbq nffd fw{iehdfa nx QÊH2 QÊH ge} jv}q of{q uvhqf bd qgh}

}vnjfmq$

8$51 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| qgf mbc{vi}hbd} bd qgf {e~q b` QÊH qb

ceof e pbiqf#èmf hd >;;< |gfd qgfx ~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf~f }gbvia nf db uvf}qhbdb` >L ]{fmq~vc$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Hd hq}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;<) qgf qgfd Evqgb~hqx hd {e~e >$<8 gea ~fmbccfdafa qgeq hd

`vqv~f eii }{fmq~vc fwmivahdl qgf }{fmq~vc hd 7;;)8;; eda 57;; neda} }gbvia nf

evmqhbdfa }b e} qb fd}v~f f``hmhfdq vqhihzeqhbd b` qgh} }me~mf ~f}bv~mf$ Hd qgf >L

neda}'7;;"8;;"57;;CGz() qgf eiibmeqhbd qg~bvlg evmqhbd cex dbq nf {b}}hnif e} qgf

}f~phmf {~bphaf~} |f~f eiibmeqfa }{fmq~vc eq ah``f~fdq qhcf} b` qgfh~ ihmfd}f eda qgf

ecbvdq b` }{fmq~vc |hqg qgfc pe~hf} `~bc >W1$1 CGz qb >W5; CGz `b~ L]C

qfmgdbiblx eda >W>$6 CGz qb >W6 CGz hd MACE qfmgdbiblx$ Qgf~f`b~f) qb afmhaf qgf

mvq b`` e`qf~ |ghmg qgf }{fmq~vc h} evmqhbdfa |hii nf ah``hmviq eda chlgq ~eh}f qgf h}}vf

b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$

8$56 Bd qgf }ecf h}}vf) ]g~h ]xdlei b{hdfa e} `biib|}:

.Elehd qgf~f h} db mife~ ed}|f~ qb |gx qgf QÊH ge} bpf~qv~dfa hq} b|d~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` >;;= hd |ghmg hq gea eapbmeqfa qgf evmqhbdhdl b` df|

ihmfd}f}$ Qgf bdf eda bdix ~fe}bd |ghmg mbcf} qb cx chda h} afihnf~eqf

eqqfc{q nx AbQ dbq qb gepf {b}fa e uvf}qhbd bd {~hmhdl b` qgf }{fmq~vc$ Qgf

^flvieqb~ chlgq gepf v}fa qgf }ecf qb fhqgf~ off{ uvhfq b~ ab |geq gf aha$ Hq

mbvia ei}b nf }bcf hd}q~vmqhbd} dbq qb ~fmbccfda cb~f fqghmei {~bmf}}$



#5;7#

8$50 Qgf Evlv}q) >;;< ~fmbccfdaeqhbd) |ghmg eapbmeqfa kdb evmqhbd, b` >L

}{fmq~vc ifa qb qgf m~feqhbd b` qgf @M@] eda eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc eq qg~b|e|ex

{~hmf}$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) }bcf b` qgf mbc{edhf}) |ghmg emuvh~fa }{fmq~vc eq qgf}f

qg~b|e|ex {~hmf}) ahpf}qfa }qeof eq cviqh{if peiveqhbd}) f}qenih}ghdl qgf èmq qgeq

}{fmq~vc gea nffd }gb~q#}bia ifeahdl qb ce}}hpf ib}}f} qb qgf {vnihm fwmgfuvf~$

8$5< \gfd ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e `b~cf~ Mgeh~ced) QÊH |e} e}ofa qb }qeqf qgf

~fe}bd} `b~ QÊH,} bpf~qv~d) gf }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.†† †$ Qgf h}}vf b` evmqhbd |e} pf~x mife~ix ~fmbccfdafa hd >;;= eda hd

èmq) e cviqh#}qelf evmqhbd |e} ~fmbccfdafa eda dbq bdix qgeq) hq |e} ei}b

|~hqqfd qgeq hq |hii nf hd e }ecf ceddf~ e} qgf `bv~qg mfiivie~ ihmfdmf |e}l~edqfa$ ]b) qgf `bv~qg mfiivie~ ihmfdmf |ghmg |e} l~edqfa bd qgf evmqhbd ne}h}

” qgf }ecf cfqgbabiblx `b~ evmqhbd |e} ~fmbccfdafa$

8$57 E`qf~ qgeq) qgf~f |e} db ~f`f~fdmf `~bc qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Qgeq h} |geq H }eha)

qgeq `~bc >;;0 bd|e~a} |f |f~f |~hqhdl qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qgeq {ife}f qeof QÊH

~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd qgf }vnjfmq eda qgf Lbpf~dcfdq }eha) H ~fea qgf ie}q ihdf b` qgfifqqf~ `~bc qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ,db `v~qgf~ v}f`vi {v~{b}f |hi nf }f~pfa nx fdqf~hdl hdqb

mb~~f}{bdafdmf bd qgh} }vnjfmq,$

8$58 ]b) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq) hd qgfh~ |h}abc) afmhafa qgeq qgf~f h} db dffa `b~ qeohdl

~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH nfmev}f VE]I ihmfdmf h} qgf }ecf VE]I ihmfdmf l~edqfa hd

{e}q$ \geq |e} ~fmbccfdafa hd >;;< |e} elehd e ~fchdaf~ qgeq qgf ce~ofq

axdechm} ge} mgedlfa eda) qgf~f`b~f) Lbpf~dcfdq }gbvia fpbipf e cfmgedh}c qb

me{qv~f qgf ce~ofq `feqv~f}$ \f aha dbq lb hd l~feq afqehi$ Hd me}f b` =L |f |fdq hd

l~feq afqehi nfmev}f qgf Lbpf~dcfdq gea }eha#{ife}f lhpf v} qgf {~bmfav~f eda qgf

ceddf~ b` =L }{fmq~vc evmqhbd$ ]b) |f lepf qgf afqehifa {~bmfav~f b` evmqhbd) gb|

evmqhbd |hii qeof {iemf) |geq |hii nf qgf m~hqf~hbd fqm$ Nvq hd qgf ~f`f~fdmf b` E{~hi)

>;;< bd |ghmg |f |f~f }fdahdl ~fmbccfdaeqhbd hd >;;< bd >L) qgf~f |e} db



#5;8#

~f`f~fdmf `~bc qgf Lbpf~dcfdq eq eii bd qgf cfqgbabiblx `b~ l~edq b` ihmfdmf eda qgf

ceddf~ hd |ghmg ihmfdmf }gbvia nf l~edqfa$

8$>; E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ~f`f~fdmf} ceaf qb qgf QÊH) A~$ J$]$ ]e~ce) qgf Mgeh~ced)

QÊH }qeqfa hd fphafdmf:

.Bd 5=qg E{~hi) >;;<) qgf ~f`f~fdmf |e} ceaf$ Eq {elf 51= b` qgf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} lhpfd bd Evlv}q >7) >;;< hd qgeq abmvcfdq) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq

gepf ceaf qgf `biib|hdl ~f`f~fdmf$ Hq }ex}) hd b~af~ qb fd}v~f {bihmhf}) off{

{emf |hqg qgf mgedlf} eda afpfib{cfdq} hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~) qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq h} mbdqfc{ieqhdl qb ~fphf| qgf `biib|hdl qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} hd qgf

emmf}} {~bphaf~ ihmfd}f$ 5( }vn}qedqhei fuvhqx gbiahdl >( q~ed}`f~ b` ihmfd}f =(

lvhafihdf} bd cf~lf~ eda emuvh}hqhbd} 1( {f~chq }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb b` f~

emmf}} }f~phmf v}hdl mbcnhdeqhbd b` qfmgdbiblhf} 6( ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} 0(

~fuvh~fcfdq qb {vnih}g {~hdqfa qfif{gbdf ah~fmqb~x) fqm$ QÊH |e} ~fuvf}qfa qb

`v~dh}g ~fmbccfdaeqhbd hd qf~c} b` miev}f 55'5('e( b` QÊH Emq e} ecfdafa nx

QÊH Ecfdacfdq Emq$

]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e `v~qgf~ e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff hd fphafdmf:

.† †† Qgf}f e~f qgf bdix }hw {bhdq} bd |ghmg qgfx }bvlgq bv~

~fmbccfdaeqhbd$ Qgfx aha dbq }ffo ~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd l~edq b` df| ihmfdmf$

Nvq }hdmf qgeq me{{hdl {bhdq |e} qgf~f) |f aha ~f{feq >;;= ~fmbccfdaeqhbd$

\geq |f ~fmbccfdafa h} hd {e~e >$<=$ Qgf eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc h} e`qf~ qgf

{excfdq b` fdq~x `ff eda l~edq b` ihmfdmf$ Qgf fdq~x `ff e} hq fwh}q} qbaex h} hd

èmq e ~f}viq b` qgf {~hmf ah}mbpf~fa qg~bvlg e ce~ofq ne}fa cfmgedh}c

e{{ihmenif `b~ qgf l~edq b` ihmfdmf qb qgf `bv~qg mfiivie~ b{f~eqb~ |ghmg h} hd

>;;>$ Hd qbaex,} axdech}c eda vd{~fmfafdqfa l~b|qg b` qfifmbc }fmqb~ qgffdq~x `ff afqf~chdfa h} dbq nf ~feih}qhm {~hmf `b~ bnqehdhdl e ihmfdmf$ Hq dffa} qb

nf ~fe}}f}}fa qg~bvlg e ce~ofq cfmgedh}c$ ]b) qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd fwh}qfa

hd >;;=) ~fhqf~eqfa hd >;;<) eda qgeq h} evmqhbd }gbvia nf qgf cbaf `b~ l~edq b`

ihmfdmf)$ Db| qgf~f h} e pf~x hc{b~qedq {bhdq jv}q db| nfmev}f b`qfd qgh} }h

cfdqhbdfa qgeq QÊH mgedlfa hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$ Emqveiix |gq ieqf~ hd qgf

nbax b` ~fmbccfdaeqhbd mbcf} h}) }hdmf }{fmq~vc h} e {e~q b` ihmfdmf) bd qgf

h}}vf b` l~edq b` ihmfdmf hq }ex} {ife}f `hda e ce~ofq cfmgedh}c$ Bd qgf h}}vf



#55;#

b` eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc nfmev}f hq h} {e~q b` qgf ihmfdmf eda }hdmf 8;; eda

57;; CGz ge} ei~feax nffd lhpfd qb qgf hdmvcnfdq}) qgf~f`b~f) QÊH ceaf e

~fmbccfdaeqhbd qgeq e} è~ e} 8;; eda 57;; CGz e~f mbdmf~dfa evmqhbd

{f~ge{} cex dbq nf {~b{f~ nvq eii bqgf~ }{fmq~vc neda} hd `vqv~f }gbvia nf

evmqhbdfa$ \geq hq cfed} h} e{{ihmenif qb eii =L h} dbq e ihmfdmf$ =L h} {e~q b`

VE]I$ Hq h} bdix qgf }{fmq~vc neda |ghmg ge} nffd evmqhbdfa$ >$5 LGz ge}

nffd evmqhbdfa$ ]b) qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd |e}) ifepf 8;; eda 57;; eda

evmqhbd hd `vqv~f eii bqgf~ }{fmq~vc} hd `vqv~f nvq e} è~ e} ihmfdmf h} mbdmf~dfa

{ife}f evmqhbd nf`b~f l~edqhdl ihmfdmf$

A~$ J$]$ ]e~ce) Mgeh~ced QÊH `v~qgf~ e{{~h}fa:

.†† †$$ Emmb~ahdl qb QÊH) fpf~x qhcf e ihmfdmf h} qb nf {~bphafa) qgf~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx gepf qb nf }bvlgq$ Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq bd qgf

bqgf~ geda `ffi} qgeq fpf~x qhcf e df| ihmfdmf h} qb nf {~bphafa) qgf~f h} e

ah``f~fdmf nfq|ffd e ihmfdmf qb fpf~x }f~phmf {~bphaf~ eda e lfdf~ei mie}} b`

ihmfdmf) qgh} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` qgf Evqgb~hqx h} ~fuvh~fa bdix |gfd e df|

ihmfdmf h} qb nf {~bphafa.$

8$>5 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ edx iflei eaphmf |e} }bvlgq eda bnqehdfa bd qgf ceqqf~)

edbqgf~ ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf QÊH }vnchqqfa:

.E} {f~ bv~ iflei eaph}f~ ei}b) |geq Mgeh~ced ge} }eha |gfd edx df| e{{ihmedq

h} lhpfd e ihmfdmf qgbvlg qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfdmf qgf VE] ihmfdmf) qgfd ei}b qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq }gbvia }ffo ~fmbccfdaeqhbd `~bc v}$ Qgf QÊH gea |~hqqfd qb

qgf Lbpf~dcfdq) eq ife}q q|hmf |ghmg H odb|) qgeq qgh} h} qgf me}f eda

|f gea ~fuvf}qfa qgf AbQ ei}b qb qeof qgf eaphmf b` qgf Ie| Chdh}q~x h` qgfxgea dex abvnq.$

8$>> Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa enbvq qgf ~f}{bd}f b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq bd qgf

ceqqf~$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH }qeqfa:



#555#

.Qb nf nf}q b` cx ~fmbiifmqhbd) hd Jedve~x) >;;7 e ifqqf~ |e} |~hqqfd nx qgf qgfd

Mgeh~ced) QÊH nvq e`qf~ qgeq H ec dbq pf~x }v~f |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx

~f}{bd}f.$

8$>= Hd qgh} ~fle~a) |gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e

e} qb qgf ~f}{bd}f b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb QÊH,} iflei b{hdhbd eda gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa 51qg

Jedve~x) >;;7 'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWPH( gf af{b}fa:

.Qgf ifqqf~ }fdq nx QÊH |e} qgeq {ife}f qeof qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} `~bc QÊH

bd qgf l~edq b` e ihmfdmf eda ei}b qeof ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd qgf qf~c} edambdahqhbd} b` qgf ihmfdmf$ Qgf~f |f~f }f~hf} b` ifqqf~} eda qgf~f |e} ei}b iflei

b{hdhbd }fdq) `v~qgf~ e ~fuvf}q ceaf qgeq hq |e} nfqqf~ qb }ffo b{hdhbd b` qgf

Ie| Chdh}q~x bd qgf }vnjfmq$ \f ~fmfhpfa e ~f{ix `~bc qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qgeq bv~

iflei b{hdhbd h$f$ QÊH h} dbq emmf{qenif$ Qgfh~ jvalcfdq) h` hq h} qgf }ecf qx{f

b` ihmfdmf) qgeq cfed}) h` hq h} e VE]I ihmfdmf eda elehd VE]I ihmfdmf eda elehd

VE]I ihmfdmf) hq h} e df| ihmfdmf hd e mh~mif$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq aha dbq

emmf{q qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH$ \gx H ~eh}f qgh} {bhdq h} nfmev}f qgh}

cv}q nf pf~x mife~ qgeq bd l~edq b` ihmfdmf) QÊH aha dbq ceof ~fmbccfdaeqhbd

nfmev}f qgf~f |e} db }vmg ~f`f~fdmf$ Hq |e} bdix }vb#cbqb qgeq |f }eha hd

>;;< qgeq qgf ce~ofq axdechm} cv}q nf qeofd hdqb mbd}haf~eqhbd$

]g~h Ch}~e `v~qgf~ e{{~h}fa:

.†$ †$ $$ \f gea ei}b }dfq }f~hf} b` ifqqf~} }exhdl qgeq {ife}f qeof qgf fdqh~f

~fmbccfdaeqhbd hdqb mbd}haf~eqhbd nfmev}f qgfx gepf lbq hdqf~#ihdoelf} eda

ifq qgf~f nf db) `b~ |edq b` edx nfqqf~ |b~a) H |bvia }ex kmgf~~x {hmohdl,$ Qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq e} {f~ ie| e~f mbc{fqfdq qb emmf{q bdf eda dbq emmf{q edbqgf~ {e~q b` qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd$ Nvq |f gea }eha qgeq {ife}f qeof qgf fdqh~f qghdl

hd qbqeihqx) bqgf~|h}f) qgf hdqfl~hqx b` ~fmbccfdaeqhbd h} lfqqhdl mbc{~bch}fa$

Lbpf~dcfdq |fdq egfea }bcf qhcf hd >;;< eda bd qgfh~ b|d qgfx afmhafa qb

gepf mf~qehd m~hqf~hbd) mf~qehd mvq b`` {bhdq b` qgf aeqf eda {~f}} dbqf} |f~f

h}}vfa) eii qgeq h} e ceqqf~ b` ~fmb~a eda H gepf db mbccfdq} bd qgeq eda

ihmfdmf} b` >L |f~f h}}vfa$ Ei}b hd >;;< ~f`f~fdmf) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq gea

}bvlgq bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd cf~lf~ eda emuvh}hqhbd$ ]b) |f gea ei}b lhpfd



#55>#

bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd cf~lf~ da emuvh}hqhbd {e~iqx$ Hq |e} emmf{qfa hd {e~q}

eda |e} dbq `b~ emuvh}hqhbd emmf{qfa$ Nvq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |e} mbc{fqfdq qb

qeof qgeq afmh}hbd eda qgf ihmfdmf} |f~f qgv} lhpfd eda qgf ~f}q |ghmg `biib|fa

h} odb|d qgeq hd }bcf b` qgf mbc{edhf}) qgf~f |e} e `b~fhld qfifmbc

mbc{edhf} ceohdl hdpf}qcfdq gea mbcf.$

Bd qgf h}}vf b` iflei b{hdhbd) ]g~h Ch}~e }vnchqqfa:

.††$ ††$ \f gepf e {b}hqhbd b` Eaph}b~ 'Ie|( hd QÊH$ Hq h} b` qgf ~edo b` qgf

Eaahqhbdei ]fm~fqe~x$ Qgf {f~}bd |gb |e} }f~phmhdl qgh} Ahph}hbd |e}

Eaahqhbdei ]fm~fqe~x 'Ie|( bd af{vqeqhbd qb QÊH$ [~f}fdqix) gf h} ]fm~fqe~x

'Iflh}ieqhpf ceqqf~}($ Hq |e} gh} b{hdhbd |ghmg |e} fdmib}fa |hqg bv~ ifqqf~ `~bc

QÊH }exhdl qgeq k{ife}f }ffo b{hdhbd b` QÊH h` xbv |h}g qb l~edq edx df|ihmfdmf,$ Hd bv~ ifqqf~) b` mbv~}f) |f }vllf}qfa qgeq k{ife}f qeof b{hdhbd b` qgf

Ie| Chdh}q~x bd qgh} {e~qhmvie~ b{hdhbd |ghmg h} fdmib}fa.$

8$>1 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb e }{fmh`hm uvf~x) ]g~h Ch}~e ~f{ihfa qgeq gh} ifqqf~ gea dbq nffd

~f{ihfa bd qgf {bhdq} ~eh}fa$

8$>6 E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh`hmeiix |gfqgf~ evmqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc hdmivahdl qgeq 7;;) 8;;

eda 57;; CGz neda} }gbvia nf qgf cb}q èpb~fa cfqgba) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH

af{b}fa:

.]h~) lfdf~eiix evmqhbd h} qgf mb~~fmq {~bmfav~f$ Nvq }b è~ e} qgf }{fmq~vc hd

7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz) qgeq h} qgf >L }{fmq~vc h} mbdmf~dfa) |f gepf mife~ix{bhdqfa bvq hd bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} |gx evmqhbd h} dbq `fe}hnif) nvq eq qgf }ecf

qhcf hq abf} dbq cfed qgeq |f }gbvia mbdqhdvf |hqg qgeq bia {~hmf) qgeq h} |gx |f

gepf ~fieqfa hq qb qgf evmqhbd afqf~chdfa {~hmf |ghmg h} hd qgf =L.$

8$>0 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff fduvh~fa enbvq qgf }{fmh`hm hc{fahcfdq} qgeq QÊH mbvia



#55=#

edqhmh{eqf hd qgf evmqhbd b` qgf ]{fmq~vc hd qgf 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz neda}) qgf

Mgeh~ced) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq qgf Evqgb~hqx hd qgf mbdqfwq b` 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz

neda} |e} mbd}mhbv} b` qgf iflemx) qgf {~fpehihdl {~emqhmf eda qgf bpf~ ~hahdl

mbd}haf~eqhbd b` qgf ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$

8$>< E}ofa qb fienb~eqf) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH }vnchqqfa:

.Hd qgf >L neda}) eiibmeqhbd qg~bvlg evmqhbd cex dbq nf {b}}hnif e} }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} |f~f eiibmeqfa }{fmq~vc eq ah``f~fdq {bhdq} eda eq ah``f~fdq qhcf} b`

qgfh~ ihmfdmf} eda qgf ecbvdq b` }{fmq~vc pe~hf} `~bc >$1 qb >$5; fwmf{q `b~ avei v}f qfmgdbiblhf}$ Qgf~f`b~f) qb afmhaf qgf mvq b`` e`qf~ |ghmg qgf }{fmq~vc

evmqhbdfa |hii nf ah``hmviq eda chlgq ~eh}f qgf h}}vf b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia.$

8$>7 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~hfa |gfqgf~ ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia }gbvia gepf lhpfd ed

bpf~~hahdl mbd}haf~eqhbd `b~ dbq evmqhbdhdl qgf >L ]{fmq~vc e} ce~ofq `b~mf} mbvia

gepf afqf~chdfa hq$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH }qeqfa:

.H ec bdix ~feahdl hq `~bc qgf ^f{b~q.$

8$>8 \gfd ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e) av~hdl |gb}f qfdv~f) qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}

b` >;;< |f~f `hdeihzfa) |e} e}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd elehd}q

evmqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc |e} e{{~b{~heqf) gf }vnchqqfa:

. † † cx {~f}fdq phf| ” eda H ~fcehd mbcchqqfa ” h}) qgf~f h} db bqgf~

{~bmfav~f qb nf `biib|fa nvq evmqhbd$ H |hii fpfd lb qb qgf fwqfdq) h` xbv e}o cf

e} qb |gfqgf~ H |bvia ihof qb mb~~fmq cx ~fmbccfdaeqhbd qgeq 8;; eda 57;;

CGz }{fmq~vc }gbvia nf evmqhbdfa) H |hii }ex qgeq qgf~f }gbvia nf evmqhbd b` eii



#551#

qgf }{fmq~vc eda ihmfdmf }gbvia nf af#ihdofa `~bc }{fmq~vc qbqeiix$ Hd qgeq

|ex) xbv~ ihmfdmf `ff |hii mbcf ab|d eda }{fmq~vc |hii nf {vq hd qgf ce~ofqhdl

abcehd |ghmg ge{{fd} eii bpf~ qgf |b~ia$

]g~h Ch}~e `v~qgf~ }vnchqqfa:

.]h~) q|b {bhdq} e~f }fi`#fphafdq$ Bdf h} qgeq qgf peivf b` }{fmq~vc e} e }me~mf

~f}bv~mf cb~f }b |gfd qgf~f |e} e ph}hnif }gb~qelf b` }{fmq~vc$ Hd >;;<#

>;;7) qgf~f |e} e }gb~qelf b` }{fmq~vc vdihof >;;=#>;;1$

]fmbdaix) qgf ohda b` fw{bdfdqhei l~b|qg |ghmg qbbo {iemf) vdihof >;;>#;= eda

>;;=#;1) nbqg qgf}f qghdl} mife~ix hdahmeqf qgeq qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc |e}

vdaf~peivfa nfmev}f fpfd h` hq h} ihmfdmf {iv} }{fmq~vc evmqhbdfa hd >;;5)

emqveiix qgeq h} lhphdl qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc$ ]b) qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc dbq

afqf~chdfa qg~bvlg ce~ofq {~bmf}} |e} af`hdhqfix cvmg ib|f~ eda qgeq

nfmbcf} cb~f qged f}qenih}gfa |gfd e `b~fhld mbc{edx mbcf} eda |h}gf} qb

{e~qhmh{eqf hd df| ihmfdmf mbc{edx,} fuvhqx$ H gepf }ffd qgf {~f}} ~fife}f b`

qgf Chdh}q~x |gf~fhd hq }ex} qgeq |geqfpf~ cbdfx ge} mbcf h} @AH ed hq |hii nfv}fa hd hd`~e}q~vmqv~f fw{ed}hbd$ Nvq }qhii qgf q~vqg ~fcehd} qgeq qgf }b#meiifa

ghlg {~hmf nha h} dbqghdl nvq qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc eda qgeq lfq} cb~f qged

f}qenih}gfa hd =L.$

A~$ J$]$ ]e~ce) Mgeh~ced) QÊH }vccfa v{ nx }exhdl:

.\f gepf lbdf nx qgf {~hdmh{if qgeq }{fmq~vc cv}q gepf hq} {~hmf$ \gfd |fmbd}haf~fa qgf}f ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nfq|ffd Jvix) >;;8 eda Cex) >;5; eda

|gfd |f lepf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}) hq cv}q nf dbqfa qgeq |f |f~f ei~feax èmfa

|hqg qgf }hqveqhbd b` èhq emmbc{ih$ \f |f~f afeihdl |hqg qgf }hqveqhbd b`

fd}v~hdl e ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia eda ei}b fd}v~hdl qgeq qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc h}

{~b{f~ix afqf~chdfa$ Hq h} `b~ nfxbda 0$> CGz eda nfxbda >; xfe~}$ \f }eha

qgeq 0$> h} qgf mbdq~emqvei }{fmq~vc.$



#556#

8$=; Hd >;;=) QÊH gea ~fmbccfdafa e ,Db Me{, {~hdmh{if hd qgf dvcnf~ b` {iexf~}

eda ~fhqf~eqfa qgf }ecf hd qgfh~ >;;< ~fmbccfdaeqhbd$ ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei e{{~h}fa qgf

Mbcchqqff qgeq qgf ,Db Me{, bd ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH cfedq qgeq ihchqfa ]{fmq~vc

'@hdhqf }bv~mf( |bvia gepf qb nf ~eqhbdfa elehd}q ed vdihchqfa dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmeqhbd}

'hd`hdhqf {iexf~}($

8$=5 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf ne}h} bd |ghmg QÊH

~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf~f }gbvia nf ,Db Me{, bd qgf dvcnf~ b` Emmf}} }f~phmf{~bphaf~} hd edx mh~mif"}f~phmf e~fe$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH jv}q ~f{~bavmfa {e~e Db}$ >$=>)

>$=1) >$=6) >$=0 eda >$=< b` qgfh~ Evlv}q) >;;< ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

8$=> E}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix e} qb |gfqgf~ QÊH e}mf~qehdfa qgf epehienhihqx b`

]{fmq~vc hd pe~hbv} neda}) qgf Evqgb~hqx ~f{ihfa qgeq e} {f~ qgf epehienif ~fmb~a}) db

ifqqf~ |e} |~hqqfd `~bc QÊH qb AbQ qb e}mf~qehd qgf ecbvdq b` ]{fmq~vc) epehienif hd

pe~hbv} neda} |ghif ~fmbccfdahdl ,Db Me{, hd Evlv}q) >;;<$

8$== Nvq ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e gea e ah``f~fdq pf~}hbd qb }ge~f |hqg qgf Mbcchqqff$

Gf af{b}fa hd fphafdmf:

.† † \f aha |~hqf qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb {ife}f {~bphaf hd`b~ceqhbd e} qb gb|

cvmg }{fmq~vc h} epehienif$ Hq h} bd ~fmb~a$ Dbq bdix qgeq) ne}fa bd bv~ hd#gbv}f ~f}fe~mg) QÊH ei}b |~bqf qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qgeq e} {f~ bv~ hd`b~ceqhbd)

qgf {~f}fdq }{fmq~vc ei~feax eiibmeqfa qb qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda |geqfpf~

db| ~fcehd} h} eddfwfa$ [ife}f mbd`h~c |gfqgf~ |geq |f e~f }exhdl h} ~hlgq b~

|~bdl$ Fpfd qgeq ifqqf~ |e} }fdq$ qgf Lbpf~dcfdq aha dbq }ge~f }hdmf

}{fmq~vc cedelfcfdq h} qgfh~ {~hphiflf.$



#550#

8$=1 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ hq |e} |hqghd qgf {v~phf| b` qgf AbQ qb afdx }vmg ed

hd`b~ceqhbd qb QÊH) ]g~h Ch}~e ~f{ihfa:

.Qgf Emq }ex} qgeq qgf cedelfcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc h} qgf Af{e~qcfdq,}

~f}{bd}hnhihqx$ ]b) ifleiix) QÊH mbvia dbq `b~mf qgfc qb lhpf qgf hd`b~ceqhbd.$

8$=6 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa QÊH |gfqgf~ hq }gbvia nf {~vafdq qb {f~chq

vdihchqfa }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb fdqf~ qgf `hfia hd phf| b` qgf }me~mf deqv~f b` }{fmq~vc$Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq hd qgfh~ ~fmfdq ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} Hd hq} ~fmfdq

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd ‗]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq eda Ihmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o‘ aeqfa 55qg

Cex >;5;) qgh} Evqgb~hqx ge} mbd}haf~fa qgh} h}}vf hd {e~e >$65 eda ~fmbccfdafa qgeq

off{hdl hd phf| qgf }me~mhqx b` }{fmq~vc eda qgf dffa qb {~bphaf qgf mbdq~emqfa

}{fmq~vc qb qgf fwh}qhdl ihmfd}ff}) db cb~f VE] ihmfdmf ihdofa |hqg }{fmq~vc }gbvia

nf e|e~afa$

8$=0 Qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Cex) >;5; eapbmeqf qgeq eii VE] ihmfdmf}

}gbvia nf eiibmeqfa 0$> CGz L]C }{fmq~vc |ghmg |e} nfxbda qgf mbdq~emqfa ecbvdq

b` 1$1 CGz `b~ VE] ihmfdmf} l~edqfa {b}q Bmqbnf~) >;;=$ Hd qgh} mbdqfwq) qgf

Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb nf e{{~h}fa b` qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ qgf Evqgb~hqx,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd

`b~ eaahqhbdei eiibmeqhbd b` 5$7 CGz }{fmq~vc$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} qb ^fmbccfdaeqhbd qb eiibmeqf eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc b` 5$7 CGz ge}

nffd ceaf off{hdl hd phf| qgf mbdq~emqvei bnihleqhbd hd qgf VE] Ihmfd}f) ei~feax

fdqf~fa hdqb nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq nf`b~f qgf h}}vf |e} ~f`f~~fa qb QÊH hd Jvix) >;;8$

Qgf Evqgb~hqx ge} afeiq |hqg qgh} h}}vf eq ifdlqg hd [e~e =$5;6 qb =$5;8 b` qgf enbpf

cfdqhbdfa ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}$

8$=< Qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH) `v~qgf~ }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:



#55<#

.†††$$ |f gepf mife~ix hdahmeqfa |gx hq h} 0$> CGz nx ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf

ihmfd}hdl {~bph}hbd} b` qgf ihmfdmf} h}}vfa ~bc 5881#86 bd|e~a}$ Hq ge} nffd

mife~ix afcbd}q~eqfa qgeq qgf mbdq~emqfa }{fmq~vc h} 0$> CGz eda qgf~f`b~f

qgb}f |gb gepf 1$1 CGz e~f ifleiix fdqhqifa qb lfq 0$> CGz†††$.$

8$=7 Evahq {bhdqfa bvq qgeq 8 b{f~eqb~} e} {f~ qgf afqehi} nfib| gea nffd eiibqqfa

}{fmq~vc nfxbda qgf v{{f~ ihchq ieha ab|d hd qgf VE]I el~ffcfdq$ Qgv} |ghif qgf

AbQ) bd bdf geda) |e} dbq {~bmf}}hdl {fdahdl e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ ihmfdmf avf qb dbd

epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc) bd qgf bqgf~ geda hq |e} eiibqqhdl }{fmq~vc qb fwh}qhdl

b{f~eqb~} nfxbda qgf mbdq~emqfa ihchq |hqgbvq edx v{`~bdq mge~lf} nfhdl hc{b}fa b~

|hqgbvq afqf~chdeqhbd b` ce~ofq {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc$ Ne}fa bd qgf ecbvdq mge~lfa

`~bc MACE b{f~eqb~} `b~ l~edq b` L]C }{fmq~vc hd >;;<) qgf peivf b` }{fmq~vc gfia

nx qgf}f b{f~eqb~} nfxbda qgf mbdq~emqfa vdhq |b~ofa bvq qb ^}$>605 m~b~f qgbvlg hq}

ce~ofq peivf bd aeqf |bvia nf ghlgf~$

8$=8 Qgf Qfmgdhmei Mbcchqqff e{{bhdqfa nx Gbd,nif CbMHQ `b~ .Eiibmeqhbd b` Emmf}} 'L]C"MACE( }{fmq~vc eda {~hmhdl. ~fmbccfdafa hd Cex >;;8) qgeq qgf

eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc e}}hldfa nfxbda 0$>/0$> CGz hd ed }f~phmf e~fe }gbvia eqq~emq ed

v{`~bdq mge~lf fuvhpeifdq qb qgf =L evmqhbd {~hmf `~bc qgf aeqf b` e}}hldcfdq$

8$1; ]vn}fuvfdqix) Q^EH ei}b ~fmbccfdafa hd Cex >;5; `b~ mge~lhdl qgf eaahqhbdei

}{fmq~vc gfia nx b{f~eqb~} nfxbda qgf ihmfd}fa uvedqhqx |ghmg h} vdaf~ mbd}haf~eqhbd

b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Hd qgf fpfdq b` qgf}f ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nfhdl emmf{qfa) qgf

eaahqhbdei `ib| b` ~fpfdvf qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |bvia mbcf qb ^}$ ^}$=0)88= m~b~f$

Decf Ecbvdq b` eaahqhbdei

}{fmq~vc 'CGz(

Db$b` Mh~mif}



#557#

Eh~mfi =$0 5

Nge~qh =>$1 5=

N[I'Cvcneh( =$7 5

N]DI 05$0 58

HAFE 5>$0 0

CQDI'Afi

gh

Cvcneh(

5>$1 >

^fihedmf 5$7 5

]{hmf

'[vdjen(

5$0 5

Pbae`bdf 58$0 <

8$15 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) >k|gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb gfe~ qgf phf|} b` qgf

Q^EH bd qgf ceqqf~) qgf Mgeh~ced) Q^EH }vnchqqfa:#

.@h~}q b` eii) bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} mbdqehd dbq bdix qgf mge~lhdl `b~ fwmf}}

}{fmq~vc) hq ei}b }{feo} b` ~eqhbdeihzeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc mge~lf} eda ei}b

~favmqhbd hd Vdh`b~c Ihmfdmf @ff$ Qgf qbqei ecbvdq b` cbdfx qgf }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} |hii gepf qb {ex qb|e~a} qgf fwmf}} }{fmq~vc h} dbq }bcfqghdl qgeq

|hii mev}f e pf~x gfepx nv~afd$ Hq h} q~vf qgeq qgfx gepf qb {ex) nvq hq h} dbq

}bcfqghdl#|gfd xbv }ff qgf vdh`b~c ihmfdmf `ff eda ei}b ~eqhbdeihzeqhbd b`

}{fmq~vc mge~lf} ” qgeq h} ihofix qb nf qgeq gfepx$ Hq h} e uvf}qhbd b` {~hdmh{if

gf~f$

]fmbdaix) e} ~fle~a} qgf {bhdq xbv ceaf ~fle~ahdl }bcf {fb{if dbq gephdl qb

{ex cb~f eda }bcf {fb{if gephdl qb {ex cb~f) hq h} e uvf}qhbd b` gb| cvmg

fwmf}} }{fmq~vc bdf ge}$ H` }bcfnbax ge} fwmf}} }{fmq~vc) qgfx gepf qb {ex$

]b qgf~f h} db ah}qhdmqhbd nfq|ffd bdf }f~phmf {~bphaf~ eda qgf bqgf~ }f~phmf

{~bphaf~$



#558#

Hd }b è~ e} qgf h}}vf b` MACE }{fmq~vc nfhdl mivnnfa |hqg L]C }{fmq~vc h}

mbdmf~dfa) qgh} h}}vf ge} ei~feax nffd afeiq |hqg$ Qgh} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd ge}

ei~feax nffd ceaf nx QÊH$ Lbpf~dcfdq gepf afmhafa qgeq qgfx |hii dbq mivn

qgf q|b qblfqgf~.$

8$1> Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ hq cfedq qgeq qgf L]C {iexf~} gea qb mbvlg v{

cb~f cbdfx$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Mgeh~ced QÊH ~f}{bdafa:

.Qgeq h} nfmev}f }bcf L]C {iexf~} |gb gepf fwmf}} }{fmq~vc |hii gepf qb

{ex cb~f cbdfx$ \f gepf dbq e}ofa qgfc qb {ex `~bc qgf aeqf b` eiibqcfdq b`

}{fmq~vc |ghmg |e} qgf afceda b` pe~hbv} }qeof gbiaf~}$ \f gepf }eha qgeq

qgfx |hii {ex bdix `b~ qgf neiedmf {f~hba qgfh~ ihmfdmf}.$

8$1= \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf AbQ qgf ieqf}q {b}hqhbd bd qgf

QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd `b~ mge~lhdl qgf eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc gfia nx qgf b{f~eqhbd}

nfxbda qgf ihmfdmfa uvedqhqx eda emqhbd qeofd qb ~fphf| qgf eiibmeqhbd b` fwmf}}}{fmq~vc e} {f~ qgf mbdmf~d} fw{~f}}fa nx }fpf~ei Cfcnf~} b` [e~ihecfdq) qgf AbQ

~f{ihfa qgeq qgf hdhqhei }{fmq~vc b` 1$1 CGz"0$> CGz h} eiibqqf qb qgf L]C b{f~eqb~} e}

{f~ qgf {~bph}hbd} b` ihmdmf mbdahqhbd} b` qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf ihmfd}f el~ffcfdq}) }vnjfmq

qb epehienhihqx$ Eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc h} ei}b mbd}haf~fa e} {f~ qgf m~hqf~he

b~af~}"lvhafihdf} fqm$

8$11 QÊH hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd ceaf bd 55qg Cex >;5; cfdqhbdfa qgeq qgf

}vn}m~hnfa ihdofa m~hqf~he) e} eab{qfa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq hd Jedve~x >;;7 nf of{q `b~

}hw cbdqg} qb fdenif eii b{f~eqb~} |gb e~f ei~feax uveih`hfa `b~ qgf eaahqhbdei

}{fmq~vc ne}fa bd qgf {~fpeifdq }vn}m~hnfa ihdofa m~hqf~he b~ qgb}f |gb |bvia nf

uveih`hfa |hqghd qgf dfwq }hw cbdqg}) qb nf e}}hldfa eaahqhbdei }{fmq~vc }vnjfmq qb

epehienhihqx eda qgf [~f}m~hnfa ihchq ~fmbccfdafa e} hd [e~e nfib| |ghmg }{fmh`hfa



#5>;#

qgeq:

.qgf ihchq bd }{fmq~vc qb nf e}}hldfa qb e }f~phmf {~bphaf~ |hii nf >W7 CGz `b~

eii }f~hmf e~fe} bqgf~ qged hd Afigh eda Cvcneh |gf~f hq |hii nf >W5; CGz$]hchie~ix `b~ MACE }{fmq~vc qgf Evqgb~hqx ~fmbccfda} qgeq qgf ihchq bd

}{fmq~vc |hii nf >w6 CGz `b~ eii }f~phmf e~fe} eda >w0$>6 CGz hd qgf Cfq~b

e~fe} `b~ Afigh eda Cvcneh.$

8$16 QÊH ge} `v~qgf~) bd 57$;6$>;5;) ~fuvf}qfa qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb e|ehq hq}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd }{fmq~vc {~hmhdl eda ~f`~echdl$ Bd 7$>$>;55) QÊH ge} ceafhq} `v~qgf~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} ~fle~ahdl }{fmq~vc {~hmhdl$ E`qf~ fwechdhdl qgf enbpf

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH) qgf Mbcchqqff b` AbQ ge} }vnchqqfa hq} ~f{b~q bd

>>$;>$>;55$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) bd qgf}f ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH) Gbd,nif CbMHQ ge}

ei}b gea hdqf~emqhbd |hqg qgf qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~} bd 7$=$>;55$ @hdei afmh}hbd bd

qgf}f ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |hii nf qeofd hd avf mbv~}f b` qhcf$

8$10 E} ~fle~a} qgf m~b}}bpf~ qfmgdbiblx h}}vf) qgf AbQ l~edqfa =6 Avei

Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} hd Bmqbnf~) >;;< ne}fa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgf QÊH$ Hd

qgh} mbdqfwq) |gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf mh~mvc}qedmf} qgeq ifa qb

QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd `b~ m~b}}bpf~ qfmgdbiblx) ]g~h D~h{fda~e Ch}~e }vnchqqfa hd

fphafdmf:

.††Qgeq) hd èmq) e~b}f `~bc bdf e{{ihmeqhbd `~bc bdf b` qgf fwh}qhdl }f~phmf

{~bphaf~}$ Hq |e} ^fihedmf |ghmg cbpfa ed e{{ihmeqhbd qgeq qgfx }gbvia nf

lhpfd }{fmq~vc `b~ L]C qfmgdbiblx e} |fii) eda qgf e~lvcfdq |e} qgeq ihmfdmf

h} qfmgdbiblx dfvq~ei$ Qgf~f`b~f) |gfqgf~ qgfx v}f MACE qfmgdbiblx b~ qgfx

v}fa L]C qfmgdbiblx) qgfx }gbvia dbq nf mbd}q~ehdfa nfmev}f b` qgeq) qgf

b{qhbd qb fwf~mh}f }gbvia nf qgfh~}) l~edq b` }{fmq~vc h} e {~hphiflf b` qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq af{fdahdl bd qgf epehienhihqx$ \gfd qgh} e{{ihmeqhbd mecf) qgf

{g~e}f |ghmg |e} v}fa |e} m~b}} bpf~) qgeq h}) xbv e~f gephdl MACE) med xbv



#5>5#

ei}b m~b}} qb L]C) qgeq cfed} xbv med b``f~ q|hd qfmgdbiblhf} hd qgf }ecf

mh~mif$

8$1< E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ hq |e} dbq qgf b{f~eqb~} qgfc}fipf} |gb {~f`f~~fa qgfh~

b|d qfmgdbiblx h$f$ fhqgf~ L]C b~ MACE eda |gfqgf~ hq |e} {~vafdq qb {f~chq qgf

MACE b{f~eqb~} qb {~bphaf L]C }f~phmf ei}b hd qgf }ecf mh~mif) ]g~h Ch}~e

}vnchqqfa:

.††bd qgf m~b}} bpf~ qfmgdbiblx) hq }eha qgeq xf} hq h} q~vf qgeq qgf ihmfdmf h}

qfmgdbiblx dfvq~ei) nvq e`qf~ gephdl ceaf e mgbhmf enbvq qgf }{fmq~vc neda ”

e} H }eha) 7;; CGz h} `b~ MACE eda 8;; CGz eda 57;; CGz `b~ L]C# bdf ge}

ei~feax afmhafa qgf l~b|qg {eqg$ \ghif qgf~f h} db ne~ qb m~b}} bpf~) nvq bdf

cv}q {ex bdmf cb~f qgf }ecf `ff |ghmg |e} {eha nx L]C {iexf~ hd qgf }ecf

mh~mif$ Eiqgbvlg hq |e} dbq |fimbcfa nx MACE {iexf~} nfmev}f qgfx qgbvlgq

qgfx e~f nfhdl {vdh}gfa q|hmf) nvq `hdeiix hq lbq hc{ifcfdqfa$ Qgb}f |gb lbq

qgf èmhihqhf} b` m~b}} bpf~) |gfqgf~ hq |e} e L]C {iexf~ qb MACE b~ MACE

{iexf~ qb L]C) qgfx {eha qgf `ff} e} |e} ~fuvh~fa eda qgfx |f~f {f~chqqfa qb

b``f~ }f~phmf}$ Db df| ihmfdmf |e} ~fuvh~fa `b~ hq nfmev}f qgf }ecf ihmfdmf

mbvia l~edq hq.$

8$17 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) e}ofa QÊH ~fle~ahdl qgf }{fmh`hm }qvahf} ceaf nx qgf

Evqgb~hqx nf`b~f ~fmbccfdahdl l~edq b` }{fmq~vc vdaf~ mbcnhdeqhbd b` qfmgdbiblx$

Hd ~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq |ghif `~echdl hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` >;;<) bd qgf h}}vf b`

l~edq b` }{fmq~vc vdaf~ qgf mbcnhdeqhbd b` qfmgdbiblhf}) qgf qgfd Evqgb~hqx }qvahfa

qgf `biib|hdl abmvcfdq}:#

Df| qfifmbc {bihmx) 5888 'DQ[‘88( eibdl |hqg hq} eaafdavc h}}vfa bd 55qgDbpfcnf~)>;;=

[~hdmh{if b` qfmgdbiblx dfvq~eihqx vdaf~ihdfa hd qgf mbccbd ~flvieqb~x`~ecf|b~o `b~ Fifmq~bdhm Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Dfq|b~o} eda ]f~phmf} b` qgfFv~b{fed Vdhbd$



#5>>#

Pe~hbv} miev}f} hd qgf Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf Ihmfd}f eda MCQ] Ihmfd}f

H d q f ~ d e q h b d e i { ~ e m q h m f h d q g f e i i b m e q h b d b ` } {qb qgf }ecf }f~phmf {~bphaf~$

8$18 E} ~fle~a} afihdohdl eiibqcfdq b` }{fmq~vc `~bc h}}vf b` ihmfdmf}) ]g~h

D~h{fda~e Ch}~e e{{~h}fa qgf Mbcchqqff qgf Lbpf~dcfdq aha dbq emmf{q QÊH,}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd ceaf eq pe~hbv} {bhdq} b` qhcf qb }f{e~eqf }{fmq~vc `~bc ihmfdmf$ Gf

fienb~eqfa:

.††$Qgf QÊH gea qgfd ~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf ihmfdmf eda qgf }{fmq~vc

}gbvia nf }f{e~eqfa$ Qgh} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd |e} ~f{feqfa hd >;;= eda hd >;;6

qgeq ihmfdmf h} bdf qghdl eda }{fmq~vc h} edbqgf~ qghdl) qgf~f`b~f) bdf mbvia {vq

e cvmg ib|f~ ihmfdmf `ff nvq {vq }{fmq~vc hd qgf evmqhbd cbaf nfmev}f qgeq h}

qgf deqhbdei e}}fq$ Qgh} h}}vf b` }{fmq~vc }f{e~eqhbd `~bc qgf ihmfdmf)

}bcfgb| qgf Lbpf~dcfdq aha dbq `hda emmf{qenif eda fpfd qbaex qgf ihmfdmf

eda qgf }{fmq~vc e~f qblfqgf~ `b~ eii qx{f} b` ihmfdmf$ Qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd

bnphbv}ix b` QÊH ~fcehd} nvq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq ge} dbq emmf{qfa hq.$

8$6; Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc QÊH enbvq qgf {f~mfdqelf b` qgf

emmf{qedmf b` qgf Evqgb~hqx,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} nx qgf AbQ$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Mgeh~ced

QÊH }qeqfa hd fphafdmf:

.†$$|ghif |f db~ceiix }ff qgeq e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e~f

emmf{qfa eda emqfa v{bd) nvq eq qgf }ecf qhcf) |f ei}b dbqf qgeq qgf~f e~f

me}f} |gf~f qgfx ab dbq emmf{q bv~ ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}.$

8$65 E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf cehd ~fe}bd} `b~ qgf Lbpf~dcfdq,} ~fivmqedmf qb emmf{q qgf



#5>=#

ofx ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH }vnchqqfa:

.Qgf }q~vmqv~f b` qgf Evqgb~hqx hd Hdahe h} ah``f~fdq `~bc qgeq b` mf~qehd bqgf~

mbvdq~hf} |gf~f cb}q b` qgf ihmfd}hdl eda }{fmq~vc ~fieqfa `vdmqhbd} e~femqveiix {f~`b~cfa nx qgf ~flvieqb~ eda dbq nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Qgeq h} qgf

cejb~ ah `f~fdmf$ `b~ hd}qedmf) B@MBC hd VO b~ @MM hd V]E eda bqgf~

~flvieqb~}) Lf~ced ~flvieqb~}) qgfx emqveiix ab qgf ihmfd}hdl e} |fii e} qgf

}{fmq~vc ~fieqfa `vdmqhbd} |gf~fe} qgf}f e~f mbdqhdvfa qb nf {f~`b~cfa nx qgf

Af{e~qcfdq hd Hdahe.$

8$6> \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff uvf~hfa enbvq qgf cfe}v~f} mbdqfc{ieqfa nx qgf

Evqgb~hqx qgfc}fipf} qb hc{~bpf qgf }hqveqhbd) qgf Mgeh~ced) QÊH ~f{ihfa:

.\f e~f mv~~fdqix emqveiix `b~cvieqhdl mf~qehd ecfdacfdq} qb qgf Emq$ }bcf

qhcf nemo) qgfx gepf nffd `b~cvieqfa eda }fdq nx qgf Evqgb~hqx eda hq ge}

mbcf nemo qb v} `b~ e ~f#ibbo$ E} {e~q b` qgeq) |f |bvia nf mbd}haf~hdl qgeq

h}}vf$



#5>1#

MGE[QF^ ” W

H]]VF B@ IHMFDMF] QB QGF HDFIHLHNIF MBC[EDHF]

'E( Evahq Bn}f~peqhbd}

5;$5 Evahq‘} fwechdeqhbd bd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf

eiiflfaix `epbv~fa Mbc{edhf} |f~f:

'h( Vdhqfmg Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f [pq$ Iqa$ ' N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'hh( Vdhqfmg Nvhiaf~} F}qeqf} [pq$ Iqa$ 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'hhh( Eze~f [~b{f~qhf} Iqa 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'hp( Gva}bd [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa$ ' N~eda decf Vdhdb~('p( Deged [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa$ 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'ph( Eabdh} [~bjfmq} [pq$ Iqa$ 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'phh( E}oe [~bjfmq} Iqa$ 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'phhh( Pbile [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa$ 'N~eda decf Vdhdb~(

'hw( ]gh{{hdl ]qb{ Abq Mbc 'Hdahe( [~hpeqf Ihchqfa ' Db| Ibb{

Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa(

'w( Eiihedz Hd`~eqfmg '[( Iqa$ 'cf~lfa |hqg Fqh}eieq AN(

'wh( Aeqembc ]bivqhbd} [pq$ Iqa$ 'Mgedlfa qb Phafbmbd

Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$(

'whh( ] Qfi Iqa$

'whhh( ]|ed Qfifmbc [~hpeqf Ihchqfa 'Db| Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe

[~hpeqf Ihchqfa(

5;$> Emmb~ahdl qb Evahq Bn}f~peqhbd}) bvq b` qgf enbpf 5= Mbc{edhf}) }hw df|ix

hdmb~{b~eqfa e{{ihmedq Mbc{edhf} decfix Vdhqfmg Nvhiaf~} F}qeqf} [pq$ Iqa)

Gva}bd [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa) Deged [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa) E}oe [~bjfmq} Iqa) Pbile

[~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa eda Eabdh} [~bjfmq} [pq$ Iqa |ghmg nfibdlfa qb Vdhqfmg L~bv{

gephdl N~eda decf e} Vdhdb~ gea afmie~fa qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hd qgf cehd bnjfmq



#5>6#

miev}f b` Cfcb~edavc b` E}}bmheqhbd 'CBE( e} ~fei f}qeqf hd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgf

~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdl qgf eiqf~eqhbd |e} dbq xfq ~flh}qf~fa e} bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$

5;$= @v~qgf~ ]gh{{hdl ]qb{ AbQ Mbc 'Hdahe( [pq$ Iqa$ |ghmg ieqf~ bd mgedlfa qb

Ibb{ Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ gea afmie~fa hq} nv}hdf}} emqhphqx e} qb af}hld afpfib{) }fii)

cehdqehd mbc{vqf~ }b`q|e~f eda {~bl~eccf}$

5;$1 Qgf `biib|hdl cejb~ af`hmhfdmhf} hd qgf E{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ VE] Ihmfd}ff} |f~f

{bhdqfa bvq nx Evahq$

Qenif ” H

]~$Db

$

Decf b` E{{ihmedqMbc{edx"Mgedlfa

decf

Aeqf b` Hdmb~{b~eqhbd b`

qgf Mbc{edx

Aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhb

d

Db$ b` ihmfd}f}

h}}vfa

Cejb~ }gb~qmbchdl}bn}f~pfa

5$ VdhqfmgHd ~e}q~vmqv~f [pq$Iqa$ 'N~eda decfVdhdb~(

5; Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 5 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfeiqf~eqhbd |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa e} bd qgf aeqfb` e{{ihmeqhbd?]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx ^BM? Evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} bdix k 6

ieog elehd}q qgf~fuvh~fcfdq b` k 5; m~b~f?Af{b}hqfa qgf }qec{avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeibd = Bmq >;;<?^flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 55 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x

hd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{me{hqei?

>$ Vdhqfmg Nvhiaf~} F}qeqf} [pq$ Iqa$'N~eda decfVdhdb~(

5; Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 5 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?



#5>0#

]v{{~f}}fa qgfmbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieogelehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k 5; m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{me{hqei?

=$ Eze~f [~b{f~qhf} Iqa'N~eda decfVdhdb~(

5 Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 5 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfeiqf~eqhbd |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa e} bd qgf aeqfb` e{{ihmeqhbd?]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieog

elehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k 5; m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? ^flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{

me{hqei ?1$ Gva}bd [~b{f~qhf}[pq$ Iqa$ 'N~edadecf Vdhdb~(

5 Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 5 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?]v{{~f}}fa qgfmbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b`



#5><#

eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieogelehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k 5; m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? ^flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{me{hqei ?

6$ Deged [~b{f~qhf}

[pq$ Iqa$ 'N~edadecf Vdhdb~(

50 Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 0 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hd

qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?]v{{~f}}fa qgfmbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieog

elehd}q k >> m~b~f?Af{b}hqfa qgf }qec{avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeibd = Bmq>;;<? flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{

me{hqei?

0$ Eabdh} [~bjfmq} [pq$Iqa$ 'N~eda decfVdhdb~(

>7 Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< 0 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?]v{{~f}}fa qgf



#5>7#

mbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieogelehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k >0 m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? ^flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{me{hqei?

<$ E}oe [~bjfmq} Iqa$

'N~eda decfVdhdb~(

50 Evlv}q >;;< >1$;8$>;;< = Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hd

qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?]v{{~f}}fa qgfmbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieog

elehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k >6 m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{

me{hqei?

7$ Pbile [~b{f~qhf}[pq$ Iqa$ 'N~edadecf Vdhdb~(

5 ]f{qfcnf~>;;< >1$;8$>;;< = Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgfmbdahqhbd {~f}m~hnfa nx^BM |ghif abhdl qgf~flh}q~eqhbd b` ~f}bivqhbd|e} dbq xfq cfq?]v{{~f}}fa qgf



#5>8#

mbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hd qgf cehdbnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx^BM? Evqgb~h}fa }ge~fme{hqei |e} bdix k 6 ieogelehd}q qgf ~fuvh~fcfdqb` k >6 m~b~f? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd = Bmq>;;<? ^flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} abdfbd 7 Bmqbnf~ >;;<]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~xhd ~f}{fmq b` [eha v{me{hqei

8$ ]gh{{hdl ]qb{ Abq

Mbc 'Hdahe( [~hpeqfIhchqfa ' Db| Ibb{Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa(

5> Ce~mg 588< ;=";8">;;< >5 Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hd

qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE |e} qb af}hld)afpfib{) }fii) cehdqehdmbc{vqf~ }b q|e~f eda{~bl~eccf} e} qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfeiqf~eqhbd |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa e} bd qgf aeqfb` e{{ihmeqhbd? Qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfeiqf~eqhbd} hd cehd bnjfmqmiev}f b` qgf CBE qbhdmivaf qgf qfifmbc

}fmqb~ |e} ~flh}qf~fa nxqgf ^BM bd >7]f{qfcnf~ >;;< bdix?]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx ^BM? Evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} bdix k6$>; m~b~f elehd}q qgf~fuvh~fcfdq b` k 5>7m~b~f? Af{b}hqfa qgf}qec{ avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}fhd qgf evqgb~h}fa }ge~f

me{hqei bd >6 ]f{q$ >;;<?^fuvf}q `b~ ^flh}q~eqhbdb` hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqei|e} }vnchqqfa bd >1Bmqbnf~ >;;<? ]vnchqqfa`ei}f mf~qh hmeqf `~bcMbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x ~f$[eha v{ me{hqei?

5;$ Eiihedz Hd`~eqfmg '[(Iqa$ 'cf~lfa |hqg

>5 Afmfcnf~ >;;0

6";8">;;< > Qgf nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b`



#5=;#

Fqh}eieq AN( CBE |e} ~fei f}qeqfhd}qfea b` qfifmbc e} qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfeiqf~eqhbd |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa e} bd qgf aeqfb` e{{ihmeqhbd?]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE nx ^BM? Evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} bdix k 6ieog elehd}q qgf~fuvh~fcfdq b` k 7 m~b~f?Af{b}hqfa qgf }qec{avqhf} `b~ hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeibd >1 Afmfcnf~ >;;<?@b~c Db 6 eibdl |hqgbqgf~ {e{f~} qb hdm~fe}fqgf evqgb~h}fa }ge~f

me{hqei |e} }vnchqqfa hd^BM bd >< Afmfcnf~ >;;< ]vnchqqfa `ei}fmf~qh`hmeqf `~bc Mbc{edx]fm~fqe~x ~f$ [eha v{me{hqei ?

55$ Aeqembc ]bivqhbd}[pq$ Iqa$ 'Mgedlfaqb PhafbmbdQfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}Iqa$(

< Jvdf >;;< >7";7">;;< >5 ]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf~f}bivqhbd f``fmqhdleiqf~eqhbd hd qgf CBEf``fmqhdl hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeinx ^BM? Evqgb~h}fa

}ge~f me{hqei |e} bdix k 5ieog elehd}q qgf~fuvh~fcfdq b` k 5=7m~b~f? Hdm~fe}faevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeibd qgf aex {~fmfahdl qgfaeqf b` }vnch}}hbd b` e{{ihmeqhbd qg~bvlg e~f}bivqhbd? ]vnchqqfa`ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf ~f$ [ehav{ me{hqei qgbvlg qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa

}ge~f me{hqei edaeiqf~eqhbd} hd qgfCBE"EBE |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa nx BM?

5>$ ] Qfi Iqa$ 58 Jvdf >;;< ;<";<">;;< 0 ]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf CBE"EBE ~fle~ahdlhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei Evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei |e} bdix k5; ieog elehd}q qgf



#5=5#

~fuvh~fcfdq b` k 57 m~b~fe} bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd? ]vnchqqfa qgf`b~c `b~ ^flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf ~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdlqgf hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeibd = Evlv}q >;;<?]vnchqqfa ei}f mf~qh`hmeqf`~bc Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x~f$ [eha v{ me{hqei qgbvlgqgf ~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdlqgf hdm~fe}f hd qgfevqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqeieda eiqf~eqhbd} hd qgfCBE"EBE |e} dbq xfq~flh}qf~fa nx BM?

5=$ ]|ed Qfifmbc[~hpeqf Ihchqfa'Db| Fqh}eieq AN

Qfifmbc [~hpeqfIhchqfa(

5= Jvix >;;0 ;>";=">;;< 5= ]v{{~f}}fa qgf dbd ”~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd hdqgf CBE"EBE ~fle~ahdl

hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei abdf bd qgf{~fmfahdl aex h$f$ 5Ce~mg >;;<? Af{b}hqfaqgf }qec{ avqhf} eda@b~c 6 qb ^BM Cvcneh`b~ ~flh}qf~hdl qgf~f}bivqhbd f` fmqhdl qgfhdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~h}fa}ge~f me{hqei bd 51 Ce~mg>;;<? ]vnchqqfa `ei}fmf~qh`hmeqf `~bc Mbc{edx]fm~fqe~x ~f$ [eha v{

me{hqei? Dfq |b~qg b` k=51$< m~b~f miehcfa bdnfgei` b` ^fihedmfQfifmbc Iqa |gb}f }ge~f|e} miehcfa qb nf if}}qged 5;&) |e} dbq qb nfhdmivafa |ghif mbc{vqhdlqgf dfq#|b~qg b` qgfe{{ihmedq mbc{edx$

e$ Ch}~f{~f}fdqeqhbd b` @emq}

5;$6 Evahq av~hdl qgf mbv~}f b` pf~h hmeqhbd b` qgf `hif} b` qgf AbQ eda {vnihm

abmvcfdq} emmf}}fa `~bc qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E``eh~}) Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe) Df|

Afigh) `bvda qgeq e} cedx e} 76 Ihmfd}f} bvq b` qgf 5>> df| ihmfd}f} h}}vfa qb 5=

Mbc{edhf} hd >;;7 |f~f l~edqfa qb qgb}f mbc{edhf} |ghmg aha dbq }eqh}`x qgf

fihlhnhihqx mbdahqhbd} {~f}m~hnfa nx qgf AbQ$ Eii 76 ihmfd}f} |f~f lhpfd qb mbc{edhf}

|ghmg aha dbq gepf qgf }qh{vieqfa {eha v{ me{hqei eq qgf qhcf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$ @v~qgf~) 16



#5=>#

bvq b` qgf}f 76 ihmfd}f} |f~f h}}vfa qb mbc{edhf} |gb èhifa qb }eqh}`x mbdahqhbd} b`

cehd bnjfmq miev}f hd qgfh~ Cfcb~edavc b` E}}bmheqhbd$

5;$0 ]hw df|ix hdmb~{b~eqfa e{{ihmedq mbc{edhf} nfibdlhdl qb Vdhqfmg L~bv{ gea

}v{{~f}}fa qgf èmq b` mbdahqhbdei deqv~f b` mf~qh`hmeqhbd b` ~flh}q~eqhbd abdf nx qgf

^flh}q~e~ b` Mbc{edhf} '^BM( bd >; ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< |ghif ~flh}qf~hdl qgf eiqf~eqhbd}

hd qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f hd qgf CBE"EBE b` qgf}f Mbc{edhf}$ Qgf ^BM |ghif

mf~qh`xhdl qgf eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f} b` eii }hw mbc{edhf} gea }qeqfa qgeq

qgf mf~qh`hmeqf |e} }vnjfmq qb qgf mgedlf b` decf b` qgf Mbc{edx$ ]hdmf hd qf~c} b`

]fmqhbd >5 b` qgf Mbc{edhf} Emq 5860) qgf mgedlf b` decf b` qgf Mbc{edx mbvia nf

abdf bdix |hqg qgf e{{~bpei b` qgf ’Mfdq~ei Lbpf~dcfdq }hldh`hfa hd |~hqhdl–) qgf

mbdahqhbd b` qgf mgedlf b` decf b` qgf}f e{{ihmedq Mbc{edhf} |e} cfq hd Cex >;;7bdix$ E} e ~f}viq) eii qgf}f }hw df| mbc{edhf} |f~f ~flh}qf~fa e`~f}g |hqg qgf df|

decf} hd Cex >;;7 nx qgf ^BM$ Gfdmf qgf eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf CBE b` qgf}f Mbc{edhf}

nfmecf f``fmqhpf hd Cex >;;7 bdix$ E} e ~f}viq qgf~fb`) qgf CBE b` qgf}f mbc{edhf}

aha dbq {f~chq qgfc qb b{f~eqf hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd h$f$ >1

]f{qfcnf~ >;;<$

5;$< E{e~q `~bc qgh}) qgf}f }hw mbc{edhf} gea }v{{~f}}fa qgf èmq b` mbdahqhbdei

mf~qh`hmeqhbd b` qgf eiqf~eqhbd} hd qgf CBE"EBE nx qgf ^BM |ghif }vnchqqhdl qgfh~

e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ VE] ihmfdmf bd >1 ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<$ Qgfx gea ei}b ch}~f{~f}fdqfa

qgf eiqf~fa CBE"EBE e} qgf b~hlhdei CBE"EBE hd qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} nf`b~f ABQ$ Qgf

}vnch}}hbd b` qgf eiqf~fa CBE"EBE b` qgf Mbc{edhf} |hqgbvq `vii ah}mib}v~f b` qgf

èmqvei {b}hqhbd b` qgf eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f hd qgf CBE"EBE eda qgfh~

mbdahqhbdei ~flh}q~eqhbd nx qgf ^BM |e} e `~evavifdq emq b` qgf}f }hw mbc{edhf} |hqg

qgf hdqfdqhbd} b` bnqehdhdl qgf VE] ihmfd}f} `b~ >; }f~phmf e~fe}$

5;$7 E `f| hiiv}q~eqhbd} e~f:

'h( Eze~f [~b{f~qhf} Ihchqfa eda Vdhqfmg Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f} [~hpeqf Ihchqfa'N~eda decf Vdhdb~( ei}b ch}~f{~f}fdqfa qgf eiqf~fa CBE"EBE e} qgfb~hlhdei CBE"EBE eibdl |hqg qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} qb qgf AbQ$ @v~qgf~ qgfx}v{{~f}}fa qgf èmq qgeq eiqf~eqhbd} gea dbq nffd ~flh}qf~fa nx qgf ^BMe} xfq bd qgf aeqf b` }vnch}}hbd b` qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd$ Qgf ^BM |ghifmf~qh`xhdl qgf eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f} hd qgf CBE"EBE b`



#5==#

qgf}f mbc{edhf} bd 8qg eda 6qg Bmqbnf~ >;;< ~f}{fmqhpfix gea ei}bah~fmqfa qgeq qgf mf~qh hmeqf |e} }vnjfmq qb qgf mgedlf b` decf b` qgfMbc{edx$ Qgf ah~fmqhpf b` qgf ^BM |e} mbc{ihfa |hqg bdix hd Cex >;;7eda qgv} qgf eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf CBE b` qgf}f Mbc{edhf} nfmecf f``fmqhpfhd Cex >;;7 bdix$ E} e ~f}viq qgf~fb`) qgf CBE b` qgf}f mbc{edhf} aha

dbq {f~chq qgfc qb b{f~eqf hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd h$f$ >1 ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<$

'hh( Eiihedz Hd`~eqfmg [~hpeqf Ihchqfa 'Cf~lfa |hqg Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe[~hpeqf Ihchqfa() hd qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} qb qgf AbQ bd 6 ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<}vnchqqfa qgf CBE"EBE b` qgf mbc{edx) |ghmg ahad,q hdmivaf qgfqfifmbc }fmqb~ hd qgfh~ cehd bnjfmq miev}f$ Fpfd qgf eiqf~eqhbd hd qgfcehd bnjfmq miev}f b` qgf CBE b` qgf Mbc{edx |e} mf~qh`hfa nx qgf ^BMbd >0 Bmqbnf~ >;;< bdix$ Gfdmf hq ~fdaf~fa qgfc hdfihlhnif `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf bd qgf aeqf b` }vnch}}hbd b` qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd hd ]f{qfcnf~ >;;<$

'hhh( ]gh{{hdl ]qb{ AbQ Mbc 'Hdahe( [pq$ Iqa$ |ghmg ieqf~ bd mgedlfa qb Ibb{Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ gea afmie~fa hq} nv}hdf}} emqhphqx e} qb af}hldafpfib{) }fii) cehdqehd mbc{vqf~ }b`q|e~f eda {~bl~eccf}$ Qgfx ei}b}vnchqqfa qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfd}f} `b~ >5 }f~phmfe~fe} bd = ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< qb qgf AbQ |hqgbvq ah}mib}hdl qgf `emq b` dbd~flh}q~eqhbd b` eiqf~eqhbd b` qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f} hd qgf CBE"EBE |hqgqgf ^BM e} bd qgf aeqf b` qgf e{{ihmeqhbd$ Qgf mbc{edx gea mgedlfaqgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f} hd qgfh~ CBE"EBE }b e} qb hdmivaf qgf qfifmbc}fmqb~ hd qgfh~ CBE"EBE nvq qgf}f eiqf~eqhbd} |f~f ~flh}qf~fa nx qgf^BM bd >7 ]f{qfcnf~ >;;< bdix$ Qgf eiqf~fa CBE b` qgf Mbc{edx nxqgf Ibb{ Qfifmbc [~hpeqf Ihchqfa }v{{~f}}hdl qgf `emq b` dbd ~flh}q~eqhbdb` qgf eiqf~eqhbd} hd qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` qgfh~ CBE"EBE nx qgf^BM bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd |e} }vnchqqfa$

n$ @ei}f eda @hmqhqhbv} miehc} b` ghlgf~ {eha v{ Me{hqei nx 5= Mbc{edhf}$

5;$8 AbQ 'Afmfcnf~ >;;6( gea {~f}m~hnfa qgeq qgf e{{ihmedq mbc{edx }geii gepf e

chdhcvc {eha v{ fuvhqx me{hqei b` ^}$ =#5; m~b~f af{fdahdl bd qgf ]f~phmf E~fe'}(

']f~phmf E~fe} E ” ^}$5; m~b~f) N# ^}$ 6 m~b~f eda M ” ^}$= m~b~f( e} bd qgf aeqf b`

qgf e{{ihmeqhbd eda }geii }vnchq e mf~qh`hmeqf qb qgh} f``fmq nx qgf e{{ihmedq,} Mbc{edx

]fm~fqe~x eibdl |hqg e{{ihmeqhbd$

5;$5; 5= E{{ihmedq Mbc{edhf}) |ghmg gea e{{ihfa `b~ 5>= VE] ihmfd}f} eda |f~f

l~edqfa 76 VE] ihmfd}f}) aha dbq gepf qgf ~fuvh}hqf evqgb~h}fa }ge~f me{hqei bd qgf



#5=6#

e} ge~h$deh~K~fihedmfeae$mbc$ Qgf }ecf fcehi HA 'ge~h$deh~K~fihedmfeae$mbc( ei}b

|e} lhpfd `b~ qgf mb~~f}{bdafdmf eaa~f}} eda qgf evqgb~h}fa mbdqemq {f~}bd b` qgf

e{{ihmedq mbc{edx$ Qgbvlg qgf Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x Ge~h Deh~ gea lhpfd e mf~qh hmeqf

|ghif e{{ixhdl `b~ e VE] ihmfdmf `b~ JO ]f~phmf E~fe hd Jedve~x >;;< qgeq qgf Qhlf~

Q~eaf~} [~hpeqf Ihchqfa gfia qgf }ge~f} b` ]|ed 'qgfd ]|ed Me{hqei {~hpeqf Ihchqfa(

e} q~v}qff} b` Hdahed Qfifmbc Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f `vda eda qgf}f mb~{b~eqf nfdf`hmhe~hf} e~f

dbq {e~q b` ^fihedmf EAE L~bv{ eda dfhqgf~ ]g~h Edhi Ecnedh db~ gh} èchix b~

^fihedmf EAE L~bv{ mbc{edhf} gbia} edx }ge~f} hd qgf}f mbc{edhf}) hq |e} gbiahdl

DM^[] b` ^}$5 eq e {~fchvc b` ^}$888 nx qgf ^QI hd ]|ed Qfifmbc) e df|ix

hdmb~{b~eqfa mbc{edx |hqg db `hwfa e}}fq} qgeq ~eh}fa abvnq}$

5;$51 E`qf~ bn}f~phdl qgf}f af hmhfdmhf} Mbcchqqff |edqfa qb odb| |gfqgf~ qgf

Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} qbbo qgf gfi{ b` qgf Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~hf}"ME}

|ghif fwechdhdl qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} eda |geq {vdhqhpf emqhbd |e} qeofd"{~b{b}fa elehd}q

qgb}f mbc{edhf} |gb gea }v{{~f}}fa èmq}) ah}mib}fa hdmbc{ifqf hd`b~ceqhbd eda

}vnchqqfa `hmqhqhbv} abmvcfdq} `b~ lfqqhdl VE] ihmfdmf}"]{fmq~vc) qgf Af{e~qcfdq hd

qgfh~ ~f{ix gepf }vnchqqfa e} vdaf~:

’@b~ fwechdeqhbd b` qgf e{{ihmeqhbd}) AbQ abf} dbq qeof qgf gfi{ b` Mbc{edx

]fm~fqe~hf}" Mge~qf~fa Emmbvdq}$ Qgf Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} 'VE]( ihmfdmf} |f~fl~edqfa hd qf~c} b` qgf fwqedq VE] Ihmfdmf Lvhafihdf} aeqfa 51$5>$>;;6 eda ne}fabd mf~qehd fihlhnhihqx m~hqf~he }{fmh`hfa eda peihaeqfa nx qgf hd`b~ceqhbd"abmvcfdq}"mf~qh`hmeqf} }vnchqqfa nx qgf e{{ihmedq mbc{edhf} avix mf~qh`hfa nx qgfh~ Mbc{edx ]fm~fqe~x e} cfdqhbdfa hd qgf Lvhafihdf}" E{{ihmeqhbd @b~c–$

Ne}fa bd qgf ^f{b~q b` Mbc{q~biif~ Evahqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe 'MEL( bd ’H}}vf b` Ihmfdmf} eda Eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}–)AbQ) bd 51$5>$>;5; gepf h}}vfa }gb| mev}f dbqhmf} qb 5= mbc{edhf} `b~ qf~chdeqhbdb` qgf 76 Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} 'VE]( ihmfdmf} h}}vfa hd qgf xfe~ >;;7) |gb }qeqfaqb nf hdfihlhnif bd qgf aeqf b` qgfh~ ~f}{fmqhpf e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf}$

Qgf mbc{edhf} gepf }vnchqqfa qgfh~ ~f{ihf} |ghmg e~f {~f}fdqix vdaf~ fwechdeqhbd b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq–$

5;$56 Bd qgf cfe}v~f} mbdqfc{ieqfa nx AbQ qb ceof qgf pf~h`hmeqhbd {~bmf}}

`bbi{~bb` fdqehihdl avf ahihlfdmf) èh~df}} eda q~ed}{e~fdmx hq |e} }vnchqqfa e}:

’E} e ceqqf~ b` envdaedq {~fmevqhbd) Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc 'AbQ( ei}b qeof}



#5=0#

ed vdaf~qeohdl `~bc qgf e{{ihmedq mbc{edx qgeq ‗h` eq edx qhcf) edx epf~cfdq}

ceaf b~ hd`b~ceqhbd `v~dh}gfa `b~ bnqehdhdl qgf ihmfdmf |e} `bvda hdmb~~fmq)

qgfd qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd eda qgf ihmfdmf h` l~edqfa qgf~fqb bd qgf ne}h} b` }vmg

e{{ihmeqhbd) }geii nf medmfiifa‘$ H` edx ch}~f{~f}fdqeqhbd b` `emq} h} n~bvlgq qb

dbqhmf eq e ieqf~ aeqf dfmf}}e~x emqhbd med nf qeofd e} {f~ avf {~bmfav~f

vdaf~ qgf {~bph}hbd} b` qgf VE] ihmfdmf Lvhafihdf}" el~ffcfdq–$

5;$50 Mbccfdqhdl v{bd qgf hdfihlhnif Mbc{edhf}) qgf `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI |ghif

af{b}hdl nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff }qeqfa:

’$$$ $$$ $$$ H `h~cix ~fcehd mbdphdmfa qgeq hq h} qgf cbdfx |ghmg mbvia gepf mbcf qbqgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ $$ $$ $$ $$$ ]\ED Qfifmbc ge} dbq ~biifa bvq }f~phmf} fpfdqbaex$ \gf~f h} qgf uvf}qhbd b` n~hdlhdl hd mbc{fqhqhbd2 Hq h} bdix qgf deqv~ei ie||ghmg h} qeohdl qgf {~hmhdl ab|d `~bc qgf fwh}qhdl mbc{fqhqhbd$ Hq h} dbq avf qb

qgf df| ihmfdmf}$ IBB[ Qfifmbc) AEQE Mbc$ Phafbmbd) fqm$ e~f qgf~f$ \gbge} }qe~qfa qgf }f~phmf2 Qgfx gepf bdix }qe~qfa qgf }f~phmf jv}q qb }ex qgeq qgfxgepf ihmfdmf eda qgfx cffq }bcf bnihleqhbd}$ ]b) |gf~f h} qgf mbc{fqhqhbd2 Hq|e} bdix }{fmvieqhbd nfmev}f }bcfqghdl |e} epehienif eda qgfx }e| qgf{bqfdqhei qgeq qgfx med q~eaf hd qgf ce~ofq$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgf ~flvieqhbd b` >;;<|e} |~bdlix hdqf~{~fqfa$ Qgf fdqh~f Mbvdmhi) qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) qgf @hdedmf]fm~fqe~x eda qgf Ie| Chdh}qf~ |f~f lhpfd e lb nx eda dbq gfe~a) cexnf) qbnfdf`hq qgf `f|.$

5;$5< Av~hdl qgf m~b}} fwechdeqhbd b` qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf} b` C"} Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc

Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ qgf Mbcchqqff |edqfa qb odb| gb| bd 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;7 |gfd IBH|e} h}}vfa eda 16 chdvqf} qhcf nfq|ffd >$16 {$c$ eda =$=; {$c$ |e} lhpfd qb `vi`hi

qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq b` }vnchqqhdl qgf a~e`q}) e Afceda A~e`q `b~ k 6; m~b~f) a~e|d bd qgf

[vdjen Deqhbdei Nedo b` Cvcneh bd qgf }ecf aex mbvia ~femg Afigh `~bc Cvcneh$ Qb

qgh} qgf |hqdf}} ~f{ihfa:

.Enbvq qgh} a~e`q) |f |hii mbcf nemo qbcb~~b|.$

5;$57 Hd e {b}q#fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd C"} Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ 'fe~ihf~

odb|d e} C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$( phaf qgfh~ ifqqf~ aeqfa 56qg E{~hi) >;55 ge}

~f{ihfa e} vdaf~:

.Hq h} e ceqqf~ b` ~fmb~a qgeq cb}q b` qgf e{{ihmedq} gea qgf afceda a~e`q} ~feaxeda af{b}hqfa qgf }ecf bd 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;< eda hd cb}q me}f} cvmg {~hb~ qbqgf Mbc{edx af{b}hqhdl qgf }ecf$



#5=<#

@v~qgf~) hd ~fieqhbd qb qgf uvf~x e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf afceda a~e`q} `b~ qgf ihmfd}f`ff} }vnchqqfa bd 5;qg Jedve~x) >;;< |f~f a~e|d `~bc [vdjen Deqhbdei Nedo hdCvcneh) |f gepf qb }vnchq qgeq hd `emq qgf afceda a~e`q |e} a~e|d bd qgf[vdjen Deqhbdei Nedo hd Df| Afigh) e {gbqbmb{x b` qgf }ecf h} eddfwfa e}Eddfwv~f#< gf~fqb.$

5;$58 Bd qgf }m~vqhdx b` qgf }eha AA qgf Mbcchqqff `bvda qgeq qgbvlg qgfx gea

uvf}qhbdfa enbvq k 6; m~b~f AA a~e|d bd [DN) Cvcneh qgfx |f~f `v~dh}gfa |hqg e

mb{x b` Nedof~,} Mgfuvf aeqfa 8$5$>;;7 a~e|d bd ]NH) Df| Afigh `b~ k >;=$00 m~b~f$

5;$>; Qgf af{b}hqhbd b` `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI ~fle~ahdl qgf pe~hbv} h}}vf} enbvq qgf

b{f~eqb~} hdqf~#eihe |e} e}:

’]h~) hd qgf me}f b` ]|ed) qgf ~vif} |f~f mgedlfa$ Hd >;;8) hq h} pf~x mife~ qgeq

xbv meddbq }fii xbv~ fuvhqx) |gfqgf~ hq h} ihmfd}f b~ fuvhqx–$

5;$>5 Bd nfhdl {bhdqfaix qbia qgeq qgf~f |e} e ah``f~fdmf nfq|ffd fuvhqx eda ihmfd}f)

qgf `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI eaafa:

’]h~) H ec e|e~f b` hq$ Hd qgf me}f b` ]|ed) qgf fuvhqx |e} }bia eda qgfd qgf`~f}g fuvhqx |e} ei}b h}}vfa$ Qgfd) e ~f`f~fdmf |e} ceaf {b}q `emqb |gfqgf~ hqh} ~hlgq b~ |~bdl$ ]b) qgf eaphmf b` qgf Mbc{edx Ie| Nbe~a |e} qeofd |gfqgf~ qgf h}}vedmf b` `~f}g fuvhqx h} dbq }fiihdl qgf fuvhqx$ Qgf h}}vedmf b` `~f}g}ge~f} h} dbq }fiihdl qgf fuvhqx–$

5;$>> \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff |edqfa qb odb| qgf dvcnf~ b` Mbc{edhf} |gb gea qeofd

qgf ihmfd}f) }bia qgfh~ fuvhqx eda gea dbq }bia qgf ihmfd}f eda qgf eqqehdcfdq b` qgf

hdqfdafa mbc{fqhqhbd) qgf `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI af{b}fa e} vdaf~:

Qgfx gepf }bia {e~q b` qgf fuvhqx) |ghmg cfed} ib}hdl }bcf mbdq~bi$ Qgfd qgf~fgepf nffd h}}vedmf b` `~f}g }ge~f}) |ghmg ieqf~ bd bdix qgf Lbpf~dcfdqmie~h`hfa qgeq hq h} {f~ch}}hnif nfmev}f hq h} dbq }fiihdl qgf fuvhqx$ Gb|fpf~) H gepflhpfd e meimvieqhbd hd cx ~f}{bd}f qgeq ## ieqf~ bd nfmev}f hq lbf} hdqb qgf}ge~fgbiaf~} {~fchvc emmbvdq ## bdf med lfq nbdv} }ge~f} eda qgfd bdf medh}}vf qgb}f nbdv} }ge~f} qb me}g hq b~ ceof {~b`hq}$

Eda ei}b qgf uvf}qhbd h} qgeq qgf }{fmq~vc b~ qgf mbc{fqhqhbd |ghmg |e}}v{{b}fa qb gepf nffd n~bvlgq hd h} dbq qgf~f$ Fqh}eieq) qgf~f e~f db mv}qbcf~}?Ibb{) qgf~f e~f db mv}qbcf~}? Phafbmbd) qgf~f e~f H qghdo enbvq =;);;;mv}qbcf~}? qgf bdix q|b mbc{edhf} |ghmg gepf }bcf mv}qbcf~} e~f ]gxec]h}qfce eda Vdhmb~d) enbvq `hpf qb }hw chiihbd femg$ Bqgf~|h}f) qgf ~f}q b` qgfihmfd}ff} gepf db mv}qbcf~}$ Hq h} ei}b gv~qhdl hd xfq edbqgf~ |ex nfmev}f qgf}{fmq~vc mge~lf |ghmg |f lfq h} bd qgf EL^ 'Eddvei L~b}} ^fpfdvf() edaqgfd mbcf} Eajv}qfa L~b}} ^fpfdvf$ Hq h} `h~}q Eddvei L~b}} ^fpfdvf eda qgfd



#5=7#

Eajv}qfa L~b}} ^fpfdvf$ Db|) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq h} ib}hdl qgf }{fmq~vc mge~lf)qgf Lbpf~dcfdq h} ib}hdl qgf ihmfdmf `ff}) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |ghmg }gbvia gepflbq }f~phmf mge~lf) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq h} ib}hdl hq$ Qgf~f h} edbqgf~ }fq b` hdav}q~x|ghmg h} |edqhdl qgeq }{fmq~vc$ Qgfh~ ~fpfdvf} e~f è~ ghlgf~ eda qgfLbpf~dcfdq |bvia gepf nfdf`hqfa$ ]b) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qbaex h} ib}hdl eda

ib}hdl bd eii mbvdq}$ @h~}q) xbv }fii ihmfdmf hd >;;< eq >;;5 {~hmf af}{hqf eiifmbdbchm hdahmeqb~} }exhdl qgeq hq h} dbq ~hlgq$ Qgfd) xbv ib}f bvq lbhdl `b~|e~abd qgf ~fpfdvf }ge~f) bd qgf }{fmq~vc mge~lf eda bd fpf~xqghdl fi}f$ Qgfd qgfnhllf}q {iedo qgeq xf} |f |hii n~hdl hd cb~f mbc{fqhqhbd$ \gf~f h} qgfmbc{fqhqhbd2 Qgf~f h} db mbc{fqhqhbd$ Hq h} qgf fwh}qhdl {iexf~} |gb e~f ~feiix)~feiix me{qv~hdl qgf ce~ofq–$

5;$>= \gfd }{fmh`hmeiix e}ofa nx qgf Mbcchqqff qgeq }ge~f} b` e Mbc{edx mbvia dbq

nf }bia |hqghd qg~ff xfe~} e} qgf~f |e} e ibmo hd {f~hba eda gb| aha }bcf mbc{edhf}

}fii |hqghd }hw cbdqg}) qgf `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI af{b}fa e} vdaf~:

’E`qf~ eii qgh} ge{{fdfa) hd qgf ]|ed eda qgf Vdhqfmg) qgf}f e~f qgf q|b mie}}hmme}f}) eii qgf mbddfmqfa fw#{b}q èmqb e{{~bpei} |f~f qeofd$ Nvq) xf}) qgf ibmohd {f~hba) qgf ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}) fqm$ |f~f qgf~f$ Hd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` qgfQÊH hd >;;< eda fpfd {~fphbv}ix) qgfx |f~f qgf~f$ Nvq qgfx |f~f eii lhpfd elb#nx) nfmev}f }fiihdl b` }ge~f} |e} q~feqfa ah``f~fdqix `~bc qgf h}}vedmf b` `~f}g fuvhqx$ Qgf uvf}qhbd h} qgeq af}{hqf }b cedx ifqqf~}) }hc{if hdafweqhbd)qgfx aha dbq ab–$

5;$>1 Fienb~eqhdl bd qgf enbpf h}}vf eda mie~h`xhdl enbvq qgf ah}{b}ei b` e{{ihmeqhbd}

qgf `b~cf~ MCA) P]DI hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa e} vdaf~:

’]bcf b` qgf e{{ihmeqhbd} e~f dbq xfq ah}{b}fa$ Qgb}f |ghmg |f~f ah}{b}fa|f~f v{ qb >6qg b` ]f{qfcnf~$

Qgf uvf}qhbd gf~f h}) qgf Chdh}qf~ }ex} qgeq qgf~f |e} db me{ nvq gf geaei~feax e{{ihfa e me{ eda qgeq h} qgf ceqqf~ |ghmg |e} qeofd nx qgf Ghlg Mbv~qeda ge} nffd q~feqfa e} pvidf~enif e~nhq~e~x e{{ihmeqhbd$ Qgeq ge} ei}b nffdv{gfia nx qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q$

Bd >da Dbpfcnf~) >;;< qgf ~f}{bd}f |e} `~bc qgf Chdh}qf~ qgeq qgh} |e}db me{ nvq qgf me{ gea nffd e{{ihfa$ Qgf~f e~f q|b ifqqf~} eda qgf ~f}{bd}f|fdq qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ qgf }ecf aex–$

N$ ^f{~f}fdqeqhbd} b` }bcf Mbc{edhf} elehd}q qgf Evahq hdahdl}



#5=8#

5;$>6 C"} Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [~hpeqf Ihchqfa) phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa 57$55$>;5;) qb

Gbd‘nif [~hcf Chdh}qf~ gea }vnchqqfa qgfh~ phf|} bd qgf `hdahdl}"bn}f~peqhbd} ceaf hd

qgf }eha MEL ^f{b~q bd `biib|hdl {e~e}:

’'e( Mie~h hmeqhbd bd [e~e db$ 1$<$= b` qgf MEL ^f{b~q ~fle~ahdl eiqf~eqhbd b`

CBE |hqg ~f}{fmq qb Qfifmbc emqhphqx e} {e~q b` cehd bnjfmq miev}f edaecfdacfdq hd CEE |hqg ~f}{fmq qb evqgb~hzfa }ge~f me{hqei) e`qf~ qgfaeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$

'n( Mie~h hmeqhbd bd [e~e db$ 1$<$1$0 b` MEL ^f{b~q ~fle~ahdl phbieqhbd b` }vn}qedqhei fuvhqx miev}f nx C"} ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Iqa$) bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$

'm( Mie~h`hmeqhbd bd [e~e db$ 1$<$1$0$> b` MEL ^f{b~q ~fle~ahdl mbvdqhdl b` dfq|b~qg b` C"} ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Iqa$) `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfd}f} qb]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa–$

AbQ hd qgfh~ mbccfdq} qb qgf enbpf gepf }qeqfa e} vdaf~:

’'e( Ne}fa bd qgf }eha MEL ~f{b~q) }gb| mev}f dbqhmf} gepf nffd h}}vfa qbC"}$ Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ `b~ qf~chdeqhbd b` qgf Vdh`hfaEmmf}} ]f~phmf} 'VE]( ihmfdmf} h}}vfa hd qgf xfe~ >;;7$ ^f{ix b` qgfmbc{edx h} e|ehqfa `b~ `v~qgf~ emqhbd hd qgf ceqqf~$ Qgf~f`b~f) eq qgh}

jvdmqv~f) AbQ h} dbq hd e {b}hqhbd qb mbccfdq bd qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhbd b` qgfmbc{edx$

'n( Qgf mbccfdq} `~bc Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E``eh~} gepf nffd ~fmfhpfa hdqgf ceqqf~$ Phaf qgfh~ BC Db$ ="8>">;5;"MI#HH aeqfa >1qg Afmfcnf~) >;5; >5}q Afmfcnf~) >;5;$

'm( E} {f~ qgf mf~qh`hmeqf }vnchqqfa nx C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$) qgf

dfq|b~qg b` C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa hq}fi` |e} 'k 55;;$>7 m~b~f( cb~fqged qgf ~fuvh~fa dfq|b~qg b` k 5;=; m~b~f `b~ l~edq b` 5= VE] ihmfdmf} qbqgf mbc{edx$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgf dfq|b~qg b` C"}$ ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Iqa$ |e}dbq qeofd hdqb mbd}haf~eqhbd |ghif l~edqhdl VE] ihmfdmf} qb qgf C"}$]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa–$

5;$>0 C"} ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd Iqa$ phaf ifqqf~} aeqfa >0$55$>;5; gea }vnchqqfa

qgfh~ phf|} bd qgf `hdahdl}"bn}f~peqhbd} ceaf hd qgf MEL ^f{b~q bd `biib|hdl h}}vf}:

'h( Mie~h hmeqhbd bd qgf MEL‘} bn}f~peqhbd} bd hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~hzfa}ge~f me{hqei b` ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ hd Ce~mg >;;<$

'hh( Mie~h`hmeqhbd bd qgf MEL‘} bn}f~peqhbd} ~fle~ahdl dbd `vi hiicfdq b` qgf~fuvh~fcfdq b` dfq |b~qg nx ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$

'hhh( Mie~h hmeqhbd bd qgf MEL‘} bn}f~peqhbd} ~fle~ahdl gbiahdl b` }vn}qedqheifuvhqx nx ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Iqa$ hd ]|ed Qfifmbc Iqa$ bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd$



#51;#

'hp( Mie~h`hmeqhbd bd qgf MEL‘} bn}f~peqhbd} qb qf~c ]|ed Qfifmbc Iqa$) e}e `~bdq mbc{edx b` Q^I–$

5;$>< Qgf mbccfdq} b` AbQ hd qgh} ~fle~a e~f e} vdaf~:

’Qgf h}}vf} ~eh}fa nx C"} ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$ e~f ihdofa qb l~edq b` VE] ihmfdmf} qb C"} Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ '`b~cf~ix ]|edQfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$() |f~f bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd ';>$;=$>;;<() C"}$ ^fihedmfQfifmbc Iqa$ |e} gephdl }bcf fuvhqx }qeof hd C"}$ ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ E}}qeqfa fe~ihf~) ne}fa bd qgf }eha MEL ~f{b~q) }gb| mev}f dbqhmf} gepf nffdh}}vfa qb C"}$ Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ `b~ qf~chdeqhbd b` qgf Vdh`hfaEmmf}} ]f~phmf} 'VE]( ihmfdmf} h}}vfa hd qgf xfe~ >;;7$ ^f{ix b` C"} Fqh}eieqAN Qfifmbc Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$ h} e|ehqfa `b~ `v~qgf~ emqhbd hd qgf ceqqf~$ Qgf~f`b~f)eq qgh} jvdmqv~f) AbQ h} dbq hd e {b}hqhbd qb mbccfdq bd qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhbd b` C"}$ ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$

E} {f~ qgf mf~qh`hmeqf }vnchqqfa nx C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$) qgf dfq|b~qg b` C"}$ ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ hq}fi` |e} ' k 55;;$>7 m~b~f( cb~f qged qgf ~fuvh~fadfq|b~qg b` k 5;=; m~b~f `b~ l~edq b` 5= VE] ihmfdmf} qb qgf mbc{edx$Qgf~f`b~f) qgf dfq|b~qg b` C"}$ ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Iqa$ |e} dbq qeofd hdqbmbd}haf~eqhbd |ghif l~edqhdl VE] Ihmfdmf} qb qgf C"}$ ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$Qgf mbccfdq} `~bc Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E``eh~} gepf nffd ~fmfhpfa hd qgfceqqf~–$

5;$>7 Qb e uvf~x enbvq qgf ~bif b` ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd hd qgf `b~ceqhbd b` ]|ed

Qfifmbc) qgf Mgeh~ced) ^fihedmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$ hd gh} |~hqqfd }vnch}}hbd ge}

}qeqfa e}:’\hqg ~f}{fmq qb qgf `b~ceqhbd b` ]|ed Qfifmbc) hq h} qb mbd`h~c qgeq qgf mbc{edxvdaf~ qgf decf ]|ed Me{hqei [~hpeqf Ihchqfa |e} hdmb~{b~eqfa bdix bd 5= qg Jvix >;;0)|ghmg |e} mgedlfa qb ]|ed Qfifmbc bd 56 qg @fn~ve~x) >;;<$ Qgf }ge~fgbiaf~} bd qgfaeqf b` hdmb~{b~eqhbd b` qgf mbc{edx h$f$5= qg Jvix >;;0 |f~f e} vdaf~:

]ge~fgbiaf~ Fuvhqx }ge~f b` }$ 5; femg[b|f~ ]v~`f~ Hdqf~emqhpf 'Hdahe( [pq$ Iqa$ 1)888^fihedmf Fdf~lx Cedelfcfdq ]f~phmf}[pq$ Iqa

6);;;

Ghced}gv Ele~|ei 5Qbqei 5;);;;

Qgf}f }ge~fgbiaf~} }bia qgfh~ fdqh~f }ge~fgbiahdl hd ]|ed Qfifmbc qb Qhlf~ Q~v}qff}[~hpeqf Ihchqfa '`b~cf~ix odb|d e} Qhlf~ Q~eaf~} [~hpeqf Ihchqfa($ Hd qgh} ceddf~)Qhlf~ Q~v}qff} [~hpeqf Ihchqfa nfmecf 5;;& b|df~ b` ]|ed Qfifmbc bd qgeq aeqf$]|ed Qfifmbc ei}b h}}vfa =;);;);;; `~f}g fuvhqx }ge~f} bd >> da Jedve~x >;;<) b` |ghmg ><) ;=);;; fuvhqx }ge~f} |f~f h}}vfa qb Qhlf~ Q~v}qff} [~hpeqf} Ihchqfa eda>)8<);;; fuvhqx }ge~f} |f~f h}}vfa qb ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Ihchqfa–$



#515#

5;$=5 Hd e {b}q fphafdmf ~f{ix ceaf qb qgf Mbcchqqff bd qgf eiifleqhbd ~fle~ahdl

nv}hdf}} emqhphqx hd qgf cehd bnjfmq miev}f b` CBE e} {bhdqfa bvq hd qgf Evahq ^f{b~q)

C"} Vdhqfmg \h~fif}} 'Qechi Deav( [pq$ Iqa$ gepf }qeqfa qgeq e} {f~ qgf VE]I

lvhafihdf} qgf~f |e} db ~fuvh~fcfdq qb gepf qfifmbc emqhphqx e} {e~q b` qgf CBE eq qgf

qhcf b` e{{ixhdl `b~ ihmfdmf$ @v~qgf~) AbQ ifqqf~ aeqfa 5;5>$>;;< `b~ qgf `h~}q qhcf

}qh{vieqfa }vnch}}hbd b` e mf~qh`hmeqf qb qgf f``fmq qgeq qfifmbc emqhphqx"nv}hdf}} |e} e

{e~q b` qgf bnjfmq} `b~ |ghmg qgf mbc{edx |e} f}qenih}gfa emmb~ahdl qb hq} CBE eda

EBE$

5;$=> Bd qgf h}}vf b` [eha#v{ Me{hqei) C"} Vdhqfmg \h~fif}} 'Qechi Deav( [pq$ Iqa$ hd

qgfh~ }vnch}}hbd ceaf qb qgf Mbcchqqff gepf }qeqfa qgeq qgf ^BM abf} dbq h}}vf edxmf~qh`hmeqf ~fmb~ahdl qgf hdm~fe}f hd qgf evqgb~hzfa }ge~f me{hqei eda `v~qgf~ eaafa e}:

.\f e~f dbq e|e~f |gfqgf~ qghf~f h} edx ~fmb~aei aeqfa 7$5;$>;;<"55$5;$>;;<e} eiiflfa hd qgf MEL ^f{b~q$ †† † hdm~fe}f hd evqgb~hzfa me{hqei h} f``fmqhpfe} }bbd e} qgf }ge~fgbiaf~}, ~f}bivqhbd h} {e}}fa eda qgeq qbb) `~bc qgf aeqf b` }vmg ~f}bivqhbd eda hq abf} dbq ~fuvh~f ed e``h~ceqhbd b~ ~fmb~aei nx qgf ^bM qbn~hdl hq hdqb f``fmq.$

M$ Bqgf~ Mie~h`hmeqhbd} ~bc qgf AbQ"Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E``eh~}$

5;$== Bd nfhdl }{fmh hmeiix e}ofa e} qb gb| qgf Af{e~qcfdq {~b{b}fa qb `hw

~f}{bd}hnhihqx bd qgf B``hmf~} |gb `ehifa qb fd`b~mf qb qgf ne}hm fihlhnhihqx mbdahqhbd} b`

qgf Mbc{edhf} qgeq |f~f l~edqfa ihmfdmf"]{fmq~vc mev}hdl gvlf ib}} qb qgf

Fwmgfuvf~) hq ge} nffd }vnchqqfa e} vdaf~:

’Pe~hbv} elfdmhf} e~f hdpf}qhleqhdl qgf ceqqf~$ Edx b``hmhei `bvda qb gepf nffddflihlfdq hd ah}mge~lhdl gh} avqhf} b~ hd mbiiv}hbd |hqg mbc{edhf} hd {f~{fq~eqhdl`~eva"ch}~f{~f}fdqeqhbd nx qgf mbc{edhf}) qgfd }vhqenif emqhbd |hii nf qeofd e}{f~ ~vif–$

5;$=1 Qgf Mbcchqqff |ghif }m~vqhdhzhdl qgf }vnjfmq `bvda qgeq qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx hd qgfh~ hdqf~dei dbqhdl} gea ~eh}fa qgf

h}}vf b` h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf qb C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ eda e ~f`f~fdmf |e} ei}b

a~e|d qb e }qeda qeofd hd e }hchie~ me}f$ [e~e = b` qgf Chdh}q~x dbqf aeqfa 5>$;>$>;;8

}qeqf} e} vdaf~:

’Hd e }hchie~ hd}qedmf |gf~f e mbc{iehdq gea nffd ~fmfhpfa nx qgh} af{e~qcfdqhd ~f}{fmq b` l~edq b` VE] Ihmfdmf qb C"}$ Ibb{ Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ ~fle~ahdl



#51>#

eiiflfa phbieqhbd b` qgf }vn}qedqhei fuvhqx miev}f 7 b` VE] Lvhafihdf} nx C"}$Ibb{ Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ vdaf~ e Mb~{b~eqf pfhi) qgf ~f`f~fdmf ge} nffd }fdq qbChdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E`èh~} 'phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa ;6$;7$;7 eq ="m( `b~ fwechdeqhbd|gf~fhd hq h} hd`b~cfa nx qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E` eh~} qgeq qgfx e~ffwechdhdl qgf ceqqf~–$

@v~qgf~ qgf }eha dbqf qgeq |e} {vq v{ ei}b }qeqfa e}:

’Hd phf| b` enbpf) Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E`èh~} cex nf ~fuvf}qfa qb fwechdfqgf ceqqf~ eda mbccfdq |gfqgf~ qgf miev}f 7 b` VE]I lvhafihdf} aeqfa51$5>$>;;6 ~fle~ahdl ‗}vn}qedqhei fuvhqx‘ gepf nffd phbieqfa vdaf~ edxmb~{b~eqf pfhi e} {f~ A@E eq 6"m {ife}f–$

5;$=6 Gb|fpf~) qgf `hif dbqhdl} enbvq qgf afmh}hbd qeofd nx qgf Chdh}qf~ }gb|}:

’Ah}mv}}fa |hqg ]fm~fqe~x'Q( |hqg AAL 'E]#H( iflei eaphmf cex nf bnqehdfa–$

5;$=0 Qgf AAL 'E]#H( hd gh} dbqf aeqfa 6$;>$>;;8 gea }qeqfa e} vdaf~:

’Qgf ceqqf~ |e} ah}mv}}fa |hqg ]fm~fqe~x'Q( hd qgf {~f}fdmf b` Cfcnf~'Q( eda}f{e~eqfix hd e cffqhdl |hqg Cfcnf~'Q( eda IE'Q($ Qgf h}}vf b` eiiflfaphbieqhbd b` }vn}qedqhei fuvhqx miev}f h$f$ miev}f 7 b` VE] ihmfdmf lvhafihdf}aeqfa 51$5>$>;;6 nx C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ e} bd aeqf b` qgfh~ e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE] ihmfd}f}) ge} nffd ~eh}fa nx A~$ E~phda Lv{qe hdgh} \~hq [fqhqhbd 'Mhphi( Db$ <756 b` >;;7 nf`b~f Gbd‘nif Ghlg mbv~q b` Afigh hdqgf ceqqf~ b` A~$ E~phda Lv{qe P"} Vdhbd b` Hdahe$ Ife~dfa ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe eibdl |hqg ]g~h Phoe} ]hdlg) ]~$ Eapbmeqf '`b~cf~ E]L b` Hdahe( eda ]g~h]edjex Gflaf) Eapbmeqf e~f af`fdahdl qgf me}f b` nfgei` b` Vdhbd b` Hdahe hd

qgf Ghlg Mbv~q b` Afigh$ ]hdmf qgf ceqqf~ h} }vnjvahmf hd qgf Gbd‘nif Ghlg Mbv~qb` Afigh) hq h} af}h~enif qgeq |f cex }ffo b{hdhbd b` Ife~dfa ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe hd qgh} me}f `b~ `v~qgf~ emqhbd qb nf qeofd nx AbQ–$

5;$=< Qgf ]fm~fqe~x'Q( dbqfa hd qgf `hif qgeq ’Qg~bvlg qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| |f cex

~f`f~ qgf ceqqf~ qb ]L–$ Qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda Hd`b~ceqhbd Qfmgdbiblx

ah~fmqfa qgeq ’Cex nf }fdq qb ]L ah~fmqix }hdmf qgf me}f} e~f ~f{~f}fdqfa nx ghc

nf`b~f qgf QA]Q eda bqgf~ Jvahmhei @b~vc} hdmivahdl GM Afigh–$

5;$=7 ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei b` Hdahe hd gh} b{hdhbd aeqfa >1">6 Ce~mg) >;;8 mbdmivahdl

qgeq qgf e{{ihmedq} `vi`hiifa eii qgf dfmf}}e~x mbdahqhbd} meddbq ~feiix nf èviqfa hdqf~#

eihe e} vdaf~:

’Nf qgeq e} hq cex) nx e mbccvdhmeqhbd aeqfa 5> Afmfcnf~ >;;<) C"} ]|edQfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ lepf eii qgf dfmf}}e~x mie~h`hmeqhbd}) }vnchqqhdl {bhdq#|h}fmie~h hmeqhbd}"hd`b~ceqhbd"}v{{b~qhdl abmvcfdq}$ Eii qgf abmvcfdq} |f~fqgf~fe`qf~ {~bmf}}fa$ Qgf èmq qgeq ^fihedmf Qfifmbc Ihchqfa |e} db ibdlf~



#51=#

hdpbipfa |hqg qgf e{{ihmedq |e} }{fmh`hmeiix dbqfa$ Qgf mbd}haf~eqhbd h} uvhqffwqfd}hpf eda afqehifa$ @hdeiix qgf ]fm~fqe~x dbqfa) bd 8 Jedve~x) >;;7) qgeqqgfx `vi`hiifa eii qgf ~fuvh}hqf mbdahqhbd} eda IBH cex nf e{{~bpfa$ Qgh} |e}e{{~bpfa nx qgf Gbd‘nif Chdh}qf~ bd 8 Jedve~x >;;7$

Hd qgf mh~mvc}qedmf}) cx b{hdhbd h} }bvlgq e} qb |gfqgf~ qgh} ceqqf~ }gbvia nf~f`f~~fa qb qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Mbc{edx E`èh~}$ \gfqgf~ qgf e{{ihmeqhbd e}b~hlhdeiix `hifa |e} hd b~af~ b~ dbq |e} qgf }vnjfmq ceqqf~ b` ahpf~lfdq b{hdhbd}eda e phf| gea ei~feax nffd qeofd qgeq h` ~fle~a nf lhpfd qb qgf fuvhqx }ge~fme{hqei hd qgf mbc{edx) qgf e{{ihmeqhbd mbvia dbq nf }eha qb nf hd phbieqhbd b` Miev}f 7$ Hd edx me}f) nf`b~f qgf mbc{edx |e} e}ofa qb h}}vf mie~h`hmeqhbd}) bdhq} b|d qgf e{{ihmedq lepf `vii {e~qhmvie~} b` qgf }ge~fgbiahdl phaf qgf }eha ifqqf~ aeqfa < Afmfcnf~) >;;<$ Hq ei}b }vnchqqfa `v~qgf~ mie~h hmeqhbd} bd 5>Afmfcnf~ >;;<$ Qgf `hif }gb|} qgeq qgf~f ge} nffd e `vii mbd}haf~eqhbd b` eii~fifpedq ceqf~hei eda qgf mbdmiv}hbd qgeq qgf e{{ihmedq} `vi hiifa eii qgfdfmf}}e~x mbdahqhbd} meddbq ~feiix nf èviqfa$

5;$=8 Gb|fpf~) qgf AbQ hd qgfh~ dbqf} aeqfa =;$;=$>;;8 eda 5$1$>;;8 |ghif }ffohdl

{f~ch}}hbd qb ~f`f~ qgf ceqqf~ qb qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E`èh~} `b~ hdpf}qhleqhbd gea

{vq`b~qg e} vdaf~:

’A~e`q eq 6"m ge} nffd fwechdfa |hqg ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf aeqf b` }vnch}}hbd b` e{{ihmeqhbd} `b~ l~edq b` VE] Ihmfdmf} nx C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc Iqa$ Qgfe{{ihmeqhbd} |f~f }vnchqqfa bd >=$;5$>;;< eda ;>$;=$>;;<$ Qgf afqehi} b` }ge~f gbiahdl {eqqf~d |e} e} cfdqhbdfa hd qgf a~e`q eq 6"m$ Qgf }ecf med nf~f`f~~fa qb Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E`èh~} `b~ hdpf}qhleqhbd–$

5;$1; Qgf AAL 'E]#H( hd gh} }fi`#mbdqehdfa dbqf aeqfa 8$;1$>;;8 {vq`b~qg qgf

`biib|hdl:

’Hd phf| b` qgf èmq} afqehifa hd {e~e 5 enbpf eda qgf iflei b{hdhbd b` Ia$ ]$L$ hd{e~e > enbpf) phaf dbqf 8#5;D) qgf ceqqf~ |e} }vnchqqfa `b~ afmh}hbd |gfqgf~ qgf }eha eiifleqhbd}) |hqg ~fle~a qb phbieqhbd b` miev}f 7 b` VE] lvhafihdf} aeqfa51$5>$>;;6 nx C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ bd qgf aeqf b` e{{ihmeqhbd'}( vdaf~ edx mb~{b~eqf pfhi) dffa fwechdeqhbd nx Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E` eh~} edambd}haf~eqhbd b` A@E eq 6"m$ Eq 5;"D) AAL'E]#H( dbqfa qgeq eachdh}q~eqhpfafmh}hbd bd enbpf cex nf qeofd hd phf| b` b{hdhbd b` Ia$ ]L bd 0#7"D$ Eq 55"D)qgf a~e`q eq 6"m |e} fwechdfa nx qgf @hdedmf N~edmg |gf~fhd Cfcnf~'@( dbqfa

qgeq A~e`q eq 6"m bd qgf }vnjfmq cex nf ~f`f~~fa qb Chdh}q~x b` Mb~{b~eqf E`èh~}`b~ hdpf}qhleqhbd$ Eq 55"D) ]fm~fqe~x'Q( ah~fmqfa `b~ e }fi` mbdqehdfa Dbqf ne}fabd ]L‘} b{hdhbd `b~ CBM–$

5;$15 ^f{~bavmhdl qgf b{hdhbd b` Ia$ ]L 'phaf gh} dbqf} aeqfa >6$;=$>;;8( hd qgf

}vn}fuvfdq {e~e) qgf AAL'E]#H( }vnchqqfa `b~ mbd}haf~eqhbd eda eachdh}q~eqhpf

afmh}hbd |gfqgf~ e ~f`f~fdmf |e} dffafa qb nf ceaf qb CbME$ Qb qgh}) qgf ]fm~fqe~x



#511#

'Q( hd gh} dbqhdl} aeqfa 5<$;1$>;;8 }qeqf} qgeq hd phf| b` qgf b{hdhbd b` ]L db }vmg

~f`f~fdmf |e} ~fuvh~fa$ Qgf {~b{b}ei |e} e{{~bpfa nx qgf Chdh}qf~ bd 57$;1$>;;8$

5;$1> \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff }bvlgq qb odb| qgf b{hdhbd b` Eqqb~dfx Lfdf~ei `b~ Hdahe

~fle~ahdl |gfqgf~ qgf ceqqf~ b` eiiflfa phbieqhbd b` }vn}qedqhei fuvhqx miev}f nx C"}

]|ed }gbvia gepf nffd ~f`f~~fa qb qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Mbc{edx E`èh~}) gf ge} b{hdfa

e} `biib|}:

.]hdmf qgf ceqqf~ |e} }vnjvahmf eda }hdmf qgf ihmfd}f gea nffd h}}vfa bpf~ exfe~ elb) H |e} b` qgf b{hdhbd qgeq eq qgeq }qelf hq |e} dbq dfmf}}e~x qb ceofedx `v~qgf~ ~f`f~fdmf qb qgf Chdh}q~x b` Mbc{edx E`èh~} }hdmf emmb~ahdl qb qgfAf{e~qcfdq qgf~f gea nffd `vii eda fwgev}qhpf mbd}haf~eqhbd} b` qgf èmq} b` qgf me}f$ H |e} dbq meiifa v{bd qb b{hdf e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf e{{ihmeqhbd b` ]|edQfifmbc |e} {~b{f~ b~ |geq qgf }ge~fgbiahdl b` ]|ed |e}$ H gepf dfpf~

.mife~fa. qgf e{{ihmeqhbd b` ]|ed.$

5;$1= Bd nfhdl }{fmh`hmeiix e}ofa e} qb |gx hq |e} dbq mbd}haf~fa e{{~b{~heqf qb ~f`f~

qgf me}f qb Chdh}q~x b` Mbc{edx E`èh~} af}{hqf dbqf} `~bc AbQ mife~ix n~hdhdl bvq

~fe}bd} `b~ qgf }ecf) gf hd gh} |~hqqfd }vnch}}hbd ge} }qeqfa e}:

.Qgf h}}vf ~eh}fa nf`b~f cf aha dbq ~fieqf qb qgf eiiflfa phbieqhbd b` qgf}vn}qedqhei fuvhqx miev}f.$

5;$11 Qb e {bhdqfa uvf~x enbvq gh} b{hdhbd bd qgf fihlhnhihqx b` qgf }eha Mbc{edx) gf

ge} }vnchqqfa e} vdaf~:

.Db$ Qgf b{hdhbd |e} bd qgf e}{fmq b` `vqv~f mbv~}f b` emqhbd hd phf| b` qgf{fdahdl ihqhleqhbd.$

A$ QÊH‘} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` Dbpfcnf~) >;5; `b~ medmfiieqhbd b` qgfihmfdmf} b` }bcf mbc{edhf}$

5;$16 QÊH hd qgfh~ ifqqf~ qb AbQ hd Dbpfcnf~) >;5; gea }qeqfa qgeq hd {v~}vedmf b`

}fmqhbd 55'5('n('h( b` qgf QÊH Emq 588< 'e} ecfdafa() QÊH gea }bvlgq mbc{ihedmf b`

ihmfdmf qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} {f~qehdhdl qb ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}) `~bc eii qgf ]f~phmf

[~bphaf~} |gb gea nffd h}}vfa ihmfd}f} `~bc Afmfcnf~) >;;0 bd|e~a}$

5;$10 QÊH gea edeix}fa qgf ~f{b~q} }vnchqqfa nx qgf ihmfd}ff} eda `bvda qgeq |ghif

}bcf ihmfd}ff} gea mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}) qgf~f |f~f qgb}f |gb gea

dbq mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} eq eii$ Cb}q ihmfd}ff} gea mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf



#516#

~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} nvq |hqg afiex 'hdmivahdl afiex nfxbda 6> |ffo} `~bc qgf avf aeqf

b` mbc{ihedmf($

5;$1< QÊH meqflb~hzfa qgfc e} `biib|}:

Meqflb~x ]vnjfmq 5 >

E Ihmfd}ff} |gb

mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf ~bii

bvq bnihleqhbd}

]eqh}èmqb~x Dbq ]eqh}èmqb~x

N Nvq |hqg afiex v{qb

6> |ffo}


M Nvq |hqg afiex

hdpbiphdl cb~f qged

6> |ffo}


A Ihmfd}ff} |gb gepf

dbq mbc{ihfa |hqg qgf

~bii bvq bnihleqhbd

[f~hba b` 6>

|ffo} `~bc qgf

avf aeqf b`

mbc{ihedmf gea

dbq xfq fw{h~fa

[f~hba b` 6> |ffo}

`~bc qgf avf aeqf

b` mbc{ihedmf ge}

fw{h~fa b~ }f~phmf

ge} dbq nffd

}qe~qfa fpfd qgbvlg

~flh}q~eqhbd ge}

nffd |hqg qgf

QF^C mfii$

5;$17 QÊH uvbqhdl miev}f =6 b` qgf ihmfdmf mbdahqhbd} |ghmg {~bphafa `b~ hc{b}hqhbd

b` Ihuvhaeqfa Aecelf}"Medmfiieqhbd hd me}f b` afiex"dbd#mbc{ihedmf b` ~biibvq

bnihleqhbd} ~fuvf}qfa AbQ qb qeof hccfaheqf dfmf}}e~x emqhbd e} `biib|}:

.'h( Meqflb~x E>#Medmfiieqhbd b` ihmfd}f} dffa} qb nf }f~hbv}ix mbd}haf~fa hdphf| b` dbd#vqhih}eqhbd b` }{fmq~vc eda ~f}viqedq ib}} b` ~fpfdvf qbfwmgfuvf~$ Qgh} cex gb|fpf~ ~fuvh~f iflei fwechdeqhbd$

'hh( Meqflb~x N>#Ihuvhaeqfa aecelf} cex nf hc{b}fa e} {f~ ihmfdmfmbdahqhbd}$ Nf}haf}) Medmfiieqhbd b` ihmfd}f} dffa} qb nf }f~hbv}ixmbd}haf~fa hd phf| b` dbd#vqhih}eqhbd b` }{fmq~vc eda ~f}viqedq ib}} b` ~fpfdvf qb fwmgfuvf~$ Qgh} cex gb|fpf~ ~fuvh~f iflei fwechdeqhbd$

'hhh( Meqflb~hf} M> eda A>#Ihmfd}f} cex nf medmfiifa e} {f~ ihmfdmfmbdahqhbd} hd eaahqhbd qb ifpx b` ihuvhaeqfa aecelf}.$



#510#

5;$18 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff fduvh~fa h` qgf Af{e~qcfdq gea h}}vfa }gb| mev}f

dbqhmf} qb qgf hdfihlhnif Mbc{edhf}"qgf Mbc{edhf} |gb èhifa qb cffq qgfh~ ~bii bvq

bnihleqhbd}) e`qf~ lfqqhdl VE] ihmfd}f}">L ]{fmq~vc hd Jedve~x) >;;7) `b~ medmfiieqhbd

b` qgfh~ ihmfd}f}) qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd gepf ~f{ihfa e}:

’]gb| mev}f dbqhmf} `b~ qf~chdeqhbd b` VE] ihmfd}f} avf qb phbieqhbd b` ~biibvqbnihleqhbd mbdahqhbd} gepf nffd h}}vfa qb C"} Fqh}eieq AN Qfifmbc Hdahe [~hpeqfIqa$ `b~ Afigh Cvcneh }f~phmf e~fe} eda C"} ]hf}qfce ]gxec `b~ Of~eie)\f}q Nfdlei eda E}}ec }f~phmf e~fe}$ @bv~ cb~f me}f} e~f vdaf~ {~bmf}} b` e{{~bpei `b~ h}}vhdl qgf }gb| mev}f dbqhmf} qb ihmfd}ff} |gb lbq VE] ihmfd}fhd Jedve~x >;;7) `b~ qf~chdeqhbd b` ihmfd}f} avf qb phbieqhbd b` ~biibvq bnihleqhbdmbdahqhbd}$ Emqhbd hd ~f}{fmq b` bqgf~ }hchie~ix {iemfa me}f} h} nfhdl qeofd bdqgf }ecf ihdf}–$

5;$6; Qgf Mbcchqqff gea }bvlgq qb odb| |gx AbQ bd hq} b|d gea dbq qeofd edx

emqhbd elehd}q qgf afèviqhdl b{f~eqb~} |gfd eii qgf b{f~eqb~} |f~f ~fuvh~fa qb }vnchq

{~hce~x aeqe bd ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} qb AbQ `h~}q eda qgh} hd`b~ceqhbd |e} }vn}fuvfdqix

}fdq qb QÊH$ Qb qgh} AbQ ~f{ihfa e}:

.^fle~ahdl }vnch}}hbd b` hd`b~ceqhbd) VE] ihmfd}f mbdahqhbd dvcnf~ 8$5{~f}m~hnf}) ,Qgf IHMFD]FF }geii `v~dh}g qb qgf Ihmfd}b~"QÊH) bd afceda hdqgf ceddf~ eda e} {f~ qgf qhcf `~ecf} }vmg abmvcfdq}) emmbvdq}) f}qhceqf})~fqv~d}) ~f{b~q} b~ bqgf~ hd`b~ceqhbd hd emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf ~vif}" b~af~} e} cexnf {~f}m~hnfa `~bc qhcf qb qhcf$ Qgf IHMFD]FF }geii ei}b }vnchq hd`b~ceqhbdqb QÊH e} {f~ edx b~af~ b~ ah~fmqhbd b~ ~flvieqhbd h}}vfa `~bc qhcf qb qhcfvdaf~ qgf {~bph}hbd} b` QÊH Emq) 588< b~ ed ecfdafa b~ cbah`hfa }qeqvqf,$Gb|fpf~) qgf~f h} db }{fmh`hm {~bph}hbd hd qgf VE] ihmfd}f el~ffcfdq ~fle~ahdlaeqe" hd`b~ceqhbd qb nf }vnchqqfa qb AbQ `h~}q b~ phmf#pf~}e$ Emqhbd h} nfhdlhdhqheqfa `b~ hc{b}hqhbd b` ihuvhaeqfa aecelf}.$

F$ ] Qfi‘} |hqga~e|ei b` qgf me}f elehd}q AbQ$

5;$65 ]#Qfi gea }bvlgq uve}ghdl b` qgf [~f}} ^fife}f aeqfa 5;$;5$>;;7 |ghmg gea

af{~hpfa qgfc `~bc nfhdl l~edqfa IBH} `b~ VE] Ihmfdmf} `b~ 50 mh~mif} `b~ |ghmg qgfx

gea e{{ihfa e`qf~ >6$;8$>;;<$ Bd 5$;<$>;;8 e ]hdlif Jvalf ah}ch}}fa qgf me}f hd

]#Qfi,} èpbv~$ AbQ,} e{{fei elehd}q qgh} jvalcfdq nf`b~f e ahph}hbd nfdmg hd qgf Ghlg

Mbv~q b` Afigh |e} ah}ch}}fa elehd hd ]#Qfi,} èpbv~$ Qgfd AbQ `hifa ed e{{fei hd qgf

Gbd,nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q$ \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff }bvlgq qb odb| enbvq qgf afpfib{cfdq}

hd qgf ceqqf~) qgf Ah~fmqb~ bd Nbe~a) ]#Qfi [pq$ Iqa af{b}fa e} vdaf~:

’H` H med }vnchq) |f aha dbq |hqga~e| bv~ b``f~$ \geq ge{{fdfa |e} qgeq |f bdixqbia qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q dbq qb {v~}vf |hqg qgf me}f$ E} xbv chlgq ~fmbiifmq) qgf



#51<#

me}f |e} `hifa nx v} eq qgf Ghlg Mbv~q nvq qgf jvalfcfdq |e} ~f}f~pfa `b~ cb~fqged 8 qb 5; cbdqg}$

]vn}fuvfdqix) |gfd qgf jvalfcfdq |e} lhpfd) hq |e} qgf AbQ |ghmg |fdq bde{{fei qb e Afigh Ghlg Mbv~q Nfdmg$ Qgf Ghlg Mbv~q Nfdmg ei}b mbd`h~cfa qgf

b~hlhdei jvalfcfdq b` qgf }hdlif jvalf jvalfcfdq$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) qgfLbpf~dcfdq afmhafa qb lb `b~ ed e{{fei qb qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q$ ]b) eq qgeq qhcf)|f afmhafa qgeq |f }gbvia dbq {v~}vf |hqg qgh} me}f eda) qgf~f`b~f) |f }ehaqgeq |f e~f dbq {v~}vhdl–$

5;$6> Bd nfhdl `v~qgf~ uvf~hfa e} qb |gx }vmg ed emqhbd |e} qeofd) qgf Ah~fmqb~ bd

Nbe~a) ]#Qfi [pq$ Iqa$ af{b}fa e} vdaf~:

’Emqveiix) nx qgeq qhcf) > ³ qb = xfe~} gea ei~feax fie{}fa eda eii bv~ e}}vc{qhbd} gea lbdf qbqeiix e|~x$ Qgf cb}q hc{b~qedq qghdl hd qgh} hdav}q~x h})xbv }gbvia lfq `bba |gfd xbv e~f gvdl~x$ Db| qgf }{fmq~vc h} qgf cb}q

hc{b~qedq qghdl gf~f$ H` xbv ab dbq lfq }{fmq~vc egfea b` bqgf~} b~ eq ife}qeibdl |hqg bqgf~}) qgf~f h} db v}f$ Hd qgf ie}q qg~ff xfe~} eii bqgf~ b{f~eqb~}gepf lbq }{fmq~vc eda qgfx gepf ~biifa bvq qgfh~ }f~phmf}$ Qgf qbqei dvcnf~ b` }vn}m~hnf~} eqq~emqenif h} ihchqfa$ Qgf qhcf qb ce~ofq h} e pf~x hc{b~qedq{gfdbcfdbd$ Hd qgf}f qg~ff xfe~}) cedx b{f~eqb~} gea ei~feax mbcf hd) 5> qb5= b{f~eqb~} |f~f hd qgf ce~ofq) cb}q b` qgf }vn}m~hnf~} |f~f ei~feax l~ennfanx bqgf~ b{f~eqb~} eda qgf cb}q hc{b~qedq qghdl) qgf }hdlif ofx {f~`b~cedmf{e~ecfqf~ hd qgh} nv}hdf}} h} Epf~elf ^fpfdvf [f~ V}f~ 'E^[V($ ]b) qgfE^[V |ghmg |e} }v{{b}fa qb nf eq k >6; gea mbcf ab|d qb e ifpfi b` k 50;eda qbaex hq h} dbq fpfd k 8;$ ]b) |gfd }vmg e ~favmqhbd qbbo {iemf) |f `bvdaqgeq qgf fmbdbchm phenhihqx h} qb nf ~fph}hqfa$ \geq |f }eha |e}) hd bv~ e``haephqqgeq |f `hifa) |f mife~ix qbia qgf mbv~q qgeq |f |edq qb gepf qgf `ifwhnhihqx qbmgbb}f qgf mh~mif} e} eda |gfd qgfx e~f lhpfd qb v}) |gf~fpf~ hq ceof}fmbdbchm }fd}f) |f |hii fdqf~$ Qgeq h} |geq |f hd`b~cfa qgf mbv~q–$

5;$6= \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff {bhdqfa bvq qgeq) qgf AbQ e{{~bemgfa ]v{~fcf Mbv~q

qg~bvlg ed ]I[ qb uve}g qgf Ghlg Mbv~q pf~ahmq eq |ghmg }qelf qgf Jedeqe [e~qx

[~f}hafdq ]vn~ecedhec ]|ecx ~fuvf}qfa `b~ gh} hc{ifeacfdq eda }fd}hdl aedlf~)

^eje |edqfa ] Qfi qb |hqga~e| `~bc qgf me}f$ Bd Ce~mg 6 >;5;) @~haex fpfdhdl) e`qf~

b``hmf gbv~}) AbQ h}}vf} ed b~af~ e}ohdl ] Qfi qb mib}f hq} b{f~eqhbd hd qg~ff ]qeqf}

mhqhdl }fmv~hqx ~fe}bd}$ Qgf ~f{ix b` ]$Qfi) Ah~fmqb~ |e}:

’Xf}) ]h~$ \f ~fmfhpfa e ifqqf~ ~fle~ahdl qgf medmfiieqhbd b` qgfmbccf~mhei ievdmg–$

5;$61 Qgf Mbcchqqff `v~qgf~ uvbqfa df|} ~f{b~q} e}:

’Qgf~f |e} db }gb| mev}f h}}vfa qb ] Qfi nf`b~f qgeq eda ieqf~ Gbcf Chdh}q~x~fpfeifa qgeq qgfx dfpf~ ~eh}fa edx }fmv~hqx mbdmf~d$ E~c q|h}qfa ] Qfi



#517#

}v~~fdaf~fa nf`b~f êje bd Ce~mg 7 qg) bd Cbdaex eda afmie~fa qgeq qgfx gepfdb q~bvnif} |hqg AbQ {bihmx$ Pegedpeqh {~bavmf} ] Qfi‘} }v~~fdaf~ ifqqf~ qb]v{~fcf Mbv~q |ghmg |e} ~fjfmqfa eda ah~fmqfa qgf mbc{edx qb `hif ede``haephq$ Avf qb ]vn~ecedhed ]|ecx‘} {~f}fdmf êje‘} af}hld èhifa eda mbv~q}eha qgeq qgfx |hii dbq hdqf~`f~f hdqb qgf Ghlg Mbv~q b~af~ afmie~hdl qgf mgedlf b`

mvq b`` aeqf e} hiiflei.$

\gfd e}ofa h` qgh} |e} q~vf) qgf Ah~fmqb~ ~f{ihfa e} vdaf~:

’Mb~~fmq) ]h~–$

5;$66 Bd nfhdl e}ofa qb fw{iehd e} qb |geq ge{{fdfa ieqf~) qgf Ah~fmqb~) ]#Qfi }qeqfa

e} vdaf~:

’E} xbv gepf mb~~fmqix {bhdqfa bvq) |f gea `hifa qgf ~f{ix qb qgf AbQ$ Nvq |f`hifa ed e``haephq |hqg qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q hd |ghmg |f }eha nfmev}f b` mgedlfa

mh~mvc}qedmf} hd qgf nv}hdf}} |ghmg h} pf~x cvmg qgf }ecf e} |geq |f qbia qgfAbQ hd bv~ ifqqf~) |f |bvia ihof qb gepf qgf mgbhmf qb mgbb}f qgf mh~mif} e} eda|gfd |f |edq$ Qgf~f`b~f |f e~f dbq {~bmffahdl |hqg qgh} {e~qhmvie~ me}f–$

5;$60 Av~hdl qgf mbv~}f b` af{b}hqhbd nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff qgf Ah~fmqb~ ]#Qfi

}vnchqqfa qgeq:

’\f ~fmfhpfa e ifqqf~ bd 6 qg Ce~mg }exhdl qgeq qgf mbccf~mhei ievdmg e{{~bpei lhpfdge} nffd |hqga~e|d$ ]b) |f hccfaheqfix ~ed qb qgf AbQ ]fm~fqe~x eda qgfd |f}vnchqqfa ed e{{ihmeqhbd }exhdl |f gepf dbq abdf edxqghdl eda |f |bvia nf pf~xge{{x qb mbc{ix |hqg qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq}–$

5;$6< Fienb~eqhdl enbvq qgf mbdqfdq} b` qgeq ifqqf~ aeqfa 6 qg Ce~mg) >;5;) qgf Ah~fmqb~

]#Qfi }qeqfa e} vdaf~:

’Qgf ifqqf~ }eha: ,Qgf e{{~bpei `b~ ievdmg b` mbccf~mhei }f~phmf} vdaf~ ~f`f~fdmf h} gf~fnx |hqga~e|d qhii `v~qgf~ b~af~} hd qgf hdqf~f}q b` deqhbdei}fmv~hqx,.$

5;$67 AbQ bd 0"<">;5; gea }bvlgq qgf eaphmf b` qgf Chdh}q~x b` Ie| Jv}qhmf

~fle~ahdl medmfiieqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc eiibqcfdq ceaf qb }bcf qfifmbc }f~phmf

{~bphaf~}$ Hd qgh} mbddfmqhbd) qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Iflei E`èh~} hdqf~#eihe mie~h`xhdl qgf

ceqqf~ ~f`f~~fa qb qgfc) }qeqfa e} vdaf~:

’Hc{b~qedq èmq b` qgh} me}f h} qgf }qeqfcfdq ceaf nx C"} ]$Qfi bd e``haephq}qeqhdl qgf afmh}hbd b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq `b~ lhphdl VE]I ihmfd}f} qb qgb}f |gbe{{ihfa v{ qb >6$8$>;;< |e} dbq e~nhq~e~x nvq ne}fa bd ihofix epehienhihqx b` }{fmq~vc eda eachdh}q~eqhpf afmh}hbd} qgf~fbd$ H` bn}f~peqhbd} b` qgf ]v{~fcf



#518#

Mbv~q eda }qeqfcfdq ceaf nx C"} ]$ Qfi nf`b~f qgf }eha Gbd‘nif Mbv~q e~f ~feaqblfqgf~ hq cex nf mbdmivafa qgeq qgf~f |e} db eiifleqhbd bd qgf {e~q b` ]$QfiIqa$) qgeq qgf AbQ ge} nffd e~nhq~e~x hd l~edqhdl VE]I ihmfd}f} eda qgf~f h} db}vn}qedmf hd A~$ ]vn~ecedhed ]|ecx‘} eiifleqhbd qgeq >L eiibqcfdq |e}e~nhq~e~x b~ l~b}}ix vd`eh~–$

@$ Vqhih}eqhbd b` N]DI‘} hd`~e}q~vmqv~f nx ]|ed$

5;$68 N]DI }hldfa e Cfcb~edavc b` Vdaf~}qedahdl 'CBV( |hqg C"} ]|ed bd

5=$5;$>;;7$ Qgf miev}f Db$ =$> b` qgf CBV 'Eddfwv~f#H( }qeqf} ’Pe~hbv} qf~c} eda

mbdahqhbd} `b~ {~bph}hbd b` Hdq~e#Mh~mif ^bechdl e~~edlfcfdq qb ]\ED‘] L]C

}vn}m~hnf~} hd qgf N]DI‘} L]C dfq|b~o |hii nf e} {f~ Eddfwv~f#HH `b~chdl {e~q b` qgh}

CBV–$

5;$0; ^fle~ahdl qgf h}}vf b` C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ }hldhdl bd CbV |hqg N]DI

bd 5=qg Bmqbnf~) >;;7 qb v}f qgf hd`~e}q~vmqv~f `emhihqhf} b` N]DI qgf `b~cf~ MCA)

P]DI af{b}fa e} vdaf~:

’Edx ~f}{bd}f H lhpf ~fieqhdl qb ]|ed"Fqh}eieq mbvia nf ch}mbd}q~vfa$ N]DIge} dbq eiib|fa v{ vdqhi qgeq {bhdq eda fpfd qbaex ~bechdl bd qgfh~ dfq|b~o b~ }ge~hdl b` qgf hd`~e}q~vmqv~f$ ]|ed |e} qgf `h~}q mbc{edx |ghmg }hldfa e

~bechdl el~ffcfdq |hqg N]DI nfmev}f qgfx mbvia jv}q m~feqf }bcf me{emhqx hdqg~ff b~ `bv~ qb|d} eda qgfx mbvia h}}vf edx dvcnf~ b` ]HC]$ \gfd qgfx gepfe ~bechdl me{enhihqx epehienhihqx `~bc N]DI) qgfx med v}f qgfh~ dfq|b~o$ V{ vdqhiqgfd) N]DI aha dbq eiib| edx ~bechdl bd qgh} dfq|b~o qb edx {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~$Qgf `h~}q bdf |e} ]|ed–$

5;$05 Bd nfhdl e}ofa e} qb |gx }{fmhei q~feqcfdq |e} lhpfd qb ]|ed) gf {vq hq e}:

’]|ed h} }{fmhei) ]h~–

5;$0> \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa AbQ qgf mh~mvc}qedmf} qgeq ifa qb N]DI {f~chqqhdl

e [~hpeqf Mbc{edx qb }ge~f hq} hd`~e}q~vmqv~f eda qgf }vc qgeq qgf N]DI mge~lfa `b~

qgf {v~{b}f qgf Chdh}q~x gepf ~f{ihfa e} vdaf~:

.@~bc qgf ah` f~fdq miev}f} b` qgf CbV hdmivahdl qgf e`b~f}eha qf~c} edambdahqhbd} `b~ {~bph}hbdhdl b` hdq~e#mh~mif ~bechdl e~~edlfcfdq |hqg ]\ED '{e~qb` CbV eq Eddfwv~f#HH() hq h} mife~ qgeq qgf~f |f~f eafuveqf {~bph}hbd} `b~ mge~lhdl e~~edlfcfdq hd ~f}{fmq b` Hdq~e Mh~mif ~bechdl nfq|ffd N]DI ]\ED eda qgf hdqf~f}q b` N]DI |e} `viix {~bqfmqfa$



#56;#

N]DI aha dbq gepf edx `~ff e~~edlfcfdq |hqg C"} ]\ED nvq gea |fii af`hdfamge~lhdl e~~edlfcfdq ihof v}elf mge~lf} hdmivahdl 6> {eh}f {f~ chdvqf 'b~ {e~qqgf~fb`( qb nflhd |hqg eda qb nf ~fphf|fa e} {f~ enbpf miev}f}$ Hd eaahqhbd)Hdqf~#mbddfmqhbd v}elf mge~lf hdmivahdl DIA"HIA mge~lf}) qf~chdeqhbd mge~lf})q~ed}hq mge~lf} eda Aeqe Mife~hdl Gbv}f mge~lf} |f~f qb nf nb~df {eha nx

qgf ~bechdl [e~qdf~$ Ecbvdq b` eaahqhbdei mge~lf} qb|e~a} }{fmq~vc) ihmfd}f`ff) bqgf~ qewf} {eha nx N]DI bd emmbvdq b` Hdq~e#mh~mif ~bechdl mge~lf~fpfdvf) bdf#qhcf }fq v{ mb}q bd emqvei ne}h} |e} ei}b qb nf nb~df nx qgf^bechdl [e~qdf~$ Mge~lf} `b~ bqgf~ }f~phmf} ihof ]C]) CC]) L[^] PE] fqm$)h` epehifa nx qgf ^bechdl [e~qdf~ qg~bvlg N]DI,} dfq|b~o) |f~f qb nfafqf~chdfa eda {~f}m~hnfa }f{e~eqfix$ Qgf }qeqfcfdq hd qgf [hbdff~ h} qgv}èmqveiix hd#mb~~fmq.$

5;$0= @v~qgf~ {~bnhdl hdqb qgf ceqqf~) qgf Mbcchqqff }bvlgq {excfdq afqehi} hd

~f}{fmq b` qgf enbpf cfdqhbdfa mge~lf} eibdl|hqg ~fifpedq Eddvei L~b}} ^fpfdvf

'EL^( }qeqfcfdq} `hifa nx ]|ed"Fqh}eieq) Uve~qf~ix"Eddveiix ~fìfmqhdl qgf }ecf$ Qbqgh}) AbQ hd qgfh~ ~f{ix aeqfa 57$;1$>;55 gepf }vnchqqfa e}:

.N]DI gea fdqf~fa hdqb bdix ed CBV ~fmbldhzhdl bdix lfdf~ei ne}h} b` mbb{f~eqhpf eda cvqveiix nfdf`hmhei |b~ohdl e~~edlfcfdq} eda db ~bechdl b~ edx bqgf~ e~~edlfcfdq gea nffd hc{ifcfdqfa$ Db I]E#|h}f el~ffcfdq geanffd }hldfa) db ~f}bv~mf} gea nffd }ge~fa) db èmhihqx gea nffd fwqfdafa hdedx ceddf~ eda ei}b db {excfdq b~ edx `hdedmhei q~ed}emqhbd gea qeofd {iemfnfq|ffd fhqgf~ b` qgf b~ledhzeqhbd} bd emmbvdq b` hdq~e#mh~mif ~bechdle~~edlfcfdq$ Hq h} bdix e`qf~ qgf epehienhihqx b` }ge~fenif me{emhqhf} hd N]DIdfq|b~o hd ah``f~fdq I]E} qgeq I]E#|h}f el~ffcfdq} |f~f qb nf }hldfa |hqg{~b}{fmqhpf {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~} hd qgf ~f}{fmqhpf I]E} |gf~f }f{e~enifme{emhqhf} nfmbcf epehienif eda |gf~f hdq~e#mh~mif eda bqgf~ e~~edlfcfdq}|f~f mbd}haf~fa `fe}hnif) cvqveiix nfdf`hmhei eda hd qgf hdqf~f}q b` N]DI e`qf~ |b~ohdl bvq mbc{ifqf qfmgdhmei eda mbccf~mhei afqehi}$ Hd phf| b` dbd#hc{ifcfdqeqhbd) e} }qeqfa enbpf) db miehc} |f~f e{{ihmenif eda db mge~lf}|f~f ifphfa eda mbiifmqfa.$

5;$01 Bd nfhdl }{fmh`hmeiix e}ofa h` N]DI gea fdqf~fa hdqb e~~edlfcfdq |hqg edx

bqgf~ Qfifmbc B{f~eqb~} bd }hchie~ mbdahqhbd}) AbQ ge} ~f{ihfa e}:

.Qgf e~~edlfcfdq |e} fdqf~fa hdqb bdix |hqg C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc Ihchqfa) qb}qe~q |hqg) eda hq |e} bd dbd#fwmiv}hpf ne}h}$ Qgf~f |f~f cedx qfmgdhmei h}}vf}qb nf eaa~f}}fa) e} hq |e} `b~ qgf `h~}q qhcf qgeq }vmg ed e~~edlfcfdq |e} nfhdlmbdmfhpfa$ I]E#|h}f el~ffcfdq} |f~f qb nf }hldfa bdix e`qf~ cffqhdl pe~hbv}mbdahqhbd} ihof epehienhihqx b` }f{e~enif me{emhqhf} hd qgf mh~mif} eda ~f}biphdl b` pe~hbv} qfmgdhmei) }fmv~hqx eda mbccf~mhei h}}vf} fqm.$



#565#

5;$06 Qb bqgf~ uvf~hf} b` qgf Mbcchqqff e} qb |gfqgf~ edx ~fph}hbd |e} me~~hfa bvq

}vn}fuvfdq qb CbV eda h` N]DI gea ~fphf|fa qgf e~~edlfcfdq hq gea |hqg ]|ed bdmf

hq |e} qeofd bpf~ nx Fqh}eieq) AbQ gepf ~f{ihfa e}:

.]hdmf db I]E#|h}f el~ffcfdq |e} }hldfa) db ~fph}hbd |e} e{{ihmenif$ N]DI

|bvia gepf ~fphf|fa qgf e~~edlfcfdq eq qgf qhcf b` }hldhdl I]E#|h}fel~ffcfdq nvq e} db el~ffcfdq |e} }hldfa) db ~fphf| |e} dffafa.$

MGE[QF^ # WH

[^F]VC[QHPF IB]]

55$5 Qgf~f |f~f ibq} b` eiifleqhbd} b` gvlf ib}}f} hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` VE]

ihmfd}f">L ]{fmq~vc hd >;;<#;7 eq e {~hmf afqf~chdfa hd >;;5$ ]g~h ]vn~ecedhed

]|ecx hd gh} {fqhqhbd nf`b~f qgf Afigh Ghlg Mbv~q hd Cex) >;5; gea vdaf~ihdfa qgeq

qgf~f |e} e qbqei ib}} b` ^}$8<)15;$<1 bd qg~ff mbvdq} phz$ peivf b` df| >L ihmfd}f)

peivf b` m~b}} bpf~ ihmfdmf} eda peivf b` fwq~e ]{fmq~vc e} {f~ qgf afqehi} lhpfd

nfib|:

Qenif 5: Peivf b` Df| >L Ihmfd}f}

]i$Db

Decf Dvcnf~ b`

Mh~mif}

Ecbvdq{eha

'^}$ M~b~f(

Ce~ofqPeivf

'^}$ M~b~f(

Ah``f~fdmf'^}$M~b~f(

5 Vdhqfmg \h~fi}}

Iqa$

>> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$6

> ]|ed Qfifmbc 51 56=<$;5 888;$606 716=$666= Aeqembc ]bivqhbd} >> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$61 ] Qfi >> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$66 ]gxec Qfifihdo >> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$60 Ibb{ Qfifmbc >5 5161$85 8160$856 7;;>$;;6< ]{hmf 1 171$5< =51<$5;6 >00>$8=67 Hafe Mfiivie~ Iqa$ < 07=$68 111=$==6 =<68$<168 Qeqe Qfif}f~phmf} = 8 67$6 18$6

Qbqei 5;)<<>$07 <;);>>$1> 68)>18$<1

Dbqf:



#56>#

5$ Ce~ofq Peivf h} e}}vcfa 0$6 qhcf} qgf ihmfd}f `ff} ne}fa bd }eif b` }ge~fanx Vdhqfmg eda ]|ed Qfifmbc

>$ Vdhqfmg \h~fif}} ge} e{{ihfa `b~ ihmfd}f hd qgf decf} b` ” VdhqfmgHd`~e}q~vmqv~f} [pq$ Iqa$) Vdhqfmg Nvhiaf~} F}qeqf} [pq$ Iqa$) E}oe {~bjfmq}Iqa$) Deged [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa$) Gva}bd [~b{f~qhf} Iqa$) Pbile [~b{f~qhf}

[pq Iqa$) Eabdh} [~bjfmq} [pq$ Iqa$) Eze~f [~b{f~qhf} Iqa$

Qenif >: Peivf b` M~b}}bpf~ Ihmfd}f}

]i$Db

Decf Dvcnf~ b`

Mh~mif}

Ecbvdq{eha

'^}$ M~b~f(

Ce~ofqPeivf'^}$

M~b~f(

Ah``f~fdmf'^}$M~b~f(

5 ^fihedmfMbccvdhmeqhbd}Iqa$

>> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$6

> Qeqe Qfif}f~phmf}Iqa$

>> 5065 5;<=5$6 8;7;$6

Qbqei =)=;> >5)10= 57)505

Qenif =: Peivf b` Fwq~e ]{fmq~vc

]i$ DbDecf Ecbvdq

{eha'^}$ M~b~f(

Ah``f~fdmf'^}$ M~b~f(

5 Nge~qh Eaahqhbdei 5& b` fpfdvf 5;);;;

> Pbae{gbdf Eaahqhbdei 5& b` fpfdvf 76;;

= Hafe Eaahqhbdei 5& b` fpfdvf 56;;

Qbqei >;);;;

55$> ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei) |ghif af{b}hdl nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff) }vnchqqfa:

.H` |f gepf qb lb nx |geq |f ah}mbpf~fa hd >;5;) qgf {b}}hnif ib}} mbvia nffpfd ghlgf~) nvq fpfd h` |f e~f qb lb nx qgf peiveqhbd} eq |ghmg qgf ihmfdmf}gepf nffd q~feqfa b~ }bia) hq h} bd ed epf~elf ^}$<;);;; m~b~f b~ ^}$7;);;;m~b~f$ Hq h} db| e ceqqf~ b` mbdjfmqv~f.$

55$= E}ofa qb fienb~eqf) ]g~h ]xdlei fw{iehdfa hd e |~hqqfd dbqf e} `biib|}:



#56=#

.Bdf ge} qb ibbo eq pe~hbv} hdahmeqb~} qb afmhaf eda e~~hpf eq qgf q~vf {bqfdqheib` e ~f}bv~mf) cb}q hc{b~qedqix h qgf~f h} ed fifcfdq b` `hdhqfdf}},$ Hq cex nf b` hdqf~f}q qb qgf Mbcchqqff qgeq qgf Hdahed Qfifmbc ce~ofq |e} me{hqeihzfa eqe~bvda V]!>;; qb >6; nhiihbd hd >;;<#;7$

.@h~}q) qgf Gvqmg#Pbae`bdf afei h} }v``hmhfdq {~bb` b` ]{fmq~vc,} q~vf fmbdbchmeda b{{b~qvdhqx peivf ah}mbpf~x$ Pbae`bdf peivfa qgf mbc{edx eq e~bvda V]!>> nhiihbd eda {eha e ah}mbvdqfa {~hmf b` !5;$8 nhiihbd hd me}g `b~ emuvh~hdl qgf6> {f~mfdq }qeof gfia nx Gvqmgh}bd Qfifmbc Hdqf~deqhbdei 'GQHI( hd Hdahedcbnhif `h~c Gvqmg#F}}e~ qb mbc{ifqf e afei qgeq lhpf} hq emmf}} qb bdf b` qgfè}qf}q l~b|hdl cbnhif ce~ofq} nx emuvh~hdl Gvqmg) |gfd e {ed#Hdahe ihmfd}f|hqg ]{fmq~vc mb}qhdl e~bvda ^}$ 5067 m~b~f} |e} ge|ofa) qgeq h} qgf mb}q b` qgf ]{fmq~vc eda e}}fq}$ Qgf uvf}qhbd} {b}fa |f~f qgeq ed evmqhbd |bviamev}f fda mbd}vcf~ qe~h`` qb lb v{ eda af`f~~fa ~fpfdvf }ge~f h} cb~fnfdf`hmhei qged v{ ~bdq {excfdq} b` ]{fmq~vc fqm$ Qgf mbvdqf~ uvf}qhbd H{b}fa h} .gepf qgf qe~h``} lbdf v{ {b}q qgh} afei2. qgf ed}|f~ h} ~f}bvdahdl

DB$ \f cv}q dbq v}f }eif b` e}}fq} `b~ ~fpfdvf lfdf~eqhbd fqm$

.]fmbda) hd V] qgf lbpf~dcfdq fe~dfa V] ! =1 nhiihbd nx }eif b` ]{fmq~vc hd>;;0#;7$ Qgf {~bmffa} |f~f qb nf v}fa `b~ ~f#è~chdl b` ]{fmq~vc `~bc biaqfmgdbiblhf} qb df| qfmgdbiblhf} qb emm~vf ahlhqei ahphafda}$

.Qgh~a) {ife}f ei}b dbqf qgeq qgf qfifmbc nfii |feqgf~ Nge~qh |e} uvbqfa eqe~bvda ~v{ff} 6;"# {f~ }ge~f hd >;;> eda |e} eq e~bvda 5;;;"# }ge~f hd >;;7)>; qhcf}) |ghi}q fdq~x `ff `b~ e ihmfd}f |hqg ]{fmq~vc |e} eq e~bvda ~v{ff}5<;; m~b~f} qgfd '}ff eqqemgfa($ ]gbvia dbq qgf {~hmf b` ihmfd}f) dbq gepfcbpfa |hqg qgf }ge~f {~hmf b` qgf mbc{edx) e} |e} ei}b afcbd}q~eqfa nx qgf

Pbae`bdf afei2

.@bv~qg) }gbvia dbq gepf qgf lbpf~dcfdq e{{ihf} qgf ife}q mvcnf~}bcfcfqgba b` hdafweqhbd b` qgf {~hmf ah}mbpf~x hd >;;5 nx jv}q v}hdl qgf [~hcfIfdahdl êqf '[I^( b~ hd ieqhbd hdafw b` }ex 5> {f~mfdq2 Qgh} hd hq}fi` |bviagepf ~f}viqfa hd e {~hmf b` ^v{ff} =)006 m~b~f eda eq 56 {f~mfdq 115; m~b~f) e}ei}b }vllf}qfa nx qgfd @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x A~$ A$ ]vnne~eb '{elf 8= [e~e > b` gh} ifqqf~() eaahdl `v~qgf~ qb }qex qgf {~bmf}}$

.@h`qg) qgf dvcnf~ b` qbqei }vn}m~hnf~} |e} e~bvda 6 chiihbd eq fda Ce~mg >;;5eda >05 chiihbd eq fda Ce~mg >;;7 'eqqemg 1($ Qgf mb}q b` ]{fmq~vc {f~ }vn) eq

^v{ff} 5067 m~b~f {f~ ihmfd}f) hd >;;5 eq }hc{if Cb~qlelf meimvieqhbd |bvia~f}viq hd ^v{ff} =1"# }vn}m~hnf~ ph}#ë#ph} [eh}f 06 |gfd ]{fmq~vc |e} abifaeq >;;5 hd >;;7$ Gb|fpf~) h` qgf qbqei mb}q `b~ 1 ihmfd}f} h} qeofd) qgf `hlv~f}|bvia nf ^v{ff} 5=0"# eda ^v{ff} >$0;"# }vn ~f}{fmqhpfix$

.]hwqg) e} ieqf e} cex qgh} xfe~ qgf QÊH ge} ~fmbccfdafa ihdoelf b` fwmf}}>L ]{fmq~vc qb qgf =L {~hmf ah}mbpf~x hd qgfh~ ieqf}q ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` 55qgCex >;5; 'miev}f} 0$66 eda 0$60 b` Mge{qf~ PH) eqqemg 6($ Fe~ihf~ qb qgeq e avixmbd}qhqvqfa mbcchqqff b` qgf AbQ) meiifa qgf ]vnbag Ovce~ Mbcchqqff) i |e}



#561#

e}ofa qb ibbo hdqb qgf ]{fmq~vc {~hmhdl b` qgf >L ]{fmq~vc nfxbda 0$> CGz `b~ qgf bia ihmfd}ff} '>;;5( eda nfxbda 1$1 CGz `b~ qgf df| ihmfd}f} '>;;7($ QgfMbcchqqff ~fmbccfdafa qgeq ]{fmq~vc nfxbda qgf}f ihchq} |hii nf ihdofa qbqgf =L {~hmf ah}mbpf~x.$

55$1 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf ib}} qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |e}

{~f}vc{qhpf b~ qgf~f |e} edx ne}h} b` qgf ib}} qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq) ]g~h ]xdlei

}vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.H gepf lhpfd `bv~ b~ `hpf hdahmeqb~}$ Bdf |e} qgf Gvqmg#Pbae`bdf afei |ghmg|e} peivfa eq >> nhiihbd abiie~} eda Pbae`bdf {eha 55 nhiihbd abiie~} `b~ 6> b~ 6<{f~ mfdq af{fdahdl v{bd |ghmg |ex hq h} mbvdqfa) `b~ fdqf~hdl qgf Hdahedce~ofq$ Qgf ce~ofq }hzf h} b` ~fifpedmf$ Hq |e} `hpf chiihbd} |gfd qgf mb}q b` qgf }{fmq~vc eda ihmfd}f |e} ^}$5)067 mb~f$ Db| h` |f qeof qgf mb}q b` qgf}{fmq~vc `b~ qgf afihpf~x b` qgf }f~phmf eq qgeq qhcf) hq h} dbq e `h~}q#cbpf~

eapedqelf? hq h} e `h~}q#cbpf~ ah}eapedqelf qb m~feqf e|e~fdf}} hd qgf ce~ofq b` qgf }f~phmf eda ei}b qb gepf {hmofa }{fmq~vc eq ed fw{fd}hpf mb}q hd >;;5$Qgeq h} qgf ~eqhbdeif b` }exhdl e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf ieqf fdq~edq nfdf`hq} b~ abf}dbq$

.Ifq cf ei}b db| fw{iehd hq e ihqqif nhq `v~qgf~$ Qbaex) qgf eaahqhbd} e~f enbvq 5>chiihbd qb 56 chiihbd mv}qbcf~} {f~ cbdqg) |ghmg cfed} qgf mb}q b` qgf}{fmq~vc h} lfqqhdl ecb~qh}fa eda hq h} lfqqhdl ecb~qh}fa eq e cvmg ib|f~ ~eqfnfmev}f xbv gepf ah}q~hnvqfa qgf }{fmq~vc eq ^}$5)067 mb~f bdix$ E} e ceqqf~ b` `emq) hd cx meimvieqhbd) H gepf ei}b lhpfd qgeq h` |f cviqh{ix ^}$5)067 mb~f |hqg1) qgf mb}q mbcf} qb ^}$<;;; mb~f eda qgf dvcnf~ b` mv}qbcf~} qgfd |e} 6chiihbd} bdix ” H ec e|e~f b` qgeq `emq# eda qbaex bdf h} lhphdl bvq ihmfdmf} eqqgf }ecf ^}$<);;; m~b~f |gfd eaahqhbd} e~f |geq qgf ce~ofq |e} hd >;;5$ ]b)qgf uvf}qhbd |e} |gfqgf~ qgf~f e~f edx fmbdbchm hdahmeqb~} hd >;;< |ghmg}gbvia gepf m~feqfa e|e~fdf}} |hqghd qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qgeq |geq h} nfhdl abdfh} ~hlgq b~ |~bdl emmb~ahdl qb e ce~ofq fmbdbcx.$

55$6 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf Chdh}q~x b` @hdedmf e} qb

|gfqgf~ qgfx gea ceaf edx e}}f}}cfdq b` qgf ib}}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x

}qeqfa hd fphafdmf:

.††bd qgf {bhdq qgeq xbv cfdqhbdfa |gfqgf~ qgf~f h} edx ib}} |ghmg ge}emm~vfa qb qgf fwmgfuvf~ hd eiibmeqhdl }{fmq~vc hd qgf ceddf~ hd |ghmg hq ge}nffd eiibmeqfa) |f gepf dbq ceaf edx e}}f}}cfdq b` qgf dbqhbdei b~ eiiflfaib}} b` ~fpfdvf$ Qgf phf| h} qgeq hq h} ah` hmviq qb e}}f}} qgh} bd emmbvdq b` pe~hbv} ~fe}bd}$ Bdf h} qgeq qgf }{fmq~vc eiibmeqfa `b~ =L }f~phmf} h} hd >$5LGz neda$ \f e~f qbia nx qgf qfmgdbiblx {fb{if qgeq qgf q|b }fq} b` neda} e~fah}}hchie~ hd {~b{eleqhbd mge~emqf~h}qhm} eda peivf {e~ecfqf~}$.]fmbdaix) qgf ~f}{fmqhpf mbdqfwq} hd |ghmg qgf eiibmeqhbd} |f~f ceaf `b~ >Leda =L neda} e~f ei}b {f~ge{} ah` f~fdq$ Qgf hdhqhei eiibmeqhbd} b` }{fmq~vc hd



#566#

qgf >L neda} |f~f ceaf eq pe~hbv} {bhdq} hd qhcf }qe~qhdl `~bc 5881 edaqgf~f`b~f qgf h}}vf b` gh}qb~hmei iflemx h} {f~ge{} ed h}}vf |ghmg mbcf} hd|gfd qgf~f h} `~f}g eiibmeqhbd hd qgf}f neda}$.\f e~f ei}b qbia qgeq qgf pbivcf b` vd#eiibmeqfa }{fmq~vc epehienif hd qgf}fneda} h} ~fieqhpfix pf~x qghd eda qgf~f`b~f qgf~f mbvia nf e {~bnifc b` f``hmhfdmx

hd {~hmf }hldeihdl eda ah}mbpf~x$ E} mbc{e~fa qb qgh}) qgf evmqhbd `b~ =L |ghmgge} jv}q mbdmivafa eda |ghmg ge} lhpfd qgf ohda b` ~fpfdvf} |ghmg H ~f`f~~fa qbge} qeofd {iemf bd e mifed }ieqf |hqgbvq edx }vmg {~fphbv} gh}qb~hmei }|ff{eda mbd}haf~eqhbd$

.E{e~q `~bc qgh}) bv~ Af{e~qcfdq h} ie~lfix mbddfmqfa |hqg qgf {bihmx`b~cvieqhbd e}{fmq} ~fieqhdl qb eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc eda qgf n~bea e{{~bemg)e} H cfdqhbdfa hd qgf nflhddhdl b` cx }qeqfcfdq) ge} nffd qgeq |f e~f eii `b~ eiibmeqhdl }{fmq~vc hd e ~eqhbdei ceddf~) hd e ceddf~ |ghmg ah}mbpf~} qgf {~hmfmife~ix eda b{fdix$ Nvq H ab dbq gepf) eq qgh} }qelf) edx e}}f}}cfdq b` qgfdbqhbdei ib}} nfmev}f hq h} ah``hmviq qb |b~o hq bvq.$

55$0 E}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx ib}} qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b~

dbq) qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x }vnchqqfa:

.]h~) |geq H }eha hd cx }qeqfcfdq nf`b~f qgf gbd,nif Mbcchqqff h} qgeq hq h}ah hmviq qb a~e| e nemo|e~a mbdmiv}hbd `~bc =L ]{fmq~vc$ Nvq e }me~f~f}bv~mf) e} qgf ce~ofq fw{eda}) ei|ex} mbcceda} e {~fchvc.$

55$< Qgf MNH) hd hq} @H^ ~flh}qf~fa bd >5}q Bmqbnf~$ >;;8 f}qhceqfa e ib}} b`

^}$>>);;; m~b~f qb qgf fwmgfuvf~ bd emmbvdq b` VE] ihmfdmf} lhpfd hd >;;7 eq e {~hmf

afqf~chdfa hd >;;5$ Hd qgh} mbdqfwq) |gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf ne}h} bd

|ghmg qgf MNH gea e~~hpfa eq qgf `hlv~f b` ^}$>>);;; m~b~f) qgf Hdpf}qhleqhdl Elfdmx

~f{ihfa qgeq qgf `hlv~f b` ^}$>>);;; m~b~f ib}} ~f`ifmqfa hd qgf MNH @H^ db$^M AEH >;;8

E ;;16 aeqfa >5$5;$>;;8 |e} ne}fa bd }bv~mf hd`b~ceqhbd$ Qgh} `hlv~f |e} e~~hpfa eq

ne}fa bd qgf `biib|hdl {~fch}f}:#

'h( Qgeq C"}$ ]|ed Qfifmbc lbq 5= ihmfdmf} `b~ ^}$56=< M~b~f} eda }bia hq

hd fdqh~fqx `b~ ^}$1>;; M~b~f}) qgv} ceohdl e {~b`hq b` ^}$>00= M~b~f}$

'hh( Qgeq C"}$ Vdhqfmg lbq >> ihmfdmf} `b~ ^}$5067 M~b~f} eda }bia hq `b~

^}$05;; M~b~f}) qgv} ceohdl e {~b`hq b` ^}$111> M~b~f}$

'hhh( Nbqg mbc{edhf} qeofd qblfqgf~ ceaf e {~b`hq b` ^}$<5;6 M~b~f} `b~ =6ihmfdmf}$



#560#

'hp( Qgh} |e} qeofd qb meimvieqf epf~elf {~b hq `b~ femg ihmfdmf h$f$ <5;6 " =63 >;= M~b~f}$ Qgh} |e} cviqh{ihfa nx 5>> 'qbqei b` ihmfdmf} h}}vfa hd Jed)>;;7( qb meimvieqf {~b`hq qb mbc{edhf} |ghmg lbq ihmfdmf} hd Jed$ >;;7)lhphdl e `hlv~f b` ^}$>1)<00 M~b~f}$ Gb|fpf~) qgf }bv~mf hd`b~ceqhbd~f`f~~fa qb }fpf~ei }ceiif~ peivf mh~mif} 'enbvq 51#56( ihmfdmf} e} |fii)

qgf~fnx ~favmhdl ce~lhd b` {~b`hq qb ^}$>>);;; M~b~f}$ Hq h} qb qg~v}q qgf{bhdq qgeq qgf~f |e} pf~x ihqqif hd`b~ceqhbd eq qgf qhcf b` ~flh}q~eqhbd b` qgfme}f eda qgf `hlv~f b` ^}$>>);;; M~b~f} {~b`hq qb e{{ihmedq mbc{edhf}eda mb~~f}{bdahdl ib}} qb qgf {vnihm fwmgfuvf~ h} ne}fa bd }bv~mfhd`b~ceqhbd |hqg ihqqif emmf}} qb ~fmb~a}.$

55$7 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa enbvq qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ }vn}fuvfdq v{|e~a ~fph}hbd

b` qgf ib}} nx qgf MNH qb ed ecbvdq b` ^}$6;);;; m~$ Qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }vnchqqfa hd

fphafdmf:

.†$|f gea e}ofa qgf Q^EH) |gb gepf }fq v{ ed fw{f~q Mbcchqqff qb lhpf v}

|geq }gbvia gepf nffd qgf mb~~fmq {~hmf} `b~ >;;7$ Qgfx gepf dbq abdf qgeqnvq qgfx gepf mbcf bvq |hqg qgf {~hmf} `b~ >;5;) |geq qgf {~hmf `b~ }{fmq~vc `b~ >;5; }gbvia gepf nffd |ghmg qgfx gepf meimvieqfa |e} }hw qhcf} |geq hq |e}}bia `b~ hd >;;7$ Qgeq cfed}) ^}$5607 m~b~f cviqh{ihfa nx }hw$ ]b |f e~fmeimvieqhdl qgeq fpfd h` hq |e} `hpf qhcf}) nfmev}f }hw |e} hd >;5;) }b h` hq |e}`hpf qhcf} hd >;;7) |f mbcf qb e `hlv~f b` ^}$6;);;; m~b~f ~bvlgix$ Qgh} |e}qgf ne}h} b` bv~ meimvieqhbd.$

55$8 ]g~h ]hqe~ec Xfmgv~x) C$[$ hd gh} ifqqf~ aeqfa =5}q Cex) >;5; qb qgf [~hcf

Chdh}qf~ gea hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa qgeq qgf =L evmqhbd gea f}qenih}gfa qgf ce~ofq {~hmf b`

}{fmq~vc) |ghmg h} e }me~mf deqhbdei ~f}bv~mf$ @~bc qgh} {~hmf) hq h} mife~ qgeq eii qg~ff

fifcfdq} hafdqh`hfa nfib| gepf ~f}viqfa hd gvlf ib}}f} `b~ qgf fwmgfuvf~$ H` bdf v}f}

qgf ~fmfdq =L evmqhbd {~hmf qb nfdmgce~o qgf }{fmq~vc {~hmf `b~ >L) e} Q^EH ge}

~fmfdqix }vllf}qfa) qgf ib}} h} b` qgf b~af~ b` e |gb{{hdl ^}$58;);;; m~b~f$

Ib}} avf qb 5>> ihmfd}f} `b~ df| fdq~edq} hd >;;7: ^}$5>1);;; m~b~f

Ib}} avf qb m~b}}#bpf~ ihmfd}f} {f~chqqfa qb MACE b{f~eqb~} 'Avei

Qfmgdbiblx Ihmfd}f(: ^}$=0);;; m~b~f

Ib}} avf qb fwmf}} }{fmq~vc bmmv{hfa nx qgf L]C b{f~eqb~}

nfxbda 0$> CGz:^}$=;;;; m~b~f

Qbqei Ib}}: ^}$58;);;; m~b~f



#56<#

55$5; Qgf Evahq hd qgfh~ ^f{b~q eab{qhdl pe~hbv} m~hqf~he eda hdahmeqb~} phz$) qgf

pbivdqe~x b``f~ ceaf nx ]$ Qfi) qgf {~hmf lfdf~eqfa qg~bvlg =L Evmqhbd eda }eif b`

fuvhqx nx Vdhqfmg eda ]|ed afqf~chdfa qgf {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} qb qgf fwmgfuvf~ hd qgf

meqflb~x b` h}}vf b` 5>> VE] ihmfdmf} hd >;;7) =6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} lhpfd hd

>;;<#;7 eda ]{fmq~vc nfxbda mbdq~emqfa ecbvdq b` 0$> CGz) e} vdaf~:#

Meqflb~x M~hqf~he`b~ |b~ohdlbvq{bqfdqheiib}} qb

fwmgfuvf~ 'Peivf^}$ hdm~b~f}(]$ Qfi ~eqf ^eqf} bd qgf

ne}h} b` =L Evmqhbd

]eif b` fuvhqxnx qgf df|ihmfd}ff}

Vdhqfmg ]|ed

Df| Ihmfdmf} =786; 5;>187 1;11> ==>=;

Avei Qfmgdbiblx 516<= =<561 565=> 5>1==

Nfxbda mbdq~emqfauvedqhqx b` 0$> CGz

5=715 =088= 51;6> 5>;;=

Qbqei 0<=01 5<0016 080>0 6<000

55$55 Qgf Evahq ^f{b~q }vn}qedqheqfa qgf enbpf }gb|d {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} hd qgf

`biib|hdl ceddf~:

.Bd 6qg Dbpfcnf~ >;;< qg~bvlg e ifqqf~ eaa~f}}fa qb qgf Gbd,nif [~hcfChdh}qf~) ] Qfi ihchqfa |gb |e} e {~b}{fmqhpf ihmfdmff) gephdl e{{ihfa `b~ VE]ihmfdmf} hd Jvix"]f{qfcnf~ >;;<) gea b``f~fa qb {ex e ghlgf~ {~hmf hd qgf }ge{fb` eaahqhbdei ~fpfdvf }ge~f `b~ dfwq qfd xfe~}$ Qgf b``f~ |e} fdgedmfa nx qgf`h~c |hqg e }qh{vieqhbd qb `v~qgf~ ~fph}f hq v{|e~a}) hd me}f b` edx mbvdqf~ nha$ Eqqgf {~hmf} b``f~fa nx qgf Mbc{edx) peivf b` 5>> df| ihmfd}f} eda =6 AveiQfmgdbiblx ihmfd}f} e`qf~ ah}mbvdqhdl `b~ qgf ~fmfhpenif} hd `vqv~f xfe~} |b~o}bvq qb k 06)8;8 m~b~f} e} elehd}q k 5>)=70 m~b~f} emqveiix ~fmfhpfa$



#567#

Evmqhbd b` =L }{fmq~vc |e} ~fmbccfdafa nx QÊH hd hq} ^f{b~q }vnchqqfa qbLbpf~dcfdq hd ]f{qfcnf~ >;;0$ Hd hq} ^f{b~q b` >;5;) qgfx gepf bn}f~pfa qgeqhq |e} èh~ qb mbc{e~f >L |hqg =L eda ~fmbccfdafa =L {~hmf} qb nf eab{qfae} mv~~fdq {~hmf b` >L }{fmq~vc hd 57;; Cgz neda$ H` qgf}f ~fmbccfdaeqhbd})|ghmg gepf dbq }b è~ nffd emmf{qfa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq e~f qeofd hdqb

emmbvdq) qgfd qgf peivf b` >L }{fmq~vc eiibqqfa qb qgf 5>> df| ihmfd}ff} eda=6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} |bvia nf cvmg ghlgf~ eq enbvq k 5)6>);=7 m~b~f}e} elehd}q qgf ecbvdq emqveiix ~fmfhpfa$

Cedx b` qgf df| VE] ihmfd}ff} b` >;;7 gepf nffd enif qb eqq~emq }vn}qedqheiecbvdq b` @b~fhld Ah~fmq Hdpf}qcfdq '@AH($ Peivf b` e df| mbc{edx |hqg dbfw{f~hfdmf hd qgf Qfifmbc }fmqb~ med {~hce~hix nf qeofd e} qgeq b` qgf ihmfd}feda emmf}} qb }{fmq~vc$ Qgh} |bvia gepf nffd qgf {~hcf mbd}haf~eqhbd `b~ `b~fhld mbc{edhf} |ghif hd`v}hdl ie~lf ecbvdq b` me{hqei hd qgf `b~c b` fuvhqx hdqgf}f mbc{edhf} }gb~qix e`qf~ e|e~a b` ihmfd}f$ Ne}fa bd qgh} hdahmeqb~) peivfb` e {ed Hdahe ihmfd}f |b~o} bvq nfq|ffd k <)<67 m~b~f} eda k 8)5;; m~b~f} e}elehd}q k 5)067 m~b~f} {~hmfa nx AbQ$ Qgf qbqei peivf `b~ 5>> df| ihmfdmf} eda

=6 Avei Qfmgdbiblx ihmfdmf} |bvia nf nfq|ffd k 67);;; qb k 07);;; m~b~f} e}elehd}q qgf emqvei ~fpfdvf b` k 5>)=70 m~b~f} ~feihzfa$ Qgv}) bd qgf peivf}afqf~chdfa qg~bvlg pe~hbv} hdahmeqb~}) qgf {~f}vc{qhpf peivf b` >L }{fmq~vcbd emmbvdq b` l~edq b` 56< ihmfd}f} hd ah``f~fdq mh~mif} av~hdl >;;<#;7 |bvia nfhd qgf ~edlf b` e{{~bwhceqfix k 67);;; m~b~f} qb k 5)6>);=7 m~b~f}$

]{fmq~vc |e} eiibqqfa nx AbQ qb qgf fwh}qhdl b{f~eqb~} nfxbda qgf mbdq~emqfaihchq} |hqgbvq hc{b}hdl edx v{`~bdq mge~lf `b~ }vmg eiibqcfdq$ Qgf peivf b` }{fmq~vc gfia nx 5= b{f~eqb~} `b~ 65 mh~mif} ne}fa bd qgf >;;5 ~eqf} |b~ofabvq qb k >605 m~b~f}$ Ne}fa bd qgf enbpf hdahmeqb~}) peivf |bvia nf hd qgf~edlf b` k 5>);;; m~b~f} eda k =<);;; m~b~f}$ QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd '>;5;(`b~ mge~lhdl qgh} eaahqhbdei uvedqhqx b` }{fmq~vc ge} dbq nffd emmf{qfa nx qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq }b è~$\ghif afqf~chdhdl qgf ib}}) Evahq ceaf hq fw{ihmhqix mife~ qgeq .Edx ib}}e}mf~qehdfa |ghif eqqfc{qhdl qb peivf qgf >L }{fmq~vc eiibmeqfa qb 5>>ihmfdmff} hd >;;7 med bdix nf ,{~f}vc{qhpf,) lhpfd qgf èmq qgeq qgf~f e~fpe~hfa afqf~chdedq} ihof hq} }me~mhqx peivf) qgf deqv~f b` mbc{fqhqhbd) nv}hdf}}{ied} fdph}elfa) dvcnf~ b` b{f~eqb~}) l~b|qg b` }fmqb~ fqm$ |ghmg) af{fdahdlv{bd qgf ce~ofq }hqveqhbd) |bvia qg~b| v{ qgf {~hmf qgeq hq mbcceda} eq e lhpfd{bhdq b` qhcf$ Hd}qfea b` eqqfc{qhdl qb mbcf qb e }{fmh`hm peivf b` >L }{fmq~vc|ghmg mbvia gepf nffd {b}}hnif bdix qg~bvlg ed f``hmhfdq ce~ofq ah}mbpf~x{~bmf}}) |f gepf ibbofa eq qgf pe~hbv} hdahmeqb~} qb e}}f}} e {b}}hnif'{~f}vc{qhpf( peivf) `~bc qgf ~fmb~a} ceaf epehienif qb Evahq ~eqgf~ qged lbhdl

`b~ edx ceqgfceqhmei"fmbdbcfq~hm cbafi}.$

55$5> Bd >< Afmfcnf~) >;5;) |ghif hdqf~emqhdl |hqg qgf Mbcchqqff) qgf MEL b` Hdahe

}qeqfa:

.††$$}b) |f gepf ceaf hq pf~x mife~ qgeq |f e~f abhdl hq bdix nx ghda}hlgq$Db|) qgf h}}vf h}) |gx h} hq abdf2 Hq h} abdf bdix e} e lvhahdl {gfdbcfdbd `b~ `vqv~f) h` }hchie~ {~bmf}} ge} qb nf vdaf~lbdf hd `vqv~f) qgfd |f gepf qgf



#568#

nfdf`hq b` ghda}hlgq `b~ qgf `vqv~f e} qb gb| }gbvia |f `b~cvieqf {bihmhf}$ Qgh}h} gb| hq h} abdf |b~ia|haf††$.$

55$5= Fw{iehdhdl hd afqehi qgf Evahq meimvieqhbd b` qgf {~f}vc{qhpf ib}}) qgf MEL

`v~qgf~ }qeqfa:.\f }{fdq e mbd}haf~enif ecbvdq b` qhcf bd hq$ H ab dbq gepf qgf nfdf`hq b` nfhdl e ie|xf~ cx}fi` nvq H ab gepf e miehc qb gephdl }qvahfa fmbdbchm} eq}bcf {bhdq b` qhcf$ Edx eqqfc{q qb e}mf~qehd ed fmbdbchm ib}} |hii gepf qb nfne}fa bd mf~qehd fmbdbcfq~hm b~ ceqgfceqhmei cfqgba}$ Qgf~f h} jv}q db bqgf~ |ex b` abhdl qgeq$ Edx cbafi h} gx{bqgfqhmei$ Hq h} ne}fa bd mf~qehde}}vc{qhbd} eda |f q~hfa ah `f~fdq fmbdbcfq~hm cbafi}$ |f gepf qgf nfdf`hq b` fmbdbchm eaph}b~} hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq$ \f qgbvlgq b` qgb}f ei}b nvqvd`b~qvdeqfix db e}}vc{qhbd bd edx fmbdbcfq~hm cbafi gbia} q~vf hd ~fei ih`feda qgeq h} |gx h` |f gea v}fa edx b` qgb}f cbafi} H qghdo eii qgf gbd$ Cfcnf~}|bvia gepf `bvda èviq |hqg v} `b~ e}}vchdl ,w,) ,x, b~ ,z, b~ mbdahqhbd} |ghmg ab

dbq dfmf}}e~hix gbia q~vf hd e ~fei ce~ofq }hqveqhbd$ ]b) hq |e} e`qf~ mbd}haf~enif ecbvdq b` afihnf~eqhbd qgeq |f afmhafa dbq qb v}f qgf fmbdbchmcbafi$ \f e}mf~qehdfa `~bc bqgf~ ei}b$ Qgf phf| {bhdq qgeq cf~lfa) eda Hgepf qgf nfdf`hq b` e ibq b` Mge~qf~fa Emmbvdqedq} ei}b |gb gfi{fa v} hd qgh})|e} qgeq |f gepf qb {fl edx ib}} b` ~fpfdvf qb Lbpf~dcfdq qg~bvlg mf~qehdfwh}qhdl ce~ofq fpfdq} |ghmg e~f ~fei ih f }hqveqhbd}) ~fmb~afa }hqveqhbd})nfmev}f qgb}f meddbq nf èviqfa$ B` mbv~}f) qgf}f med ei}b nf afneqfa$Qgf~f e~f ei|ex} q|b }haf} qb ed e~lvcfdq nvq qgb}f |f~f qgf nf}q epehienifvdaf~ qgf }hqveqhbd$

.Qgf qf~c db~ceiix v}fa hd fmbdbchm} |bvia ,b{{b~qvdhqx ib}q, nvq hd qgh}

|f gepf v}fa qgf |b~a ,{~f}vc{qhpf,$ \gx |f gepf v}fa qgf |b~a,{~f}vc{qhpf,2 Cfcnf~} gepf e}ofa qgf uvf}qhbd e} qb |gfqgf~ |f gepf qgf{e~eiifi} edx|gf~f fi}f hd bv~ ^f{b~q} b` MEL |gf~f qgh} ib}} ge} nffde}}f}}fa eda hq ge} nffd emmf{qfa$ Cx ed}|f~ h} e pf~x mife~ xf} eda hqge{{fd} bd eii bv~ ~f{b~q} b` ~fpfdvf af{e~qcfdq |gf~f |f }ex qgeq qgfAf{e~qcfdq b` ^fpfdvf) Af{e~qcfdq b` Mfdq~ei Fwmh}f) Mv}qbc} b~ HdmbcfQew Af{e~qcfdq ge} vdaf~ e}}f}}fa eda qgfd qgfx afneqf hq ei}b$ Qgfx ei}bmeii hq e {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} nvq hd e ie~lf dvcnf~ b` me}f}) qgf~f e~f eq ife}qenbvq 1; {f~ mfdq b` bv~ ^f{b~q} emmf{qhdl qgeq ib}} eda gepf qeofd cfe}v~f}qb h}}vf ~fph}fa dbqhmf} qb qgf e}}f}}ff eda ~fmb~afa qgeq ib}}.$

55$51 ^f}{bdahdl qb }bcf ~fieqfa uvf~hf} b` qgf Mbcchqqff) qgf MEL fc{geqhmeiix

~fce~ofa:

.††$† H ~f{~f}fdq e Af{e~qcfdq |ghmg vdihof qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x abf} dbqgepf hq$ Gbd$ Cfcnf~) gea qgf @hdedmf ]fm~fqe~x nffd {~f}fdq qbaex gf |bviaemmf{q cx phf| {bhdq qgeq |f gepf qgf {~b`f}}hbdei fw{f~qh}f eda |f e~f abhdlhq fpf~x aex$ \f gepf qeofd qgf b{hdhbd} b` qgf fw{f~q}$ \f gepf qgf QÊHhdahmeqhdl hd qg~ff ah``f~fdq ^f{b~q} qgeq >L eda =L e~f mbc{e~enif? }exhdl >L



#50;#

h} cb~f b~ if}} >$<6 hd qgf ^f{b~q b` >;5;$ Qgh}) b` mbv~}f) h} nx ghda}hlgq$ ]b)|f e~f ei}b }exhdl qgeq >L eda =L e~f mbc{e~enif$ Ifq cf ei}b ceof edbqgf~ e}}f~qhbd$ Emmbvdqenhihqx ge} nffd `hwfa bd qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b``hmf~} bdix nxghda}hlgq eda cvmg ieqf~ e`qf~ }vmg hdpf}qhleqhbd} gepf nffd abdf bd{v~{b~qfa ib}} qb Lbpf~dcfdq |gf~f xbv med ah``f~$

]h~) |f gepf nffd pf~x gbdf}q hd bv~ ^f{b~q$ Ifq cf qeof xbv qb [elf67 |gf~f hd mbdmiv}hbd |f gepf }eha }{fmh`hmeiix ” H ec ~feahdl qgf ie}q}fdqfdmf ” .Qgf fdqh~f {~bmf}} b` eiibmeqhbd b` >L }{fmq~vc ~eh}f} }f~hbv}mbdmf~d enbvq qgf }x}qfc b` lbpf~dedmf hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} |ghmg dffa qb nf qgb~bvlgix ~fphf|fa eda ~fpec{fa†.

55$56 Qgf èmq qgeq qgf~f ge} nffd ib}} qb qgf deqhbdei fwmgfuvf~ hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b`

>L }{fmq~vc meddbq nf afdhfa$ Gb|fpf~ qgf ecbvdq b` ib}} med nf afneqfa .Qgeq h}

|geq |f e~f abhdl jv}q db|.$ Qb fd}v~f qgeq }vmg ib}}f} ab dbq bmmv~ hd edx Chdh}q~x

b~ Af{e~qcfdq b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq) qgf~f h} ed hc{f~eqhpf dffa qb `hw ~f}{bd}hnhihqx eda

fd`b~mf emmbvdqenhihqx `b~ qgf ie{}f} ghlgihlgqfa hd qgf Evahq ^f{b~q$ ]b) xbv med }ex

qgeq qgf ib}} h} ^}$00);;; mb~f) xbv med }ex qgeq qgf ib}} h} ^}$5)<0);;; mb~f)

phf|{bhdq} med ah``f~.$

55$50 Bd 5<qg Jedve~x) >;55) ]g~h Oe{hi ]hnei) qgf Chdh}qf~ b` Mbccvdhmeqhbd} eda HQ

|ghif eaa~f}}hdl e [~f}} Mbd`f~fdmf gea hdqf~#eihe ceaf qgf `biib|hdl ~fce~o}:

.Qgf `hlv~f b` ^}$5)<0);;; mb~f) |hqg qgf l~feqf}q ~f}{fmq qb qgf MEL h} }bvqqf~ix f~~bdfbv} qgeq H |bvia gepf qgbvlgq qgeq e mbc{ihmeqfa eda mbc{ifwh}}vf ihof qgh} }gbvia dbq gepf ifa qb qgf mbdmiv}hbd} b` {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} b` qgh}celdhqvaf$ Hq ge} fcne~~e}}fa qgf Lbpf~dcfdq? hq ge} fcne~~e}}fa qgf deqhbdeda bdmf$ H {iemf qgf èmq} nf`b~f xbv) xbv |hii ~feihzf qgeq |hii fcne~~e}} qgfb{{b}hqhbd.$

55$5< Qgf Chdh}qf~ ei}b }eha e} vdaf~:

.†$ \f e~f ei}b fwq~fcfix {ehdfa eq qgf cfqgbabiblx eab{qfa nx qgf MEL hdmbchdl qb }bcf `hlv~f} |ghmg gepf db ne}h} |geq}bfpf~$ \f nfihfpf hq h}gvced qb f~~ eda qb f~~ h} gvced eda }b qgbvlg |f ~f}{fmq qgf fwf~mh}f b` qgeqmbd}qhqvqhbdei evqgb~hqx,} {b|f~) |f ab nfihfpf qgeq) qgeq fwf~mh}f h} `~evlgq |hqgpf~x }f~hbv} f~~b~} |ghmg gepf ~f}viqfa hd qgf ohda b` }fd}eqhbdeih}c |ghmg ge}eiib|fa qgf b{{b}hqhbd qb }{~fea vqqf~ èi}fgbba qb qgf {fb{if b` qgh}mbvdq~x††.$



#505#

Qgf mbc{ifqf q~ed}m~h{q b` qgf Chdh}qf~,} }qeqfcfdq h} eq 'Eddfwv~f}#

WWWWWPHH(

55$57 Qeohdl }q~bdl fwmf{qhbd qb qgf Chdh}qf~,} }qeqfcfdq |ghmg ~eh}fa }fpf~ei h}}vf}

~fle~ahdl {e~ihecfdqe~x {~b{~hfqx eda {~f}f~phdl eda ~f}{fmqhdl qgf hdaf{fdafdmf b`

qgf MEL ” ed hd}qhqvqhbd f}qenih}gfa nx qgf mbd}qhqvqhbd ” eda qgf [EM) e Mbcchqqff

fifmqfa nx qgf [e~ihecfdq) qgf Mgeh~ced) [EM |~bqf e ifqqf~ qb qgf Gbd,nif ]{feof~ bd

58qg Jedve~x) >;55 'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWPHHH( nf}ffmghdl gf~ qb qeof {~bc{q }qf{} qb

{~fpfdq qgf ~fmv~~fdmf b` }vmg mbd}qhqvqhbdei hc{~b{~hfqx bd qgf {e~q b` qgf Chdh}qf~$

55$58 Hd qgf }hqqhdl b` qgf Mbcchqqff gfia bd >5}q Jedve~x) >;55) qgf Mgeh~ced

e{{~h}fa qgf Cfcnf~} b` qgf Chdh}qf~,} }qeqfcfdq eda gh} ifqqf~ qb qgf Gbd,nif ]{feof~

hd qgh} ~fle~a$ Qgf Cfcnf~} b` qgf Mbcchqqff e{{~fmheqfa qgf }qf{ qeofd nx qgfMgeh~ced qb {~f}f~pf qgf hdaf{fdafdmf eda ahldhqx b` qgf [EM eda qgf MEL$

55$>; Bd =~a @fn~ve~x) >;55 qgf Gbd,nif ]{feof~ ~f{ihfa 'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWHW( qb

qgf Mgeh~ced,} ifqqf~$ Hd qgf }hqqhdl b` qgf Mbcchqqff gfia bd 56qg @fn~ve~x) >;55) qgf

Mgeh~ced e{{~h}fa qgf Cfcnf~} b` qgf ~fmfh{q b` qgf ifqqf~ `~bc qgf Gbd,nif ]{feof~

|gf~fhd qgf mbdmf~d} ~eh}fa gea nffd if`q vdeaa~f}}fa$ Qgf Cfcnf~} evqgb~hzfa qgf

Mgeh~ced qb cffq qgf Gbd,nif ]{feof~ hd {f~}bd qb e{{~h}f gf~ b` qgf ~fei mbdmf~d} b`

qgf [EM e} ghlgihlgqfa hd gh} ifqqf~$

55$>5 Bd qgf h}}vf b` {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} qb qgf fwmgfuvf~ e} ~fpfeifa nx qgf Evahq) qgf

Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf AbQ enbvq qgfh~ b|d {~f}vc{qhbd"meimvieqhbd b`

qgf {bqfdqhei ib}} bd emmbvdq b` l~edq b` 56< ihmfdmf} '5>> VE] {iv} =6 Avei

Qfmgdbiblx Ihmfdmf}( hd >;;<#;7$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq hd phf| b` qgf {bihmhf}

eda pe~hbv} afmh}hbd} qeofd nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq }hdmf >;;= ~fle~ahdl h}}vf b` VE]

ihmfdmf} eda eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc) db fwf~mh}f gea nffd vdaf~qeofd nx qgfc qb

f}qhceqf"meimvieqf qgf ib}} qb qgf fwmgfuvf~$

55$>> Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa |gfd qgf Af{e~qcfdq qgfc}fipf} gea dbq me~~hfa

bvq edx fwf~mh}f qb f}qhceqf"meimvieqf qgf ib}}) qgf ne}h} bd |ghmg qgf cfqgbabiblhf}

eab{qfa nx qgf Evahq qb meimvieqf qgf {~f}vc{qhpf ib}} |e} nfhdl qf~cfa e}



#50>#

f~~bdfbv}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgfh~ mbccfdq} bd pe~hbv} hdahmeqb~} eab{qfa

hd qgf MEL ^f{b~q |f~f e} `biib|}:

.B``f~ b` ]$ Qfi Ihchqfa:

'h( C"}$ ] Qfi Iqa$ }vnchqqfa hq} pbivdqe~x b``f~ `b~ eiibmeqhbd b`

}{fmq~vc phaf qgfh~ ifqqf~ aeqfa ;6$55$>;;< eda ><$5>$>;;<$ Hdqgfh~ ifqqf~ aeqfa ;6$55$>;;<) qgf Mbc{edx b``f~fa pbivdqe~hix qb{ex eaahqhbdei ~fpfdvf }ge~f qb qgf fwqfdq b` ^}$ 0;;; m~b~f} qbqgf AbQ) bpf~ eda enbpf qgf }{fmq~vc mge~lf} ~fpfdvf }ge~f{exenif e} {f~ qgf fwh}qhdl {bihmx) bpf~ e {f~hba b` 5; xfe~} `~bcqgf aeqf b` qgf }{fmq~vc eiibqcfdq$ Hd qgfh~ ifqqf~ aeqfa ><$5>$>;;<qgf Mbc{edx) |ghif ~f`f~~hdl qb qgfh~ fe~ihf~ ifqqf~ aeqfa;6$55$>;;< ge} hdm~fe}fa qgf b``f~ qb ^}$5=)<6> m~b~f} bpf~ e

{f~hba b` qfd xfe~} bd e }meifa v{ {excfdq }mgfavif$ \ ghif qgfmbc{edx gea }bvlgq qgf }{fmq~vc v{`~bdq) qgf ecbvdq hq geab``f~fa) |e} }{~fea bpf~ e {f~hba b` 5; xfe~}) |hqg cejb~ ~fpfdvf} nfhdl nemo#ibeafa eda bdix ^}$ >6; m~b~f femg |e}{~b{b}fa hd 5}q eda >da xfe~$ Qgf Mbc{edx ge} ei}b }qeqfaqgeq) qgh} ecbvdq }geii nfmbcf {exenif e`qf~ eiibqcfdq b` 0$>CGz L]C }{fmq~vc hd 8;;CGz `~fuvfdmx neda `b~ eii qgf>> mh~mif} eda eiib|hdl }ge~hdl b` emqhpf dfq|b~o edahd`~e}q~vmqv~f$ VE]I {~bphaf} eiibqcfdq b` hdhqhei L]C }{fmq~vcb` bdix 1$1/1$1CGz }vnjfmq qb epehienhihqx$ ]{fmq~vc hd 8;; CGzneda gea ei~feax nffd eiibqqfa qb pe~hbv} b{f~eqb~} hd qgf {e}q

eda qgf Lbpf~dcfdq eicb}q gea db }{fmq~vc hd qgh} Neda$ @~bcqgf 1qg MCQ] ihmfdmf} 'h}}vfa hd xfe~ >;;5( bd|e~a}) qgf }qe~q v{}{fmq~vc h} nfhdl eiibmeqfa hd 57;; CGz neda$ Hd }{hqf b` nfhdl`viix e|e~f b` qgf }hqveqhbd) qgf Mbc{edx ceaf qgh} mbdahqhbdeib``f~ qb ch}ifea qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ @v~qgf~) ]{fmq~vc h} eiibmeqfa qbihmfd}f gbiaf~} mbd}fuvfdq qb ~fmfh{q b` }f~phmf ihmfd}f eda bd`vi`hiicfdq b` {~f}m~hnfa m~hqf~he$ Qgf~f h} db {~bph}hbd hd qgfihmfd}f mbdahqhbd} qb eiibq }{fmq~vc bd afceda eda eiib|}ge~hdl b` }{fmq~vc) e} |e} ceaf bvq hd qgf ] Qfi b``f~$Qgf~f`b~f) qgh} mbdahqhbdei b``f~ b` qgf Mbc{edx aha dbq gepf edxcf~hq `b~ mbd}haf~eqhbd$

'hh( .Cb~fbpf~) qgf mbc{edx hd qgfh~ mbvdqf~ ~f{ix e``haephq qb

]I[ Db$==1;0 b` >;;8 nf`b~f Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q hd qgfceqqf~ b` ‗Vdhbd b` Hdahe P}$ ]$ Qfi Iqa$‘) }qeqfa qgeq qgfx gepf|hqga~e|d qgfh~ b` f~ ceaf qb AbQ phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa ><$5>$>;;< eqqgf e~lvcfdq }qelf nf`b~f qgf Ahph}hbd Nfdmg b` qgf Gbd‘nif GhlgMbv~q b` Afigh hd I[E Db$=77 b` >;;8 hd qgf ceqqf~ b` ‗Vdhbd b` Hdahe P}$ ]$ Qfi Iqa$‘



#50=#

.êqf bd qgf ne}h} b` =L b{qhbd:

'h( Qgf ^f{b~q ge} }fifmqhpfix ~fihfa bd qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}aeqfa 55$;6$>;5; b` QÊH bd ’]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq edaIhmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o–$ Qgf Evahq ge} dbq mbd}haf~fa qgf~fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH qgeq ]{fmq~vc hd qgf 7;;)8;; eda 57;;CGz neda} '{~f}fdqix v}fa e} >L }{fmq~vc( }gbvia dbq nf}vnjfmq qb evmqhbd$ ]{fmq~vc hd 7;; eda 8;; CGz neda} }geiigb|fpf~ cex nf }vnjfmq qb evmqhbd e} eda |gfd hq h} ~fè~cfa `b~ =L eda bqgf~ `vqv~f qfmgdbiblhf}$ @v~qgf~) qgf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}b` QÊH `b~ mge~lhdl =L {~hmf |e} `b~ }{fmq~vc nfxbda 0$> CGzeda dbq `b~ hdhqhei }{fmq~vc$

'hh( .Qgf~f |e} e iflemx cfqgbabiblx `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` >L

}{fmq~vc |ghif qgf =L }{fmq~vc |e} eiibmeqfa `h~}q qhcf$ QÊH) hdhq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} aeqfa >7$;7$>;;<) ~fmbccfdafa qgeq ’E}è~ e} e df| fdq~edq h} mbdmf~dfa) qgf uvf}qhbd e~h}f} |gfqgf~ qgf~f h} edx dffa `b~ mgedlf hd qgf {~hmhdl cfqgbabiblx `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc hd qgf 7;;) 8;; eda 57;; CGz neda} $Off{hdl hd phf| qgf bnjfmqhpf b` l~b|qg) e` b~aenhihqx)

{fdfq~eqhbd b` |h~fif}} }f~phmf} hd }fch#v~ned eda ~v~eie~fe}) qgf Evqgb~hqx h} dbq hd èpbv~ b` mgedlhdl qgf }{fmq~vc`ff ~flhcf `b~ e df| fdq~edq$ B{{b~qvdhqx `b~ fuvei mbc{fqhqhbdge} ei|ex} nffd bdf b` qgf {~hcf {~hdmh{if} b` qgf Evqgb~hqx hd}vllf}qhdl e ~flvieqb~x `~ecf|b~o hd qfifmbc }f~phmf}$ Edxah``f~fdqhei q~feqcfdq qb e df| fdq~edq ph}#ë#ph} hdmvcnfdq} hd qgf|h~fif}} }fmqb~ |hii lb elehd}q qgf {~hdmh{if b` ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$Qgh} h} }{fmh`hm eda ~f}q~hmqfa qb >L neda} bdix h$f$ 7;;) 8;; eda57;; CGz$ Qgh} e{{~bemg e}}vcf} cb~f }hldh`hmedmf {e~qhmvie~ixhd qgf mbdqfwq |gf~f }vn}m~hnf~ emuvh}hqhbd mb}q `b~ e df| fdq~edqh} ihofix qb nf cvmg ghlgf~ qged `b~ qgf hdmvcnfdq |h~fif}}

b{f~eqb~}.$ Qgf~f`b~f) hq h} dbq e{{~b{~heqf qb mbc{e~f qgf {~hmhdlb` >L }{fmq~vc |hqg qgf =L }{fmq~vc$

.]eif b` Fuvhqx nx C"} ]|ed C"} Vdhqfmg:

'h( C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$ eda C"} Vdhqfmg \h~fif}}Mbc{edhf} |f~f e|e~afa Ihmfd}f} `b~ Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf}`b~ 5= eda >> }f~phmf e~fe} ~f}{fmqhpfix hd @fn~ve~x#Ce~mg >;;7$



#501#

Qgf}f mbc{edhf} gepf hd`b~cfa qgeq qgfx gepf ceaf }q~eqflhm{e~qdf~}gh{ `b~ hdpf}qcfdq hd qgf mbc{edx e} {f~ qgf Mbc{edhf}Emq eda gepf fdqf~fa hdqb el~ffcfdq |hqg `b~fhld mbc{edhf}decfix) Fqh}eieq Cev~hqhv} Ihchqfa eda Qfifdb~ E}he [~hpeqf ihchqfa)]hdle{b~f ~f}{fmqhpfix `b~ hd`v}hbd b` fuvhqx me{hqei hdqb qgf

mbc{edx nx h}}vhdl `~f}g fuvhqx `b~ ~biihdl bvq qgf Qfifmbcdfq|b~o hd qgf ihmfd}fa }f~phmf e~fe}$

'hh( Qgf peiveqhbd b` e mbc{edx h} e mbc{ifw fwf~mh}f eda

af{fda} bd e dvcnf~ b` `emqb~} hdmivahdl qgf nv}hdf}} me}f bpf~ qgf {f~hba b` ihmfd}f$ Qgf hdpf}qcfdq n~bvlgq hd nx }q~eqflhm`b~fhld {e~qdf~} b` qgf}f mbc{edhf} |bvia nf vqhih}fa `b~ ~biihdlbvq qgf }f~phmf} eda fpfd qgh} |bvia fdgedmf qgfh~ me{hqei ne}foff{hdl qgf en}bivqf }ge~f gbiahdl b` qgf {~bcbqf~} hdqemq$ Hd qgfenbpf me}f}) e} {f~ qgf qgf ihmfd}ff mbc{edhf}) qgfx gepfh}}vfa eaahqhbdei fuvhqx `b~ n~hdlhdl hd `b~fhld hdpf}qcfdq eda e}

qgfx gepf dbq q~ed}`f~~fa {~bcbqf~}‘ fuvhqx }ge~f}) {~bcbqf~}‘fuvhqx ge} dbq nffd ahivqfa$ @b~fhld hdpf}qcfdq n~hdl} hd me{hqeie} |fii e} qfmgdbiblx$ Hq h} e db~cei {~emqhmf hd qgf mb~{b~eqf |b~iaqb n~hdl hdpf}qcfdq hdqb qgf mbc{edx `b~ ~biihdl bvq b~ fw{ed}hbdb` nv}hdf}}$ Bd fe~ihf~ bmme}hbd} ei}b) @AH ge} nffd hd`v}fa hdihmfd}ff mbc{edhf} e} {f~ @AH {bihmx b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$Lbpf~dcfdq ge} nffd fdmbv~elhdl @AH hd qgf mbvdq~x }hdmfnflhddhdl$ E} {f~ @b~fhld Ah~fmq Hdpf}qcfdq '@AH( {bihmxe{{ihmenif hd Qfifmbc }fmqb~) @AH 'nbqg ah~fmq eda hdah~fmq(eiib|fa `b~ Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf Ihmfd}f h} <1&$ @AH v{ qb 18& h} vdaf~ qgf evqbceqhm ~bvqf$ @AH hd qgf ihmfd}ff

mbc{edx"Hdahed {~bcbqf~}"hdpf}qcfdq mbc{edhf} hdmivahdl qgfh~ gbiahdl mbc{edhf} }geii ~fuvh~f e{{~bpei b` qgf @b~fhldHdpf}qcfdq [~bcbqhbd Nbe~a '@H[N( h` hq ge} e nfe~hdl bd qgfbpf~eii mfhihdl b` <1 {f~mfdq.$

55$>= Qgf Mbcchqqff uvf~hfa e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf Af{e~qcfdq mbvia }vllf}q edx

cfqgbabiblx) bqgf~ qged qgf bdf} eab{qfa nx Evahq) qb meimvieqf qgf {~f}vc{qhpf ib}}$

hd ~f{ix) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf bnjfmqhpf} b` qgf {bihmx lbpf~dhdl qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L

}{fmq~vc qgeq ge} fpbipfa bpf~ qgf xfe~} }hdmf 5888 |f~f '5( hdm~fe}f hd qfif#afd}hqx

eda e` b~aenhihqx qb qgf mbd}vcf~? '>( m~feqhbd b` e ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia nfq|ffd

hdmvcnfdq} eda df| fdq~edq}? eda '=( ~fpfdvf emm~vei qb lbpf~dcfdq$ E{e~q `~bc e

ib| fdq~x `ff qgeq |e} cedaeqfa nx qgf `h~}q q|b mbd}haf~eqhbd}) ~fpfdvf emm~vei} qb

Lbpf~dcfdq |f~f hd qgf `b~c b` eddvei ~fmv~~hdl ihmfd}f `ff eda }{fmq~vc v}elf

mge~lf} e} ~fpfdvf }ge~f$ Q^EH ge} ei}b) hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} hd >;;6) >;;<) eda



#506#

>;5;) dbq ~fmbccfdafa evmqhbd cfqgbabiblx `b~ >L }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd$ Qgfb~fqhmei

fwf~mh}f} ne}fa bd fmbdbchm cbafihdl |f~f `~evlgq |hqg }hc{ih}qhm e}}vc{qhbd} qgeq

ceof qgf peiveqhbd} vd~fihenif) eda db cfqgbabiblx mbvia qgf~f`b~f nf }vllf}qfa nx

qgf Af{e~qcfdq hd qgh} ~fle~a$

55$>1 E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh`hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf~f |bvia nf e dbqhbdei ib}} h` e }me~mf

~f}bv~mf ihof ]{fmq~vc |e} lhpfd eq e {~hmf ah}mbpf~fa `f| xfe~} fe~ihf~) qgf

Af{e~qcfdq ~f{ihfa qgeq qgf {~fchvc {iemfa bd e }me~mf ~f}bv~mf `~bc qgf

{f~}{fmqhpf b` e {~bavmf~ dffa dbq dfmf}}e~hix q~ed}ieqf hdqb e ib}} |gfd }ffd `~bc

qgf phf|{bhdq b` qgf mbd}vcf~ eda {vnihm |fi`e~f$ Lbpf~dcfdq {bihmx h} `b~cvieqfa

|hqg e phf| qb cewhchzf {vnihm |fi`e~f) eda dbq cf~fix qb cewhchzf Lbpf~dcfdq

~fpfdvf}$ Qgf {~hmhdl b` ah``f~fdq deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf} h} b`qfd abdf hd e ceddf~ qgeq

cffq} qgh} bnjfmqhpf$ Qgf ~eqhbdeif b` qgf {~hmhdl afmh}hbd hd qgf me}f b` >L ]{fmq~vc

cex nf }ffd hd qgf nemol~bvda b` qgf qfifmbc {bihmx e} hq fpbipfa bpf~ qgf xfe~}$ Qgf

qf~c} eda mbdahqhbd} b` ihmfd}f} |ghmg |f~f b~hlhdeiix e|e~afa qg~bvlg e nhaahdl

{~bmf}}) e`qf~ qgf Deqhbdei Qfifmbc [bihmx 5881 hdq~bavmfa {~hpeqf {e~qhmh{eqhbd hd qgf

qfifmbc }fmqb~) mgedlfa vdaf~ qgf Df| Qfifmbc [bihmx 5888$ Qgf df| {bihmx

~fmbldhzfa qgf dffa qb n~hdl l~feqf~ mbc{fqhqhbd hd qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ hd nbqg v~ned

eda ~v~ei e~fe} eda qb {~bphaf e ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$ \hqg qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf

‗chl~eqhbd {emoelf‘ |hqg f``fmq `~bc ;5$;7$5888) qgf {bihmx fpbipfa qb ~f{iemf e ghlg

bdf qhcf fdq~x `ff |hqg eddvei ~fmv~~hdl ihmfd}f `ff eda }{fmq~vc v}elf mge~lf} hd

qgf `b~c b` e ~fpfdvf }ge~f$ Qgf ph}hbd b` qgf W @hpf Xfe~ [ied qgeq ’~fpfdvf

lfdf~eqhbd }gbvia dbq nf e cejb~ afqf~chdedq b` qgf cem~b {bihmx lbpf~dhdl qgf

}fmqb~†$.$ eda qgeq ’}{fmq~vc {bihmx dffa} qb nf {~bcbqhbdei hd deqv~f? ~fpfdvf

mbd}haf~eqhbd} {iexhdl e }fmbdae~x ~bif– ei}b lvhafa qgf qfifmbc }fmqb~ {bihmx hd qgh}

~fle~a$ Qgf pe~hbv} cfe}v~f} qeofd {v~}vedq qb qgf {bihmx gfi{fa hd hdm~fe}hdl

qfifafd}hqx eda hd ~favmhdl qgf {~hmf} b` cbnhif }f~phmf}$ Qgf {~bph}hbd b` qfifmbc

}f~phmf} hdpbipf} ie~lf hdpf}qcfdq}$ H` qgf lbpf~dcfdq mge~lf} e pf~x ghlg fdq~x `ff) hq

|bvia ~favmf qgf ~f}bv~mf} epehienif qb qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb m~feqf hd`~e}q~vmqv~f$

Qgh} |bvia fpfdqveiix hc{emq qgf {~hmf} mge~lfa nx qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda qgf~fnx

ihchq }f~phmf} qb qgb}f |gb med e` b~a ghlgf~ {~hmfa }f~phmf}$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgf mbdmf{q b`

e dbqhbdei ib}} |gfd }{fmq~vc h} lhpfd eq e {~hmf ah}mbpf~fa `f| xfe~} fe~ihf~ ge} qb



#500#

nf neiedmfa |hqg qgf lehd} emm~vhdl qb qgf mbd}vcf~} eda qgf lfdf~ei hc{~bpfcfdq hd

{vnihm |fiè~f hd qgf `b~c b` è}qf~ fmbdbchm l~b|qg fqm.$

55$>6 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf MNH e} qb |gfqgf~ qgfx el~ffa |hqg qgf meimvieqhbd}

b` qgf MEL$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.\f e~f dbq fw{f~q} bd qgeq }vnjfmq$ ]b) |f gepf e}ofa QÊH qb }fq v{ eMbcchqqff eda qgfd lhpf v} qgf fwemq ib}} `hlv~f}††|f gepf meimvieqfa~bvlgix nfq|ffd ^}$ 1;);;; m~b~f eda ^}$ 6;) ;;; m~b~f$ Qgeq h} bv~ ~bvlg`hlv~f.$

55$>0 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc qgf QÊH) qgf }qeqv} b` qgf ~fuvf}q

ceaf nx qgf MNH qb qgf Evqgb~hqx qb }fq v{ e Mbcchqqff eda meimvieqf qgf fwemq ib}}$

Qgf QÊH hd hq} ~f{ix }qeqfa qgeq qgf MNH phaf hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa 58qg Jedve~x) >;55 gea

hd`b~cfa QÊH qgeq hd phf| b` qgf ah~fmqhbd} b` Gbd,nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q b` Hdahe `b~

hdpf}qhleqhbd |hqg fc{ge}h} bd ib}} mev}fa qb {vnihm fwmgfuvf~) hq h} dfmf}}e~x qgeq

{~hmf b` qgf MCQ]"Ne}hm"VE] Ihmfd}f |ghmg mbcf} nvdaifa |hqg e }{fmq~vc b` 1$1

CGz / 5$7 CGz nf meimvieqfa bd qfmgdhmei eda mbccf~mhei {e~ecfqf~} `b~ eii qfifmbc

mh~mif} `b~ pe~hbv} xfe~} `~bc >;;5 qb >;;7 bd xfe~ix ne}h}$ @v~qgf~) qgfx ~fuvf}qfa

QÊH qgeq qgf fw{f~q mbcchqqff e{{bhdqfa nx hq cex ei}b nf e}ofa qb |b~o v{bd }vmg

{~hmf} `b~ eii qfifmbc mh~mif} `b~ pe~hbv} xfe~} `~bc >;;5 qb >;;7 bd xfe~ix ne}h}$

55$>< Emmb~ahdlix) QÊH phaf hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa >< qg Jedve~x) >;55 ~fuvf}qfa qgf Fw{f~q}

qb meimvieqf qgf {~hmf b` }{fmq~vc b` 1$1$ CGz / 5$7 CGz) ne}fa qgf qfmgdhmei eda

mbccf~mhei {e~ecfqf~} `b~ qgf xfe~} >;;5 qb >;;7 bd xfe~ix ne}h}.$

55$>7 Qgf Evqgb~hqx `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq fe~ihf~ QÊH gea ~fuvf}qfa qgf}f Fw{f~q} qb

}qvax qgf h}}vf} hdpbipfa eda {~bphaf qgf peivf b` }{fmq~vc hd 57;; CGz neda avix

qeohdl hdqb mbd}haf~eqhbd qgf hd{vq} `~bc qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~}$ Qgf Fw{f~q} }vnchqqfaqgfh~ ~f{b~q qhqifa .Qgf >;5; peivf b` }{fmq~vc hd 57;; CGz neda.

aeqfa =;qg Jedve~x) >;55$

55$>8 Bd 7qg @fn~ve~x) >;55) QÊH ~fmbccfdafa qb nf ABQ qgeq qgf {~hmf lhpfd nx

qgf fw{f~q} nf eab{qfa e} qgf nf}q epehienif `hlv~f$



#50<#

55$=; E {f~v}ei b` qgf QÊH,} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd .qgf >;5; peivf b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf

57;; CGz neda. ~fpfeifa qgeq qgf Fw{f~q Mbcchqqff,} ~f{b~q ceof} ed e}}f}}cfdq b`

qgf peivf b` qgf 57;; CGz neda }{fmq~vc `~bc qgf qfmgdhmei e} |fii e} qgf

mbccf~mhei {bhdq} b` phf|$ Gephdl abdf }b) qgf ~f{b~q afqf~chdf} qgf peivf b` 57;;

CGz }{fmq~vc hd q|b q~edmgf} ” {~hmf b` mbdq~emqfa }{fmq~vc h$f$ v{ qb 0$> CGz eda

{~hmf b` hdm~fcfdqei }{fmq~vc h$f$ nfxbda 0$> CGz$

55$=5 QÊH `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq qgf fw{f~q} dbq bdix ~fihfa bd qgf aeqe ~fieqhdl qb

pe~hbv} I]E} nvq ei}b bd mf~qehd e}}vc{qhbd}) }bcf b` |ghmg) qgbvlg hdgf~fdq hd ed

fwf~mh}f b` qgh} deqv~f) e~f dfpf~qgfif}} }hldh hmedq$ Qgf pe~hbv} e}}vc{qhbd} ceaf

nx qgfc gepf nffd mife~ix n~bvlgq bvq hd qgf ~f{b~q$ Hd qgf ihlgq b` qgh}) qgf Evqgb~hqx

`ffi} qgeq |ghif qgf `hlv~f} lhpfd nx qgf fw{f~q} cex nf eab{qfa) hq }gbvia nf abdf

|hqg qgf `vii ~feihzeqhbd qgeq qgf}f e~f f}qhceqfa `hlv~f} eda cex b~ cex dbq ei|ex}

ceqmg qgf fwemq ce~ofq {~hmf$

E mb{x b` qgf QÊH,} fpeiveqhbd b` eda mbccfdq} bd qgf }eha ~f{b~q h} eq

'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWW(



#507#

MGE[QF^ # WHH

MNH HDPF]QHLEQHBD B@ QGF >L ][FMQ^VC ME]F

5>$5 E} ei~feax cfdqhbdfa hd afqehi hd Mge{qf~ H b` qgh} ^f{b~q) bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf

deqhbd|haf mbdmf~d} fw{~f}}fa eda }{fmh hm mbc{iehdq} ~fmfhpfa nx qgf Mfdq~ei

Phlhiedmf Mbcch}}hbd 'MPM( elehd}q h~~flvie~hqhf} b` l~epf deqv~f mbcchqqfa hd qgf

eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc vdaf~ qgf VE] ihmfdmhdl eda }hdmf qgf ~f{ihf} b` qgf ABQ qb

qgf Uvf}qhbddeh~f} b` qgf MPM |f~f dbq }{fmh`hm) qgf Mbcch}}hbd afmhafa qb mbdavmq

e ah~fmq hduvh~x bd qgf ceqqf~ bd 5< qg Jvdf) >;;8$ E`qf~ mbc{ifqhdl qgf Hduvh~x) qgf

MPM) bd 5>qg Bmqbnf~) >;;8) ~f`f~~fa qgf ceqqf~ qb qgf Mfdq~ei Nv~fev b` Hdpf}qhleqhbd

`b~ afqehifa hdpf}qhleqhbd bd qgf ne}h} b` Mbcch}}hbd‘} Ah~fmq Fduvh~x ^f{b~q

'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWWH($ Qgf MNH) emmb~ahdlix) `hifa qgf @h~}q Hd`b~ceqhbd ^f{b~q '@H^(

bd >5}q Bmqbnf~) >;;8 'Eddfwv~f}# WWWWWWHH($

5>$> Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ qgf MNH |ehqhdl `b~ qgf MPM ~f`f~fdmf b`

qgf me}f eda dbq ~flh}qf~hdl qgf @H^ eda hdpf}qhleqhdl qgf me}f bd hq} b|d |gfd }b

cvmg hd`b~ceqhbd gea ei~feax nffd hd qgf {vnihm abcehd bd qgf eiiflfa h~~flvie~hqhf}

mbcchqqfa hd qgf eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf MNH }qeqfa qgeq MPM gea

nffd ibbohdl hdqb qgf pe~hbv} mbc{iehdq} ~fmfhpfa nx hq) }hdmf Jedve~x#@fn~ve~x >;;7

hq}fi`) ~fle~ahdl eiifleqhbd} enbvq qgf eiibmeqhbd b` VE] Ihmfdmf} hd Jedve~x >;;7$

MPM gea hdhqheqfa e ah~fmq fduvh~x vdaf~ }fmqhbd 7'5( 'a( b` MPM Emq) >;;=$ E`qf~

mbc{ifqhdl }eha hduvh~x MPM }fdq hq} ~f{b~q qb MNH phaf hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa 5>$5;$;8$

5>$= Hd qgf cfed qhcf e ]bv~mf Hd`b~ceqhbd |e} ei}b {~bmf}}fa eq MNH |$f$`$

5>$;5$>;;8 eda |e} {fdahdl afmh}hbd) |gfd hq |e} ife~dq qgeq MPM |e} ibbohdl hdqb

qgf ceqqf~$ Emmb~ahdlix) hq |e} afmhafa qb |ehq `b~ bvqmbcf b` MPM fduvh~x$ Db~ceiix)|gfd MPM vdaf~qeof} e ah~fmq fduvh~x) MNH e|ehq} qgf bvqmbcf eda hq} ~f{b~q `~bc

MPM$

5>$1 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ qgf `emq} hd qgf MPM ~f`f~fdmf

`fii |hqghd qgf {v~phf| b` qgf [~fpfdqhbd b` Mb~~v{qhbd Emq$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf MNH }vnchqqfa



#508#

hd qgf e``h~ceqhpf eda }qeqfa qgeq qgf afqehi} b` `emq} cfdqhbdfa hd qgf MPM ifqqf~ "~f{b~q

aeqfa 5>$5;$>;;8 {~hce `emhf hdahmeqfa env}f b` b``hmhei {b}hqhbd nx mf~qehd b``hmhei} b`

Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) hd mbd}{h~emx |hqg bqgf~}$ MPM hd hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa

5>$5;$>;;8) phaf [e~e >) cfdqhbdfa qgeq ’Qgf Mbcch}}hbd h}) qgf~f`b~f) b` qgf phf|

qgeq qgf ceqqf~ ~fuvh~f} `v~qgf~ hdpf}qhleqhbd qb f}qenih}g qgf m~hchdei mbd}{h~emx hd qgf

eiibmeqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc vdaf~ Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Ihmfdmf [bihmx b` AbQ eda qb

n~hdl qb nbbo eii |~bdl abf~}$ Qgf MNH cex qeof fe~ix dfmf}}e~x emqhbd hd qgf ceqqf~

eda off{ qgf Mbcch}}hbd avix {b}qfa |hqg qgf {~bl~f}}–$ Emmb~ahdlix) @H^ |e}

~flh}qf~fa vdaf~ }fmqhbd 5>;#N b` Hdahe [fdei Mbaf 'M~hchdei mbd}{h~emx( ~fea |hqg

}fmqhbd 5='>( ~"| 5='5( 'a( b` [~fpfdqhbd b` Mb~~v{qhbd Emq) 5877 'm~hchdei ch}mbdavmq($

5>$6 E {f~v}ei b` qgf @H^ ~fpfeifa qgeq hq gea nffd ~flh}qf~fa elehd}q vdodb|d

{f~}bd}$ Fw{~f}}hdl qgfh~ }v~{~h}f) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa hd fphafdmf |gfqgf~ hq |e} e

lfdf~ei {~emqhmf hd qgf MNH qb ibalf ed @H^ elehd}q vdodb|d {f~}bd}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf

Ah~fmqb~) MNH }vnchqqfa:

’Db~ceiix) |f ~flh}qf~ e {~fihchde~x hduvh~x hd |ghmg |f f}qenih}g |gb e~f qgf{f~}bd} ~f}{bd}hnif eda qgfd) |f ibalf ed @H^.$

5>$0 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gx qgeq {~emqhmf |e} dbq `biib|fa |ghif ibalhdl qgf @H^ hd qgf

>L ]{fmq~vc me}f) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }qeqfa qgeq qgf MPM hd qgfh~ Ah~fmq Hduvh~x ^f{b~q

aha dbq decf edxbdf eda |edqfa qgf MNH qb hdpf}qhleqf `v~qgf~ qgf h~~flvie~hqhf} qgeq

qgf Mbcch}}hbd `bvda hd qgfh~ hduvh~x$ Gf `v~qgf~ e{{~h}fa:

’\f |f~f fw{fmqhdl qgfc 'vdodb|d {f~}bd}( hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) {~hpeqf {f~}bd} e} |fii e} Mbc{edhf} ” eii qgf qg~ff.$

5>$< \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ hafdqh`xhdl bdix qgf Af{e~qcfdq}

|bvia }v``hmf) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH ~f{ihfa:

’Qgfx 'vdodb|d {f~}bd}( gepf nffd e~~f}qfa eda qgfx e~f odb|d db|.$

5>$7 ^f`f~~hdl qb qgf MNH @H^ |ghmg }qeqfa ’Qgv}) qgf mbdmf~dfa b``hmf~} b` qgf

Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} gea e m~hchdei mbd}{h~emx |hqg mf~qehd



#5<;#

{f~}bd}"mbc{edhf} eda nx env}hdl qgfh~ b``hmhei {b}hqhbd l~edqfa Vdh hfa Emmf}}

]f~phmf Ihmfdmf} qb e `f| }fifmqfa Mbc{edhf} eq dbchdei ~eqf nx ~fjfmqhdl qgf

e{{ihmeqhbd b` bqgf~} |hqgbvq edx peiha ~fe}bd qgf~fnx mev}hdl |~bdl`vi ib}} qb qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe–) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf MNH gea dbq mbcf qb qgf

mbdmiv}hbd |ghif ibalhdl qgf @H^ qb hafdqh`x qgb}f {f~}bd} |gb mev}fa |~bdl`vi ib}} qb

qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$ Qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH ~f}{bdafa:

’Qgeq h} |gf~f |f e~f hd qgf {~bmf}} b` hdpf}qhleqhbd eda |f gepf ceaf mf~qehde~~f}q}–$

5>$8 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgv}) fduvh~fa enbvq qgf aeqf bd |ghmg qgf `h~}q ~eha |e} abdf

nx qgf MNH e`qf~ ibalhdl qgf @H^$ Qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH ~f{ihfa qgeq qgf ~eha} }qe~qfa e`qf~

Bmqbnf~) >;5;$ Gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

’]bcf }fe~mgf} gea qeofd {iemf hccfaheqfix e`qf~ qgf me}f gea nffd~flh}qf~fa) nvq dbq elehd}q qgf Lbpf~dcfdq B``hmf~}? B``hmf} |f~f }fe~mgfa eda{~hpeqf mbc{edhf} |f~f }fe~mgfa$ Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq B``hmf~} |f~f dbq ~ehafahdhqheiix ” hccfaheqfix) qgfx |f~f dbq ~ehafa–$

5>$5; Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa enbvq qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ }vmg e ibdl afiex nfq|ffd qgf

ibalhdl b` qgf @H^ eda qgf `h~}q ~eha eda af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx

ah``hmviqx hd hdpf}qhleqhdl b~ mbchdl qb e mbdmiv}hbd b~ }bcf ~f}h}qedmf qb hq b~ |gfqgf~

qgf~f |f~f edx hd`ivfdmf} bd qgf Elfdmx dbq qb {~bmffa qbb uvhmoix$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) qgf

Ah~fmqb~) MNH }vnchqqfa:

’Qgf~f |f~f e ibq b` ~fmb~a} qgeq gea nffd hdhqheiix }fhzfa? qgfx |f~f nfhdlfwechdfa {iv} |f gea qgf ^eahe Qe{f} |ghmg |f~f lhpfd qb v}$ \f e~f lbhdlqg~bvlg qgf fdqh~f {~bmf}}–$

5>$55 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgv} uvf~hfa |gfqgf~ qgf MNH |bvia }ge~f qgf lfdf~ei

hc{~f}}hbd qgeq qgf~f |f~f mf~qehd hd ivfdmf} |ghmg {~fpfdqfa qgf Hdpf}qhleqhdlElfdmx qb emq }|h`qix$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }qeqfa qgeq qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q ” gea

e}ofa qgf MNH) qgf }ecf uvf}qhbd}) nvq qgfx |f~f pf~x }eqh}`hfa |hqg qgf {~bl~f}} b`

qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd$



#5<5#

5>$5> Qgf Mbcchqqff ~fqb~qfa qgeq qgfx |f~f dbq mbdmf~dfa |gfqgf~ qgf ]v{~fcf

Mbv~q |e} }eqh}`hfa b~ dbq eda ~fchdafa qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH qgeq gf |e} avqx nbvda qb

mbcf bvq |hqg qgf |gbif q~vqg qb }eqh}`x qgf Mbcchqqff eda hd qgf {~bmf}} qgf mbvdq~x$

Hd ~f}{bd}f) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }vnchqqfa:

’H |bvia ihof qb cfdqhbd qgeq H gea jv}q qeofd bpf~ enbvq q|b cbdqg} elb$ H |e}dbq e}}bmheqfa |hqg qgh} me}f) nvq H }geii mf~qehdix lb nemo) mgfmo eda qgfd) H |hii}eqh}`x qgf Mbcchqqff e} qb |gx qgh} afiex |e} qgf~f$

5>$5= Hd e {b}q#fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd) qgf MNH fw{iehdfa qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ afiex hd

hdpf}qhleqhdl b` ^M AEH >;;8 E ;;16 '>L ]{fmq~vc me}f( |ghmg ~fea} e} `biib|}:#

’Av~hdl qgf mbv~}f b` hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf me}f) hccfaheqfix e`qf~ ~flh}q~eqhbd b` qgf me}f }fe~mg |e~~edq} |f~f bnqehdfa `~bc qgf Mbv~q b` ]{fmhei Jvalf MNH)[eqheie gbv}f Mbv~q) Df| Afigh bd >5$5;$>;;8 eda }fe~mgf} |f~f mbdavmqfabd >>$5;$>;;8 `b~ mbiifmqhbd b` hdm~hchdeqhdl abmvcfdq} hd qgf \h~fif}}[ieddhdl eda Mbb~ahdeqhbd \hdl eda hd Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Mfii b` Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}) ]edmge~ Ngeped) E}gboe ^bea) Df| Afigh$ Av~hdl}fe~mgf} 68 `hif} b` Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Mfii) |ghmg afei |hqg {bihmx h}}vf} ~fieqhdlqb qgf L~edq b` Vdh`hfa Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Ihmfdmf} 'VE]I( eda h}}vedmf b` VE]Ihmfdmf}) |f~f }fhzfa$ Qgf}f abmvcfdq} {f~qehdfa qb ~fphf| b` Ihmfdmhdl[bihmx) afmh}hbd b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc bd Q^EH ^fmbccfdaeqhbd}){~bmfav~f eab{qfa nx Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc `b~ h}}vf b` Ifqqf~} b` Hdqfdq

'IBH}( `b~ VE] ihmfdmf}) @h~}q”Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pf [bihmx) fqm$ e} ~fle~a} qgfVE] Ihmfdmf {bihmx b` qgf AbQ eda `hif} b` AbQ ~fle~ahdl {~bmf}}hdl b` 5>>VE] Ihmfdmf e{{ihmeqhbd} b` 5< mbc{edhf} qb |gbc VE] Ihmfd}f} |f~f h}}vfahd qgf Jedve~x#Ce~mg) >;;7) eda `hif} ~fle~ahdl l~edq b` VE] Ihmfdmf} qb qgf}f5< mbc{edhf} `b~ 5>> qfifmbc mh~mif} qg~bvlgbvq Hdahe$ Av~hdl hdpf}qhleqhbd`v~qgf~ ~fmb~a} b` Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Mfii b` Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd~fieqhdl qb h}}vedmf b` VE] ihmfdmf} nx AbQ) f}{fmheiix qgf eiibmeqhbd b` VE]Ihmfdmf} av~hdl >;;= bd|e~a}) |f~f ei}b qeofd bpf~ `~bc Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbc$

E{e~q `~bc qgf e`b~fcfdqhbdfa abmvcfdq} >6 `hif} b` \h~fif}}) [ieddhdl

Mbb~ahdeqhbd '\[M( \hdl b` Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} |f~f ei}b}fhzfa av~hdl }fe~mgf} b` qgf }eha |hdl b` AbQ bd >>$5;$>;;8$ Qgf}f `hif}{f~qehd qb qgf {ieddhdl) mbb~ahdeqhbd) epehienhihqx eda eiibmeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc qbqgf df| VE] ihmfdmff} av~hdl qgf ~fifpedq {f~hba$ Av~hdl hdpf}qhleqhbd `v~qgf~ ~fmb~a} b` \[M \hdl b` AbQ |f~f ei}b }fhzfa$

Av~hdl hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf me}f) `v~qgf~ }fe~mgf} vdaf~ }fmqhbd 506 m~b~f [$M$|f~f ei}b mbdavmqfa av~hdl >=$5;$>;;8 qb 58$;5$>;5; eq >5 bqgf~ {iemf} eqAfigh) Dbhae) Lv~lebd) Jeh{v~) Cvcneh) Cbgeih) Mgfddeh) Ledaghdele~ eda



#5<>#

Nedleib~f) |ghmg hdmivaf b``hmf {~fch}f} b` qgf pe~hbv} mbc{edhf} |ghmg lbqqgf Ifqqf~} b` Hdqfdq b` VE]I bd 5;$;5$>;;7 ~fle~ahdl >L ]{fmq~vc$ Qgf}fmbc{edhf} hdmivaf C"} ]|ed Qfifmbc [pq$ Iqa$) C"} Aeqembc ]bivqhbd} [pq$Iqa$) C"} Hafe Mfiivie~ Iqa$) C"} Vdhqfmg \h~fif}} l~bv{ mbc{edhf} 'mbd}h}qhdlb` C"} Eabdh} [~bjfmq} [pq$ Iqa$) C"} Gva}bd [~b{f~qhf} Iqa$) C"} Vdhqfmg

Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f} [pq$ C"} E}oe [~bjfmq} Iqa$) C"} Eze~f [~b{f~qhf} Iqa$) C"}Vdhqfmg Nvhiaf~} F}qeqf} [pq$ Iqa$) Deged [~b{f~qhf} [pq$ Iqa$ eda Pbile[~b{f~qhf} [pq Iqa$() C"} ]{hmf Mbccvdhmeqhbd} Iqa$) C"} Qeqe Qfif}f~phmf}Iqa$) C"} ] Qfi Iqa‘) C"} Ibb{ Qfifmbc [~hpeqf Iqa$) C"} ]gxec Qfifihdo Ihchqfaeda C"} Eiihedz Hd`~eqfmg [pq$ Iqa$) eii b` |ghmg |f~f eiibqqfa qgf VE] ihmfdmf}|hqgbvq edx mbc{fqhqhpf nhaahdl$ Qgf {~fch}f} ei}b hdmivafa qgf {~fch}f} b` Evahqb~ eda {f~}bd mbddfmqfa |hqg C"} L~ffd Gbv}f [~bcbqf~} [pq$ Iqa$)Mgfddeh eda bqgf~ mbc{edhf} eiiflfaix ~fieqfa qb ohd b` ]g~h e êje) qgfdCBMHQ$ Pbivchdbv} abmvcfdq} |f~f ~fq~hfpfa `~bc qgf}f }fe~mgf}$ Qgf}fabmvcfdqfa |f~f {vq qb afqehifa }m~vqhdx eda `v~qgf~ ~fmb~a} `~bc ^flh}q~e~ b` Mbc{edhf}) Nedo}) mbc{edhf}) fqm$ |f~f ei}b mbiifmqfa `~bc qhcf qb qhcf `b~

}vmg }m~vqhdx ph}#ë#ph} qgf ìb| b` `vda} ~fle~ahdl }ge~fgbiahdl b` qgfmbc{edhf}) fihlhnhihqx b` qgf e{{ihmedq mbc{edhf} |f~f ei}b }bvlgq edafwechdfa$

Qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd hdpbipfa edeix}h} b` qgf h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb qgf Qfifmbc [bihmxb` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe }hdmf >;;5) eda fpfd nf`b~f) f}{fmheiix hd phf| b` qgf h}}vf} ~eh}fa nx qgfd AbQ b``hmhei} qgeq @h~}q#Mbcf#@h~}q#]f~pfa {bihmx `b~ h}}vedmf b` ihmfdmf}) eq qgf {~hmf} ah}mbpf~fa hd >;;5) |e} hd pblvf }hdmf>;;=$ @b~ qgh} {v~{b}f `v~qgf~ ~fmb~a} b` Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}'AbQ(# Emmf}} ]f~phmf} Mfii eda \h~fif}} [ieddhdl Mbb~ahdeqhbd \hdl'\[M() Qfifmbc ^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe 'QÊH( |f~f ei}b qeofd bpf~ edaedeixzfa$

Qgf e`b~f}eha abmvcfdq} |f~f {vq qb afqehifa }m~vqhdx ph}#ph}#ph} qgf èmq} b` qgf me}f eda `v~qgf~ abmvcfdq} |f~f mbiifmqfa) eda |hqdf}}f} |f~f fwechdfa`~bc qhcf qb qhcf) e} {f~ dffa} b` qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd$ Qgf abmvcfdq}"`hif}mbiifmqfa av~hdl hdpf}qhleqhbd 'qhii Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q afmhafa qb cbdhqb~ qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd bd 50$5>$>;5;( ~vd hdqb cb~f qged 5 ieog {elf}) afqehi} b` |ghmg h} cfdqhbdfa hd e }f{e~eqf eddfwv~f) h$f$ Eddfwv~f N$ Dvcf~bv}|hqdf}}f} gea ei}b nffd fwechdfa nx qgfd$

Hq h} ei}b |b~qg cfdqhbd qgeq hd Cex) >;5; qgf ~fmb~ahdl} b` e~bvda 67;;hdqf~mf{qfa meii} b` C}$ Dh~~e êahe |f~f ei}b ~fmfhpfa nx MNH `b~ fwechdeqhbdhd mbddfmqhbd |hqg qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgh} me}f$ Qgf }ecf |f~f ei}b nfhdl}hcviqedfbv}ix edeixzfa |hqg ~f}{fmq qb ~fifpedmf hd qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgh}me}f$

E{e~q `~bc qgf mh~mvc}qedmf} cfdqhbdfa enbpf) hq h} ei}b ~fifpedq qb cfdqhbdqgeq hdpf}qhleqhdl b``hmf~ b` qgf me}f ei}b mbc{ifqfa hdpf}qhleqhbd b` edbqgf~ me}f '^M AEH >;; E ;;51( hd fe~ix >;5; eda |e} ei}b }hcviqedfbv}ix eqqfdahdlqb edbqgf~ hc{b~qedq me}f vdaf~ hdpf}qhleqhbd '^M AEH >;0 E ;;;0 ” DQ[M



#5<=#

Me}f($ Qgf~fe`qf~) gf |e} bd e `b~fhld ph}hq av~hdl E{~hi#cex >;5; hdmbddfmqhbd |hqg Ne}hm ' Mbc{vqf~ @b~fd}hm}( Q~ehdhdl mbdavmqfa nx HEMH] eq@ib~hae) V]E$ E{e~q `~bc nfhdl nv}x hd mbddfmqhbd |hqg {~f{e~eqhbd `b~ }ehambv~}f"ph}hq nf`b~f }vmg q~ehdhdl) gf ei}b mbc{ifqfa [ff~ ^fphf| [ge}f b` Mf~qh`hfa @b~fd}hm mbc{vqf~ Fwechdf~ 'M@MF( b` 1 cbdqg} av~eqhbd eq Hdahe)

e`qf~ ~fqv~dhdl `~bc V]E) }hcviqedfbv}ix |hqg qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd$

Hd phf| b` qgf mh~mvc}qedmf} cfdqhbdfa enbpf) qgf~f |e} db }hldh`hmedq afiex hdqgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgh} me}f eda qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd |e} {~bl~f}}hdl$ Hq emqveiixqbbo b`` bd aex qb aex ne}h}) e`qf~ lfdf~ei }m~vqhdx b` qgf abmvcfdq} |e} abdf)hd Jvdf#Jvix >;5;) nf`b~f Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q afmhafa qb cbdhqb~ qgfhdpf}qhleqhbd phaf b~af~ aeqfa 50$5>$>;5;$

E }qeqv} ~f{b~q aeqfa =;$55$>;5; enbvq qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` >L ]{fmq~vc me}f|e} `hifa nx MNH hd e }feifa mbpf~ nf`b~f qgf Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q b` Hdahe)Bd {f~v}ei b` qgf }ecf Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q b` Hdahe bn}f~pfa hd hq} b~af~

aeqfa 50$5>$>;5; qgeq ’Qgf ~f{b~q} {~bavmfa nf`b~f qgf Mbv~q }gb| qgeq qgfMNH eda qgf Fd`b~mfcfdq Ah~fmqb~eqf gepf }qe~qfa hdpf}qhleqhbd hd qgf ~hlgqah~fmqhbd–$

Gb|fpf~) Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q) off{hdl hd phf| qgf }qeqfcfdq} ceaf nx qgfife~dfa ]bihmhqb~ Lfdf~ei eda qgf ife~dfa }fdhb~ mbvd}fi ~f{~f}fdqhdl qgf MNH)qgeq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq b` Hdahe eda qgf MNH |bvia gepf db bnjfmqhbd qb e Mbv~qcbdhqb~fa hdpf}qhleqhbd nx qgf MNH) eda |hqg e phf| qb fd}v~f qgeq hd e }f~hbv}ceqqf~ ihof qgh}) mbc{~fgfd}hpf eda mbb~ahdeqfa hdpf}qhleqhbd h} mbdavmqfa nxqgf MNH eda qgf Fd`b~mfcfdq Ah~fmqb~eqf |hqgbvq edx ghda~edmf) afmhafa qbcbdhqb~ qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgh} me}f) phaf eda b~af~ aeqfa 50$5>$>;5; hd qgf}eha ceqqf~$

@v~qgf~) e [~bl~f}} ^f{b~q enbvq qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf me}f |e} `hifa nx MNHnf`b~f Gbd‘nif ]v{~fcf Mbv~q b` Hdahe bd 5;$;>$>;55) e`qf~ {f~v}hdl |ghmg)eda gfe~hdl qgf e~lvcfdq} bd nbqg }haf}) Gbd‘nif Mbv~q bn}f~pfa hd hq} b~af~ aeqfa 5;$;>$>;55 qgeq ” ’ |f gepf lbdf qg~bvlg qgf ~f{b~q} eda dbqf |hqg}eqh}`emqhbd qgeq qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH ge} lhpfd avf hc{b~qedmf qb qgf >L ]{fmq~vcme}f.$

5>$51 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfd |bvia qgf MNH nf enif qb mbc{ifqf qgf

hdpf}qhleqhbd$ Hd ~f{ix) hq |e} }qeqfa qgeq qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf me}f h} hd {~bl~f}}eda h} ihofix qb nf mbc{ifqfa nx =5}q Ce~mg >;55) ne~~hdl `b~fhld hdpf}qhleqhbd |ghmg

cex qeof e ihqqif ibdlf~ qhcf$ Hd ~f}{fmq b` qgf cehd h}}vf} mbdqehdfa hd qgf MNH @H^) h}

ihofix qb `hif e mge~lf }gffq nf`b~f qgf af}hldeqfa mbv~q nx =5}q Ce~mg) >;55$ Bd

~fcehdhdl e}{fmq} qgf mbv~q }geii nf ~fuvf}qfa qb eiib| mbdqhdvhdl `v~qgf~ hdpf}qhleqhbd

vdaf~ }fmqhbd 5<= '7( b` M~$[$M$



#5<1#

Qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH `v~qgf~ mie~h`hfa:

’\f |hii nf `hiihdl bv~ `h~}q mge~lf }gffq nx =5}q Ce~mg) >;55$ Nvq qgeq |bvia dbq

cfed qgeq qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf me}f |bvia mbc{ifqfix nf bpf~$ \f |bvia}qhii nf gephdl }v{{ifcfdqe~x hdpf}qhleqhbd lbhdl bd eda qgf~f h} e ibq b` `b~fhldhdpf}qhleqhbd hdpbipfa$ ]b) qhii qgb}f ~f{b~q} mbcf) |f |hii dbq meii hq e mbc{ifqfhdpf}qhleqhbd‘$ Gb|fpf~) qgf `h~}q mge~lf }gffq |hii nf `hifa nx =5}q Ce~mg) >;55–$

5>$56 ^f`f~~hdl qb e [~f}} ^f{b~q |gf~fhd hq |e} cfdqhbdfa qgeq qgf Elfdmx {~bnhdl

qgf >L ]{fmq~vc }mec b{{b}fa jvahmhei cbdhqb~hdl b` qgf me}f) qgf Mbcchqqfa e}ofa

qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH qb mie~h`x qgf ceqqf~) hd ~f}{bd}f) gf }vnchqqfa:

’H ab dbq qghdo |f gepf b{{b}fa†$$ |f gepf |fimbcfa qgf Mbv~q) hd `emq) |f|f~f pf~x offd qgeq hq }gbvia nf cbdhqb~fa nx qgf Mbv~q nfmev}f qgfx |f~fe}ohdl `b~ eii }b~q} b` cbdhqb~hdl.$

5>$50 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd {bhdqfa bvq qgeq gea qgeq nffd qgf me}f) gb| hq |e} mbchdl

bvq hd qgf {~f}} qgeq qgf MNH }eha ‗db qb qgf Mbv~q cbdhqb~hdl qgf {~bnf$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf

AHL) MNH }vnchqqfa:

’Qgf~f |e} e uvf}qhbd b` me{enhihqx b` qgf mbv~q} qb cbdhqb~ qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd$Qgh} |e} bdf h}}vf |ghmg |e} afneqfa$ Qgf iflei {b}hqhbd qgeq qgf MNH qbbo|e} qgeq hq |e} nfxbda qgf }mb{f b` qgf mbv~q} qb cbdhqb~ qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd$Qgf iflei h}}vf h} qgeq hq h} nfxbda qgf }mb{f b` qgf mbv~q} qb cbdhqb~ hdpf}qhleqhbd$ Nvq bdmf hq |e} }{fmh`hm qb qgh} {e~qhmvie~ me}f) bv~ Mbvd}fi }ehaqgeq hd phf| b` qgf mbc{ifwhqx eda pe}q deqhbdei hdqf~f}q b` qgh} me}f |f b``f~ qgh}me}f qb nf cbdhqb~fa nx qgf ]v{~fcf Mbv~q$ Qgf~f e~f q|b }f{e~eqf h}}vf})bdf h} qgf ifleihqx h}}vf eda qgf bqgf~ h} }{fmh`hm qb qgh} me}f eibdf.$

5>$5< Hd {b}q#fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd) qgf MNH `v~qgf~ mie~h`hfa qgeq qgf Mbvd}fi `b~ MNH

e~lvfa bd qgf h}}vf} ~fieqhdl qb }mb{f b` cbdhqb~hdl b` me}f} nx mbv~q}) hd lfdf~ei)

eda iflei h}}vf} e} qb hd |geq mh~mvc}qedmf} eda hd |geq ceddf~ mbv~q} med cbdhqb~

qgf hdpf}qhleqhbd}$ Gb|fpf~) MNH gea db bnjfmqhbd qb e Mbv~q cbdhqb~fa hdpf}qhleqhbd

hd phf| b` qgf }f~hbv}df}} b` qgf eiifleqhbd} hd qgh} {e~qhmvie~ ceqqf~$



#5<6#

5>$57 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb e }{fmh`hm uvf~x ~fle~ahdl qgf dvcnf~ b` abmvcfdq} }fhzfa eda

|hqdf}}f} fwechdfa nx qgf MNH }b `e~) hq |e} ~f{ihfa qgeq 5)0>0 abmvcfdq} ~vddhdl

hdqb 5)=7)<06 {elf} gea ei~feax nffd }fhzfa eda 556 ~fihfa v{bd |hqdf}}f}) e}

cfdqhbdfa hd qgf mge~lf }gffq `hifa nx qgf MNH bd >da E{~hi) >;55 gea nffd

hdqf~~bleqfa$

5>$58 A~e|hdl qgf eqqfdqhbd b` qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH qb ]g~h E~vd ]gbv~hf) qgf `b~cf~

Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~‘} }qeqfcfdq qgeq gf gea cfq qgf qgfd Ah~fmqb~) MNH eda lhpfd ghc

}bcf abmvcfdq}) qgf decf eda qfif{gbdf dvcnf~ b` qgf |gh}qif# nib|f~ fqm) qgf

Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ edx }vmg ~fmb~a |e} epehienif eda |gfqgf~ qgf qgfd

Ah~fmqb~) MNH qbbo v{ qgf h}}vf `b~|e~a b~ hldb~fa C~$ ]gbv~hf‘} cffqhdl) qgf

abmvcfdq} fqm$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) qgf Ah~fmqb~) MNH }qeqfa qgeq gf |bvia lfq nemo qb qgf

Mbcchqqff e`qf~ mgfmohdl qgf ~fmb~a}$

5>$>; Hd e {b}q#fphafdmf ~f{ix) qgf MNH }qeqfa qgeq db }vmg ifqqf~"mbccvdhmeqhbd h}

epehienif bd bv~ ~fmb~a}$ Gb|fpf~) MNH |e} hd qbvmg |hqg ]g~h E~vd ]gbv~hf }hdmf

Jedve~x) >;55 eda gf ge} nffd fwechdfa nx MNH bd >6$;>$>;55$ qgf }bv~mf |gbc

]g~h E~vd ]gbv~hf ge} nffd {vnihmix ~f`f~~hdl qb) ge} nffd hd qbvmg |hqg MNH eda

hd`b~ceqhbd `v~dh}gfa nx ghc |e} mbd}haf~fa av~hdl hdpf}qhleqhbd$



#5<0#

MGE[QF^ ” WHHH

QGF ÊAHE QE[F]

5=$5 Av~hdl qgf fwechdeqhbd b` qgf }vnjfmq) qgf Mbcchqqff,} eqqfdqhbd |e} fdlelfa

qb e }f~hf} b` e~qhmif} {vnih}gfa hd qgf kBvqibbo, eda qgf kB{fd, celezhdf} |gf~fhd qgf

q~ed}m~h{q} b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd b` C}$ Dhh~e êahe |hqg pe~hbv} jbv~deih}q}"{bihqhmhed}"

Mb~{b~eqf gbv}f} |f~f fwqfd}hpfix ghlgihlgqfa$ E} }bcf b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd}

mfdq~fa e~bvda eiibmeqhbd b` {b~q`bihb} hd qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq) {excfdq b` n~hnf hd qgf

eiibqcfdq b` >L ]{fmq~vc fqm$ qgf Mbcchqqff) hd qgf `hqdf}} b` qghdl}) }fdq `b~ qgf

mbc{ifqf êahe Qe{f} hd qgf {b}}f}}hbd b` qgf kBvqibbo,$ Qgf Fahqb~#hd#Mghf` b` qgf

Celezhdf emmb~ahdlix }v{{ihfa qgf Qe{f}$ ]bcf b` qgf ~fifpedq q~ed}m~h{q} b` qgf

Qe{f} |f~f ei}b ab|dibeafa `~bc qgf |fn}hqf b` qgf B{fd Celezhdf$

5=$> Hd b~af~ qb pf~h`x qgf evqgfdqhmhqx b` qgf q~ed}m~h{q} b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd}

{vnih}gfa hd nbqg gf celezhdf}) qgf Mbcchqqff meiifa qgf Fahqb~} b` qgf ~f}{fmqhpf

celezhdf} qb e{{fe~ nf`b~f qgfc$ \ghif af{b}hdl nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff) ]g~h Cedv

Jb}f{g) Fahqb~) kqgf B{fd, }vnchqqfa:

.E pf~x m~fahnif {f~}bd gea e{{~bemgfa qgf B{fd Celezhdf }exhdl qgeq qgf}fe~f qgf q~ed}m~h{q} qgeq e~f epehienif$ H ih}qfdfa qb qgfc bd cx mbc{vqf~$ ]bcfb` qgf}f pbhmf} nfibdlfa qb gbv}fgbia decf}$ Edx|ex) {~fmfahdl qgh}) qgf~f|f~f qgf dfwq pf~}hbd} b` }bcf b` qgf q~ed}m~h{q} |ghmg |f~f abhdl qgf ~bvda}$Fpfd eq qgeq qhcf) |f gea mgfmofa qgfx |f~f) hd èmq) `~bc qgf mbdmf~dfaaf{e~qcfdq}$ Ieqf~ bd) |f gea db {~bnifc} |hqg qgf pf~emhqx b` qgf qe{f}) |hqgqgf peihahqx b` qgf qe{f}$ Qhii aeqf) db {f~}bd ge} fpf~ uvf}qhbdfa qgf peihahqx b` qgf qe{f}$ Qgf~f |f~f }fpf~ei mbdpf~}eqhbd}$ \f |f~f hdqf~f}qfa bdix hdqgb}f mbdpf~}eqhbd} qgeq |f~f b` deqhbdei hdqf~f}q$ \f aha dbq jv}q qeof qgf~fmb~ahdl} eda avc{ qgfc bd qgf |fn}hqf$ Qgf~f |e} e {~bmf}} b` }fifmqhbdeda }fifmqhbd |e} ne}fa bd deqhbdei hdqf~f}q$

5=$= E}ofa qb }qeqf enbvq qgf cehd eda ~fifpedq mbdqfdq} b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd `~bc

qgf Mbcchqqff,} phf|) ]g~h Jb}f{g }qeqfa:

.Cb}q b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} e~f `bmv}fa bd `~bc cx vdaf~}qedahdl) |gb }gbvianf qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~ eda qb }bcf fwqfdq |gb }gbvia dbq nf qgf QfifmbcChdh}qf~$ Qgh} h} cx n~bea vdaf~}qedahdl b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd.$



#5<<#

5=$1 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |hqg |gbc C}$ êahe gea mbdpf~}eqhbd

bd eiibmeqhbd b` {b~q`bihb eda >L ]{fmq~vc) ]g~h Jb}f{g ~f}{bdafa:

.Qgf~f |f~f }fpf~ei {~bchdfdq jbv~deih}q}$ Qgfd qgf~f |f~f êqed Qeqe eda

Oedhcbzgh eda êje.$

5=$6 Enbvq qgf {~bchdfdq Jbv~deih}q}) ]g~h Jb}f{g eaafa:

.Ne~oge Avqq) Ph~ ]edlgph) eda H ~fcfcnf~) [~engv Mge|ie$ Qgf~f |f~f}fpf~ei bqgf~ decf} |ghmg |f mbvia dbq mbd`h~c$ E`qf~ Bvqibbo me~~hfaqgf fdqh~f q~ed}m~h{q}) H gfe~a jbv~deih}q} }exhdl qgeq qgh} pbhmf nfibdl} qbqgh} {f~}bd eda qgeq pbhmf nfibdl} qb qgeq fahqb~$ \f }gbvia vdaf~}qedaqgeq qgf~f e~f }bcf pbhmf} qgeq e~f pf~x ~fmbldhzenif eda pbhmf}f}{fmheiix b` {~hdq jbv~deih}q}) e~f dbq }b) nvq qgf bnjfmqhpf b` qgf

qfif{gbdf meii eda qgf bnjfmqhpf b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd mbdmf~dfa >L$

5=$0 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa |gfqgf~ hq |e} e èmq qgeq }bcf QP Mgeddfi

bnjfmqfa qb qgf {vnihmeqhbd b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Jb}f{g }vnchqqfa:

.H lbq ed ]C] `~bc Ne~oge Avqq e`qf~ qgf h}}vf }exhdl qgeq }gf h}ah}e{{bhdqfa$ H }fdq ed ]C] nemo$ H }fdq gf~ ed f#cehi$ H ab dbq~fcfcnf~ h` H lbq e ~f}{bd}f$ Nvq) e`qf~ qgeq |f |f~f bd e QP }gb| bdDAQP |gf~f }gf }eha qgeq }gf |bvia qeof uvf}qhbd} `~bc fahqb~}$H e}ofa cx uvf}qhbd} eda }gf lepf gf~ ed}|f~}$

5=$< Qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ hd qgf {~bmf}} b` {vnih}ghdl qgf

q~ed}m~h{q}) qgf jbv~deih}qhm fqghm} |f~f cehdqehdfa$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) ]g~h Jb}f{g

}vnchqqfa:

.Ifq v} dbq `b~lfq qgeq qgf uvf}qhbd b` jbv~deih}qhm fqghm} qgeq DAQP h} ~eh}hdl h})h` xbv e~f lbhdl qb me~~x qgf q~ed}m~h{q} qgeq hdpbipfa qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd b` êahe eda Nv~oge Avqq) |gx aha xbv dbq mbdqemq Nv~oge Avqq eda lfq gf~ phf|} bd |gx }gf }eha |geq }gf }eha$ Nvq qgfd }gf }gbvia vdaf~}qedaqgeq nf`b~f |f |fdq bq [~f}}) e} ed Fahqb~) H ec jv}q }hqqhdl |hqg qgh}hd`b~ceqhbd eda |geq qgf hd`b~ceqhbd h} }vllf}qhdl h} qgeq Nv~oge Avqq h}pf~x mib}f qb êahe$ ]b) h` H ec lbhdl qb qfii Nv~oge Avqq qgeq |f e~flbhdl qb me~~x qgf q~ed}m~h{q}) hq h} bdix iblhmei `b~ cf qb {~f}vcf qgeq qgf`h~}q {f~}bd Nv~oge Avqq h} lbhdl qb meii h} Dhh~e êahe$ ]b) qgf~f |f~ffwmfiifdq ~fe}bd} |gx |f mbvia dbq `biib| qgf }qedae~a jbv~deih}qhmdb~c} b` meiihdl qgf mbdmf~dfa {fb{if eda qeohdl qgfh~ phf|} |ghmg |f



#5<7#

|bvia gepf hd db~cei mh~mvc}qedmf}$ \f e~f e ghlg uveihqx celezhdfnvq }bcfqhcf} fwq~eb~ahde~x }qb~hf} dffa fwq~eb~ahde~x }bivqhbd}.$

5=$7 Hd ~f}{bd}f qb e }{fmh`hm uvf~x) ]g~h Jb}f{g fc{ge}hzfa:

.Qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd qgeq |f gepf {vnih}gfa h} evqgfdqhm$ Hq h} fwemqix |geq|e} hd qgf ~fmb~ahdl}$ \f gepf db abvnq enbvq hq.$

Gf }vccfa v{:

.Qgf afmh}hbd qb me~~x qgf}f q~ed}m~h{q} |e} qgeq qgfx |f~f b` deqhbdeihdqf~f}q$ Bqgf~|h}f) |f |bvia dbq gepf qgf cb~ei }q~fdlqg$ Xbv }gbviavdaf~}qeda qgeq e} jbv~deih}q} eda e} }ce~q jbv~deih}q} |b~ohdl `b~ ecelezhdf) |f en}b~n mbd}haf~enif ~h}o} nx me~~xhdl }vmg }qb~hf} edaabhdl qghdl} ihof qgh}$ H` qgf~f |e} db cb~ei }q~fdlqg |hqghd v}) |f |bvia

dbq nf enif qb me~~x }vmg }qb~hf}.$

5=$8 ]g~h Phdba Cfgqe) Fahqb~#hd#Mghf` hd gh} af{b}hqhbd nf`b~f qgf Mbcchqqff)

}vnchqqfa:

.Qgf `h~}q }fq b` ~fmb~ahdl} |e} {vnih}gfa nx Bvqibbo hd hq} Dbpfcnf~ >8) >;5;h}}vf |ghmg ghq qgf }qeda} bd Dbpfcnf~ 58$ Hd eii) qgf celezhdfemmf}}fa 51; mbdpf~}eqhbd}$ Bvqibbo {vq v{ 1; mbdpf~}eqhbd} bd hq}|fn}hqf |||$bvqibbohdhe$mbc |ghif hq {~hdqfa 5= }fifmq mbdpf~}eqhbd} hdhq} {~hdq fahqhbd$ Qgf }fifmqhbd |e} ceaf bd qgf ne}h} b` qgf ~fifpedmf b` e {e~qhmvie~ mbdpf~}eqhbd hd qgf >L }mec mbdqf}q e} |fii e} qgb}f qgeq}gb|fa qgf ibnnxhdl |ghmg |fdq bd hd |ghmg jbv~deih}q} |f~f ei}bhdpbipfa$ Qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} |f~f hdmbchdl eda bvqlbhdl meii} qb eda`~bc Dhh~e êahe$ Qgb}f |gb `hlv~fa hd qgf qe{f} hdmivaf E$ êje)Oedhcbzgh) êqed Qeqe) Qe~vd Ae}) Ne~oge Avqq) Ph~ ]edlgph eda C$O$Pfdv.$

5=$5; E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf }{fmh`hm ~fe}bd} `b~ qgf {vnihmeqhbd b` qgf q~ed}m~h{q})

]g~h Cfgqe }qeqfa:

.Enbvq ~fe}bd}) bd gfe~hdl qgf mbdqfdq} b` qgf qe{f}) qgf celezhdf} `fiq qgeq hq|e} hd qgf {vnihm hdqf~f}q qb ghlgihlgq mbdpf~}eqhbd} qgeq }gb|fa gb| V[E#HH`b~ceqhbd) qgf Qfifmbc [b~q`bihb hd {e~qhmvie~ |e} cedh{vieqfa nx qgf hdqf~f}qfa{e~qhf}$ Qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd ei}b }gb|fa mib}fdf}} b` ibnnxh}q} hd qgf mb~~hab~} b` {b|f~$ Lhpfd qgeq qgh} ~f{~f}fdqfa ed vd{~fmfafdqfa {feo hdqb b` afcbm~emxeda hq} hd}qhqvqhbd}) |f `fiq qgeq qe{f} }gbvia nf bvq hd qgf {vnihm abcehd.$

http://www.outlookinia.com/





#5<8#

5=$55 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |ghmg }{fmh hm mbdpf~}eqhbd} mfdq~fa

e~bvda qgf e{{bhdqcfdq b` e Chdh}qf~$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Cfgqe }vnchqqfa:

.Qgf `h~}q ibq eda fpfd qgf }fmbda ibq }gb|fa qgeq qgff |e} pf~x gfmqhm ibnnxhdl

qb ceof }v~f qgeq C~$ êje |e} ~f#e{{bhdqfa |gfd V[E#HH mecf qb {b|f~$Qgb}f {fb{if |gb |edqfa ghc ~fe{{bhdqfa |f~f dbq }v~f |gfqgf~ gf |bvia nf~fe{{bhdqfa$ Qgf~f |f~f q|b }fq} b` {~bnifc} ” bdf }fq b` {~bnifc |e}|gfqgf~ qgf ACO |bvia dbchdeqf ghc$ Qgf }fmbda }fq |e}) |gfqgf~ qgf V[Eeda qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~ hd {e~qhmvie~ |bvia |edq C~$ êje$ ]b) qgf {fb{if |gb|f~f {~bcbqhdl qgf medahaeqv~f b` C~$ êje |edqfa qb fd}v~f qgeq nbqgbnjfmqhbd} |bvia nf dfvq~eihzfa$ ]b) qgf~f |e} ed f``b~q qb hdìvfdmf qgf ACOèchix eda f}{fmheiix C~$ Oe~vdedhagh? eda qgf~f |e} ed f``b~q qb hdìvfdmf qgfV[E eda qgf {~hcf Chdh}qf~) |gb hdhqheiix gea ceaf hq odb|d ” H ab dbq odb| gfaha dbq ceof e {vnihm }qeqfcfdq nvq hq |e} |fii odb|d# qgeq gf gea }bcf~f}f~peqhbd} enbvq C~$ êje$ ]b) qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd}) gb| }gbvia H {vq hq) |f~f

}bcfqhcf} mbchmei? }bcfqhcf} qg~feqfdhdl? qgf~f |e} ed fifcfdq b` niemocehieda n~hnf~x hd qgb}f mbdpf~}eqhbd}$ Qb v}f edbqgf~ |b~a) qgf~f |e} ei}b }bcfqeio b` l~eqh`hmeqhbd `b~ pe~hbv} {fb{if) h` qgf medahaeqv~f |e} E) {~bcbqfa `~bcMgfddeh |gf~f |e} ei~feax }bcf ah}{vqf hd qgf èchix |gb }gbvia nf }fdq `b~ qgh} Chdh}q~x$ ]fmbdaix) gb| qb dfvq~eihzf qgf b{{b}hqhbd b` qgf Mbdl~f}} [e~qxhd {e~qhmvie~) qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~) ph}#ë#ph} qgf e{{bhdqcfdq b` C~$ êje.

Enbvq qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd bd >L ]{fmq~vc) ]g~h Cfgqe e{{~h}fa:

.Hq h} bnphbv} e uvf}qhbd qgeq qgf Qeqe} |f~f pf~x |b~~hfa qgeq qgfx |bvia dbq lfq}bcfqghdl qgeq qgfx fw{fmqfa `~bc C~$ êje b~ qgfx |bvia dbq lfq qgeq ecbvdqb` }{fmq~vc qgeq qgfx fw{fmqfa `~bc C~$ êje eda b` mbv~}f) `h~}q b` eii) qgfx|f~f |b~~hfa) h` C~$ Ce~ed ” gf |e} qgf bqgf~ decf qgeq |e} nfhdl cfdqhbdfaeq qgeq qhcf ” lbq qgf jbn) qgfd qgf Qeqe} |bvia nf pf~x vdge{{x$ Qgf Qeqe}gepf e gh}qb~x b` {~bnifc} |hqg C~$ Aexedhagh Ce~ed |ghmg e~f dbq }fm~fq$

5=$5> E} ~fle~a} qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd nfq|ffd C}$ êahe bd qgf bdf geda eda

]g~h Ph~ ]edlgph eda C}$ Ne~oge Avqq bd qgf bqgf~) ]g~h Cfgqe b{hdfa:

.†$Db|) |f jbv~deih}q} qeio qb {bihqhmhed} eii qgf qhcf eda qgf~f h} dbqghdl df|enbvq qgeq$ \f lfq bv~ hd`b~ceqhbd `~bc {bihqhmhed} eda {bihqhmhed} lfqhd`b~ceqhbd `~bc v}$ Hq lbf} q|b |ex}$ Nvq H qghdo |f odb| qgf Ieo}gced^foge qgeq |gf~f qgf jbv~deih}q} `h~}q jbn h} qb lb e`qf~ qgf q~vqg eda ~fpfei qgfq~vqg eda gf b~ }gf meddbq lfq hdpbipfa hd qgf ibnnxhdl `b~ mf~qehd hdahphavei}eda `b~ mf~qehd {e~qhf}$ Qgf~f`b~f) edx `~hfda}gh{ qgeq xbv cex gepf) edx~fieqhbd}gh{ qgeq xbv cex gepf) edx }q~hdlhdl qgeq xbv cex nf abhdl b` xbv~ }bv~mf) qgf~f h} e {bhdq eq |ghmg hq cv}q }qb{.$



#57;#

5=$5= E}ofa qb }qeqf |geq mbvia nf abdf qb fd}v~f qgeq qgf Jbv~deih}q} aha dbq m~b}}

qgf Ieo}gced ^foge) ]g~h Cfgqe ~f{ihfa:

.Qgf {~b`f}}hbdei nbahf}) ihof qgf Fahqb~} Lvhia eda qgf [~f}} Mbvdmhi b` Hdahe

gepf q~hfa qb ab hq hd qgf me}f b` nv}hdf}} jbv~deih}q}$ Qgfx q~hfa qb iex ab|dmf~qehd db~c}$ Nvq qgf}f db~c} e~f }b fifcfdqe~x) ihof ab dbq emmf{q }|ffq})lh`q}) fqm$ \f eii odb| |geq qgfx e~f$ \f eii odb| |gfd hq h} e Ah|eih lh`q eda|gfd hq h} e n~hnf$ Qgf [~f}} Mbvdmhi b` Hdahe ge} q~hfa qb ab hq hd qgf me}f b` nv}hdf}} jbv~deih}q}$ qgfx q~hfa qb iex ab|d mf~qehd db~c}$ Nvq qgf}f db~c} e~f}b fifcfdqe~x) ihof ab dbq emmf{q }|ffq}) lh`q}) fqm$ \f eii odb| |geq qgfx e~f$\f eii odb| |gfd hq h} e Ah|eih lh`q eda |gfd hq h} e n~hnf$ Qgf [~f}} Mbvdmhi b` Hdahe ge} q~hfa qb ab hq$ Nvq hq ge} dbq mbcf e} e l~feq ~fpfieqhbd$ Ab dbq emmf{qèpbv~} b` cbdfqe~x b~ ceqf~hei deqv~f$ H v}fa qb gepf bdf ~vif av~hdl Ah|eih$ H` }bcfnbax }fda} xbv bdf nbw b` }|ffq}) off{ hq$ Nvq h` qgfx }fda 5> nbwf} b` }|ffq}) qgfd xbv ~fqv~d hq$ Fpf~xnbax odb|} qgf ~vif} eda qgf db~c}$

Fpf~xnbax odb|} |geq h} qb nf abdf eda |geq h} dbq qb nf abdf$ H qghdo qgfnhllf}q afqf~~fdq `b~ jbv~deih}q} h} qgf }gecf b` nfhdl mevlgq$

5=$51 Enbvq ]g~h êqed D$ Qeqe, {f~}bdei geda|~hqqfd ifqqf~ qb qgf [~f}hafdq b` qgf

ACO {e~qx) ]g~h Cfgqe }qeqfa:

–]h~) qgf Mgeh~ced ge} cfdqhbdfa bdf h}}vf |gf~f qgf~f h} e geda|~hqqfd ifqqf~ nx C~$ êqed Qeqe bdf cbdqg e`qf~ gf lbq e mf~qehd ihmfdmf eda e mf~qehd}{fmq~vc$ Qgeq geda|~hqqfd ifqqf~ |e} afihpf~fa {f~}bdeiix nx Dhh~e êahe edaha dbq lb qg~bvlg qgf {b}q$ Qgeq ifqqf~ }{feo} b` dbqghdl fi}f nvq }ex} |geq e|bdaf~ vi) gbdf}q) }edf) me~f`vi ced C~$ êje h}$ ]b) qgf |gbif ifqqf~ h} e{~eh}f `b~ C~$ êje.

Hd ~f}{bd}f qb edbqgf~ ~fieqfa uvf~x) ]g~h Cfgqe af{b}fa:

.\gx |e} qgf edwhfqx qb lfq C~$ êje hdqb qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}q~x2 Xbv cv}q ei}be}o qgeq uvf}qhbd$ Hq h} dbq qgeq {fb{if ihof C~$ êje,} èmf b~ gf |e} e|bdaf~ vi lvx$ Qgf~f |e} bnphbv}ix e mf~qehd {v~{b}f$ H ab dbq gepf edx}cbohdl lvd qb {~bpf qgeq hq |e} abdf `b~ >L ihmfdmf}$ Xbv qeiofa enbvq qgfohda b` l~eqh`hmeqhbd qgeq |e} b``f~fa qb fd}v~f qgeq C~$ êje lfq} qgf Qfifmbc

Chdh}q~x meddbq nf e mbhdmhafdmf$ Hq meddbq nf nfmev}f gf |e} }b ~fe}bdenif$Qgf~f cv}q gepf nffd e ~fe}bd |gx qgh} edwhfqx |e} qgf~f eda qgf edwhfqxmbcf} `b~c {fb{if b` }vmg e ghlg b~af~ qgeq qgfx e~f dbq jv}q b~ahde~x {fb{if)|f e~f qeiohdl enbvq qgf nf}q eda cb}q ahldh`hfa eda ~f}{fmqfa hdav}q~heih}q} b` qgh} mbvdq~x$ H` qgfx med }gb| }vmg edwhfqx eda qgh} Ieax h} |b~ohdl `b~ qgfc)qgfd H qghdo hq h} uvhqf mife~ |gx qgf edwhfqx |e} qgf~f$



#575#

5=$56 E} ~fle~a} qgf pf~emhqx b` qgf q~ed}m~h{q} b` qgf êahe Qe{f}) ]g~h Cfgqe

fc{geqhmeiix }qeqfa:

.Dbnbax) |gb}f q~ed}m~h{q} qgeq |f gepf {~hdqfa) ge}) qhii aeqf) afdhfa fhqgf~ qgf

evqgfdqhmhqx b~ qgf pf~emhqx b~ qgf èmq qgeq qgfx gepf nffd fahqfa b~ }bcfch}mghf` ge} nffd abdf$ Dbnbax gea afdhfa }qe~qhdl `~bc C~$ Qeqe qb Dhh~eêahe qb Oedhcbzgh$ \f gepf dbq ~fmfhpfa e }hdlif ifqqf~ `~bc edxnbax$

Gf mbdqhdvfa:

.Fpf~x e}}vc{qhbd qgeq |f gepf ceaf hd qgf }qb~x ge} qv~dfa bvq qb nf q~vf? hdèmq fpfd |b~}f$ Fpfd e} |f qeio) eii qgf}f nhl nv}hdf}}cfd e~f mbchdl v{eda ab|d `~bc qgf MNH nvhiahdl? bdf lfdqifced h} hd jehi? MNH ~eha} gepf qeofd{iemf? gf ge} ~f}hldfa$ ]b xbv }gbvia }ex qgeq H |e} qbb ohda hd cx

e}}vc{qhbd}.$

5=$50 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa C}$ Dh~e êahe |gfqgf~ qgf q~ed}m~h{qhbd} b` gf~

mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg pe~hbv} {fb{if) e} {vnih}gfa hd qgf Bvqibbo eda B{fd celezhdf}

|f~f mb~~fmq eda evqgfdqhm$ C}$ êahe ~f{ihfa:

.\f gepf dbq emmf{qfa edx b` qgf}f mbdpf~}eqhbd}.$

5=$5< Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ edx dbqhmf gea nffd }f~pfa qb qgf Fahqb~} b` qgf

q|b celezhdf}$ Hd ~f{ix) C~$ êahe }qeqfa:

.\f gepf }f~pfa e iflei dbqhmf eq qgf qhcf qgfx {vnih}gfa qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd})nfmev}f) H nfihfpf) qgf~f h} e q~fcfdabv} ecbvdq b` ah}qb~qhbd hd |geq qgfx{vnih}gfa eda hd qgf mbdqfwq hd |ghmg qgfx {vnih}gfa qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} eda qgf~fei mbdpf~}eqhbd}$ H nfihfpf qgeq qgf~f h} e q~fcfdabv} ecbvdq b` fahqhdl qgeqge} qeofd {iemf hd qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd}.$

5=$57 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd ~fqb~qfa qgeq qgfx |f~f hd`b~cfa qgeq dbnbax gea ifleiix

mbdqf}q} b~ mbdq~eahmqfa |geq |e} {vnih}gfa hd qgf celezhdf}$ Hd ~f{ix) C}$ êahe

}qeqfa:

.H` H med }ex) qgf~f e~f q|b e}{fmq} qb qgh}$ \gfd qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} |f~f ceaf{vnihm) |f aha |geq |f gea qb$ \f gea qb ab hq hd qf~c} b` ceohdl eq ife}q



#57>#

{~bqf}qhdl hq e} è~ e} qgf celezhdf h} mbdmf~dfa$ E} è~ e} iflei ~fmbv~}fepehienif qb v} h} mbdmf~dfa) |f gepf qhcf `b~ qgf iflei ~fmbv~}f.$

]gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

.††$ Bv~ {~hb~hqx eq qgeq qhcf |e} qb mbb{f~eqf |hqg qgf elfdmhf} nfmev}f qgeq|e} |geq |e} ~fuvh~fa b` v} qb ab$ Qgeq h} |geq |f gepf abdf$ E} è~ e} qgfcelezhdf} e~f mbdmf~dfa) H |bvia hcelhdf xbv e~f e|e~f qgeq cx mihfdq}) |gbe~f qgf QEQ}) gepf qeofd emqhbd eda qgfx cbpfa qgf mbv~q bd qgf ie~lf~ h}}vf b` {~hpemx hd |ghmg qgf mbv~q hq}fi` ge} }f~pfa dbqhmf} qb qgf}f celezhdf}.$

5=$58 E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh`hmeiix |gfqgf~ edx iflei dbqhmf |e} }f~pfa b~ dbq) C}$

êahe eq ie}q eachqqfa:

.\f }f~pfa bdix e {~bqf}q$ \f gepf dbq qeofd iflei emqhbd.$

]gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq }gf |e} hdqfdahdl qb qeof iflei emqhbd$

5=$>; \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff {bhdqfa bvq }fpf~ei b` gf~ fwemq mbdpf~}eqhbd} bd

{excfdq b` n~haf `b~ }{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbd b` {b~q`bihb hd qgf Vdhbd Menhdfq) }gf }hc{ix

~f{ihfa qgeq }gf aha dbq ~fmbiifmq edx qghdl$

5=$>5 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| qgeq e`qf~ }gf |e} ceaf |hqdf}} nx qgf

MNH) qgf hdpf}qhleqhdl elfdmx cv}q gepf {iexfa qgf qe{f} qb gf~ eda |gfqgf~ }gf

el~ffa |hqg qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd b~ mbdq~eahmqfa hq$ Hd ~f}{bd}f C}$ êahe }qeqfa:

.]h~) qgf ceqqf~ h} }vn#jvahmf.$

]gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

.H ec liea qgeq qgf hdpf}qhleqhdl elfdmhf} |fdq hdqb qgf afqehi}$ H ec liea qgeqqgfx gfe~a cx mbdpf~}eqhbd} hd qgf mbdqfwq qgeq qgfx dffafa qb nf gfe~a$ H ecliea qgeq qgfx ibbofa eq abmvcfdq} eda {e{f~} qgeq |f~f }vnchqqfa hd qgfmbdqfwq qgeq gea qb nf lhpfd eda dbq qeofd bvq b` mbdqfwq jv}q nfmev}f ecelezhdf mgb}f qb me~~x }bcfqghdl hd e {e~qhmvie~ |ex$ Qgf celezhdf |bviagepf mgb}fd qb me~~x }bcfqghdl hd e {e~qhmvie~ |ex nfmev}f |f cex dbqfdqf~qehd qgf celezhdf$ Qbaex) qgf cfahe h} a~hpfd hd e mbc{ifqfix ah` f~fdq|ex$ Hq h} a~hpfd nbqqbc#ihdf$ Hq h} }fd}eqhbdeih}q$ ]b) |f gepf qeofd e phf| qbe{{~bemg qghdl} }ihlgqix ah``f~fdqix.$



#57=#

5=$>> Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~~hfa e} qb |gfqgf~ }gf cfedq qb }ex qgeq nbqg qgf

celezhdf} |f~f a~hpfd nx }bcf fwq~edfbv} mbd}haf~eqhbd$ Hd ~f{ix) C}$ êahe

}vnchqqfa:

.H qghdo) qgf~f h} e mbd}{h~emx$ H nfihfpf) qgf~f h} e mb~{b~eqf mbd}{h~emx eda Hgepf }ffd hq.$

E}ofa qb {bhdq bvq qgf mbd}{h~eqb~}) }gf ~f{ihfa:

.Edxnbax |gb |bvia dbq |edq mbc{fqhqhbd.$

5=$>= Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ }gf |e} {f~`b~chdl e {vnihm

~fieqhbd }f~phmf b~ emqveiix ibnnxhdl `b~ gf~ mihfdq qb lfq qgfc mf~qehd eapedqelf}$ Qgf

Mbcchqqff ei}b meqflb~hmeiix e}ofa |gfqgf~ me~~xhdl Qeqe,} {f~}bdei gea |~hqqfd ifqqf~

qb C~$ Oe~vdedhagh |e} qb {e~q b` gf~ jbn) emmb~ahdl qb qgf cedaeqf$ Hd ~f{ix) C}$

êahe }vnchqqfa:

.\f e~f dbq ibnnxh}q}$ Hq h} dbq bv~ jbn qb ibnnx$ Xf}) hq h} bv~ jbn qb qeio qbpe~hbv} }qeofgbiaf~}) nvq qgeq abf} dbq dfmf}}e~hix cfed qgeq |f e~f ibnnxhdl`b~ bv~ mihfdq$ \f e~f }hc{ix mbccvdhmeqhdl e {bhdq b` phf|.$

Bd qgf h}}vf b` me~~xhdl C~$ Qeqe,} {f~}bdei ifqqf~) }gf mie~h`hfa:

.†$$bv~ ~bif) e} af`hdfa hd bv~ cedaeqf) h} qb mbccvdhmeqf bv~ mihfdq,} {bhdq b` phf|$ Me~~xhdl qgf ifqqf~ |e} qb geda bpf~ qgf ifqqf~ qb ]g~h Oe~vdedhagh bdnfgei` b` ]g~h Qeqe††.

5=$>1 E}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ gf~ mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg C}$ Nv~oge Avqq aha dbq lhpf ed

hc{~f}}hbd qgeq }gf |e} ibnnxhdl$ Hd ~f}{bd}f) C}$ êahe }qeqfa:

.H qghdo h` xbv ih}qfd qb qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd hd qgf mbdqfwq qgeq qgfx dffa qb nfih}qfdfa qb) fpf~xnbax h} ah}mv}}hdl |gb h} nfmbchdl |geq menhdfq chdh}qf~ eda|geq qgfx e~f abhdl eq qgeq qhcf$ H ab dbq qghdo hq |e} edxqghdl ah` f~fdq `~bc|eqmghdl QP mgeddfi} b~ |eqmghdl df| ~f{b~q}$ Lhphdl e {e~qhmvie~ {bhdq b` phf|) |f |f~f }hc{ix e}ohdl hd`b~ceqhbd `~bc jbv~deih}q} |gb |f~f hd qbvmg |hqg{bihqhmei {fb{if) |gb |f~f bd qgf {bihqhmei nfeq) |gb gea hd`b~ceqhbd b~ |gb cexodb| qghdl} nfmev}f qgfx gepf nffd ~f{b~qhdl mf~qehd qghdl} hd e {e~qhmvie~ ceddf~ qgeq qgfx }ffc qb odb| qghdl}$ Eii |f |f~f abhdl |e} jv}q e}ohdlhd`b~ceqhbd `~bc qgfc.$



#571#

5=$>6 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd aha dbq hdahmeqf qgeq

C}$ Avqq |e} ifeahdl gf~ v{ qgf le~afd {eqg$ C}$ êahe ~f{ihfa:

.H ab dbq qghdo qgeq edxbdf |e} ifeahdl edxbdf v{ qgf le~afd {eqg$ H qghdo) |f|f~f jv}q gephdl e mbdpf~}eqhbd enbvq |gb h} nfmbchdl qgf Menhdfq Chdh}qf~ eda H |e} ~fiexhdl qb gf~ qgf edwhfqx b` |geq bv~ mihfdq gea ihpfa qg~bvlg hd qgf{~fphbv} xfe~}) {~hb~ qb qgeq$ H qghdo eii H |e} lhphdl gf~ |e} hd`b~ceqhbd e} Hodf| hq enbvq e {e~qhmvie~ {f~}bd eda qgf mgfch}q~x qgeq fwh}qfa nfq|ffd cxmihfdq†.$

5=$>0 Bd nfhdl e}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix eda q~vqg`viix e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf qe{f}

|f~f lfdvhdf b~ dbq) C}$ êahe }vnchqqfa:

.Eq ife}q qgf qe{f} qgeq H gepf gfe~a `~bc qgf hdpf}qhleqhdl elfdmhf} e~flfdvhdf qe{f}.$

5=$>< E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf ih}q b` qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} qgeq |f~f {iexfa qb gf~ nx qgf MNH)

C}$ êahe af{b}fa:

.]h~) |f |hii |~hqf qb qgf mbdmf~dfa elfdmx eda |f |hii e}o qgfc) h` qgh} h}

{f~ch}}hnif vdaf~ ie|$ \f |hii ei}b ceof e ~f`f~fdmf b` qgf [EM.$

5=$>7 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa ]g~h êqed D$ Qeqe |gfqgf~ gf gea gfe~a qgf êahe

Qe{f}$ ]gf Qeqe }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf hd qgf e` h~ceqhpf$ E}ofa qb evqgfdqhmeqf

|gfqgf~ hq |e} gh} pbhmf hd qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg C}$ Dfh~e êahe) ]g~h Qeqe ~f{ihfa hd

qgf e``h~ceqhpf$ Gf ei}b }vnchqqfa qgeq hq |e} en}bivqfix qgf pbhmf b` C}$ êahe qbb$

\gfd e}ofa qb }qeqf |gfqgf~ qgf qe{f} |f~f cedh{vieqfa b~ abmqb~fa) ]g~h Qeqe

~f{ihfa hd qgf dfleqhpf$

5=$>8 E} ~fle~a} cbphdl qgf Mbv~q elehd}q qgf qe{f}) ]g~h Qeqe mie~h`hfa:

.H gepf bnjfmqfa qb qgf ifeohdl b` qgf qe{f} eda hq }gbvia nf qgf ~hlgq b` fpf~x{f~}bd qb nf hddbmfdq vdqhi {~bpfd lvhiqx eda hq h} dbq `b~ qgf {vnihmeqhbd} qbeqq~hnvqf lvhiq qb {fb{if$ \gx H aha qgh} h} nfmev}f cx {hmqv~f h} bd qgf mbpf~ b` celezhdf} }exhdl qgeq H |e} e}}bmheqfa |hqg qgf >L }mec.$



#576#

5=$=; Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa) hd qgeq me}f) |gfqgf~ gf gea }f~pfa edx iflei dbqhmf qb

qgf {vnih}gf~ `b~ èi}fix hc{ihmeqhdl ghc$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Qeqe }vnchqqfa:

.Vd`b~qvdeqfix) bv~ iflei {fb{if gepf }eha db.$

5=$=5 Qgf Mbcchqqff) qgfd) af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ gh} mbdpf~}eqhbd |hqg C}$ êahe

aha dbq hc{ix qgeq gf |e} eapbmeqhdl ]g~h êje,} me}f$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Qeqe af{b}fa:

.Ifq cf jv}q }ex q|b b~ qg~ff qghdl}$ H ec dbq uvf}qhbdhdl qgf evqgfdqhmhqx b` qgfqe{f}$ H |hii }ex qgeq eq db }qelf gepf |f abdf edxqghdl `b~ êje b~ hd edx |exl~eqh`hfa ghc$ H |hii ei}b }ex qgeq C}$ êahe |e} dbq |b~ohdl `b~ v} eibdf$ ]gfgea cedx bqgf~ mihfdq}$ ]gf ge} nffd hd èmq e }v{{b~qf~ b` C~$ êje hd cedx

|ex}$ Qgf mbdpf~}eqhbd} hd cx phf| ab dbq hd èmq hc{ix qgeq |f |f~f e~~edlhdlgh} Menhdfq {b}hqhbd} eda }fmv~hdl edxqghdl$ \f gea e mgfch}q~x {~bnifc |hqgC~$ Ce~ed hd qgf {e}q eda mf~qehdix) nfq|ffd qgf q|b eq qgeq qhcf) H |bvia gepfcvmg {~f`f~~fa qb }ff C~$ êje ~eqgf~ qged C~$ Ce~ed.$

Gf `v~qgf~ mie~h`hfa:

.††† bd C}$ êahe) ifq cf ~fhqf~eqf qgeq |f gepf dbq gea edxe~~edlfcfdq}) afeihdl} b~ edx hdqf~emqhbd |hqg gf~ bqgf~ qged |geq H gepfaf}m~hnfa$ ]gf ge} nffd bv~ {vnihm ~fieqhbd} {f~}bd hdqf~emqhdl |hqg qgf cfahe$]gf ge} nffd db ah``f~fdq bd eapbmemx qged e MHH b~ e @HMMH hd qf~c} b`

fdafepbv~hdl qb gepf e ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia$ Eq db }qelf gepf |f gea e èmhihqeqb~ abhdl cb~f qged |geq H gea hdahmeqfa$ \f e~f dbq gf~ bdix mihfdq} eda }gf h}dbq me{qhpf qb v}$ H med }{feo `b~ |geq |f gepf abdf eda H med gbia cx geda qbcx gfe~q eda }ex qgeq |f gepf dbq ahqgf~fa bd qgeq eq eii.$

5=$=> ^f`f~~hdl qb gh} {f~}bdei geda|~hqqfd ifqqf~ qb qgf ACO {eq~he~mg |gf~fhd gf gea

hdqf~#eihe }qeqfa qgeq ,bd qgf h}}vf b` ]{fmq~vc ei}b) gh} 'êje,}( }qeqfa {bihmhf} `b~

cb}q {e~q gepf nffd ifleiix }bvda) ~eqhbdei eda |fii#~fe}bdfa? qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa

|gfqgf~ gf |e} dbq eapbmeqhdl `b~ C~$ êje,} mbdqhdvedmf e} qgf Qfifmbc Chdh}qf~$ Hd

~f{ix) ]g~h Qeqe }vnchqqfa:

.H gepf }qeqfa ~f{feqfaix eda H |bvia jv}q }ex hq elehd qgeq h` abdf |fii) qgf ACOmed {b}}hnix miehc qfifmbc qb nf hq} l~feqf}q emghfpfcfdq) fqm$ `b~ qgf deqhbd,}l~b|qg$ Qgh} l~b|qg |bvia dffa qb mbcf `~bc ~eqhbdei eda èh~ {bihmhf} |hqgbvqèpbv~hqf} eda |hqgbvq {edaf~hdl qb pf}qfa hdqf~f}qfa l~bv{} qgeq e~f bdixhdqf~f}qfa hd }f~phdl qgfc}fipf}$



#570#

\geq H ec q~xhdl qb }ex h} qgeq h` qgf~f h} e mbdq~bpf~}x b` |geq C~$ êje h}eiiflfa qb gepf abdf) hq h} hd qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf {bihmx$ Qgf {bihmx b` m~feqhdl l~feqf~ dvcnf~ b` e{{ihmedq}) b{fdhdl qgf hdav}q~x qb cb~f {iexf~} h}dbq ed h~~eqhbdei {bihmx$.

5=$== Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~~hfa qgf ne}h} b` |~hqhdl qgf ifqqf~ qb qgf Mghf` Chdh}qf~

b` Qechi Deav |gb gea dbqghdl qb ab |hqg `~echdl b~ hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf {bihmhf} eq

qgf mfdq~ei ifpfi eda |gfqgf~ hd qgf `hqdf}} b` qghdl} hq |bvia gepf dbq nffd cb~f

e{{~b{~heqf gea gf |~hqqfd qb qgf [~hcf Chdh}qf~$ Hd ~f{ix) ]g~h Qeqe }qeqfa:

.Uvhqf ~hlgq nvq qgf~f h} e mbdqfwq qb qgh} ifqqf~$ Qgf mbdqfwq |e} qgeq qgf~f |e}e l~feq afei b` {~f}}v~f bd qgf Mghf` Chdh}qf~ eq qgeq qhcf qb ~fcbpf C~$ êje

|gfd qgf~f |e} db mbdq~bpf~}x.$

Gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

.H fw{iehdfa qgf mbdqfwq hd |ghmg H |~bqf qb qgf Mghf` Chdh}qf~$ Qgf~f mbvia gepfnffd cedx qghdl} bdf mbvia gepf abdf$ Bdf chlgq gepf h}}vfa e {~f}}}qeqfcfdq }exhdl qgeq gh} {bihmhf} |f~f èh~.$

5=$=1 E}ofa qb }qeqf gh} `ffihdl} e`qf~ gh} mbdpf~}eqhbd} |hqg C}$ êahe |f~f

{vnih}gfa) f}{fmheiix hd phf| b` qgf ~f{vqeqhbd b` qgf Qeqe) ]g~h Qeqe ~f{ihfa:

.H ec pf~x ah}qv~nfa eda v{}fq |hqg hq$ Dfpf~ bdmf nf`b~f ge} qgf~f nffd qgh}ohda b` eqqemo) eda cb~f }b) nfmev}f H ~feiix ab dbq qghdo qgeq |f gepf fpf~ abdf edxqghdl ihof |geq e~f nfhdl eiiflfa qb nf abhdl$ \geq gepf gfia bv~ gfea ghlg eda H qghdo qgh} ge} nffd e ~feiix v{}fqqhdl qghdl$ Hq ge} ceaf cfpf~x }ea nfmev}f H qghdo |f gepf q~hfa qb v{gbia qgb}f peivf} eda }qedae~a}qg~bvlgbvq bv~ fwh}qfdmf eda hd ed e~fe b` qfifmbc qb gepf hq ~h{{fa e|ex hdpe~hbv} {vnihmeqhbd}$ xbv odb|) ceohdl eiifleqhbd} b` qgh} deqv~f) eicb}qmbdafcdhdl xbv nf`b~f xbv gepf edx ~fmbv~}f) dbq {~hdqhdl xbv~ mie~h`hmeqhbd} ”qgh} ge} nffd e }b~q b` nea qghdl hd e afcbm~emx qgeq |f bqgf~|h}f gepf nffdpf~x {~bva b`) H qghdo) nx mbc{e~h}bd.$

5=$=6 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h Ph~ ]edlgph eda C}$ Ne~oge Avqq) |gb ei}b

`hlv~fa hd qgf êahe qe{f}) enbvq qgf evqgfdqhmhqx b` qgfh~ mbdpf~}eqhbd e} {vnih}gfa hd

qgf celezhdf}) nbqg b` qgfc hd }f{e~eqf |~hqqfd mbccvdhmeqhbd }qeqfa qgeq qgfx gea

mgeiifdlfa) bnjfmqfa eda {~bqf}qfa elehd}q fqm$ Nvq dbdf b` qgfc gea }b è~ hdhqheqfa

edx iflei {~bmffahdl}$



#57<#



#577#

MGE[QF^ # WHP

EVMQHBD B@ =L EDA N\E ][FMQ^VC

51$5 Qgh~a Lfdf~eqhbd '=L( }x}qfc} ~f{~f}fdq qgf dfwq }qf{ hd qgf fpbivqhbd b`

cbnhif mfiivie~ mbccvdhmeqhbd$ >L }x}qfc} `bmv} bd pbhmf mbccvdhmeqhbd) |ghif =L

}x}qfc} }v{{b~q hdm~fe}fa aeqe mbccvdhmeqhbd$ Qgf =L dfq|b~o} |bvia nf me{enif

b` {~bphahdl ghlgf~ aeqe ~eqf} v{qb > Cn{} eda }geii nf me{enif b` }v{{b~qhdl e pe~hfqx

b` }f~phmf} }vmg e} ghlg#~f}bivqhbd phafb eda cviqh cfahe }f~phmf} hd eaahqhbd qb pbhmf)

èw eda mbdpfdqhbdei aeqe }f~phmf}$

51$> Hd emmb~aedmf |hqg Deqhbdei @~fuvfdmx Eiibmeqhbd [ied) >;;>) qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq}

b` HCQ#>;;; '=L( e{{ihmeqhbd} cex nf mbb~ahdeqfa |hqg fwh}qhdl v}f~} hdhqheiix `b~ 58>;#

587; CGz {eh~fa |hqg >55;#>5<; CGz '@ff cbaf( eda >;5;#>;>6 Cgz 'QAA cbaf(

af{fdahdl bd qgf ce~ofq dffa} eda epehienhihqx) e} è~ e} {b}}hnif$

51$= Qgv}) |ghif >L }f~phmf} `bmv} bd pbhmf mbccvdhmeqhbd) =L }f~phmf} }v{{b~q

hdm~fe}fa aeqe mbccvdhmeqhbd eda h} me{enif b` }v{{b~qhdl phafb) cviqhcfahe }f~phmf}

hd eaahqhbd qb db~cei pbhmf }f~phmf}$

51$1 Qgf Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd phaf qgfh~ A$B$ ifqqf~ Db$I#

51;1<";8">;;6#DQL aeqfa Cex >>) >;;0 }bvlgq ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} `~bc qgf Qfifmbc

^flvieqb~x Evqgb~hqx b` Hdahe 'QÊH) gfdmf`b~qg ‗qgf Evqgb~hqx‘( bd qgf cfqgbabiblx `b~

eiibqcfdq b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ =L }f~phmf} eda hq} {~hmhdl e}{fmq}$ QÊH

^fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd evmqhbd eda eiibqcfdq b` =L ]{fmq~vc |e} ~fmfhpfa bd >< qg

]f{qfcnf~ >;;0$

51$6 Qgf }eihfdq `feqv~f} b` qgf QÊH ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} |f~f e} `biib|}:

]{fmq~vc hafdqh`hfa `b~ =L }gbvia nf q~feqfa e} e }qeda eibdfeiibmeqhbd eda dbq e} ed fwqfd}hbd b` fe~ihf~ ]{fmq~vc eiibmeqhbdb` >L?

Qgf AbQ 'Lbpf~dcfdq( }gbvia ~feihzf e ]{fmq~vc emuvh}hqhbd `ff`~bc qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~}?



#578#

@biib|hdl ]{fmq~vc ge} nffd hafdqh`hfa `b~ =L }f~phmf}: >w>6 CGz hd >$5 LGz neda '6 nibmo} b` > W 6 CGz(?

>w>$6 CGz hd 7;; LGz neda '> nibmo} b` > W 5$>6 CGz(? eda

>w6 CGz hd 16; LGz neda ']hdlif nibmo b` > W 6 CGz(?

^v~ei ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} gepf nffd ~fmbccfdafa e} {e~q b` bpf~eii ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd} hd e qhcf nbvda ceddf~?

Ne}f {~hmf `b~ emuvh}hqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ =L ge} nffd~fmbccfdafa e} ^}$ 7; m~b~f `b~ Afigh) Cvcneh eda meqflb~x ‗E‘mh~mif}"e~fe}? ^}$ 1; m~b~f `b~ Mgfddeh) Obioeqe meqflb~x ‗N‘mh~mif}"e~fe}? eda ^}) 56 m~b~f `b~ meqflb~x ‗M‘ mh~mif}"e~fe}?^f}f~pf [~hmf `b~ [ed Hdahe eiibmeqhbd b` bdf nibmo b` >w6 CGz =L]{fmq~vc h} ^}$ 5;5; m~b~f}$

Eddvei ]{fmq~vc Mge~lf} K 5 {f~mfdq b` EL^ e`qf~ cb~eqb~hvc

b` bdf xfe~$

51$0 Qgf Evqgb~hqx ei}b ~fmbccfdafa e ~f}f~pf {~hmf b` ^}$5;5; m~b~f `b~ {ed Hdahe

eiibmeqhbd b` >W6 CGz b` =L ]{fmq~vc$ Qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd af}h~fa qb abvnif

qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf ~fmbccfdafa nx QÊH h$f$ `~bc ^}$ 5;5; m~b~f} qb ^}) >;>; m~b~f}

`b~ [ED Hdahe b{f~eqhbd b` =L }f~phmf}$ Qgf~f`b~f e ~f`f~fdmf |e} ceaf qb QÊH bd

5}q Jvix >;;7 qb }ffo qgfh~ mbccfdq} eda phf|} bd qgf abvnihdl b` ~f}f~pf {~hmf$ QÊH

~f{ihf} bd 5>qg Jvix >;;7 emmf{qhdl qgf abvnihdl b` ~f}f~pf {~hmf$ Lvhafihdf} `b~

evmqhbd eda eiibmeqhbd b` =L ]{fmq~vc |f~f h}}vfa bd 5}q Evlv}q >;;7 eda mf~qehd

ecfdacfdq} bd 55qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;7$ Qgf h}}vf b` =L evmqhbd |e} ah}mv}}fa hd qgf

Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd bd 55qg Dbpfcnf~ >;;7 eda Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd {~b{b}fa db

hdm~fe}f b` eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} enbpf qgf fwh}qhdl eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} `b~

=L }f~phmf}$ ]hdmf qgf~f |e} e pe~heqhbd nfq|ffd QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd qgf

eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} eda qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd‘} e{{~bpei bd 55 qg Dbpfcnf~

>;;7) e ~f`f~fdmf |e} ceaf qb QÊH bd >1 qg Dbpfcnf~ >;;7 }ffohdl qgfh~ phf|} bd

qgf eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf}$

51$< Qgf QÊH ~fmbccfdafa qgf afmh}hbd dbq qb ifpx edx mge~lf `b~ ]{fmq~vc) ge}

hdphqfa ibq b` ìeo `~bc fw{f~q} bd qgf l~bvda qgeq AbQ ge} èhifa qb levlf qgf

fmbdbchm peivf b` ]{fmq~vc eda deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf h} lhpfd `~ff qb qfifmbc b{f~eqb~}

mev}hdl gvlf ib}} qb qgf lbpf~dcfdq fwmgfuvf~$



#58;#

51$7 Q^EH ~fmbccfdafa `b~ evmqhbdhdl b` qgf fdqh~f epehienif ]{fmq~vc) Qfifmbc

Mbcch}}hbd aha dbq emmf{q qgf {~b{b}ei eda hd}qfea hq |e} afmhafa qb evmqhbd bdix

`hpf nibmo b` >w6 CGz b` ]{fmq~vc 'hdmivahdl bdmf nibmo `b~ N]DI"NQDI( hd qfifmbc

mh~mif} |gf~f cb~f qged >6 CGz b` ]{fmq~vc h} epehienif$ Hd qgf mh~mif |gf~f if}}

qged >6 CGz h} epehienif) dvcnf~ b` nibmo} epehienif |hqg nf evmqhbdfa$

51$8 Chdh}qf~ `b~ Mbccvdhmeqhbd HQ ~f`f~~fa qgf h}}vf b` eiibmeqhbd b` =L ]{fmq~vc

qb MM[E eda @hdedmf Chdh}q~x |ghmg }vllf}qfa qb abvnif qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf qb ^}$

1;1; m~b~f$ Hd Jedve~x >;;8 MM[E ~f`f~~fa qgf me}f qb L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} `b~ `v~qgf~

afmh}hbd$

51$5; Ed Fc{b|f~fa L~bv{ b` Chdh}qf~} |e} }fq v{ hd Jvix >;;8 qb mbd}haf~ qgf

`biib|hdl:

'h( Uvedqvc b` =L ]{fmq~vc qb nf evmqhbdfa?

'hh( Eddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} eda eaahqhbdei eachdh}q~eqhpf mge~lf}qb nf ifphfa$

'hhh( ]fqqhdl qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf `b~ evmqhbd hd ~fifpedq neda}?

'hp( ]fqqhdl qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf `b~ n~beaneda |h~fif}} emmf}} 'N\E(]{fmq~vc? eda

'p( ]fqqhdl qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf `b~ ]{fmq~vc `b~ Fpbivqhbd#AeqeB{qhchzfa 'FPAB( }f~phmf}?

51$55 Qgf FLBC lepf qgf `biib|hdl afmh}hbd hd Evlv}q >;;8

1 nibmo} b` >w6 CGz b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf >$5 LGz nedo }gbvia nfevmqhbdfa hd qfifmbc mh~mif} |gf~f >; CGz b~ cb~f ]{fmq~vc h}

epehienif$ Hd bqgf~ mh~mif} |gf~f if}} qged >; CGz }{fmq~vc h}epehienif) qgf dvcnf~ b` epehienif 6 CGz nibmo }gbvia nfevmqhbdfa?

Db hdm~fe}f b` eddvei }{fmq~vc mge~lf} enbpf qgf fwh}qhdleddvei ]{fmq~vc mge~lf} `b~ >L }f~phmf}?

^}$ =6;; m~b~f qb nf qgf {ed Hdahe ~f}f~pf {~hmf `b~ bdf nibmo b` >w6 CGz b` =L ]{fmq~vc?



#585#

^}$ 5<6; m~b~f {f~ bdf nibmo b` >; CGz b` =L ]{fmq~vc `b~ N\E}f~phmf? eda

^}$ 7<6 m~b~f {f~ bdf nibmo b` >w5$>6 CGz b` FPA[ ]{fmq~vc hd7;; CGz?

Pemeqhbd b` >L"=L ]{fmq~vc nx Af`fdmf

51$5> E} hd}q~vmqfa nx qgf LbC `b~cfa hd >;;< `b~ qgf ‗pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc eda

~eh}hdl ~f}bv~mf} `b~ qgf {v~{b}f‘ e Mbcchqqff ge} nffd `b~cfa vdaf~ qgf

mgeh~ced}gh{ b` D]E qb }vllf}q e |b~oenif {ied `b~ eiqf~deqf dfq|b~o qb `emhihqeqf

uvhmo ~fife}f b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ cbnhif }f~phmf} |hqgbvq mbc{~bch}hdl qgf ~fuvh~fcfdq}

b` Af`fd}f }f~phmf}$

51$5= Ed CbV |e} }hldfa nfq|ffd AbQ eda Chdh}q~x b` Af`fdmf 'CbA( hd Cex >;;8

`b~ 'h( pemeqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc nx af`fd}f eda 'hh( }fqqhdl v{ b` ed fwmiv}hpf) afahmeqfa

B@M dfq|b~o b~ E~cfa `b~mf}$ ]eihfdq `feqv~f} b` qgf CbV e~f:

CbM eda HQ |hii }fq v{ ed fwmiv}hpf eda afahmeqfa B@M dfq|b~o `b~ E~cfa `b~mf} edanbqg qgf Chdh}q~hf} |hii ceof eii f``b~q} qb n~hdl ab|d mb}q} qb qgf fwqfdq {b}}hnif edambc{~f}} qgf qhcf b` mbc{ifqhbd b` qgf dfq|b~o? eda

Qgf E~cfa `b~mf} |hii ~fife}f qgf ]{fmq~vc hd e qhcf nbvda ceddf~$

51$51 Qgf FLBC gfia `f| cb~f cffqhdl} hd qgf cbdqg b` Dbpfcnf~ eda Afmfcnf~)

>;;8 qb hafdqh`x qgf dvcnf~ b` nibmo} b` =L }{fmq~vc qb nf ceaf epehienif `b~ evmqhbd$

Hq |e} afmhafa qgeq = nibmo} b` >w6 CGz b` }{fmq~vc hd >$5 LGz neda }geii nf

evmqhbdfa {ed Hdahe eda 1 nibmo} b` =w6 CGz b` }{fmq~vc }geii nf evmqhbdfa hd `hpf

mh~mif}"}f~phmf e~fe}$

51$56 Qb }vc v{ qgf fdqh~f {~bmf}} b` evmqhbd b` qgf =L N~beaneda \h~fif}}

Emmf}} 'N\E( }{fmq~vc) qgf FLBC afmhafa qb off{ e {ed Hdahe ~f}f~pf {~hmf b`

^}$=6;; m~b~f {f~ bdf nibmo b` >w6 CGz b` =L }{fmq~vc$ Hq ei}b afmhafa qb off{ e

{ed Hdahe ~f}f~pf {~hmf b` ^}$5<6; m~b~f {f~ bdf nibmo b` >; CGz b` N\E }{fmq~vc$

Qg~ff nibmo} b` =L }{fmq~vc hd 5< Qfifmbc Mh~mif} eda `bv~ nibmo} hd `hpf mh~mif} |f~f

`hdeiix afmhafa `b~ evmqhbd$



#58>#

51$50 Emmb~ahdlix) Dbqhmf Hdphqhdl E{{ihmeqhbd} 'DHE( |e} h}}vfa bd >6 qg @fn~ve~x)

>;5;$ E mbdq~biifa) }hcviqedfbv}) e}mfdahdl f#evmqhbd |e} mbdavmqfa nx C"}$ D$C$

^bqg}mghia eda ]bd} 'Hdahe( [pq$ Iqa$) Cvcneh bd nfgei` b` qgf ABQ$ Dhdf Mbc{edhf}

{e~qhmh{eqfa hd qgf =L evmqhbd eda }fpfd Mbc{edhf} |bd qgf evmqhbd hd pe~hbv}

qfifmbc mh~mif}$ ]vmmf}}`vi nhaaf~}) hdmivahdl N]DI eda CQDI |gb |f~f lhpfd =L

}{fmq~vc hd eapedmf) ~fchqqfa e qbqei ecbvdq b` ^}$0<<57$86 mb~f qb qgf Af{e~qcfdq$

Qgf evmqhbd }qe~qfa bd 8qg E{~hi) >;5; eda mbc{ifqfa bd 58qg Cex) >;5;$

51$5< ]hchie~ix evmqhbd b` N\E }{fmq~vc }qe~qfa bd >1 qg Cex) >;5; eda mbc{ifqfa bd

55qg Jvdf) >;5;$ Fifpfd mbc{edhf} {e~qhmh{eqfa hd qgf evmqhbd eda }hw b` qgfc |bd qgf

evmqhbd hd pe~hbv} qfifmbc mh~mif}$ > nibmo} b` >; CGz hd >$=$ LGz neda |e}

evmqhbdfa `b~ N\E }f~phmf}$ ]vmmf}}`vi nhaaf~}) hdmivahdl N]DI eda CQDI |gb |f~f

eiibqqfa N\E }{fmq~vc hd eapedmf) {eha e qbqei ecbvdq b` ^}$=761=$=5 m~b~f qb qgf

ABQ$

51$57 Qgv}) qgf lbpf~dcfdq ~fmfhpfa ~fpfdvf} qb qgf qvdf b` ^}$5);0)>0>$>0 m~b~f

`~bc qgf evmqhbd b` =L eda N\E }{fmq~vc |ghmg |e} `hpf qhcf} qgf ~f}f~pf {~hmf:

E ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf ABQ e{{~h}fa hd fphafdmf:

’Qgf}f `hlv~f} hdmivaf ~fpfdvf `~bc N]DI eda CQDI |gb aha dbq {e~qhmh{eqfhd qgf evmqhbd nvq qgfx |f~f lhpfd }{fmq~vc fe~ihf~ hd >;;7 vdaf~ qgfe}}vc{qhbd qgeq |geqfpf~ qgf ce~ofq afqf~chdfa {~hmf h} ah}mbpf~fa hd qgf =Levmqhbd) qgfx |hii {ex qgf }ecf ecbvdq$ Qgfx gepf {eha qgf }ecf ecbvdq `b~ qgf }{fmq~vc–$

51$58 Qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf aeqf |gfd qgf qfifmbc []V} {eha qgf

ecbvdq$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf ABQ }qeqfa:

’Qgfx {eha hq qblfqgf~ |hqg qgf bqgf~}† 5; aex} e`qf~ qgf mib}f b` qgfevmqhbd–$

51$>; E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ~eqhbdeif `b~ lhphdl =L eda N\E }{fmq~vc hd eapedmf qb

N]DI eda CQDI) qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf ABQ }vnchqqfa:



#58=#

’Qgf ~eqhbdeif `b~ lhphdl qgfc }{fmq~vc hd eapedmf |e}) `h~}qix) qgfx |bvia dbqnf nhaahdl nfhdl Lbpf~dcfdq mbc{edhf} }hdmf Lbpf~dcfdq |e} qgf bdf|gb |e} mbdavmqhdl qgf evmqhbd) }b qgf~f |bvia nf mbd`ihmq b` hdqf~f}q$ ]fmbda)ei}b nfhdl {vnihm }fmqb~ vdaf~qeohdl} qgfx gepf ibdlf~ {~bmfav~f} `b~ ~bii bvq–$

51$>5 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf []V} {eha hd emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf ghlgf}q

nhaaf~ b` qgf ib|f}q nhaaf~$ Qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf ABQ ~f{ihfa:

’\gfd qgf }{fmq~vc |e} eiibqqfa qb qgfc hd >;;7) qgf afmh}hbd qeofd |e} qgeqqgfx |bvia {ex qgf }ecf ecbvdq e} qgf ghlgf}q nhaaf~ hd qgf {~hmf ah}mbpf~faav~hdl qgf evmqhbd eda qgfx gepf ceqmgfa qgf {~hmf$ Qgf cewhchzeqhbd b` ~fpfdvf `b~ Lbpf~dcfdq |e} ed bnjfmqhpf–$

51$>> Bd nfhdl e}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix qgf ~ech`hmeqhbd} gea qgf qfifmbc []V}nffd eiib|fa qb nha `b~ =L"N\E }{fmq~vc) qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf ABQ }vnchqqfa:

’Qgf N]DI h} 5;; {f~ mfdq Lbpf~dcfdq b|dfa mbc{edx$ H` hq |f~f qb nha hd edevmqhbd |hqg {~hpeqf {~bphaf~}) qgf m~hqhmh}c mbvia nf qgeq qgf Lbpf~dcfdq bdqgf bdf geda h} q~xhdl qb }fii }{fmq~vc eda }exhdl qgeq hq |hii lhpf hq eq e {~hmf|ghmg h} afqf~chdfa nx qgf ce~ofq eda bd qgf bqgf~ geda) hq h} hd`ivfdmhdl qgfevmqhbd nx lhphdl bdf b` hq} mbc{edhf} qb nha.$

51$>= Edbqgf~ ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf Af{e~qcfdq }qeqfa qgeq qgf~f |e} dbqghdl |~bdl

hd qgfh~ {e~qhmh{eqhbd hd qgf nha fwmf{q `b~ qgf hc{ihmeqhbd qgeq qgfx |bvia dbq gepf lbq

fpf~x|gf~f$ E}ofa qb fienb~eqf) gf v~qgf~ }qeqfa:

’Hq mbvia gepf {e~qhmh{eqfa hd qgf evmqhbd eda hq |bvia gepf nffd eii ~hlgq$ Gea hq{e~qhmh{eqfa hd qgf evmqhbd) }hdmf qgf~f e~f >> mh~mif}) e} qgf mbvdq~x h} ahphafahdqb >> e~fe} eda evmqhbd `b~ femg mh~mif h} }f{e~eqf) hq mbvia dbq nf }v~f b` lfqqhdl }{fmq~vc hd eii qgf >> mh~mif}$ Qgb}f |gb {e~qhmh{eqfa lbq hd 5=) 5=) 8 b~ }fpfd mh~mif}$ H` qgf []V gea {e~qhmh{eqfa) qgfx |bvia dbq gepf lbq qgf {edHdahe {~f}fdmf$ Hq h} e {vnihm }fmqb~ vdhq eda hq h} qgf uvf}qhbd b` Lbpf~dcfdq{bihmx$ \gfqgf~ xbv |edq qb ~f}f~pf bdf }ibq `b~ qgfc fpf~x|gf~f b~ xbv e}oqgfc qb {e~qhmh{eqf) |hd }bcf|gf~f eda ib}f }bcf|gf~f$ Nx lhphdl qgfc hdeapedmf eda ~f}f~phdl bdf }ibq `b~ qgfc gea }bcf iblhm$ Qgfx |hii gepf {edHdahe {~f}fdmf$ Hq }gbvia gepf nffd abdf 50 cbdqg} b~ 57 cbdqg} fe~ihf~ h} eceqqf~ b` b{hdhbd$ Ah``f~fdq phf|} mbvia nf qgf~f eda qgfx mbvia nf jv}qh`hfa.$



#581#

51$>1 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h N~hjfda~e O$ ]xdlei e} qb |gfqgf~ hq |e} {~b{f~ qb

eiibmeqf =L ]{fmq~vc qb N]DI eda CQDI hd eapedmf hd >;;7 |gf~fe} qgfx {eha qgf

]{fmq~vc {~hmf e`qf~ q|b xfe~} h$f$) hd >;5;$ Hd ~f{ix ]g~h ]xdlei }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

’Hd cx phf| qgf~f h} db ge~c hd eiibmeqhdl =L eda N\E ]{fmq~vc qb N]DI edaCQDI hd eapedmf$ E} h} pf~x mife~ qgf}f b~ledhzeqhbd} e~f dbq e} dhcnif`bbqfa e} qgfh~ {~hpeqf }fmqb~ mbc{fqhqb~} eda mbvdqf~ {e~q}$ Qgfx e~f gfccfanx AbQ hd eii qgfh~ emqhbd} `b~ {~bmv~fcfdq} fqm$ qgfx e~f fwq~fcfix nea hdce~ofqhdl) }fiihdl eda mv}qbcf~ me~f$ Qgfx e~f dbq nbe~a lbpf~dfa) nvq hdce~ofqhdl) }fiihdl eda mv}qbcf~ me~f$ Qgfx e~f dbq nbe~a lbpf~dfa) nvq AbQcedelfa$ Qgfx gepf `~hfda} |gb |b~o bpf~qhcf qb }qeii dex emqhbd qeofd nxqgfc nx v}hdl eii {}fvab cfqgba} eda {iexhdl eii }b~q} b` ah~qx q~hmo}$Qgf~f`b~f) qgfx gepf }f~hbv} gedahme{ qb nf e `b~chaenif {iexf~ hd e ce~ofq|hqg mvq qg~beq mbc{fqhqhbd$ Qgf~f`b~f) qgfx gepf qb nf lhpfd qgeq gedahme{ qb

}qe~q fe~ix) db ge~c$ E`qf~ eii) qgfx e~f nvq bd qew [exf~ cbdfx.$

51$>6 \gfd qgf Q^EH |e} e}ofa qgf }ecf uvf}qhbd) qgf Evqgb~hqx eh~fa e ah``f~fdq

phf| eda }qeqfa qgeq ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia h} bdf b` qgf me~ahdei {~hdmh{if} b` qgf Df|

Qfifmbc [bihmx‘88 'DQ[‘88($ Fpfd |gfd AbQ |e} `vdmqhbdhdl e} ed b{f~eqb~) ihmfd}f

`ff |e} {exenif nx AbQ ei}b$ Qgf ~fifpedq fwmf~{q `~bc DQ[‘88 h} uvbqfa nfib|:#

’†$ Ne}fa bd qgf hccfaheqfix epehienif `~fuvfdmx }{fmq~vc neda) e{e~q `~bcqgf q|b {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~} ei~feax ihmfdmfa) ABQ " CQDI |bvia nf ihmfdmfa qbnf qgf qgh~a b{f~eqb~ hd femg }f~phmf e~fe hd me}f qgfx |edq qb fdqf~) hd e qhcfnbvda ceddf~$ Hd b~af~ qb fd}v~f ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia nfq|ffd ah``f~fdq}f~phmf {~bphaf~} hd }hchie~ }hqveqhbd}) ihmfdmf `ff |bvia nf {exenif nxAbQ ei}b$ Gb|fpf~) e} AbQ h} qgf deqhbdei }f~phmf {~bphaf~ gephdl hccfd}f~v~ei eda }bmhei bnihleqhbd}) qgf Lbpf~dcfdq |hii ~fhcnv~}f `vii ihmfdmf `ff qbqgf AbQ.$

51$>0 Qgf Evqgb~hqx dfpf~ ~fmbccfdafa eiibmeqhbd b` =L ]{fmq~vc qb N]DI eda

CQDI hd eapedmf$ Qgf Evqgb~hqx gea db odb|ifalf enbvq qgf ~eqhbdeif `b~ eiibmeqhdleapedmf ]{fmq~vc qb qgf ]qeqf b|dfa Mbc{edhf}$ Qgf Evqgb~hqx h} b` qgf b{hdhbd qgeq

nx eiibmeqhdl eapedmfa }{fmq~vc qb N]DI eda CQDI) nf`b~f hq |e} evmqhbdfa

ecbdl}q {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~}) ifpfi {iexhdl `hfia qb eii qgf {iexf~} ge} nffd mbc{~bch}fa

qb }bcf fwqfdq$



#586#

51$>< Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa ]g~h ]xdlei enbvq gh} b{hdhbd bd qgf vd{~fmfafdqfa

~fpfdvf lfdf~eqfa qg~bvlg qgf evmqhbd b` =L N\E ]{fmq~vc$ ]g~h ]xdlei

~f}{bdafa:

’H |bvia }ex qgeq |f ceaf mb~~fmqhbd} hd qgf =L ]{fmq~vc evmqhbd eda qgfN~beaneda \h~fif}} Emmf}} ]{fmq~vc evmqhbd$ Qgf Lbpf~dcfdq h} enfdf`hmhe~x b` mib}f qb enbvq ^}$5;8);;; m~b~f nx gephdl e {~hmf ah}mbpf~x b` ed fmbdbchm peivf b` e deqv~ei ~f}bv~mf |ghmg h} }me~mf hd deqv~f eda `hdhqf hddeqv~f$ H ec ge{{x qgeq qgeq ah}mbpf~x ge} nffd ceaf e`qf~ cvmgmec{ehldhdl.$

51$>7 E}ofa qb }qeqf enbvq qgf {b}}hnhihqx b` qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} {e}}hdl bd qgf

nv~afd qb qgf mbd}vcf~} nx {exhdl e gvlf ecbvdq qb {~bmv~f =L"N\E ]{fmq~vc eda

f``fmqhpf cfe}v~f} bvlgq qb nf qeofd nx qgf ABQ"Q^EH qb {~bqfmq qgf hdqf~f}q b` qgfmbd}vcf~} hd }vmg e} fpfdqveihqx) ]g~h ]xdlei ~f}{bdafa e} `biib|}:

’Hd Jvix) >;5; C~$ ]vdhi Nge~qh Chqqei b` Nge~qh Eh~qfi |e} uvbqfa hd pe~hbv}df|}{e{f~ e~qhmif} qgeq cbdqgix ]{fmq~vc ~fdqei {f~ }vn}m~hnf~ `b~ =L"N\E}f~phmf} |bvia nf hd qgf ~edlf b` ^}$ <;;#8;;"#$

\f me~~hfa bvq e nemo#b`#fdpfib{f meimvieqhbd qb meimvieqf cbdqgix mb}q b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ e }vn}m~hnf~ v}hdl }vmg }f~phmf}$

Mbd}haf~hdl e >; xfe~ cb~qelf cbafi `b~ ]{fmq~vc mb}q) cbdqgix mb}q b` ]{fmq~vc mbcf} bvq qb nf ^}$ 5);;; m~b~f `b~ =L"N\E mbcnhdfa$ \f gepfmbd}haf~fa e mbd}f~peqhpf ~eqf b` hdqf~f}q ” 5 {f~ mfdq ” hq mbvia nf ;$7 {f~mfdqb~ 5$> {f~ mfdq ei}b) af{fdahdl v{bd ce~ofq mbdahqhbd}$ ]hchie~ix `b~ N\E]{fmq~vc) cbdqgix mb}q b` b|df~}gh{ b` ]{fmq~vc |bvia mbcf bvq qb nf ^}$=7; m~b~f$ \hqg e }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f b` >; chiihbd `b~ N\E qfmgdbiblhf}) {f~ }vn}m~hnf~ mb}q b` ]{fmq~vc mbcf} bvq qb nf ^}$ 5<;$ Eda emmb~ahdlixmv}qbcf~} }gbvia dbq nf vddfmf}}e~hix mge~lfa bd qgf ne}h} b` ]{fmq~vc mb}q$Fwqfdahdl qgh} e~lvcfdq qb =L ]{fmq~vc e} |fii) cbdqgix ]{fmq~vc ~fdq mbcf}bvq qb nf hd qgf ~edlf b` ^}$ >;;#=;; {f~ }vn}m~hnf~ `b~ e }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f b` >;chiihbd$ \f e~f b` qgf phf| qgeq e} }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f hdm~fe}f}) cbdqgix ~fdqei qbnf {eha nx }vn}m~hnf~ |bvia `v~qgf~ afm~fe}f$

E} afcbd}q~eqfa enbpf) cbdqgix mb}q b` ]{fmq~vc qb nf nb~df nx femg}vn}m~hnf~ }gbvia ihf |hqghd qgf ~edlf b` ^}$ >;; qb ^}$ =;; {f~ cbdqg$Db|gf~f ge} hq mbcf mib}f~ qb ^}$ <;;#8;; e} mhqfa nx C~$ Chqqei$ H` }vmg mb}q}e~f ifphfa nx b{f~eqb~}) qgfx e~f bdix hdqf~f}qfa hd ceohdl |hda`eii lehd} hd qgfdecf b` ]{fmq~vc evmqhbd eda ~flvieqb~ cv}q }qf{#hd qb {~bqfmq mbd}vcf~ hdqf~f}q.$



#580#

51$>8 Bd qgf }ecf h}}vf) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq qgf =L"N\E ]{fmq~vc ge} nffd eiibmeqfa

qg~bvlg qgf b{fd eda q~ed}{e~fdq nhaahdl {~bmf}}$ Qgf b{f~eqb~} gepf nha emmb~ahdl

qb qgfh~ nv}hdf}} {ied eda ce~ofq {bqfdqhei$ Hd qgf }mfde~hb |gfd qgf~f |hii nf 1#6

b{f~eqb~} `b~ =L }f~phmf} eda = b{f~eqb~} `b~ N\E }f~phmf} hd pe~hbv} }f~phmf e~fe}) hq

h} fw{fmqfa qgeq qgf~f |bvia nf eafuveqf mbc{fqhqhbd hd qgf ce~ofq |ghmg |hii fd}v~f

epehienhihqx b` pe~hfqx b` }f~phmf} eq e``b~aenif {~hmf}$ Gb|fpf~) QÊH |hii off{ e |eqmg

bd qgf afpfib{cfdq} hd qgh} ~fle~a$

51$=; \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| |gfqgf~ qgf {~hmf lfdf~eqfa qg~bvlg =L

]{fmq~vc mbvia nf ihdofa qb qgf eiibqcfdq b` >L }{fmq~vc) ]g~h ]xdlei }vnchqqfa:

’††$$Gb|fpf~) H |h}g qb }qeqf qgeq h` e }hchie~ e{{~bemg '{~hmf ah}mbpf~x( |e}eab{qfa hd qgf me}f b` qgf >L }{fmq~vc e} |fii) qgfd qgf {~bmffa} qb qgf

Lbpf~dcfdq mbvia gepf ei}b nffd cb~f b~ if}} b` qgf }ecf deqv~f) h` dbqcb~f$ Cex nf }ihlgqix e ihqqif if}} b~ e ihqqif cb~f |ghmg mbvia nf enbvq mib}f qbedbqgf~ ^}$5;;);;; m~b~f b~ }b.$

51$=5 Hd qgf }ecf mbdqfwq) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq hd hq} ~fmbccfdaeqhbd

aeqfa 55qg Cex) >;5;) qgf Evqgb~hqx gea ~fmbccfdafa qgeq qgf =L {~hmf} nf eab{qfa

e} qgf ‗mv~~fdq {~hmf‘ b` ]{fmq~vc hd qgf 57;; CGz neda$



#58<#

MGE[QF^ # WP

[F^@B^CEDMF B@ QGF AF[E^QCFDQ HD PE^HBV] ]MGFCF]

'h( ^v~ei Qfif{gbdx

56$5 Qgf Mbcchqqff |f~f hd`b~cfa qgeq Hdahe |e} fcf~lhdl e} qgf `e}qf}q l~b|hdl

qfifmbc ce~ofq eda gea qgf }fmbda ie~lf}q cbnhif dfq|b~o hd qgf |b~ia$ Qgf~f |e} ed

epf~elf eaahqhbd b` 56 chiihbd }vn}m~hnf~} {f~ cbdqg eda qgf }vn}m~hnf~ ne}f gea

~femgfa cb~f qged 06= chiihbd e} bd Jvdf) >;5;$ E} bd qgf }ecf aeqf) qgf bpf~eii

qfifafd}hqx gea ~femgfa 66 {f~ mfdq |gf~fe} qgf ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx }qbba e} >6$00 {f~

mfdq$

56$> Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb gepf e ih}q b` xfe~#|h}f bpf~eii

qfifafd}hqx }hdmf 5880$ Qgf AbQ `v~dh}gfa qgf `biib|hdl }qeqfcfdq:

Xfe~ fdahdl =5}q Ce~mg Qfifafd}hqx Bpf~eii

5880 5$>7588< 5$605887 5$815888 >$=>

>;;; >$70>;;5 =$67>;;> 1$>8>;;= 6$55>;;1 <$;>>;;6 7$86>;;0 5>$<1>;;< 57$>>>;;7 >0$>>>;;8 =0$87>;5; 6>$<=

Cex#5; 66$=7

56$= E}ofa qb `v~dh}g e mbc{e~eqhpf }qeqfcfdq }gb|hdl qgf qe~lfq} eda

emghfpfcfdq} bd pe~hbv} ]mgfcf}) qgf `biib|hdl hd`b~ceqhbd |e} `v~dh}gfa qb qgf

Mbcchqqff:#

^fmfdq Afpfib{cfdq} hd Qfifmbc ]fmqb~#L~b|qg hd Qfifmbc ]fmqb~



#587#

Hqfc Qe~lfq} Emghfpfcfdq}'V{qb Cex >;5;(

Bpf~eii Qfifafd}hqx 56& nx >;5; 'DQ[ 88( 66$=7&

^v~ei Qfifafd}hqx 1& nx >;5; 'DQ[88( >6&

nx >;5> '55qg [ied(

>6$00&

Qfif{gbdf]vn}m~hnf~}

0;; chiihbd nx >;5> '55qg[ied(

06=$8 chiihbd

N~beaneda >; chiihbd nx >;5; '55qg[ied(

8$>1 chiihbd

56$1 E} |bvia nf }ffd `~bc qgf enbpf }qeqfcfdq) qgf bpf~eii qfifafd}hqx ge}

hdm~fe}fa `~bc 6$55 {f~ mfdq hd >;;= qb 66$=7 {f~ mfdq hd Cex) >;5;$ Hd qgh} mbdqfwq)qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf n~feov{ b` qgf v~ned eda ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx$ Hd ~f{ix)

qgf Af{e~qcfdq }qeqfa qgeq ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx gea abdf v{ `~bc 5$6< {f~ mfdq hd Ce~mg)

>;;1 qb >5$58 {f~ mfdq hd Afmfcnf~) >;;8 |ghif v~ned qfifafd}hqx gea lbdf v{ `~bc

>;$<1 {f~ mfdq hd Ce~mg >;;1 qb 55;$08 {f~ mfdq hd Afmfcnf~) >;;8$ E} bd =5}q

Afmfcnf~) >;5; qgf ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx |e} }qeqfa qb nf =5$>> {f~ mfdq$

56$6 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ ~v~ei

qfifafd}hqx dbq off{hdl {emf |hqg qgf hc{~f}}hpf l~b|qg hd qgf v~ned e~fe}$ Hd ~f{ix)

qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }vnchqqfa hd fphafdmf:

.]h~) qx{hmeiix qgf l~b|qg nfled `~bc qgf cfq~b} eda qgfd qb qgf ie~lf~ eda}ceiif~ qb|d}$ Qgf}f aex} qgf l~b|qg h} cb}qix hd ~v~ei e~fe} nfmev}f qgfcfq~b} eda Mie}}#E eda Mie}}#N qb|d} gepf ~femgfa dfe~ }eqv~eqhbd$ B` qgf56 chiihbd epf~elf l~b|qg {f~ cbdqg |ghmg |f gepf) lbba 6; {f~ mfdq h}mbchdl `~bc ~v~ei e~fe} eda qgfx e~f meqmghdl v{$ Qgf ah` f~fdmf h} mbchdlab|d.$

56$0 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd uvf~hfa |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx mbdahqhbd v{bd qgf }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} qb {~bphaf mf~qehd dvcnf~ b` ~v~ei mbdmf}}hbd}$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x)

Abq }qeqfa:

.Qgf~f gepf nffd hd qgf {e}q ~v~ei ~bii bvq bnihleqhbd}$ Eq qgf }ecf qhcf) ]h~)qgf {bihmx ge} nffd ” }hdmf hq hq cb}qix ifa nx qgf {~hpeqf }fmqb~ ” qgeq qgfmbc{edhf} |bvia lb qb ~v~ei e~fe} h` qgfx ceof {~b`hq$ \f ei}b gepf qgf V]B@vda qb }vn}hahzf qfifmbc hd`~e}q~vmqv~f hd ~v~ei eda ~fcbqf e~fe} }b qgeq hq



#588#

ceof} nv}hdf}} }fd}f `b~ qgf mbc{edhf} qb {~bphaf }f~phmf} qgf~f$ Eii qgh} {vqqblfqgf~ h} emmfif~eqhdl ~v~ei qfif#afd}hqx eda n~beaneda }f~phmf}$

56$< E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd nx qgf Af{e~qcfdq qb|e~a} {~bcbqhdl ~v~ei

qfifafd}hqx) qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x }vnchqqfa:

.Qgf ne}hm }qf{ h} qgeq qgf V]B @vda ge} e dvcnf~ b` }mgfcf}$ Qgf cbnhif}ge~fa qb|f~} h} bdf }mgfcf |ghmg qgfx gepf hc{ifcfdqfa hd |ghmg qgfx gepf}fq v{ 0;;; {iv} qb|f~} hd qgf mbvdq~x.$

56$7 Hd e {b}q fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd qgf Af{e~qcfdq fienb~eqhdl qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd

`b~ hdm~fe}hdl ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx) }qeqfa qgeq qgf Vdhpf~}ei ]f~phmf Bnihleqhbd @vda

'V]B@( ge} ievdmgfa pe~hbv} }mgfcf} |ghmg {~bphaf emmf}} qb qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd}

}f~phmf} qb {fb{if hd ~v~ei eda ~fcbqf e~fe}$ Qgf}f }mgfcf} ei}b mbdq~hnvqf qb|e~a}

hdm~fe}f hd ^v~ei Qfif#afd}hqx$ Qgf ieqf}q }qeqv} b` V]B@ ]mgfcf} h} lhpfd nfib|:

.'e( Phiielf [vnihm Qfif{gbdf}: E} bd =5$;5$>;55) enbvq 6)<1)0<= phiielf}h$f$ 80$75& b` qgf Mfd}v} >;;5 hdgenhqfa ~fpfdvf phiielf} gepf nffdmbpf~fa |hqg Phiielf [vnihm Qfif{gbdf} 'P[Q}($ P[Q} e~f nfhdl {~bphafahd ~fcehdhdl hdgenhqfa ~fpfdvf phiielf} vdaf~ bdlbhdl V]B@ }mgfcf}lhpfd nfib|:

'h( P[Q} vdaf~ Nge~eq Dh~ced: El~ffcfdq} |f~f }hldfa |hqg C"}N]DI hd Dbpfcnf~ >;;1 qb {~bphaf }vn}hax }v{{b~q `b~ {~bph}hbd

b` P[Q} hd 0>=;> '~fph}fa `~bc 007>>( db$ b` vdmbpf~fa phiielf}hd qgf mbvdq~x fwmivahdl qgb}f phiielf} gephdl {b{vieqhbd if}} qged5;;) qgb}f ixhdl hd aff{ `b~f}q} eda qgb}f e` fmqfa |hqghd}v~lfdmx$ Qgf {~bph}hbd b` P[Q} hd qgf}f phiielf} ge} nffdhdmivafa e} bdf b` emqhphqhf} vdaf~ Nge~eq Dh~ced [~bl~eccf$ E}bd =5$;5$>;55) 05877 h$f$ 88$6;& P[Q} gepf nffd {~bphafavdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf$

'hh( Df|ix Hafdqh`hfa P[Q}: ^fmbdmhiheqhbd b` qgf P[Q} |b~ohdl hd qgfhdgenhqfa phiielf} e} {f~ Mfd}v} >;;5 |e} me~~hfa bvq qeohdl hdqbemmbvdq qgf fwh}qhdl P[Q eda qgb}f {~bphafa vdaf~ Nge~eq

Dh~ced$ Eii qgf ~fcehdhdl 0>11= hdgenhqfa phiielf} e} bd;5$5;$>;;< e} {f~ Mfd}v} >;;5 h~~f}{fmqhpf b` m~hqf~he b` {b{vieqhbd) ~fcbqfdf}}) emmf}}hnhihqx eda ie| b~af~ }hqveqhbd}gepf nffd hdmivafa `b~ {~bph}hbd b` P[Q} |hqg }vn}hax }v{{b~q`~bc V]B @vda vdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf$ El~ffcfdq} hd qgh} ~fle~a|f~f }hldfa |hqg N]DI bd ><$;>$>;;8$ E} {f~ qgf qf~c} edambdahqhbd} b` qgf el~ffcfdq qgf P[Q} hd}qeiifa nfq|ffd qgf{f~hba} ;5$5;$>;;< qb >0$;>$>;;8 e~f ei}b fihlhnif `b~ }vn}hax



#>;;#

}v{{b~q$ E} bd =5$;5$>;55) 107=1 P[Q} bvq b` qgf 0>11= h$f$<6& P[Q} gepf nffd {~bphafa vdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf$

'n( ]ge~fa Cbnhif Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f ]mgfcf: E }mgfcf ge} nffd ievdmgfanx V]B @vda qb {~bphaf }vn}hax }v{{b~q `b~ }fqqhdl v{ eda cedelhdl

<=0= dvcnf~ b` hd`~e}q~vmqv~f }hqf}" qb|f~} '~fph}fa `~bc <7<5( hd 6;;ah}q~hmq} }{~fea bpf~ >< }qeqf} `b~ {~bph}hbd b` cbnhif }f~phmf} hd qgf}{fmh`hfa ~v~ei eda ~fcbqf e~fe}) |gf~f qgf~f |e} db fwh}qhdl `hwfa|h~fif}} b~ cbnhif mbpf~elf$ Phiielf} b~ miv}qf~ b` phiielf} gephdl{b{vieqhbd b` >;;; b~ cb~f eda dbq gephdl cbnhif mbpf~elf |f~f qeofdhdqb mbd}haf~eqhbd `b~ hd}qeiieqhbd b` qgf qb|f~ vdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf$ Qgfel~ffcfdq} f``fmqhpf `~bc ;5$;0$>;;< |f~f }hldfa |hqg qgf }vmmf}}`vinhaaf~} hd Cex >;;<$ E} bd =5$;5$>;55) <>65 qb|f~} h$f$ enbvq 87$17&gepf nffd }fq v{ vdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf$ Qgf hd`~e}q~vmqv~f }b m~feqfa h}nfhdl }ge~fa nx qg~ff }f~phmf {~bphaf~} `b~ {~bph}hbd b` cbnhif }f~phmf}$E} bd =5$5>$>;5;) 5=700 NQ]} 'Ne}f Q~ed}mfhpf~ ]qeqhbd}( gepf nffd

mbcch}}hbdfa nx ]f~phmf [~bphaf~}.$

56$8 Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei enbvq qgf }{fmh`hm ~fe}bd `b~ |ghmg ~v~ei

qfif{gbdx |e} ibllhdl eda qgf {~bemqhpf cfe}v~f} qb nf qeofd nx qgf AbQ eda QÊH

qb lhpf ed hc{fqv} qb ~v~ei qfifafd}hqx$ Hd ~f{ix ]g~h ]xdlei }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

.Hq h} ed e{{~b{~heqf bn}f~peqhbd qgeq l~b|qg hd ~v~ei qfif{gbdx hd Hdahe ge}iellfa è~ nfghda qgf l~b|qg hd v~ned qfif{gbdx$ ]bcf b` qgf ofx ~fe}bd} `b~ qgh} hdmivaf:

Iemo b` nemogevi mbddfmqhphqx

Emmf}} }f~phmf}

Epehienhihqx b` {b|f~

E``b~aenif eda fe}x qb mge~lf geda}fq}

56$5; Ne}fa bd qgf}f mbd}q~ehdq}) hq h} dbq pf~x ah``hmviq qb mbc{~fgfda qgeq e ~v~ei

mfiivie~ v}f~ h} ihofix qb èmf e cviqh{ihmhqx b` {~bnifc} ihof:

Mge~lhdl b` geda}fq}

Cviqh{ihmhqx b` mge~lf}

Pe~hfqx b` neqqf~hf}



#>;5#

56$55 Qgf~f h} ed v~lfdq dffa `b~ qgf fw{ed}hbd b` nemogevi mbddfmqhphqx qb ~femg

pe~hbv} ~v~ei e~fe} b` Hdahe$ Hq cex ei}b nf dbqfa qgeq e ie~lf ecbvdq b` nemogevi

ei~feax fwh}q} b|dfa nx b~ledhzeqhbd} ihof êhiQfi) [b|f~ L~ha) LEHI) N]DI fqm$)

|ghmg mbvia nf ce{{fa eda hdqfl~eqfa hdqb e mbccbd dfq|b~o$ @v~qgf~) fw{ed}hbd b`

nemogevi med nf {ieddfa eda V]B `vda} med nf af{ibxfa qb emghfpf qgf }ecf$

56$5> Hq cex ei}b nf {~vafdq qb af{ibx V]B `vda} qb|e~a} qgf afpfib{cfdq b` cbnhif

geda}fq}) |ghmg v}f ~flvie~ {fdmhi }hzf neqqf~hf}) fhqgf~ mge~lfenif b~ ah}{b}enif) }b

qgeq qgfx e~f fe}hix epehienif eda qgf dffa `b~ mge~lhdl mbvia nf abdf e|ex |hqg$

56$5= Hd n~hf`) }bcf b` qgf `biib|hdl }qf{} med nf vdaf~qeofd qb fdgedmf ~v~eimbddfmqhphqx:

E }qvax b` fwh}qhdl }gb~q gevi eda ibdl gevi `b~ ce{{hdl b` fwh}qhdl vdqe{{faneda|haqg$

Ce{{hdl b` fwh}qhdl Emmf}} ]f~phmf E~fe} eda le{} qgeq dffa qb nf `hiifa$

E}}f}}cfdq b` epehienhihqx b` {~hcf {b|f~ `b~ Emmf}} ]f~phmf} eda mge~lhdl b` geda}fq} eda dffa `b~ m~feqhbd b` bqgf~ hd`~e}q~vmqv~f eda geda}fq} qgeq ~vd bd{fdmhi neqqf~hf}$

Afpfib{cfdq b` e }q~eqflhm {ieddhdl `~ecf|b~o ne}fa bd qgf enbpf cfdqhbdface{{hdl$

E{{bhdqcfdq b` e }{fmheihzfa nbax b~ mbd}viqhdl b~ledhzeqhbd qb vdaf~qeof qgfce{{hdl eda }qvax eda `b~ m~feqhbd b` qgf }q~eqflhm {ieddhdl `~ecf|b~o$

56$51 Nbqg qgf QÊH eda qgf AbQ med |b~o qb|e~a} hc{ifcfdqhdl }bcf b` qgf enbpf

qb eaa~f}} qgf h}}vf} b` ~v~ei qfif{gbdx$

56$56 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc QÊH qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ ib| ~v~ei

qfifafd}hqx) qgf Evqgb~hqx ~f{ihfa qgeq e} {f~ qgf VE] ihmfd}f ~bii#bvq bnihleqhbd miev}f:

’IHMFD]FF }geii fd}v~f qgeq:



#>;>#

'h( Eq ife}q 5;& b` qgf Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~} 'AGU}( |hii nf mbpf~fahd qgf `h~}q xfe~ eda 6;& b` qgf Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~} |hii nf mbpf~fa|hqghd qg~ff xfe~} b` f``fmqhpf aeqf b` Ihmfdmf$

'hh( Qgf ihmfd}ff }geii ei}b nf {f~chqqfa qb mbpf~ edx bqgf~ qb|d hd e

Ah}q~hmq hd ihfv b` qgf Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~}$

'hhh( Mbpf~elf b` e AGU"qb|d |bvia cfed qgeq eq ife}q 8;& b` qgfe~fe nbvdafa nx qgf Cvdhmh{ei ihchq} }gbvia lfq qgf ~fuvh~fa }q~ffq e}|fii e} hd#nvhiahdl mbpf~elf$

'hp( Qgf Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~} }geii nf qeofd e} bd qgf f``fmqhpf aeqfb` Ihmfdmf$

'p( Qgf mgbhmf b` Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~}"qb|d} qb nf mbpf~fa eda`v~qgf~ fw{ed}hbd nfxbda 6;& Ah}q~hmq Gfeauve~qf~}"qb|d} }geii ihf |hqg

qgf Ihmfd}ff af{fdahdl bd qgfh~ nv}hdf}} afmh}hbd$

'ph( Qgf~f h} db ~fuvh~fcfdq b` cedaeqb~x mbpf~elf b` ~v~ei e~fe}$

_Miev}f =1$>'e(S.56$50 Qgf enbpf miev}f b` ^bii#bvq Bnihleqhbd |gf~fhd qgf ihmfd}ff dffa} qb mbpf~

bdix 6;& b` qgf ah}q~hmq gfeauve~qf~} eda qgf~f h} db cedaeqb~x ~fuvh~fcfdq b`

mbpf~elf b` ~v~ei e~fe} h} e cejb~ }qvcnihdl nibmo hd qgf fw{ed}hbd b` ~v~ei qfif{gbdx$

Qgf dfwq cejb~ ~fe}bd `b~ dbd#fw{ed}hbd b` ~v~ei qfif{gbdx h} iemo b` {b|f~ hd qgf

~v~ei e~fe}$ Qgb}f }f~phmf {~bphaf~} {~bphahdl }f~phmf} hd qgf ~v~ei e~fe gepf qb ~vd

fdlhdf eiqf~deqb~} qb `ffa qgf {b|f~ qb qgf NQ]}) |ghmg mev}f} }hldh`hmedq hdm~fe}f hd

qgf b{f~eqhbdei fw{fdahqv~f$ Edbqgf~ hc{b~qedq ~fe}bd h} qgf fwmf}}hpf vqhihzeqhbd b`

qgf V]B @vda bd qgf |h~f#ihdf qfif{gbdx) |gf~f qgf Me{fw eda B{fw nbqg e~f ghlg$

Nf}haf} qgf}f }bcf bqgf~ ~fe}bd} <6 hafdqh`hfa nx Q^EH e~f e} nfib|:

• Qhcf qeofd `b~ emuvh}hqhbd b` Ieda `b~ NQ]} avf qb {f~ch}}hbd~fuvh~fcfdq `~bc `b~f}q af{e~qcfdq"q~hnei e~fe} b~ l~ec {edmgexeq}

• ^fuvh~fcfdq b` {f~ch}}hbd `~bc cviqh{if jv~h}ahmqhbd} `b~ hlgq b` \ex

• Vdepehienhihqx b` mgfe{ eda `e}q nemogevi mbddfmqhphqx

• Ib| Epf~elf ^fpfdvf {f~ V}f~ 'E^[V( 'E^[V(



#>;=#

56$5< E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd nx QÊH qb lhpf ed hc{fqv} qb qgf ~v~ei

qfif{gbdx) qgf Evqgb~hqx ~f{ihfa qgeq QÊH gea nffd qeohdl e pe~hbv} hdhqheqhpf} `~bc

qhcf qb qhcf qb nbb}q qgf ~v~ei qfifmbc {fdfq~eqhbd$ Off{hdl qgf bnjfmqhpf} b` qgf

l~b|qg b` qfifmbc }f~phmf} hd chda) qgf Evqgb~hqx gea ceaf }fpf~ei ~fmbccfdaeqhbd}

qb qgf Lbpf~dcfdq hd >;;6) >;;8 eda >;5;$

'hh( N~beaneda mbddfmqhphqx

56$57 Qgf Mbcchqqff |f~f hd`b~cfa qgeq qgf Fifpfdqg [ied qe~lfq `~b N~beaneda

mbddfmqhbd |e} >; chiihbd nx qgf fda b` >;5; |gf~fe} qgf emghfpfcfdq nx Cex) >;5;

|e} 8$>1 chiihbd mbddfmqhbd} bdix$ Hd qgh} mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf

~fe}bd} `b~ if}} qged `h`qx {f~mfdq emghfpfcfdq b` qgf qe~lfq `hwfa `b~ qgf N~beaneda

mbddfmqhphqx$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }qeqfa hd fphafdmf:

.N~beaneda h} ed e~fe |gf~f |f gepf dbq cfq bvq qe~lfq} eda qgf~f gepf nffde dvcnf~ b` ~fe}bd} `b~ qgeq.

56$58 Qgf Mbcchqqff ~fqb~qfa qgeq qgf~f chlgq gepf nffd cedx ~fe}bd} `b~ qgeq nvq

|gfqgf~ hq |e} dbq qgf avqx b` qgf Lbpf~dcfdq qb }f~pf qgf hc{fahcfdq}$ Hd ~f}{bd}f)

qgf Jbhdq ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.\hqg qgf evmqhbd b` ]{fmq~vc `b~ =L eda N~beaneda |h~fif}} Emmf}} ]f~phmf)bdf b` qgf cejb~ gv~aif} |ghmg Hdahe èmf} mbc{e~fa qb bqgf~ mbvdq~hf} |ghmggepf lbdf hd `b~ qgf qgh~a#lfdf~eqhbd qfmgdbiblx ge} nffd ~fcbpfa.$

56$>; E}ofa qb `v~dh}g qgf {~bl~f}} ceaf e`qf~ qgf evmqhbd b` =L N\E ]{fmq~vc)

qgf AbQ) hd e {b}q fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd `v~dh}gfa qgf `biib|hdl }qeqfcfdq }gb|hdl qgf

}qeqf |h}f N~beaneda }vn}m~hnf~} e} bd Dbpfcnf~) >;5;$

]i$Db

]qeqf"Qfifmbc Mh~mif N~beaneda }vn}m~hnf~}'E} bd =;$55$>;5;(

5$ Edaeced Dhmbne~ 6;16>$ Edag~e [~eaf}g 88>>>>=$ E}}ec 0<;871$ Nhge~ 'hdmivahdl Jge~ogeda( 510517



#>;1#

6$ Afigh* 8<>66>0$ Lvje~eq 060;15<$ Ge~xede >=6>;57$ Ghcemgei [~eaf}g 6<1>>8$ Jeccv Oe}gch~ 1006;

5;$ Oe~deqeoe 55>8=8>55$ Of~eie 0881>85>$ Cege~e}gq~e 'hdmivahdl Cvcneh) Lbe( 571<;5=5=$ Ceagxe [~eaf}g 'hdmivahdl Mgeqqh}le~g( 157;8551$ Db~qg Fe}q** =<0;656$ B~h}}e 5<>1;650$ [vdjen 6>=6;75<$ ^eje}qged ===50657$ Qechideav 'hdmivahdl Mgfddeh( 5==586058$ Vqqe~ [~eaf}g 'hdmivahdl Vqqe~eogeda( 6078=0>;$ \f}q Nfdlei 'hdmivahdl Obioeqe( 18<8<5

>5$ EII HDAHE *** 1;1QBQEI 5;<=7>61*Hdmivaf} Dbhae) Lv~lebd) Lgezhenea eda @e~haenea**hdmivaf} Cflgeiexe) Chzb~ec) E~vdemgei [~eaf}g) Cedh{v~) Deleieda Q~h{v~e***}bcf b` qgf mbc{edhf} gepf dbq {~bphafa qgf }qeqf|h}f n~feo#v{ b` qgfh~ }vn}m~hnf~}$

56$>5 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd nx qgf AbQ qb

fw{eda qgf n~beaneda dfq|b~o) hq |e} ~f{ihfa qgeq qgf `biib|hdl f``b~q} gea nffd ceaf

nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq hd qgh} ~fle~a:

'h( ^fmfdqix mbdmivafa =L"N\E Evmqhbd}: Af{e~qcfdq b` Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} ~fmfdqix mbdmivafa ghlgix }vmmf}}`vi evmqhbd} `b~ qgf e|e~a b` }{fmq~vc `b~ =L eda N\E }f~phmf}$ Bpf~eii {~bmffa} `~bcqgf Evmqhbd}) |ghmg gepf nffd b` qgf b~af~ b` ^} 5;0);;; m~b~f$ =Levmqhbd |e} abdf `b~ = b~ 1 nibmo} b` >w6CGz hd qgf >$5LGz neda hd >>}f~phmf e~fe}) |gf~fe} N\E evmqhbd |e} gfia `b~) > nibmo} b` >w>;CGzhd qgf >$=LGz neda hd >> }f~phmf e~fe}$

Qgf }vmmf}}`vi evmqhbd b` =L eda N\E }{fmq~vc ge} ieha e lbba{ieq`b~c `b~ e {v}g qb|e~a} emghfphdl {ed Hdahe n~beanedahd`~e}q~vmqv~f? fpfdqveiix fdenihdl qgf a~fec b` {~bphahdl ’N~beaneda `b~ eii–$ Qgh} ph}hbd afceda} e }xdf~lfqhm {v}g em~b}} qfmgdbiblhf} 'A]I)@hnf~) Menif) eda |h~fif}}() ecbdl}q qfifmbc b{f~eqb~} '{vnihm eda{~hpeqf( eda em~b}} qgf n~beaneda peivf mgehd 'afphmf cedv`emqv~f~})}f~phmf {~bphaf~}) mbdqfdq {~bphaf~} ~flvieqb~}(? }b e} qb {~bphaf qgh}’vdhpf~}ei }f~phmf– qb ~f}hafdq} ihphdl edx|gf~f hd qgf mbvdq~x 'v~ned b~ ~v~ei( eda qb qgf ceqmg qgf mv}qbcf~ fw{fmqeqhbd} em~b}} eii }flcfdq}



#>;6#

'Fdqf~{~h}f) Lbpf~dcfdq ^fqehi($ \h~fif}} N~beaneda qfmgdbiblhf} nxifpf~elhdl 'b~ }ge~hdl( qgf fwh}qhdl |h~f ihdf hd`~e}q~vmqv~f 'epehienif qbqgf {vnihm eda {~hpeqf b{f~eqb~}( med hccfd}fix mbdq~hnvqf qb qgfn~beaneda {~bih`f~eqhbd hd qgf mbvdq~x$

'hh( Ecfdacfdq b` qgf Hdahed Qfifl~e{g ^vif: ]q~fec HP ge} nffdeaafa vdaf~ qgf Qhqif ’[~bph}hbdhdl b` n~beaneda mbddfmqhbd} qbphiielf} hd e {ge}fa ceddf~–$ Vdaf~ qgh} `biib|hdl hdhqheqhpf} gepfnffd qeofd:

'e( ^v~ei \h~fihdf N~beaneda ]mgfcf: @b~ {~bphahdl n~beanedambddfmqhphqx qb ~v~ei ~fcbqf e~fe}) V]B@ ge} }hldfa edEl~ffcfdq |hqg N]DI bd Jedve~x >;) >;;8 vdaf~ qgf ^v~ei\h~fihdf N~beaneda ]mgfcf qb {~bphaf |h~f#ihdf n~beanedambddfmqhphqx qb ~v~ei ~fcbqf e~fe} nx ifpf~elhdl qgf fwh}qhdl~v~ei fwmgedlf} hd`~e}q~vmqv~f eda mb{{f~ |h~f#ihdf dfq|b~o$ Qgf

}{ffa b` femg b` qgf n~beaneda mbddfmqhbd} }geii nf eq ife}q 65>on{} ei|ex} bd$ Vdaf~ qgh} }mgfcf) N]DI |hii {~bphaf 7) 77)7=>|h~f#ihdf N~beaneda mbddfmqhbd} qb hdahphavei v}f~} edaLbpf~dcfdq Hd}qhqvqhbd} eda |hii }fq v{ >7)0<> Ohb}o} bpf~ e{f~hba b` 6#xfe~}) h$f$) nx >;51$ E} b` Afmfcnf~ >;5;) e qbqei b` >)6=);71 n~beaneda mbddfmqhbd} gepf nffd {~bphafa hd ~v~ei eda~fcbqf e~fe}$

'n($ ^v~ei \h~fif}} N~beaneda ]mgfcf: Qgf V]B@ h} |b~ohdl bd e}mgfcf `b~ {~bphahdl `hdedmhei e}}h}qedmf nx |ex b` }vn}hax `b~

qgf |h~fif}} n~beaneda emqhpf hd ~e}q~vmqv~f }vmg e} NQ]) nxvqhihzhdl qgf fwh}qhdl hd ~e}q~vmqv~f epehienif |hqg qgf Qfifmbc}f~phmf {~bphaf~}$ Qgh} }mgfcf |bvia {~bphaf n~beanedambpf~elf qb e cejb~hqx b` phiielf}$

'm($ ]eqfiihqf N~beaneda mbddfmqhphqx `b~ ^v~ei ^fcbqf E~fe}:Qgf V]B@ ge} hafdqh`hfa 6;;; phiielf} 'ih}q epehienif bd qgf AbQ|fn}hqf() |ghmg ab dbq gepf edx qf~~f}q~hei mbddfmqhphqx$ Qgf`b~cvieqhbd b` qgf }mgfcf) eibdl |hqg hq} `hdedmhei cbafihdl `b~ }vn}hax ah}nv~}fcfdq) h} hd {~bl~f}} eda hq h} fdph}elfa qb nf~biifa bvq av~hdl qgf mv~~fdq @hpf Xfe~ [ied '>;;<#>;5>($ Hq h}{~b{b}fa `b~ qgf}f ~v~ei ~fcbqf phiielf} |gf~f qf~~f}q~heimbddfmqhphqx) h$f$ |h~fihdf " |h~fif}} dfq|b~o) h} dbq `fe}hnif$Hdhqheiix) enbvq 5>;; }vmg phiielf} e~f fdph}elfa qb nf {~bphafan~beaneda bd qgh} cfahe$

'hhh( V]B@ ]mgfcf} ~fle~ahdl Lfdf~ei Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f Evlcfdqeqhbd}:

’B{qhmei @hn~f Dfq|b~o Evlcfdqeqhbd) M~feqhbd eda Cedelfcfdq b` Hdq~e#Ah}q~hmq ]AGU#AGU B@M Dfq|b~o hd }f~phmf e~fe b` E]]EC–:\hqg e phf| qb {~bphaf }v``hmhfdq nemo#gevi me{emhqx qb hdqfl~eqf qgf pbhmf



#>;0#

eda aeqe q~e``hm `~bc qgf emmf}} dfq|b~o hd qgf ~v~ei e~fe}) h$f$ phiielf}) qbqgfh~ mb~f dfq|b~o) V]B@ ge} qeofd hdhqheqhpf qb }q~fdlqgfd qgf B@Mdfq|b~o hd qgf ~v~ei eda ~fcbqf e~fe}$ Qgh} }mgfcf mbd}haf~} B@MDfq|b~o evlcfdqeqhbd nfq|ffd qgf nibmo}, GU eda Ah}q~hmq}, GU qb nflhd|hqg$ Qgf ]qeqf b` E}}ec ge} nffd qeofd v{ `h~}q `b~ hc{ifcfdqeqhbd$

'hp( F` b~q} ceaf nx N]DI: N]DI ge} ei~feax ceaf 5;;& v~nedfwmgedlf} cb~f qged 7;& ~v~ei fwmgedlf} e} n~beanedafdenifa$ N]DI {ied} qb mbpf~ 5;;& ~v~ei Nibmo} GU}$ |hqg n~beanedambddfmqhphqx v}hdl \h#cew qfmgdbiblx |hqghd dfwq bdf xfe~$ @v~qgf~)N]DI ge} ievdmgfa b``f~ qb n~beaneda v{qb >1 Cn{} qg~bvlg PA]I)|ghmg h} è}qf}q hd Hdahe$

56$>> Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei e} qb qgf èmqb~} ~f}{bd}hnif `b~

}vmg e }ib| {~bl~f}} hd qgf {~bph}hbd b` N~beaneda mbddfmqhphqx eda cfe}v~f} bvlgq

qb nf qeofd qb hdm~fe}f hq$ Hd ~f}{bd}f ]g~h ]xdlei }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

.Afceda h} ah~fmqix {~b{b~qhbdei qb {f~mfhpfa vqhihqx eda vqhihqx h} afqf~chdfa nxe{{ihmeqhbd} }v{{b~qfa"~vd bd qgf qfmgdbiblx$ \f cv}q dbq `b~lfq qgeq afcedaèmqb~} e~f hdqf~#~fieqfa eda dbq cvqveiix fwmiv}hpf$ Edbqgf~ hc{b~qedq èmqb~ qgeq emq} e} e afmhahdl {bhdq h} {~hmhdl$ H` e }f~phmf h} e{{~b{~heqfix {~hmfa) hq h}fe}hix emmf{qfa nx ce}}f} eda qgf~fnx cb~f e{{ihmeqhbd} e~f afpfib{fa `b~ }vmg qfmgdbiblx$ Nvq) h` qgf qfmgdbiblx h} {~hmfa }qff{ix) hq |hii nf mie}}h`hfa e}e {~fchvc {~bavmq eda |hii gepf ihchqfa emmf{qedmf eda"b~ {fdfq~eqhbd$

56$>= \f e~f b` qgf phf| qgeq) hd v~ned e~fe} n~beaneda afceda |hii {hmo v{ e} eda

|gfd n~beaneda }f~phmf} e~f epehienif bd mbc{fqhqhpf ne}h}$ Hd ~v~ei eda ~fcbqf

e~fe} qgf ehc }gbvia nf qb ceof ghlg }{ffa hdqf~dfq mbddfmqhphqx epehienif eq

~fe}bdenif ~eqf} uvhmoix$ Bdf |ex qb emghfpf qgf }ecf mbvia nf nx }qe~qhdl hdqf~dfq

ohb}o} hd ~fcbqf phiielf} }b qgeq qgf {fb{if eq ie~lf |hii lfq e qe}qf `b~ qgf }ecf$

]eqfiihqf h} qgf }{ffahf}q b{qhbd qb }qe~q |hqg$ H` cbnhif }eqfiihqf }f~phmf mbvia hdq~bavmf

}vmg èmhihqx) qgfd fpfd hdahphavei} med lb hd `b~ qgfh~ b|d mbddfmqhbd}$ Qgf eapedqelf

b` cbnhif }eqfiihqf }f~phmf h} qgeq ie~lf edqfdde} |bvia dbq nf ~fuvh~fa$

56$>1 @v~qgf~) h` qgf mbd}vcf~} e~f enif qb q~ed}emq qgfh~ nv}hdf}} |hqg Lbpf~dcfdq}

'ibmei) }qeqf eda deqhbdei() nedo} eda bqgf~ {vnihm vqhihqhf} qg~bvlg hdqf~dfq) qgf afceda

|hii hdm~fe}f e} mbccvqhdl h} nfmbchdl cb~f eda cb~f ah` hmviq eda fw{fd}hpf)

|gfqgf~ hd v~ned e~fe} b~ `~bc ~v~ei e~fe} qb qgf mfdq~f} |gf~f }vmg nv}hdf}} med nf



#>;<#

q~ed}emqfa$ Epehienhihqx b` hd`b~ceqhbd cb}q `~fuvfdqix ~fuvh~fa nx qgf v}f~} hd qgf ~v~ei

e~fe} |bvia nf pf~x gfi{`vi hd hc{~bphdl qgf {f~mfhpfa vqhihqx b` qgf emmf}} qb Hdqf~dfq$

M~feqhbd b` }vmg aeqe ne}f} hd ibmei iedlvelf} h} hc{b~qedq$ Qfwq qb pbhmf q~ed}ieqb~}

|bvia nf pf~x e{{~b{~heqf hd ~v~ei e~fe}$

56$>6 ]hdmf Hdahed ce~ofq h} lfdf~eiix a~hpfd nx ib|f~#fda b` qgf mbd}vcf~ {x~echa)

edbqgf~ hc{b~qedq m~hqf~hbd |hii nf qgf fda#mbd}vcf~ fuvh{cfdq v}fa qb b{f~eqf

n~beaneda e{{ihmeqhbd}"qfmgdbiblhf}$ Nx ceohdl n~beaneda emmf}}hnif bd e pe~hfqx

b` afphmf} }vmg e} QP }fq}) {~bjfmqb~}) cbnhif {gbdf} b~ dex bqgf~

gedagfia"mbc{eqhnif afphmf e{e~q `~bc mbdpfdqhbdei mbc{vqf~"ie{qb{"dbqfnbbo) |hii

nf hc{f~eqhpf hd eaa~f}}hdl {fdfq~eqhbd h}}vf} eda hdm~fe}hdl {f~mfhpfa vqhihqx b` qgf

qfmgdbiblx eq ie~lf$ Hd b~af~ qb {~bphaf edx }f~phmf |f cv}q `biib|.$ E{{ixhdl

Qfmgdbiblx qb ~femg bvq qb qgf Ce}}f}.$ \f gepf qbb cedx ihmfd}f} eda ~flvieqhbd}

|ghmg ~fqe~a qgf l~b|qg b` edx }f~phmf.$

56$>0 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc Q^EH qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ vdaf~

emghfpfcfdq b` qgf qe~lfq hd N~beaneda mbddfmqhbd}) Q^EH ~f{ihfa qgeq qgf {~hce~x

~fe}bd} `b~ ib| n~beaneda {fdfq~eqhbd |f~f e} vdaf~:#

Qgf {~hce~x ~fe}bd} `b~ ib| n~beaneda {fdfq~eqhbd e~f lhpfd nfib|:

Iemo b` }v{{b~q hd`~e}q~vmqv~f: [~bph}hbdhdl b` N~beaneda v}hdl Ahlhqei]vn}m~hnf~ Ihdf 'A]I( qfmgdbiblx h} {~fabchdedq hd Hdahe$ 70& b` qbqein~beaneda mbddfmqhbd} e~f v}hdl A]I qfmgdbiblx$ A]I mbddfmqhbd} e~f{~bphafa v}hdl mb{{f~ menif b` `hwfa ihdf dfq|b~o$ Qgf~f e~f =0$57 Chiihbd `hwfaihdf mbddfmqhbd} e} b` Jvdf >;5;$ Eii |h~fihdf mbddfmqhbd} meddbq nf v}fa qb{~bphaf A]I$ A]I mbddfmqhbd} med }v{{b~q lbba n~beaneda }{ffa v{qbcewhcvc b` =#1 Oc$ Fpfd h` |f mbd}haf~ qgeq enbvq 6;& b` epehienif mb{{f~ ibb{ h} me{enif qb afihpf~ n~beaneda }f~phmf} eda bdix <;& b` qgf}f me{enif

mbddfmqhbd} fwh}q |hqghd = Oc ~edlf `~bc qgf fwmgedlf) |f med {~bphaf lbbauveihqx n~beaneda qb enbvq =;#=6& b` `hwfa ihdf mbddfmqhbd} qg~bvlg A]I '55#5= chiihbd($

Dbd Epehienhihqx b` =L N\E ]{fmq~vc: Qgf bqgf~ b{qhbd qb {~bphafn~beaneda h} qg~bvlg |h~fif}} dfq|b~o$ Qgf evmqhbd `b~ eiibmeqhbd b` qgf}{fmq~vc `b~ =L eda N\E ge} nffd mbc{ifqfa ~fmfdqix eda }{fmq~vc h} nfhdleiibmeqfa qb qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~}$ E} >L qfmgdbiblhf} |f~f dbq enif qb



#>;7#

}v{{b~q n~beaneda }{ffa) qgf mbdq~hnvqhbd b` |h~fif}} qfmgdbiblhf} hd {~bphahdln~beaneda eq {~f}fdq h} ah}cei$

Ah``hmviqx hd lfqqhdl ^hlgq b` \ex: B{qhmei `hn~f med nf edbqgf~ b{qhbd `b~ {~bphahdl qgf n~beaneda$ Qgf mbc{ihmeqfa ^hlgq b` \ex '^b\( {~bmfav~f} eda

ghlg ^b\ mge~lf} qb iex qfifmbc dfq|b~o ah}}veaf} }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qbpfdqv~f hdqb m~feqhbd b` b{qhmei `hn~f hd`~e}q~vmqv~f qb {~bphaf n~beaneda}f~phmf}$

Ghlg Mv}qbcf~ [~fch}f} Fuvh{cfdq 'M[F( Mb}q: N~beaneda emmf}}~fuvh~f} [M"ie{qb{ b~ fuvhpeifdq afphmf eq }vn}m~hnf~ {~fch}f} lfdf~eiix meiifaMv}qbcf~ {~fch}f} fuvh{cfdq 'M[F($ Qgf mb}q b` M[F} h} ghlg eda dbqe``b~aenif qb mbccbd ce}}f}$ Ghlg Mb}q b` 70 M[F} h} bdf b` qgf cejb~ hc{fahcfdq} hd }{~fea b` n~beaneda mbddfmqhbd}$

Ib| Ihqf~emx: V}f b` [M" ie{qb{ ~fuvh~f} lbba odb|ifalf b` Fdlih}g e} eii qgf

}b`q|e~f mbccbdix epehienif hd Hdahe h} hd Fdlih}g iedlvelf$ Ib| ihqf~emx h}cejb~ mbdmf~d qb hc{~bpf qgf n~beaneda vqhihzeqhbd$ E} {f~ Deqhbdei ^feaf~}gh{]v~pfx) Fdlih}g ihqf~eqf {b{vieqhbd hd Hdahe h} 85 Chiihbd eda qbqei mbc{vqf~ ihqf~eqf e~f enbvq 7< Chiihbd$ Qgh} h} ei}b mbdq~hnvqhdl qb ib| n~beaneda{fdfq~eqhbd$

Dbd#epehienhihqx b` ~fifpedq mbdqfdq: Epehienhihqx b` ibmei e{{ihmeqhbd} edambdqfdq h} hc{b~qedq qb lfdf~eqf n~beaneda afceda$ Cb}q b` qgf mbdqfdq}epehienif bd qgf |fn}hqf} e~f hd Fdlih}g eda qgf Fdlih}g ihqf~emx ~eqf hd Hdahe h}ib| 'e~bvda 7&($ Ihchqfa epehienhihqx b` mbdqfdq hd pf~demvie~ iedlvelf} h}edbqgf~ ~fe}bd `b~ ib| n~beaneda {fdfq~eqhbd$

56$>< Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa enbvq qgf cfe}v~f} |f~f ~fmb~afa nx QÊH) hd

emmb~aedmf |hqg qgf {b|f~} mbd`f~~fa bd hq) qb hdm~fe}f qgf n~beaneda {fdfq~eqhbd$ Hd

~f{ix) hq |e} }qeqfa qgeq off{hdl hd phf| qgf hc{b~qedmf b` n~beaneda QÊH ge} qeofd

dvcnf~ b` }qf{} `b~ hdm~fe}hdl l~b|qg b` n~beaneda$ Hd b~af~ qb fd}v~f ~e{ha }{~fea

b` n~beaneda nbqg hd qgf v~ned eda ~v~ei e~fe} QÊH ge} h}}vfa e mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~

bd ’Deqhbdei N~beaneda [ied– bd 5;qg Jvdf) >;5;) mbpf~hdl pe~hbv} e}{fmq} }vmg e}

af`hdhqhbd b` n~beaneda) hd`~e}q~vmqv~f ~fuvh~fcfdq}) }v{{ix eda afceda) e``b~aenhihqx

eda ^hlgq b` \ex$

56$>7 Bd nfhdl e}ofa qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd nx QÊH qb fd}v~f uveihqx b` }f~phmf hd qgf

n~beaneda {~bph}hbd) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq fd}v~hdl uveihqx b` }f~phmf ge} nffd qgf cehd

mbdmf~d b` QÊH$ Hd b~af~ qb {~bphaf qgf {~b{f~ Uveihqx b` ]f~phmf qb qgf n~beaneda

}vn}m~hnf~}) QÊH ge} qeofd qgf `biib|hdl }qf{}:



#>;8#

e$ Qb hc{~bpf N~beaneda }f~phmf} nfhdl {~bphafa nx }f~phmf {~bphaf~})QÊH ge} h}}vfa ’Uveihqx b` ]f~phmf b` N~beaneda }f~phmf ^flvieqhbd})>;;0– bd 0qg Bmqbnf~) >;;0 '55 b` >;;0( eda Qfifmbc Mbd}vcf~}[~bqfmqhbd eda ^fa~f}}ei b` L~hfpedmf} ^flvieqhbd}) >;;< '= b` >;;<($

n$ QÊH ge} nffd cbdhqb~hdl qgf {f~ b~cedmf b` n~beaneda }f~phmf{~bphaf~} elehd}q qgf nfdmgce~o `b~ qgf pe~hbv} uveihqx b` }f~phmf{e~ecfqf~} ieha ab|d nx QÊH hd qgf enbpf }eha ^flvieqhbd}) qg~bvlgqgf uve~qf~ix [f~`b~cedmf Cbdhqb~hdl ^f{b~q} '[C^}( }vnchqqfa nx qgf}f~phmf {~bphaf~} `b~ ah``f~fdq ihmfd}fa }f~phmf e~fe}$ \gf~fpf~ qgf~f ge}nffd af`hmhfdmx hd cffqhdl qgf}f nfdmgce~o}) qgf ceqqf~ h} qeofd v{|hqg qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} `b~ ~fcfahei emqhbd$

m$ Qb cbdhqb~ qgf {f~`b~cedmf b` qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda qb pf~h`x qgfUveihqx b` }f~phmf {f~`b~cedmf aeqe }vnchqqfa nx qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~})

QÊH ge} e{{bhdqfa hdaf{fdafdq elfdmhf} `b~ `biib|hdl |b~o}:

e( Evahq eda Bnjfmqhpf E}}f}}cfdq b` Uveihqx b` }f~phmf bdmf hd exfe~ `b~ femg }f~phmf e~fe"mh~mif$

n( E}}f}}cfdq b` Hc{ifcfdqeqhbd eda F``fmqhpfdf}} b` QfifmbcMbd}vcf~} [~bqfmqhbd eda ^fa~f}}ei b` L~hfpedmf} ^flvieqhbd})>;;< eda Mv}qbcf~ [f~mf{qhbd b` ]f~phmf qg~bvlg ]v~pfx$ Qgf~f{b~q} ~fmfhpfa e~f v{ibeafa bd QÊH |fn}hqf `b~ hd`b~ceqhbd b` qgf {vnihm$

'hhh( Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx 'CD[(

Qgf Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx 'CD[( eiib|} }vn}m~hnf~} qb ~fqehd qgfh~ fwh}qhdl cbnhif qfif{gbdf dvcnf~ |gfd qgfx }|hqmg `~bc bdf emmf}}}f~phmf {~bphaf~ qb edbqgf~ h~~f}{fmqhpf b` cbnhif qfmgdbiblx b~ `~bc bdfqfmgdbiblx qb edbqgf~ b` qgf }ecf b~ edx bqgf~ emmf}} }f~phmf {~bphaf~$

[b~qenhihqx nfdf`hq} }vn}m~hnf~}) fdmbv~elf} hc{~bpfcfdq hd uveihqx b` }f~phmf qg~bvlg hdm~fe}fa ifpfi b` mbc{fqhqhbd nfq|ffd }f~phmf{~bphaf~}) ~f|e~ahdl qgb}f b{f~eqb~} gephdl nfqqf~ mv}qbcf~ }f~phmf)dfq|b~o mbpf~elf) eda }f~phmf uveihqx$

Afqehi b` qgf Mbc{edhf} |gb gepf nffd l~edqfa ihmfdmf'}( `b~ CD[}f~phmf e~f e} nfib|:

b C"}$ ]xdhpf~}f Qfmgdbiblhf} 'Hdahe( [pq$ Iqa) `b~ CD[ ]f~phmfZbdf#5 'mbdqehdhdl Lvje~eq) Ge~xede) Ghcemgei [~eaf}g) Jeccv



#>5;#

Oe}gch~) Cege~e}gq~e) [vdjen) êje}qged) Vqqe~ [~eaf}g 'F()Vqqe~ [~eaf}g '\() Afigh eda Cvcneh ]f~phmf E~fe}($

b C"}$ CD[ Hdqf~mbddfmqhbd Qfifmbc ]bivqhbd} Hdahe [pq$ Iqa$)

`b~ CD[ ]f~phmf Zbdf#> 'mbdqehdhdl Edag~e [~eaf}g) E}}ec)

Nhge~) Oe~deqeoe) Of~eie) Ceagxe [~eaf}g) Db~qg Fe}q) B~h}}e)Qechi Deav hdmivahdl Mgfddeh) \f}q Nfdlei eda Obioeqe ]f~phmfE~fe}($

QÊH h}}vfa qgf ^flvieqhbd bd CD[ hdmivahdl qgf nv}hdf}} {~bmf}} bd>=~a ]f{qfcnf~ >;;8$ QÊH h}}vfa qgf ~flvieqhbd bd Qe~h`` B~af~ `b~ CD[bd >;qg Bmqbnf~ >;;8$

56$>8 Fienb~eqhdl qgf {~bmf}} b` hdhqheqhdl qgf CD[ }mgfcf) QÊH }qeqfa qgeq hd

Ce~mg) >;;0) hd hq} }vb#cbqv ~fmbccfdaeqhbd qb AbQ) hq ~fmbccfdafa

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx hd qgf mbvdq~x$ E qhcf `~ecf b` 5> cbdqg}

nfq|ffd qgf emmf{qedmf b` ~fmbccfdaeqhbd nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq eda ievdmg b` qgh}

èmhihqx |e} ~fmbccfdafa$ Hq |e} ei}b ~fmbccfdafa qgeq CD[ }gbvia nf epehienif qb

cbnhif }vn}m~hnf~} qfdqeqhpfix nx 5}q E{~hi >;;<$ AbQ emmf{qfa QÊH‘}

~fmbccfdaeqhbd} hd Afmfcnf~) >;;<$ ]vn}fuvfdqix) e }qff~hdl mbcchqqff mbd}h}qhdl

b` ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf} `~bc qgf hdav}q~x) Qfifmbc Fdlhdff~hdl Mfdq~f'QFM( eda AbQ vdaf~

eflh} b` QÊH$ E`qf~ e }f~hf} b` cffqhdl}) QÊH }vnchqqfa qgf A~e`q ^fuvf}q `b~

[~b{b}ei'^@[( qb AbQ hd E{~hi)>;;7 `b~ }fifmqhbd b` CD[ b{f~eqb~ hd qgf mbvdq~x$ AbQe|e~afa CD[ ihmfd}f} qb q|b mbc{edhf} hd Ce~mg)>;;8$ Qgf~fe`qf~) QÊH h}}vfa a~e`q

~flvieqhbd} bd CD[ bd =;qg Jvdf)>;;8 eda e mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~ bd afqf~chdeqhbd b`

‗[f~ [b~q Q~ed}emqhbd Mge~lf) Ah{{hdl Mge~lf eda {b~qhdl mge~lf‘ bd >>da Jvix)>;;8

`b~ qgf mbccfdq} b`

qgf }qeofgbiaf~}$

• Ne}fa bd qgf hd{vq} nx qgf }qeofgbiaf~}) QÊH h}}vfa qgf‗Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx ^flvieqhbd}) >;;8‘ bd

>=~a ]f{qfcnf~ >;;8) iexhdl ab|d qgf ne}hm nv}hdf}} {~bmf}}`~ecf|b~o `b~ hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx 'CD[( hd qgfmbvdq~x$ QÊH ei}b h}}vfa qgf ‗Qfifmbccvdhmeqhbd} Cbnhif Dvcnf~ [b~qenhihqx [f~ [b~q Q~ed}emqhbd Mge~lf eda Ah{{hdl Mge~lf ^flvieqhbd})>;;8‘ bd >;qg Dbpfcnf~ >;;8) |gf~fhd) hq `hwfa qgf {f~ {b~q q~ed}emqhbdmge~lf e} ^} 58"# $ @v~qgf~) QÊH ei}b `hwfa e mfhihdl ihchq b` ^} 58"# e}{b~qhdl mge~lf) {exenif nx qgf }vn}m~hnf~ qb qgf ~fmh{hfdq b{f~eqb~ 'qb|gbc qgf }vn}m~hnf~ cbpf} e`qf~ 86 {b~qhdl($ Qgf {b~qhdl mge~lf b` ^}58"#'e} mfhihdl( ge} nffd e{{~fmheqfa nx qgf mbd}vcf~} eda mbd}vcf~



#>55#

l~bv{}$ @b~ qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` CD[) hq h} dfmf}}e~x qgeq qgf dfq|b~ob` eii qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} hd qgf mbvdq~x h} ~feax eda qf}qfa$ @b~ qgh}{v~{b}f pe~hbv} emqhphqhf} e~f ~fuvh~fa qb nf me~~hfa bvq nx qgf b{f~eqb~}hdmivahdl qfmgdhmei evlcfdqeqhbd eda v{ l~eaeqhbd b` qgfh~ fwh}qhdldfq|b~o}) me~~xhdl bvq ~fuvh~fa hd}qeiieqhbd eda pf~h`hmeqhbd qf}q})

f}qenih}ghdl ihdo} |hqg CD[ b{f~eqb~} eda mbdavmqhdl hdqf~#b{f~eqb~ qf}q}$ E`qf~ qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} e~f ~feax |hqg qgfh~ b|d hdqf~#b{f~eqb~ qf}q ~f}viq}) e mbc{ifqf emmf{qedmf qf}q 'E"Q( h} qb nf me~~hfa bvq nx qgfAbQ em~b}} qgf dfq|b~o} b` eii qgf mbdmf~dfa }f~phmf {~bphaf~} hd eii qgf}f~phmf e~fe}$ AbQ ge} nffd cbdhqb~hdl qgf qf}qhdl }qeqv} b` CD[ hdnbqg qgf zbdf}$ Qgf aeqf} ge} nffd ~f{feqfaix fwqfdafa nx AbQ e}qf}qhdl h} xfq qb nf mbc{ifqfa$ E} {f~ qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~ ~f{b~q}) eicb}qeii qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} e~f eq pe~hbv} }qelf} b` qf}qhdl fwmf{q N]DI CQDI$ \ghif N]DI ge} xfq qb }qe~q qf}qhdl) e} hq} CD[ leqf|ex h} dbq~feax) CQDI h} }qhii hd qgf {~bmf}} b` {iemhdl qgf {v~mge}f b~af~$

56$=; Qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa AbQ qb }qeqf qgf b~hlhdei eda ~fph}fa afeaihdf `b~ qgf

hdq~bavmqhbd b` qgf CD[ }mgfcf$ Hd ~f{ix) qgf qgfd ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }qeqfa hd fphafdmf

qgeq qgf b~hlhdei afeaihdf |e} =5}q Ce~mg) >;;8 `b~ Afigh eda =5}q Afmfcnf~) >;;8

`b~ qgf ~f}q b` qgf mbvdq~x$ Qgf ~fph}fa afeaihdf |e} }qeqfa qb nf =5}q Bmqbnf~) >;5;$

56$=5 E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ~fe}bd} `b~ afiex hd mbccfdmhdl qgf }mgfcf) qgf `b~cf~

]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }qeqfa qgeq qgf~f |e} afiex hd {~bmv~hdl qgf leqf|ex fuvh{cfdq bd qgf

{e~q b` N]DI eda CQDI$ Gf `v~qgf~ }qeqfa:#

.Hq ge} qb nf abdf hd qbqeihqx$ Qgf~f h} e ibq b` qf}qhdl hdpbipfa hd qgh}.$

56$=> Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa) QÊH |gfqgf~ qgf Evqgb~hqx gea fpf~ hc{~f}}fa

v{bd qgf AbQ qb emmfif~eqf qgf hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf CD[ }mgfcf$ Hd ~f{ix) QÊH

}qeqfa qgeq ~fle~ahdl qgf ^fle~ahdl qgf qhcfix hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` CD[) QÊH phaf hq}

ifqqf~ aeqfa <qg Evlv}q >;;8) ~fuvf}qfa AbQ `b~ fw{fahqhdl qgf {~bmf}} b`

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` CD[) hd phf| b` mbd}haf~enif qhcf qgeq cex nf qeofd nx qgf }f~phmf

{~bphaf~} qb {~bmv~f eda mbcch}}hbd leqf|ex}$ Hq |e} ghlgihlgqfa qgeq N]DI chlgq

qeof e~bvda 0 qb 8 cbdqg} `b~ {~bmv~fcfdq eda mbcch}}hbdhdl b` CD[ leqf|ex}$

@v~qgf~) QÊH phaf hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa =;qg ]f{qfcnf~ >;;8 }gb~q ih}qfa qgf {fdahdl h}}vf}

}vmg e} Ibmeqhbd ^bvqhdl Dvcnf~}) Hdqf~èmf }{fmh`hmeqhbd} eda qf}qhdl }mgfavif} bd

|ghmg emqhbd h} ~fuvh~fa `~bc qgf AbQ"QFM$ QÊH phaf hq} ifqqf~ aeqfa 5;qg @fn~ve~x



#>5>#

>;5; qb AbQ ~eh}fa qgf h}}vf} ~fle~ahdl afiex hd {~bmv~fcfdq b` hdqf~èmf fuvh{cfdq

nx []V}) afiex hd f}qenih}ghdl b` mbddfmqhphqx nx qfifmbc }f~phmf {~bphaf~} |hqg CD[

}f~phmf {~bphaf~} eda gedaihdl b` cbnhif dvcnf~} vdaf~ ie|`vi hdqf~mf{qhbd$

]vn}fuvfdqix) QÊH hd hq} ieqf}q mbccvdhmeqhbd aeqfa 58qg Jvix) >;5; ge} elehd

n~bvlgq qb qgf dbqhmf b` AbQ qgeq ~f{feqfa fwqfd}hbd b` qhcfihdf} b` CD[

hc{ifcfdqeqhbd h} dbq eaph}enif eda hq ~fuvf}qfa AbQ dbq qb fwqfda qgf afeaihdf

`v~qgf~$

'hp( Cbnhif Ph~qvei Dfq|b~o B{f~eqb~ 'CPDB(

Qgf cbnhif Ph~qvei Dfq|b~o B{f~eqb~ 'CPDB() hd e }f~phmf e~fe hd e}f~phmf e~fe) h} ed fdqhqx qgeq abf} dbq gepf }{fmq~vc b` hq} b|d `b~

emmf}} }f~phmf} nvq h} ihmfd}fa qb {~bphaf emmf}} }f~phmf} qb hq}mv}qbcf~} qg~bvlg ed el~ffcfdq |hqg edx ihmfd}fa emmf}} {~bphaf~$ QgfCPDB }gbvia dbq {b}}f}} }{fmq~vc `b~ emmf}} }f~phmf} hd edx ceddf~ hdmivahdl ihmfd}hdl b` }{fmq~vc$

QÊH }vnchqqfa hq} ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} bd Cbnhif Ph~qvei Dfq|b~oB{f~eqb~} 'CPDB}( bd 0qg Evlv}q >;;7$ Qgf }eha ^fmbccfdaeqhbd} b` QÊH |e} fwechdfa hd qgf Af{e~qcfdq eda |f~f mbd}haf~fa edae{{~bpfa }vnjfmq qb }bcf cbah`hmeqhbd}$ E {~f}} ~fife}f hd qgh} ~fle~a|e} lhpfd bd >6";>">;;8$

]bcf ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH |f~f ~f`f~~fa nemo qb qgfc phaf ifqqf~ aeqfa >1qg @fn~ve~x >;;8 }ffohdl ~fmbd}haf~fa phf|} b` QÊH$ Qgf~fmbd}haf~fa phf|} b` QÊH bd qgf enbpf ceqqf~ |f~f ~fmfhpfa nx qgfAf{e~qcfdq phaf QÊH‘} ifqqf~ aeqfa 5> qg Ce~mg >;;8$ Qgf }ecf |f~fmbd}haf~fa nx qgf Qfifmbc Mbcch}}hbd$ Qgf hd#{~hdmh{if afmh}hbd bdhdq~bavmqhbd b` CPDB eda hq} n~bea {bihmx `~ecf|b~o ge} nffd qeofd hdAbQ$

\ghif mbd}haf~hdl qgf lvhafihdf} `b~ CPDB hq ge} nffd afmhafa qb }ffoqgf QÊH‘} b{hdhbd hd phf| b` qgf ~fmfdq ~fmbccfdaeqhbd b` QÊH bd]{fmq~vc Cedelfcfdq eda Ihmfd}hdl @~ecf|b~o ~flhcf e`qf~ qgfx e~f

`hdeihzfa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq$

56$== E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf ne}hm bnjfmqhpf b` qgf CPDB }mgfcf) e ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf

AbQ }qeqfa hd fphafdmf:



#>5=#

.Qgf ph~qvei b{f~eqb~} |hii {v~mge}f qgf nvio chdvqf} `~bc qgf cehd b{f~eqb~}eda qgfx med ~f}fii qgb}f chdvqf} vdaf~ qgfh~ b|d n~eda) vdaf~ qgfh~ b|d qe~h`` {ied eda qgfx med h}}vf qgf nhii} ei}b eda qgfx |hii gepf nfqqf~ ce~ofqhdlb{f~eqb~$ Qgf b{f~eqb~ |gb |edq} qb bvq}bv~mf qgf ce~ofqhdl) qgfx med ab hqqg~bvlg ph~qvei b{f~eqb~ nfmev}f ph~qvei b{f~eqb~ |hii qeof cbdfx eda qgfx |hii

gepf qb nf ihmfd}fa eda mbdq~biifa nx qgf Lbpf~dcfdq }b qgeq qgf~f e~f db ìx#nx#dhlgq b{f~eqb~}.$

]v{{ifcfdqhdl gh} mbiifelvf) edbqgf~ ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf }qeqfa:

.Qgf qb|f~ eda dfq|b~o ~fcehd} |hqg qgf b~hlhdei b{f~eqb~$ Qgf hafe nfghdaqgh} h}) e ie~lf b{f~eqb~ cex dbq nf enif qb lhpf }{fmheihzfa }f~phmf}$ @b~ fwec{if) h` è~cf~} dffa }bcf }{fmhei hd`b~ceqhbd) CPDB cex lhpf qgeq}{fmheihzfa hd`b~ceqhbd$ Qgeq h} |gx qgh} mbdmf{q mecf hd qgf |b~ia) nvq qgf~f}{bd}hnhihqx ~fcehd} |hqg qgf cehd b{f~eqb~.$

56$=1 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa h` e |~bdl hd`b~ceqhbd |e} `v~dh}gfa qb qgf è~cf~})

`h}gf~cfd fqm$ nx qgf CPDB |gfqgf~ qgf cehd b{f~eqb~ |bvia nf ~f}{bd}hnif `b~ qgeq$

Hd ~f{ix) qgf Eaahqhbdei ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }qeqfa qgeq hq |e} e {e~q b` qgf el~ffcfdq qgeq

qgf cehd b{f~eqb~ |bvia ~fcehd ~f}{bd}hnif `b~ fpf~xqghdl$

56$=6 E}ofa qb }qeqf e} qb |gfd qgf Af{e~qcfdq |e} fw{fmqhdl qb `hdeihzf qgf a~e`q

lvhafihdf}) qgf ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.\gfd df| QÊH ~fmbccfdaeqhbd} e~f `hdeihzfa) qgfx |hii ei}b nf `hdeihzfa$ Hq|hii qeof enbvq 0 cbdqg}) h` dbq fe~ihf~.$

56$=0 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc ]g~h N$O$ ]xdlei e} qb gb| qgf

CPDB }mgfcf |bvia nf v}f`vi `b~ qgf }vn}m~hnf~} eda mbccf~mheiix nf phenif `b~ qgf

cehd b{f~eqb~}$ ]g~h ]xdlei hd e |~hqqfd dbqf }vnchqqfa e} vdaf~:#

Ihmfd}hdl eda ^flvieqb~x @~ecf|b~o:

[~f}fdqix) qgf~f h} db ihmfd}f meqflb~x mbpf~hdl CPDB mbdmf{q$ E }f{e~eqfihmfd}hdl eda ~flvieqb~x `~ecf|b~o h} ~fuvh~fa qb fd}v~f qgeq }vn}m~hnf~} e~fdbq e``fmqfa nx edx ah}{vqf nfq|ffd CPDB eda CDB$ Hd bv~ phf|) }hdmf CDB{~hce~hix |b~o qb|e~a} {~bphahdl ghlgix `bmv}fa peivf eaafa }f~phmf})~flvieqb~x `~ecf|b~o e{{ihmenif qb Peivf Eaafa ]f~phmf [~bphaf~} qb nfe{{ihmenif qb CPDB$ Eq qgf }ecf qhcf) }hdmf CPDB h}}vf} }fi`#n~edafa ]HC



#>51#

eda h} ~f}{bd}hnif `b~ nhiihdl qgf~fnx gephdl ah~fmq hdqf~èmf |hqg }vn}m~hnf~)eaahqhbdei mepfeq} cv}q nf hdq~bavmfa fd}v~hdl mbdqhdvhqx b` }f~phmf edadeqhbdei }fmv~hqx e}{fmq}$ @~ecf|b~o cv}q ei}b fd}v~f qgeq hd me}f b` ah}{vqfnfq|ffd CPDB eda CDB) }vn}m~hnf~} e~f dbq if`q }q~edafa$ V{bd fwhq b` CPDB `~bc nv}hdf}}) }vn}m~hnf~} cv}q nfmbcf ~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` CDB$

Hd`~e}q~vmqv~f:

Hdqf~deqhbdeiix) pe~hbv} cbafi} e~f nfhdl `biib|fa nx CPDB} af{fdahdl v{bdqgfh~ nv}hdf}} bnjfmqhpf$ CPDB v}veiix }fq}#v{ hq} b|d hd`~e}q~vmqv~f `b~ nhiihdl)mv}qbcf~ me~f) PE] eda bqgf~ v}f~ }{fmh`hm mbdqfdq$ Gb|fpf~) CPDB cv}q dbqnf eiib|fa qb }fq#v{ dfq|b~o hd ~e}q~vmqv~f hd edx |ex$ ]{fmq~vc emmf}} medbdix nf abdf nx ihmfd}fa }f~phmf {~bpaf~} eda dbq nx qgb}f vqhihzhdl }{fmq~vc$

]f~phmf Bnihleqhbd:CPDB {~bphaf} hdqf~èmf qb }vn}m~hnf~} |ghif emmf}}hdl dfq|b~o$ E} }vmg eiiqgf Ub] {e~ecfqf~} e~f qb nf avix e{{ihmenif qb CPDB e} qb CDB$ Ei}b)CPDB abf} dbq emmf}} }{fmq~vc) gfdmf ~bii#bvq bnihleqhbd} e~f dbq e{{ihmenifqb CPDB$

^fpfdvf ]ge~hdl:

]hdmf CPDB h} }hchie~ qb e ~f`hdfa PE] {~bphaf~) fdq~x `ff e{{ihmenif qb CPDBcv}q nf }ecf e} qgeq e{{ihmenif qb PE] {~bphaf~$ Eq qgf }ecf qhcf) CPDB{~bphaf} ah~fmq hdqf~èmf qb }vn}m~hnf~) e} }vmg eaahqhbdei `ff }gbvia ei}b nf

mge~lfa qb fd}v~f bdix }f~hbv} {iexf~} fdqf~ ce~ofq$ ]hdmf CPDB nvx} eh~#qhcf `~bc CDB eda qgfd ah}q~hnvqf qb }vn}m~hnf~ |hqg eaahqhbdei }f~phmf})}{fmq~vc v}elf mge~lf h} ei~feax qeofd hdqb emmbvdq b` ~f}{fmqhpf CDB$ Hqcv}q nf fd}v~fa qgeq db abvnif qeweqhbd ge{{fd}$

M~b}}#Gbiahdl eda Cf~lf~ Emuvh}hqhbd:

^flvieqb~x `~ecf|b~o cv}q fd}v~f qgeq CDB#CPDB `biib| e {e~fdq#mghia~fieqhbd}gh{$ CDB qb nf {f~chqqfa qb gepf cviqh{if CPDB}) nvq CPDB medbdix nf e}}bmheqfa |hqg e }hdlif CDB$ Cb~fbpf~) CDB cv}q dbq nf bnihleqfaqb gepf CPDB$ Qgh} |hii fd}v~f) m~b}}#vqhihzeqhbd b` }{fmq~vc abf} dbq ge{{fd$

Cb~fbpf~) ifq CPDB} gephdl }ecf CDB nf eiib|fa qb cf~lf"emuvh~f nvq hdme}f CPDB} gepf ah``f~fdq CDB} ~f}viqhdl fdqhqx nf eiib|fa qb e}}bmheqf |hqge }hdlif CDB$

'p( FC@ êaheqhbd nx Qb|f~}



#>56#

56$=< Fifmq~hm `hfia} e~f m~feqfa nx ah``f~fdmf} hd pbiqelf: qgf ghlgf~ qgf pbiqelf) qgf

}q~bdlf~ |hii nf qgf ~f}viqedq `hfia$ Celdfqhm `hfia} e~f m~feqfa |gfd fifmq~hm mv~~fdq

ìb|}: qgf l~feqf~ qgf mv~~fdq) qgf }q~bdlf~ qgf celdfqhm hfia$ Qgf Fifmq~bceldfqhm

`hfia 'FC@( med nf phf|fa e} qgf mbcnhdeqhbd b` ed fifmq~hm `hfia eda e celdfqhm `hfia$

56$=7 Ne}f Q~ed}mfhpf~ ]qeqhbd} 'NQ]( b` Cbnhif Mbccvdhmeqhbd Dfq|b~o {~bavmf

fifmq~bceldfqhm `hfia}$ Qgf}f ^@ `hfia} e~f v}fa qb q~ed}chq hd`b~ceqhbd bpf~ ibdl

ah}qedmf}$ ]hchie~ix Cbnhif Geda}fq} ei}b {~bavmf Fifmq~bceldfqhm ~eaheqhbd}$

56$=8 @~fuvfdmx b` qgf }hldei ~eaheqfa `~bc qgf}f }bv~mf} afqf~chdf} hc{b~qedq

mge~emqf~h}qhm} b` fifmq~bceldfqhm `hfia}$ Qgf fifmq~bceldfqhm `hfia} fch}}hbd `~bc

cbnhif geda}fq} eda NQ] e~f `bvda eq ~fieqhpfix ib| fda b` fifmq~bceldfqhm }{fmq~vc

eda qgf fdf~lx me~~hfa nx qgfc e~f vdenif qb n~feo mgfchmei nbda} hd cbifmvif} eda

e~f meiifa dbd#hbdhzhdl ~eaheqhbd$

56$1; ]qvahf} gepf }gb|d qgeq fdph~bdcfdqei ifpfi} b` ~eahb`~fuvfdmx

Fifmq~bceldfqhm ~eaheqhbd} ~bvqhdfix fdmbvdqf~fa nx qgf {vnihm e~f è~ nfib| qgf ifpfi}

dffafa qb {~bavmf }hldh`hmedq gfeqhdl eda hdm~fe}fa nbax qfc{f~eqv~f$ Eq ~fieqhpfix

ib| ifpfi} b` fw{b}v~f qb Fifmq~bceldfqhm `hfia}) qgeq h}) `hfia hdqfd}hqhf} ib|f~ qged qgeq

|bvia {~bavmf cfe}v~enif gfeqhdl) qgf fphafdmf `b~ {~bavmqhbd b` ge~c`vi nhbiblhmei

f``fmq} h} ecnhlvbv} eda vd{~bpfd$

56$15 Fifmq~bceldfqhm ~eaheqhbd hd mbccf~mhei ieda cbnhif }f~phmf hd Qfifmbc ]fmqb~

med nf mie}}h`hfa hdqb q|b meqflb~hf}:

'5( êaheqhbd `~bc Ne}f Q~ed}mfhpf~ ]qeqhbd} 'NQ]}( b` L]C) MACE) >L) =L

`b~ Cbnhif Mbccvdhmeqhbd Dfq|b~o eda b` \hcew `b~ \h~fif}} N~beaneda

Emmf}}$

'>( êaheqhbd `~bc Cbnhif Geda}fq} v}fa `b~ mbccvdhmeqhbd eda n~beaneda

emmf}} |ghmg e~f gfia hd mib}f mbdqemq |hqg qgf v}f~ {vnihm$



#>50#

Hdqf~deqhbdei ]qedae~a} bd Fifmq~bceldfqhm êaheqhbd hd Qfifmbc ]fmqb~ :#

56$1> Hdqf~deqhbdei Mbcch}}hbd bd Dbd#Hbdhzhdl êaheqhbd [~bqfmqhbd 'HMDH^[( h} ed

hdqf~deqhbdei hdaf{fdafdq }mhfdqh`hm b~ledhzeqhbd qgeq {~bphaf} lvhaedmf eda eaphmf bd

qgf gfeiqg geze~a} b` dbd#hbdhzhdl ~eaheqhbd fw{b}v~f$

56$1= HMDH^[ ge} {vnih}gfa lvhafihdf} `b~ ihchqhdl fw{b}v~f qb qhcf pe~xhdl

fifmq~bceldfqhm `hfia} hd qgf `~fuvfdmx ~edlf v{ qb =;; LGz$ Hq} lvhafihdf} e~f

fdab~}fa nx qgf \b~ia Gfeiqg B~ledhzeqhbd '\GB($

56$11 ]qvahf} hd }fpf~ei mbvdq~hf} vdaf~ qgf \b~ia Gfeiqg B~ledhzeqhbd '\GB( {~bpf

qgeq qgf fch}}hbd} `~bc qgf cbnhif {gbdf qb|f~}"dfq|b~o} e~f mev}hdl ge~c`vi f``fmq}

bd gvced nfhdl}$ Qgf AbQ ge} nffd eab{qhdl qgf ~eaheqhbd lvhafihdf} b` Hdqf~deqhbdei

Mbcch}}hbd bd Dbd#hbdhzhdl êaheqhbd [~bqfmqhbd 'HMDH^[($

56$16 E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf cfe}v~f} qeofd nx qgf AbQ `b~ hc{ifcfdqeqhbd b` qgf db~c}

`b~ FC@ ~eaheqhbd `~bc NQ]) qgf AbQ }qeqfa qgeq bd 1qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;7 qgf

MCQ]"VE] ihmfdmf} |f~f ah~fmqfa qb hc{ifcfdq qgf ~eaheqhbd db~c} e} {~f}m~hnfa nx

qgf HMDH^[$ ]hchie~ix) qf}q {~bmfav~f qb }fi` mf~qh`x"qf}q qgf ~eaheqhbd ifpfi} |f~f

h}}vfa bd 8qg Dbpfcnf~) >;;8$ Qgf AbQ `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq hd}q~vmqhbd} gepf nffd

h}}vfa qb qgf }f~phmf {~bphaf~} qb }fi` mf~qh`x eii qgf fwh}qhdl NQ]} nx 56qg Dbpfcnf~)

>;5; eda edx df| NQ] |e} qb nf {vq hd }f~phmf bdix e`qf~ }fi`#mf~qh`hmeqhbd$

56$10 Hd qgf enbpf mbdqfwq) qgf Mbcchqqff e}ofa hd fphafdmf |gfqgf~ hq |e}

e{{~b{~heqf qb fdq~v}q qgf b{f~eqb~} |hqg qgf ~f}{bd}hnhihqx b` }fi #mf~qh`xhdl qgf

~eaheqhbd `~bc qgf NQ]$ Hd ~f{ix) e ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.††$Qgf }fi`#mf~qh`hfa ~f}viq} e~f evahqfa.$

56$1< E}ofa qb }qeqf }{fmh`hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx hdqf~#chdh}qf~hei l~bv{

mbc{~h}hdl b` qgf AbQ) qgf Chdh}q~x b` Gfeiqg eda @echix \fiè~f eda qgf Chdh}q~x b`



#>5<#

Fdph~bdcfdq eda @b~f}q} qb }qvax eda cbdhqb~ qgf ge~c`vi ~eaheqhbd b` qgf FC@$ Hd

~f{ix) qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.Eq {~f}fdq |f ab dbq gepf edx Mbcchqqff bqgf~ qged evahqhdl qgf }fi`#mf~qh`hfa

~f}viq} eda fpeiveqhdl hq nx bv~}fipf} qg~bvlg bv~ qfmgdhmei vdhq}$ \f ab hq hdq|b {e~q}$ Bdf h} bv~ b|d hdpf}qhleqhbd eda qgf bqgf~ h} evahqhdl qgf }fi`#mf~qh`hfa ~f}viq}.$

56$17 \gfd qgf Mbcchqqff af}h~fa qb odb| enbvq qgf b|d hdpf}qhleqhbd b` qgf AbQ)

qgf ~f{~f}fdqeqhpf b` qgf AbQ ~f{ihfa:

.\f) }vb#cbqv) lb qb ah``f~fdq e~fe} qb }ff h` qgf ~eaheqhbd ifpfi ge} fwmffafa.$

56$18 E}ofa qb }qeqf qgf cfmgedh}c afpfib{fa nx qgf AbQ qb {f~}bdeiix cbdhqb~ qgf

~eaheqhbd ifpfi) qgf `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.\f |hii emmf{q qgf }vllf}qhbd b` qgf gbd$ Mgeh~ced eda |f |hii lb hd `b~ edhdqf~#Chdh}qf~hei l~bv{ qb cbdhqb~ qgh}$ E} }vmg) hq h} {v~fix e Af{e~qcfdqeiqghdl$ H el~ff qgeq qgf dvcnf~ h} pf~x chdh}mvif.$

56$6; Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd e}ofa |gfqgf~ qgf~f |e} edx cbdhqb~hdl cfmgedh}c eq eii$

Hd ~f{ix qgf ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ }vnchqqfa:

.H el~ff |hqg xbv qgeq {~emqhmeiix) qgf cbdhqb~hdl cfmgedh}c H |bvia v}f qgf|b~a ” h} cfelf~$ ]b) qgf ihqqif cfmgedh}c qgeq h} qgf~f h} bdix abhdl hq.$

56$65 Qgf Mbcchqqff uvf~hfa h` qgf~f |e} edx cbdhqb~hdl cfmgedh}c eq eii) qgf

dvcnf~ b` mbc{iehdq} ~fmfhpfa nx qgf AbQ hd qgh} ~fle~a eda qgf emqhbd qeofd qgf~fbd$

Qgf `b~cf~ ]fm~fqe~x) AbQ mbvia dbq lhpf edx }eqh}`emqb~x ~f{ix$ Qgf Mbcchqqff

af}h~fa qgeq e dbqf hd qgh} ~fle~a cex nf `v~dh}gfa qb qgfc ieqf~ bd$

56$6> Hd e {b}q#fphafdmf hd`b~ceqhbd qgf Mbcchqqff |f~f e{{~h}fa qgeq }b `e~) dhdf

mbc{iehdq} `~bc hdahphavei} gepf nffd ~fmfhpfa hd AbQ eda bdf hd QF^C Mfii) JO

~fle~ahdl `fe~ enbvq qgf eiiflfa ge~c`vi f``fmq} b` ~eaheqhbd fcedeqhdl `~bc qfifmbc

qb|f~}$ Qgf}f mbc{iehdq} gepf nffd `b~|e~afa qb qgf mbdmf~dfa }f~phmf {~bphaf~} `b~

qgfh~ e|e~fdf}} eda e{{~b{~heqf ~fcfahei emqhbd}$



#>57#

56$6= E{e~q `~bc enbpf) qgf~f e~f fhlgq mbv~q me}f}) {fdahdl nf`b~f pe~hbv} Ghlg

Mbv~q) |gf~f qgf {fqhqhbdf~} 'hdahphavei}( gepf ei}b ~eh}fa }hchie~ mbdmf~d enbvq qgf

ge~c`vi f``fmq} b` cbnhif qb|f~ ~eaheqhbd$

56$61 Qgf Mbcchqqff qgfd af}h~fa qb odb| `~bc QÊH e} qb |gfqgf~ qgf Evqgb~hqx gea

nffd fdq~v}qfa |hqg qgf qe}o b` }qvaxhdl qgf ge~c`vi f``fmq} b` qgf FC@ ~eaheqhbd$ Hd

~f{ix) QÊH }qeqfa e} `biib|}:

.Db) QÊH ge} dbq nffd fdq~v}qfa |hqg edx ~bif eda ~f}{bd}hnhihqx qb fpbipf edxcfmgedh}c qb mgfmo f` fmq b` FC@ êaheqhbd$ Gb|fpf~) mbd}haf~hdl hq}hc{b~qedmf qb mv}qbcf~}) QÊH ge} h}}vfa e {~f#mbd}viqeqhbd bd ‗Qfifmbc

Qb|f~} eda ~fieqfa h}}vf}‘ bd 6qg @fn~ve~x) >;5; hdmivahdl qgf h}}vf b` hii f``fmqb` FC@ ~eaheqhbd}$ E aff{f~ }qvax h} ~fuvh~fa qb edeixzf qgf f``fmq b` FC@~eaheqhbd bd gfeiqg eda fdph~bdcfdq$ QÊH h} fwechdhdl qgf `ffanemo b` }qeofgbiaf~} eda h} mbdqfc{ieqhdl qb mbcf bvq |hqg e mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~$Bvqmbcf b` qgf mbd}viqeqhbd h} fw{fmqfa nx fda qgh} xfe~.$

56$66 E}ofa qb }qeqf meqflb~hmeiix |gfqgf~ qgf fwqedq {~emqhmf b` b{f~eqb~} }fi

mf~qh xhdl qgf }e`f ~eaheqhbd {e~ecfqf~} |e} e{{~b{~heqf) QÊH ~f{ihfa qgeq Hd Hdahe)

qgf~f e~f cb~f qged =);;);;; qfifmbc qb|f~}$ Cbdhqb~hdl qgf FC@ ~eaheqhbd ifpfi b`

qgf}f qfifmbc qb|f~} h} e mgeiifdlf$ Qhii }bcf cfqgba qb ~flvie~ix mbiifmq qgf FC@

~eaheqhbd }hldei} h} afph}fa) }fi` mf~qh`hmeqhbd }ffc} qb nf ed b{qhbd$

56$60 QÊH `v~qgf~ }qeqfa qgeq {~bmfav~f}) Hd}q~vmqhbd}) lvhafihdf} `b~ hc{ifcfdqeqhbd

b` ~eaheqhbd db~c} gepf ei~feax nffd {~f}m~hnfa nx AbQ eda QFM$ Gb|fpf~) QÊH h}

mbdqfc{ieqhdl qb mbcf v{ |hqg e mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~ bd pe~hbv} h}}vf} ~fieqfa qb qb|f~

hdmivahdl ~eaheqhbd h}}vf$ Ne}fa bd qgf bvqmbcf b` mbd}viqeqhbd {e{f~)

~fmbccfdaeqhbd bd cfe}v~f} |hii nf }vnchqqfa qb lbpf~dcfdq$

56$6< E} ~fle~a} qgf hdqf~deqhbdei {~emqhmf eda cbdhqb~hdl cfmgedh}c fpbipfa) QÊH

}vnchqqfa e} vdaf~:

.Hdqf~deqhbdeiix) elfdmhf} ihof Hdqf~deqhbdei Mbcch}}hbd bd Dbd#hbdhzhdlêaheqhbd [~bqfmqhbd 'HMDH^[( eda Hd}qhqvqf b` Fifmq~hmei eda Fifmq~bdhm}



#>58#

Fdlhdff~} 'HFFF() gepf {vnih}gfa qgfh~ ~f{b~q} lhphdl emmf{qenif }e`f ihchq} b` fifmq~bceldfqhm ~eaheqhbd} `~bc qfifmbc qb|f~}$ Cejb~hqx b` Mbvdq~hf} hdmivahdlHdahe `biib| qgf ~eaheqhbd ihchq {~f}m~hnfa nx HMDH [ ihof VO) Ev}q~eihe) Je{ed)Df| Zfeieda) ]bvqg Ob~fe) @~edmf) ]|fafd) Db~|ex) [ghih{{hdf}) H~fieda eda@hdieda$ Gb|fpf~) }bcf mbvdq~hf} ihof V]) ^v}}he) Qv~ofx ge} {~f}m~hnfa qgfh~

b|d ~eaheqhbd ihchq |ghmg h} lfdf~eiix ib|f~ qged qgf HMDH^[ ihchq$

Cbdhqb~hdl Cfmgedh}c: Hdqf~deqhbdeiix) ah` f~fdq mbvdq~hf} gepf eab{qfaah``f~fdq cbdhqb~hdl cfmgedh}c$ Hd V]) @MM ge} cfe}v~fcfdq hd}q~vcfdqeqhbd`b~ fpeiveqhdl ^@ ifpfi}$ @MM abf} dbq {f~`b~c ^@ fw{b}v~f hdpf}qhleqhbd}vdif}} qgf~f h} e ~fe}bdenif fw{fmqeqhbd qgeq qgf ^@ fw{b}v~f ihchq} cex nffwmffafa$ Hd VO B`mbc h} mbdavmqhdl qgf evahq b` ne}f }qeqhbd nx fpfdix}ec{ihdl em~b}} qgf VO eda ~f}viq} e~f ceaf epehienif bd qgfh~ |fn}hqf$ HdE q ih ah qh i i h a n a a i qh ` q

pac report on 2g spectrum scam

Documents