paardekooper 2012 - the value of an archaeological open-air museum is in its use
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\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar Xasatnrs
Erfgeln`noafe`Nplc-Ear Duslud
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
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Vailstncl ZrlssE clw olclretanc nh Zum`asgaco
Qnu erl rleiaco e hu`` vlrsanc nh tgas mnnk, hnr hrll!
Ygas mnnk as pert nh tgl Vailstncl l-`amrery wglrl dnst nh nur
pum`afetancs erl hu``y efflssam`l hnr hrll. Hnr efflss tn dnrl
hrll mnnks vasat2 www.sailstncl.fnd/`amrery
Inwc`nei Hu`` ZIHXasat tgl Vailstncl l-`amrery tn mrnwsl nur l-mnnks. Hnr e dacade`
hll ynu fec purfgesl e hu``y hucftance` ZIH eci my inaco sn, ynu
gl`p tn kllp nur `amrery ruccaco.
www.sailstncl.fnd/`amrery
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Vailstncl Zrlss
tgl ve`ul nh ec
Erfgeln`noafe`
as ac ats usl
Nplc-Ear Duslud
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\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar Xasatnrs
tgl ve`ul nh ec
Erfgeln`noafe`
as ac ats usl
Nplc-Ear Duslud
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
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=:5= ].Z. Zeerilknnplr
Zum`asgli my Vailstncl Zrlss, @lailcwww.sailstncl.fndVailstncl rloastretanc cudmlr2 VVZ5656::::5
AVMC 1?7-1:-771:-5:6-9
Zgntnorepgs fnvlr2 Zgntnorepg my Gecs Vp`actlr; liatli myK. _lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss / D.E. Ral`acske, Dngaca Xasancs
Fnvlr ilsaoc2 K. _lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss@ey-nut2 H. Vtlvlcs / Z.F. vec _nlrilknd, Vailstncl Zrlss
Vumdattli my ]nl`eci Zaltlrsznnc Zeerilknnplr tn tgl \cavlrsaty nh Lxltlr es etglsas hnr tgl ilorll nh Inftnr nh Zga`nsnpgy ac Erfgeln`noy Ac Hlmruery =:5=
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Fnctlcts
@ast nh Haourls 55
Efkcnw`lioldlcts =5
5 Actrniuftanc =6
5.5 gl One` nh gas ]lslerfg =6
= Ygl Gastnry eci Ilvl`npdlct nh Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds =?
=.5 Actrniuftanc =?
=.= Ilhacatanc =?
=.6 Ilfncstruftaco tgl @atlreturl Vnurfls 65
=.9 gldls 68
=.9.5 ]ndectafasd 67=.9.= Cetance`asd 9:=.9.6 Olrdecy ac tgl =:tg Flctury 95=.9.9 Vfalcfl eci Lxplradlct 99=.9.< Liufetanc eci @lercaco 97=.9.8 nurasd, @lasurl eci Lvlcts
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6.8 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs ?6
6.? Hnfussaco tn e Vde``lr Vfe`l2 Fesl Vtuials ?96.?.5 Vl`lftanc nh tgl Vedp`l Dusluds, Vtrufturl & Vazl nh tgl Vedp`l ?96.?.= Fn``lftanc nh Iete hrnd Eads eci es lxplralcfli ?86.?.6 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uue`aty prnvaili my tgl Duslud
Deceoldlct hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials ?86.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uue`aty lxplralcfli my Duslud Xasatnrs
hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials 7=6.?.< Fncf`usancs 78
6.7 gl Oeps ac Uue`aty 78
6.1 Fncf`usancs 7?
9 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs 71
9.5 Actrniuftanc 71
9.= Vurvlys 71
9.=.5 Harst Vurvly 719.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly 1:9.=.6 Vurvly Ilsaoc 1:
9.6 ypls nh Duslud Iasp`ey 19
9.9 Eol 18
9.< Olnorepgy 17
9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrs 5:6
9.? Klywnris 5:9
9.7 Onvlrcecfl 5: =96?.6.9 Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li> =98?.6.< Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li tget Iey> =9??.6.8 _atg wgnd erl nurasts vasataco tgl Duslud> =9??.6.? Gnw `nco erl nurasts steyaco ac tgas Erle> =91
?.9 gl Ilfasanc tn vasat = = =
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Epplciax E2 lrdacn`noy =71
Epplciax M2 @ast nh Zlrsnce` Fnctefts rlhlrrli tn =16
Epplciax F2 Ilsfraptanc nh www.lxerf.clt =1 - hn``nwli my efgert watg tgl nptancs astli (Vll Haourl 6.:
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7: -
eci `leh`lts, mut tgl dusluds nwc wlmsatls es wl``. Uulstancs emnut usacosnfae` dliae `akl wattlr (lxastaco sacfl =::8) eci Heflmnnk (sacfl =::9) wlrlcnt acf`uili.
Ac tgl L\ prnblft `avlE]FG, tn wgafg e`` laogt dusluds ml`ncoli, tglCnrwloaec duslud @nhntr gei ilsaocli e derkltaco p`ec hnrdet hnr usl ace`` laogt dusluds. gecks tn tgas epprnefg, sadp`l mut fndperem`l derkltacop`ecs emnut =::7 wlrl evea`em`l hnr tgl prlslct rlslerfg (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.
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75
E`tgnuog tgl dltgnis nh duslud actlrprltetanc es mrnuogt tn tgl pum`afdaogt iahhlr e `nt, tgl mesaf eftavatals nr ildncstretancs wlrl lxplftli tn mldecahn`i mut rnuog`y tgl sedl (Vll Haourl 8.=:); sll hnr lxedp`l et Mecogeri2klaclr wer olzwucolc, mlsncilrs val` Zgectesal euhzumracolc, ial Mlsufglrstrdlc eufg mlad lwao o`lafglc Vpllrsfg`luilrc uci Mrntmefklc [cnmniywes hnrfli tn mraco up dufg hectesy, vasatnrs pnur ac lvlc watg tgl ltlrce``ysada`er tgrnwaco splers eci mekaco mrleiT (Mecogeri =::=, =56).
gl qulstanc wes eskli wgltglr tgl dusluds usl, e`nco watg tglar nwcstehh, ecy ntglr splfae`asts, stuilcts nr vn`uctllrs; mut illplr rlslerfg actn tgas- lsplfae``y actn tgl usl nh vn`uctllrs eci `avaco gastnry ornups - fnu`i mracoclw plrsplftavls tn tglsl satls.
glrl as e fgecol ac gnw incnrs eci vn`uctllrs mlfndl acvn`vli, eci steyacvn`vli, ac dusluds. Incnrs wect tn sll hnr tgldsl`vls wglrl tgl dncly onls,eci cnt sadp`y wratl e fglfk eci fe`` at e iey (www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp). gl clw olclretanc nh vn`uctllrs erlgerilr tn rlteac. Xn`uctllr wnrk ges mlfndl acfrlesaco`y e fe`fu`etli fgnafl;mlsails tgl mlclhats hnr tgl duslud, tgly wect tn kcnw wget tgly fec olt
nut nh at2 ilvl`np e ska``, olt sndl lxplralcfl, dllt plnp`l lt fltlre. E`sn, tglplrflcteol nh vn`uctllrs ednco tllceolrs as dufg gaoglr tgec ednco eiu`ts(www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp).
6.?.6.? Xasatnr Vlrvafl
Xasatnr Vlrvafl as cntgaco ucaqul hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. Atfncflrcs esplfts sufg es wgltglr plnp`l gevl mllc em`l tn haci tgl dusludlesa`y, wgltglr tglrl erl lcnuog tna`lts lt fltlre. gl pum`af ges mlfndldnrl ildeciaco ac tglsl dettlrs. Mlfeusl vasatnr slrvafl as ec assul e`sn hnrrlsteurects, gntl`s eci sufg, eivafl as wail`y evea`em`l. Ah tgl slrvafls erl onni,vasatnrs wa`` ml em`l tn iaolst tgl achnrdetanc eci lxplralcfl ac e duslud dufgmlttlr. gl AF] ouail mnnk nhhlrli e vlry onni strufturl nc gnw tn acvlstaoetltgas sumblft ac tgl laogt dusluds (Zresfg =::=, 5::-5:8, 551-5=5).
gl vasatnr slrvafl fgeptlr nh tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly wes ncl `ast watg69 qulstancs. glsl wlrl errecoli ac tgl sedl fgrncn`noafe` nrilr es e vasat.Mloaccaco watg mlhnrl tgl vasat (saocs, eivlrtasaco detlrae`, wlmsatl), tglqulstancs fnctaculi watg wget wnu`i gepplc iuraco tgl stey (ouaiaco systld,rnutaco, p`eyornucis, tna`lts) eci hacasg watg `levaco tgl duslud (sgnp,e`tlrcetavl eci eiiatance` nhhlracos).
At wes lxplftli tget tgl laogt dusluds wnu`i in wl`` ac mracoaco tglduslud tn plnp`ls dacis eci gl`paco tgld tn haci tgl wey tn tgl duslud,es her es tgas wes ac tgl gecis nh tgl duslud deceoldlct atsl`h (Vll Haourl
6.:8).Uulstancs rloeriaco tgl vasatnr slrvafl iuraco tgl vasat hnfussli nc wgltglr
nr cnt achnrdetanc wes f`ler, ah hefa`atals wlrl lesy tn haci eci usl, ah tglrl wlrllcnuog p`efls tn rl`ex eci rlfrletl eci nh wget que`aty tglsl p`efls wlrl; hace` `yqulstancs wlrl eskli emnut tgl du`ta`acoue`asd nh tgl stehh eci nh wrattlcachnrdetanc.
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7= -
Xasatnrs `akl tn tekl sndltgaco gndl, es e dldlctn nh tglar lxplralcfl. Hnrtgas purpnsl, qulstancs wlrl eskli emnut tgl duslud sgnp. At wes e`sn rl`lvecttn sll gnw tgl dusluds ucilr rlslerfg trali tn `lerc emnut tglar vasatnrs.Iasfussanc nc wget dusluds ac tgas slcsl nhhlr as ilsframli ac pereorepg8.6.?.6., wget tgl vasatnrs tgack nh at et pereorepg ?.8.5.?.
6.?.6.7 Ygl Hace` Zert nh tgl Esslssdlctgl hace` pert nh tgl esslssdlct stertli watg e slftanc nc lve`uetanc. gasfndprasli ec acclr lve`uetanc, ec nutlr lve`uetanc eci hace``y e fndperetavllve`uetanc. Ncl qulstanc wes, hnr lxedp`l2 as tglrl e prnfliurl hnr fustndlrhllimefk2
_glrl ynu fec il`avlr e fndp`eact (nr preasl)Gnw tn geci`l tglslFec eci in ynu olt mefk tn fustndlrs emnut at>
Lxedp`l `atlreturl emnut tgas sumblft as my Marckreut, uchnrtucetl`y nc`yevea`em`l ac Olrdec mut vlry tn tgl pnact; acclr eci nutlr lve`uetanc ac fu`ture`farf`ls as lxp`eacli, watg lxedp`ls hrnd hnur iahhlrlct Lurnplec fnuctrals
(Marckreut =:55).gl V_N wes, nc purpnsl, klpt olclre` ac plrsplftavl eci cnt eibustli tn
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds es tgas wnu`i maes tgl rlsu`ts.Et tgl vlry lci, tgl stehh nh tgl duslud fnu`i sgerl tglar palfls nh eivafl
watg ntglrs, tglar rlfnddlcietancs eci pathe``s. gas nptanc wes geri`y usli,es dnst fnddlcts gei e`rleiy mllc dlctancli ler`alr.
6.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uue`aty lxplralcfli my Duslud Xasatnrshnr tgl Fesl Vtuials
6.?.9.5 Zeredltlrs eci Zreftafe`atals
Mlsails ilhacaco tgl que`aty es prnvaili my erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluddeceoldlct, rlslerfg wes ucilrteklc actn tgl que`aty es lxplralcfli my tglvasatnrs. gl rlsu`ts fec nc`y ml ilsframli ac sumblftavl tlrds, es hnr lxedp`l tgllxplftetancs watg wgafg vasatnrs erravl erl iahhlrlct hrnd plrsnc tn plrsnc, ecierl mesli nc plrflptancs, cnt dlrl`y nc hefts (Bngcs & yes 511?). Hnr ilvasacotgl rlslerfg actn vasatnr lxplralcfl, lxedp`ls wlrl teklc, mntg ac fnctlct ecistretloy, hrnd prlfliaco rlslerfg actn vasatnr dusluds ac olclre` (hnr lxedp`lEciraec =::?, Fnuctrysail Fnddassanc 51?7, Desralre a Lsqulrre =::?). gl
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?.5.5. Mracoaco tn plnp`ls daciIn ynu fnnplretl rlou`er`y watg tnurast achnrdetanc flctrls, sfgnn`s, sgnps, rlsteurects, gntl`s eci trevl` eolcfals>In ynu pnst ynur splfae` lvlcts ac pum`af p`efls>
?.5.=. Gl`paco tn stci tgl wey tn tgl dusludAs ynur duslud sgnwc eci derkli ac faty nr erle deps>In ynu gevl perkaco p`efls clermy> Gnw erol e plrflcteol nh vasatnrs erravls my fer / fnefg>As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pum`af trecspnrt (mus stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)>
As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp / stetanc>
?.5.6. Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hll`aco nh mlaco wl`fndlAs ynur ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl>Erl ynu nlraco e wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezacl hnr lxedp`l)>In ynu oavl ec nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefa`atals et strst saogt (f`ler noastafs)>
Haourl 6.:82 Ygl qulstancs nh
tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly emnut
tgl vasatnr slrvafl hrnd tgl
slftanc mlhnrl tgl vasat.
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rlslerfg tnnk tgl sgepl nh olclre` tnurast survlys es ilsframli, hnr lxedp`l,ac ]lussclrs stretloals hnr pum`af rlslerfg ac dusluds (]lussclr =:5:). Eprlrlquasatl wes tget tgl laogt dusluds wlrl em`l tn usl tgl vasatnr survlyilsaocli hnr tgas rlslerfg es pert nh, nr acstlei nh, tglar nwc =::7 vasatnr survly.glrlhnrl, decy nh tgl qulstancs wlrl ilravli hrnd tglar stecieri survly,wgafg sndl nh tgld gei mllc ruccaco ac tgl prlvanus ylers. E clw l`ldlctwes qulstancs wglrl vasatnrs fnu`i retl l`ldlcts nh tglar vasat. Ha``aco nut tglsurvly typafe``y tnnk cn `ncolr tgec 5: dacutls.
gl aile wes tn gevl tgl survly nc `acl, efflssam`l ac tgl laogt dusludstgrnuog fndputlrs watg ec actlrclt fncclftanc, mut tgas prnvli tn ml tnniahhafu`t tn rle`asl. At wnu`i gevl sevli tgl peacstekaco lhhnrt nh iete lctry. Cntnc`y iai cnt e`` tgl dusluds gevl e mrneimeci fncclftanc wgafg fnu`i lesa`yml rl`eyli tn tgl vasatnr erle nh tgl duslud, mut ac sndl fesls tglrl sadp`ywes cn spefl. E`sn, slrvafaco sufg e fndputlr systld wgafg wnu`i ml usli mygucirlis nh vasatnrs ac sufg ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud as iahhafu`t. Epnssam`l wey hnr tgl huturl wnu`i ml tgl usl nh sadp`l tem`lt fndputlrs.
_atgac tgl pnpu`etanc nh vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds,
iahhlrlct fetlonrals fec ml rlfnocasli (hnr lxedp`l tgl pum`af et `erol eciliufetance` ornups). Nc`y tgl tnurast vasatnrs wa`` ml pert nh tgl sfnpl nh tgasrlslerfg, es lxpeciaco actn ntglr kacis nh vasatnrs wnu`i strltfg mlynci `adatsnh tadl, nroecasetanc eci dncly. Ac tgl dusluds watg `lss tnurast vasatnrs acfndperasnc tn liufetanc vasatnrs (hnr lxedp`l Zerfn Dncte`l, mut lsplfae``y tglDetrafe Duslud), tgas prnvli iahhafu`t.
6.?.9.= Nmblftavls nh tgl Xasatnr Vurvly
gl hnfus nh tgas stuiy nh tgl vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds westn esslss tgl eiiatanc wgafg tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl nh tgl dusluds deil tntgl rl`lvect kcnw`liol nh tgl vasatnrs, es wl`` es tglar setasheftanc watg tglarvasat. Hnur rnuog`y dlesurem`l heftnrs, rl`lvect hnr tgl survly erl (FnuctrysailFnddassanc 51?7)2
gl vasatnrs pest lxplralcfl eci actlrlst ac tgl plranis tgl rlsplftavlduslud as tgldli watg;gl acfrlesl nh tgl vasatnrs sgnrt tlrd kcnw`liol - es e veraem`l eci es eprnxy hnr ucilrsteciaco;gl `lvl` nh lcbnydlct wgafg tgl vasatnr ges lxplralcfli ac eci hrnd tglduslud;gl `lvl` nh nc-onaco actlrlst wgafg tgl lxplralcfl ges ernusli - es e prnxyhnr dntavetanc.
At wes tnn fndp`afetli tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl acfrlesl nh tgl vasatnrs
sgnrt tlrd kcnw`liol es wl`` es emnut tgl `lvl` nh lcbnydlct (et `lest cnt aciltea`). glsl erl rlfnddlcili sumblfts hnr huturl rlslerfg. He`k & Ialrkacoilsframli wl`` gnw vasatnr lxplralcfl fec turc actn `lercaco hrnd e duslud,eci gnw tn infudlct tget, wgafg wnu`i ml e stuiy ac atsl`h (He`k & Ialrkaco=:::, 591-5?8).
At wes ilfaili cnt tn actlcsavl`y dncatnr eci qulstanc e sde`` cudmlrnh vasatnrs, mut retglr tn sedp`l e `erolr cudmlr nh vasatnrs `lss actlcsavl`y,fncflctretaco nc tgl lhhlft nh tgl dusluds iuraco tgl sgnrt tadl spec nh tglareftue` vasat. gl lxplftetanc wes tget lvlc eskaco e sde`` cudmlr nh slldaco`y
5.
=.
6.
9.
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79 -
suplrhafae` qulstancs wnu`i `lei tn lcnuog iete tn olt ec adeol nh tgl vasatnrseci tglar stey ac tgl dusluds. Hnr tgl huturl, actlrvalwaco e cudmlr nh vasatnrswnu`i ml e onni lxtlcsanc nh tgl prlslct rlslerfg, mut at wes tnn dufg tn e`snacf`uil sufg ec epprnefg ac tgas stuiy.
gl rlspncsls tn nplc qulstancs my vasatnrs fnu`i ml maesli. gl rl`etancmltwllc ldntance` rlspncsls eci tglar lxprlssanc ac wnris as fndp`lx, lsplfae``yes ac tgas rlslerfg iahhlrlct `ecoueols p`eyli e rn`l et tgl vasatnrs `lvl`. Vufg eque`atetavl ecswlr tglrlhnrl feccnt e`weys ml turcli actn e prlfasl sfnrl. glf`nsli qulstancs nhhlrli e quectatetavl epprnefg. glrl as cn rlesnc tn suppnsltget tgl ecswlrs wlrl acfnrrlft, wgltglr actlctance``y nr ntglrwasl.
At wnu`i clli iahhlrlct, que`atetavl epprnefgls tn dlesurl tgl ilptg nh tglvasatnr rleftanc, hnr lxedp`l watg iltea`li nmslrvaco nh decy vasatnrs es wl``es actlrvalwaco tgld (Fnuctrysail Fnddassanc 51?7). Ac tgas rlslerfg, tgasepprnefg wes cnt fgnslc iul tn ats actlcsavl fgereftlr.
Achnrdetanc oetglrli ac tgl acatae` vasats wglc sl`lftaco tgl dusluds, es wl``es achnrdetanc ilravli hrnd tgl esslssdlct, wes usli tn slfurl tgl mesas hnr tgnslperts nh tgl tnurast survlys tgl perts rl`etaco tn tgl vasatnrs fndprlglcsanc
nh detlrae` fnvlrli my pertafu`er lxgamats - wgafg wlrl clflssera`y veraem`lmltwllc tgl dusluds. gl survlys wlrl usli tn oeac stetli adprlssancs hrndtgl vasatnrs, eci tglar rlspncsl tn heftue` qulstancs wes usli tn oeuol tglarfndprlglcsanc.
6.?.9.6 Ynurast Xasatnr Fgereftlrastafs
At wes lxplftli tget tgl debnraty nh tnurast vasatnrs tn tgl laogt dusluds ucilrrlslerfg wnu`i ml heda`als watg sde`` fga`irlc, eci tget tgl dnst iahhafu`t ornuptn rlefg wnu`i ml n`ilr fga`irlc eci ynuco eiu`ts (Vll Haourl ?.:8). gas ges eorlet adpeft nc tgl prnoreddls nhhlrli et tglsl dusluds. _gltglr tglrl wlrldecy rlplet vasats wes suplrhafae``y acvlstaoetli2 tgas wnu`i ml ec e``ly hnr dnrlrlslerfg, lsplfae``y mlfeusl nh tgl pntlctae`s nh ilvl`npaco e splfae` epprnefghnr tgas ornup.
E orlet lhhnrt wes ucilrteklc tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl vasatnrs, `akl wglrltgly fedl hrnd eci gnw her tgly gei trevl``li tn sll tgl duslud ac qulstanc.E orlet veralty nh ecswlrs mltwllc tgl laogt dusluds wes lxplftli.
gl qulstanc es tn gnw `nco vasatnrs stey ac tgl erle wes eskli tn haci nutdnrl emnut tgl tnurast pntlctae` nh tgl `nfe` erle ac olclre`. At wes ectafapetlitget cnt nc`y wnu`i tgl laogt dusluds ml vlry iahhlrlct, mut tget tglar rloancswnu`i ml iahhafu`t tn fndperl.
6.?.9.9 Ygl Ilfasanc tn Xasat
gl duslud deceoldlct ac slvlre` nh tgl laogt dusluds wlrl leolr tn hacinut wgy plnp`l eftue``y vasat tglar satl. get as wgy tgas qulstanc wes eiilitn tgl survly. gas ges f`ler `acks watg tgl derkltaco lhhnrts nh tgl dusludseci fnu`i ildncstretl tglar lhhlftavlclss (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.
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Hace``y tgl vasatnrs wlrl eskli ah tgly tgnuogt tgl lctrecfl hlls hattli watg tgllxplralcfl tgly gei rlflavli. gl dlsseol wes lxplftli tn cnt ml ucahnrd e`` efrnssLurnpl, sacfl tgl dusluds eci tglar vasatnrs erl sn ialrlct (Vll Haourl ?.67).
Ec ettldpt wes deil tn ilhacl essnfaetanc mltwllc veraem`ls es wl`` es, myilhacaco actlrdliaetl veraem`ls tn ilhacl feuse`aty (Vll Haourl ?.96).
6.?.
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Hace``y, Oep Havl as tgl oep mltwllc tgl que`aty vasatnrs lxplft eci tgl que`atytgly hll` tgly rlflavl. gas oep as tgl lesalst nh e`` tn ailctahy mut tgl gerilst tncerrnw inwc es at rlquarls cerrnwaco e`` ntglr oeps dlctancli mlhnrl. _glctryaco tn cerrnw tglsl oeps, deceolrs wa`` hefl assuls wgafg erl geri tn sn`vl2 ahncfl sndltgaco ges oncl wrnco, wnri nh dnutg wa`` fnctacul tn gevl cloetavllhhlfts. Hnr lxedp`l, wglc et Erfglnc ac tgl Cltglr`ecis ac ler`y suddlr511< twn Cln`atgaf typl gnusls murcli inwc effailcte``y (H`eddec 511?, 6)tgas wes nc tgl lvlcaco clws. Lvlc ylers `etlr plnp`l tgnuogt tget Erfglnc ese wgn`l gei murcli inwc eci tget at wes cn `ncolr e pnssam`l lxfursanc terolt(plrsnce` fndducafetanc B. H`eddec, = Nftnmlr =::=).
6.1 Fncf`usancs
Ah e`` dusluds hn``nwli lxeft`y tgl sedl fncflpt, tglrl wnu`i ml lss tn fndperl.Gnwlvlr dacadud stecieris in cnt clflssera`y dlec e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds mlfndl stecieriasli, prlslctaco dnrl nh tgl sedl (Mecogeri =::=).Iuraco prnflssaco nh tgl iete, et lvlry steol nh rlslerfg, iahhlrlct nroecasetancs
ucilr sfrutacy wlrl iasferili es tgly iai cnt hat tgl ilhacatanc. gas wes tglfesl, hnr lxedp`l, watg (rl)fncstruftancs cn `ncolr ac usl, nr tgldl perks hnucitn ml tnn iastect hrnd tgl ilhacatanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud hnrtglsl stuials.
Haourl 6.:?2 Ywn-fyf`l
dnil`, Vnurfl2
Mrnonwafz lt e`. (511:).
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gl laogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds sgnwfesl tgldsl`vls es ucaqullctlrprasls eci lefg nh tgld as, watg ats nwc dax nh duslud fgereftlrastafs eci`nfe` erfgeln`noy. E sfgldl tn upgn`i stecieris fnu`i olt dnrl suppnrt hnrtglsl dusluds eci reasl tglar que`aty, mut tgl ednuct nh eiiatance` peplrwnrkwgafg e stecieris sfgldl daogt acvn`vl fnu`i ml lcnrdnus (@loolt =::=).Vlttaco e dacadud `lvl` nh stecieris fnu`i wnrk wl``, mut at wa`` ml geri tn in2cnt nc`y erl tgl dusluds iavlrsl, mut Lurnpl as tnn.
Mlfeusl nh tgl vlry ceturl nh tgl rlslerfg, cn adp`afetancs fnu`i ml deilemnut tgl `nco tlrd lhhlft nh e vasat tn ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud. glvasatnrs stuiy inls cnt tgrnw `aogt nc tgl rle` ucilrsteciaco wgafg vasatnrsdey ml oeacaco hrnd tgl dusluds actlrprltetanc.
Ac tgl hn``nwaco fgeptlrs, erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl harst rloeriliac olclre` tlrds (Fgeptlr Hnur). gl laogt dusluds ucilr ece`ysas erl tglcilsframli (Fgeptlr Havl). gl gastnry nh lefg as actrniufli, hn``nwli my e que`atyece`ysas nh tgl duslud hrnd mntg e deceoldlct eci e vasatnr plrsplftavl. Lefgnh tgl ilsfraptancs lcis watg e `ast nh tgl dusluds kly strlcotgs eci fge``lcols.Ac Fgeptlr Vax tgl duslud deceoldlct esplfts nh e`` laogt dusluds tnoltglr
erl `nnkli et ac iltea`, wga`l ac fgeptlr Vlvlc tgl vasatnr esplfts erl iasfussli.Hn``nwaco nc hrnd tgas iasfussanc, kly heftnrs erl ilhacli ac Fgeptlr Laogt.
gas fgeptlr rlhlrs eoeac tn e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ac Lurnpl ecinhhlrs sndl rlfnddlcietancs, ailes eci stretloals hnr tgl huturl. Cnt nc`y astgas actlrlstaco hnr tgnsl wgn wect tn stert ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud,tglrl as uslhu` achnrdetanc ac at hnr e`` lxastaco ncls es wl``, lxplralcfli nr cnt.
Ac Fgeptlr Cacl, pnssama`atals hnr huturl rlslerfg erl ilsframli.
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Fgeptlr 9
Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs
9.5 Actrniuftanc
_atg tgl stert nh tgas rlslerfg actn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds e sadp`l,ucstrufturli `atlreturl fn``lftanc nc tgas sumblft lxastli wgafg cllili upietaco.\saco tglsl snurfls eci tgl actlrclt e ietemesl wes strufturli usaco e mesaflxedp`l (@uci 5177) (Vll Haourl 9.:=). My Cnvldmlr =:55 tgl `ast gl`i 9=8lctrals; =
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9.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly
_atg tgl rlslerfg dnvaco nc ac Dey =::8, dnrl iltea `li qulstancs rloeriacorl`lvect dettlrs wlrl eskli nh tgl sedl dusluds (Vll Haourl 9.:6). _atg tnnhlw ecswlrs fndaco ac, at wes ilfaili ac Becuery =::7 tn gevl tgas slfnci survlytrecs`etli my e cetavl spleklr actn Olrdec eci Hrlcfg, eci my e prnhlssance`
trecs`etnr actn Iecasg, eci tn slci tgld my treiatance` dea` acstlei nh my ldea`nc`y. My Cnvldmlr =:55, = 5 `ncognusl
6 Blrce ilr ecismylcCsmy / Nilcsl
51?6 Fu`ture` / @lasurlEssnfaetanc
Duslud = `ncognusl< sde``gnusls
5 pat-gnusl
9 Hycs Vta htsduslud
Gn``uhori
5176 Duslud Duslud /
\cavlrsaty
5 `ncognusl 5 ge``
5 pat-gnusl< Xacostli gastnraskl
vrkstli51?8 Edt / Kndducl
(onv. mnials)Duslud /\cavlrsaty
5 herdstlei 9 pat-gnusl5 ncognusl
8 Blrce ilr ecismylcOu`ieolr / Lsmblro
51?5 Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 5 herdstlei = pat-gnusl
? Gastnrask vrkstli X.Xlistli / ]aml
518? Aci. mniy Duslud 5 `ncognusl
7 Vcilrmnro gastnrasklvrkstli
51?8 Vfgnn` Dot > 5 `ncognusl
1 ]vlmekklc Ee`mnro 517= Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 6 pat-gnusls
5: Gbl r GlilsHra`ecisdusludHnrdai`acolc
5175/7= Duslud Duslud 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl(spec gnusl)
55 ]lkncstruktancs-ehil acolcDnlsori / Eergus \cav. 5181 Duslud /\cavlrsaty Duslud /\cavlrsaty 5 fu`t gnusl 5 `ncognusl = faty gnusl5 pat-gnusl
5= Yrl``lmnro-ge``lc 519= Ygl Cetance`Duslud
Duslud 5 ge``
56 Hyrket-ge``lc 5179/7< Aci. mniy Duslud 5 ge``
Haourl 9.:=2 Nvlrvalw nh satls watg (rl)fncstruftli prlgastnraf gnusls ac Ilcderk, eieptli hrnd @uci (5177, 97). Aci. stecis
hnr Acilplcilct ; Dot hnr Deceoldlct; Onv. hnr Onvlrcdlcte` .
Haourl 9.:62 (raogt) Ygl slfnci
survly ednco erfgeln`noafe`
nplc-ear dusluds - Dey =::8.
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Uulstancs hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sada`er acstatutls
Et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty, A ed inaco e ZgI rlslerfg actn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sada`er acstatutls. A ed fn``lftaco
iete hrnd emnut =:: acstatutls efrnss Lurnpl. Ygl ecswlrs wa`` ml usli hnr dy ZgI rlslerfg et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty eci wa`` ml
sgerli ednco tgnsl wgafg prnvail ecswlrs tgldsl`vls. Ah ynu erl actlrlstli ac actlrdliaetl rlsu`ts nh dy rlslerfg, p`lesl `lt
dl kcnw. A ed geppy tn tl`` ynu dnrl, mut ucilrsteci wl``, A sgnu`i cnt tarl lvlrymniy watg e `` iltea`s.
Ygeck ynu vlr y dufg.
]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr
[Eiirlss rldnvliT
Acatae` Uulstancs
_get as tgl nhhafae` cedl nh tgl nroecasetanc (ac nwc `ecoueol, eci trecs`etli tn Lco`asg)>
_get kaci nh nroecasetanc erl ynu (essnfaetanc, hnucietanc, fndpecy, dncudlct, duslud, onvlrcdlct)>
_get as tgl eol nh tgl nroecasetanc>
_get as tgl nhhafae` One` nh ynur nroecasetanc, wget as ynur dassanc stetldlct (ac Lco`asg)>
Fec ynu stetl ynur nhhafae` eiirlss eci ah ynur vasataco eiirlss as iahhlrlct, fnu`i ynu dlctanc tget ncl es wl``>
5.
=.
6.
9.
A
wnu`i o`ei`y fnvlr tgl fnsts. Bust eii e ma`` watg tgl fnr-
rlft meck achnrdetanc (`akl AMEC eci MAF hnr mecks ac tgl
Lurn zncl).
Epprnxadetl`y gnw decy vasatnrs iai ynu gevl ac =:: As tgas
dufg dnrl nr dufg `lss tglc emnut < ylers eon>
In ynu gevl e `ast nh rlflct pum`afetancs nh tgl acstatutl>
M
_get as tgl mesas hnr tgl rlfncstruftanc2 olclre` achnrde-
tanc nr e splfahaf satl>
Gnw (hacecfae``y eci nroecasetance``y sllc) iai ynu stert>
_es at e onvlrcdlcte` acataetavl, wlrl tglrl spncsnrs, ..>
_gn stertli at eci wgy>
Erl ynu cnweieys acilplcilct (hacecfae``y eci nroeca-
setance``y) hrnd tgl onvlrcdlct> Gnw `erol pert nh ynur
yler muiolt, ac plrflcteol, in ynu lerc my ynursl`vls>
5.
=.
6.
5.
=.
6.
F
_lrl erfgeln`noasts acvn`vli ac tgl stert nh tgl
duslud>
Erl erfgeln`noasts sta`` acvn`vli eci gnw (es rlslerfglr,
tnur ouail, iarlftnr, )>
Erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac ynur duslud eci ah sn, my
wgnd eci gnw nhtlc> Erl tglsl `nco tlrd lxplradlcts
(`akl ornwaco frnps eci fndperl tglar yal`is nvlr tgl
ylers), tgldli prnoreddls (`akl e < yler prnoreddl nc
arnc sdl`taco), nr ntglr. In ynu gevl sndl lxedp`ls>
I
Ac ynur npacanc, wget as tgl purpnsl nh ynur
lstem`asgdlct>
Z`lesl stetl tgl adpnrtecfl nh tgl hn``nwaco esplfts (es
e plrflcteol hrnd :-5::). Ygl aciavaiue` esplfts dust
eii up tn 5::%. Ah ynur aile inls cnt hat ac actn tglsl
klywnris, p`lesl stetl sn.
5.
=.
6.
5.
=.
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1= -
Vlftanc E
gl qulstanc emnut vasatnr cudmlr tnte`s wes ecswlrli wl``. Emnut tgl yler=::
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Deac rlesnc (hrlqulct`y usli hnr pum`afaty) fndaco hrnd aile, tget ga`` hnrt fest`l Cltn`afl wes pn`atafe` eci pnwlrflctrl nh tgl Vnutg Mngldae. At as ailn`noafe``y ac fnrrl`etanc watg furrlct ailn`noy nh rloance` pn`afy
(Erfglnperk Cltn`afl, Fzlfg ]lpum`af).
Nur essnfaetanc lxfevetli tgl n`i va``eol, eci tglc ilfaili eci ilsaocli tgl rlfncstruftanc. Ygl nfe` onvlrc-dlct eci sndl spncsnrs stcecfli tgas aile (Fsaka Zaglcklrt, Gucoery).
Mnrc nut lfncndaf clli eci e`sn e rle` ilsarl tn prntlft eci deacteac tgl fest`l hnr huturl olclretancs
(Vgeccnc Glrateol @ti, Arl`eci).
A stertli tgl prnblft mlfeusl at wes dy fga`ignni irled (\`ilvlcs, @etvae).
Ac =::: tgl nplc-ear duslud wes effndp`asgli watg stcecfae` suppnrt nh tgl tnwc eci ec L\-`nfe` ornup(Hlilrsllduslud, Olrdecy).
Acataetli es e prnblft spncsnrli my tgl Fnucfa` nh Mratasg Erfgeln`noy, Mratasg Efeildy eci ntglr dacnr spncsnrs.Huciaco nc`y `estli e hlw ylers (Mutslr, Orlet Mrateac).
_l stertli es ec acataetavl nh nur nfe` onvlrcdlct watg twn suddlr slrvafls ac e `att`l trea`lr hnr ste(Xakacol`ecismylc E`mlrts`uci, Ilcderk).
Ygl acataetavl fedl hrnd sfalcfl; erfgeln`noasts gevl e`sn dnilretli tgl prnblft iuraco tgl fncstruftanc pgesl. Atwes fnstcecfli watg pum`af dncly (Hrla`afgtduslud Olrdecasfgls Olght L`serc, Eustrae).
Haourl 9.:92 Vlvlre` quntls nh
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn
gnw tglar duslud gei stertli.
Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci survly.
Klywnri Lxedp`l Dusluds dlctancaco tgas klywnri
Hrlqulct`y dlctancli2
Liufetanc Yn liufetl eci acsparl lsplfae``y fga`irlceci ynutg tn lerc.
(Oe``asfgl Gnlvl, Ml`oaud), (LVEDZ, OrletMrateac), (Lklgeolc, Vwlilc), (Vwahtlrkedp,tgl Cltglr`ecis)
Lxplradlcte`erfgeln`noy
Olttaco clw kcnw`liol tgrnuog lxplra-dlcte` erfgeln`noy, rlslerfg prnblft.
(Mebuwerlcgnh Karfgglad, Olrdecy),(Veoc`ecilt @lbrl, Ilcderk), (@ldmeLxplradlcte` Xa``eol, Fyprus)
Znpu`erasetanc nhsfalcfl
Yn mraco erfgeln`noafe` sfalcfl tn tglplnp`l, prntlftanc eci prlslctetanc nherfgeln`noafe rldeacs.
(Hlilrsllduslud, Olrdecy), (Esperc,Eustrae), (@aptnvske Dere-Gevrcnk, V`nwekae)
Vnfae` one`s Vnfae` / snfalty one`s2 suppnr taco tgnslucilrprava`loli wgn gevl iastfu`ty acmlaco acvn`vli ac snfalty, mlaco e prnblfthnr ucldp`nyli plrsncs.
(Vtlaczlatinrh Kussnw, Olrdecy), (LVEDZ,\catli Kacoind), (]aml Xakacolflctlr,Ilcderk)
Vgnwaco lvlryiey ahlnh tgl pest
Yn actlrprlt tgl lvlryiey `ahl ac tgl pesthnr tgl mlclstt nh tgl olclre` pum`af,efeildae eci tgl liufetance` slftnr.
(De`eocl, Ml`oaud), (Erfgeln`ack, Vfnt`eci),(E`l Xakacolori, Vwlilc)
Vtrlcotglcaco ailctaty E``nwaco plnp l epprnefg nr stci tglarrnnts, prndntanc nh ailctaty.
(De`eocl, Ml`oaud), (\`ilvlcs, @etvae),(Eve`iscls, Cnrwey)
Vtadu`etaco fu`ture`tnurasd
Ml e p`efl tn rl`ex watg e gaog actlcsaty nhlxplralcfls, prnvaiaco fu`ture` eftavatalseci stadu`etaco fu`ture` tnurasd.
(Euouste ]eurafe, Vwatzlr`eci), (Fgnarnknatae,Fyprus), (Daiil`e`ilrflctlr Mnrcgn`d,Ilcderk)
@lss hrlqulct`y dlctancli2
Ceture` lcvarncdlct Iasfussaco tgl rl`etanc mltwllc plnp`l
eci tglar ceture` lcvarncdlct.
(Zlet Dnnrs Flctrl, Orlet Mrateac), ( Vkblrc
Lovei Duslud, Ilcderk), (Il Vfgntgnrst, tglCltglr`ecis)
Ecfalct tlfgcn noy Yryaco nut gastnrafe` tlfgcaquls, sgnwacoecfalct tlfgcn`noy eci inaco rlslerfgactn at.
(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpum`af), (De`eocl,Ml`oaud), (Daiil`e`ilrflctrlt Cykmaco,Ilcderk)
@avaco gastnry Yn mua i e sflclry hnr av aco gastnry eciusl at.
(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpum`af), (Mu``efl Ga``,Orlet Mrateac), (Dusl il Der`l, Hrecfl)
Lerc dncly Yn lerc dncly. (Kalrakka , Hac eci), (Krzldancka, Zn eci),(Ve`zwl`tlc Ge``lac, Eustrae)
Haourl 9.:
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olsfgalilcas [tgldl perk hnr `avaco gastnryT (=::9), eci tglc actn llc ieo vn`
vlrtalr lc vlrdeek [e iey ha``li watg edusldlct eci lctlrteacdlctT (=:55). Atdust ml seai tget tgl `ettlr ncl-`aclr usls wnris wgafg ac Iutfg gevl ec n`i-hesgancli fnccntetanc. gl fgecol hrnd dnrl slranus tn dnrl lctlrteacaco actgl ncl-`aclrs as lvailct glrl.
Ecntglr lxedp`l as Veoc`ecilt @lbrl ac Ilcderk wgafg as nhhafae``y trecs`etlies @lbrl @eci nh @lolcis (pnssam`y mlttlr fe``li @lbrl @eci nh Vtnrals). _glc ac=::< tgl ncl-`aclr sta`` wes lc hnrtai a lc cutai dli lc hrldtai [e huturl eci eprlslct watg e pestT (snurfl2 harst survly), ehtlr tgl fgecol nh cedl ac =::1 tgasturcli tn @lbrl, `ecilt Iu d uihnrskl [@lbrl, tgl fnuctry ynu dey/sgnu`iiasfnvlrT, my dlecs nh wgafg tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl gei mlfndl dufg dnrlflctrl nh ettlctanc acstlei nh wget Veoc`ecilt @lbrl wectli tn tlefg.
9.6 Yypls nh Duslud Iasp`ey
gl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl rlfnrili my typl es sgnwc ac Haourl9.:7 (du`tap`l lctrals plr nroecasetanc erl pnssam`l).
Vndl duslud fetlonrals dlctancli ac slftanc =.< wlrl `lht nut hrnd tglsurvlys, sacfl tgas `astaco iai cnt ldlrol ucta` tgl rlslerfg wes dnrl eivecfli.gly gevl gnwlvlr mllc usli ac tgl fesl stuials (Vll Haourl 8.5=). gl ndattlincls erl2 ceture` perk / fu`ture` `ecisfepl, (rl)fncstruftli mnet / sgap, `avacogastnry duslud, ecade` herd eci tgldl perk.
Nur one` as rlslerfg, e`tgnuog at ges cnw e`sn ilvl`npli es e tnurast ettreftanc es wl``(@ldme Lxplradlcte` Xa``eol, Fyprus).
Ereasa @ekl Hnrtrlss as e pnpu`er lasurl eci liufetance` ilstacetanc, tgl que`aty nh wgafg as ilstcli my nraoace`erfgeln`noafe` stcis tget lxp`eac ecfalct gastnry nh @etvae, sfalctastfe``y mesli rlfncstruftancs nh gastnraf lcvarnc-dlct, tgl mleutahu` fu`turl gastnraf ecisfepl eci ilvl`npli achrestrufturl tget dllts tgl cllis nh veranuseuialcfls (Ereasa, @etvae).
Vn tget Eve`iscls fec slfurl ats raogthu` p`efl es e hnfe` pnactaco ac cetance` fnctlxt (Eve`iscls, Cnrwey).
Dassanc2 tn dekl tgl sa`lct iasp`ey erfgeln`noy splek tn tnurasts ac tgl `ecoueol tget tgly fec ucilrsteci(Kerpefke Yrnbe, Zn`eci).
Yn dekl tgl dusluds (Vfg`nss Onttnrh eci _akacolr Duslud Geatgemu) dnrl actlrlstaco, prnhnuci eci prnda-clct (_akacolr Duslud Geatgemu, Olrdecy).
Yn frletl eci susteac e wnr`i-f`ess vasatnr ettreftanc wgafg wa`` lctlrteac eci liufetl e wail euialcfl tgrnuoggaog que`aty rlslerfg, actlrprltetanc eci prndntanc nh tgl ]ndec eci sumslqulct glrateol nh tgl satl eci atssurrnuciaco rloanc (Vloliucud, Orlet Mrateac).
_l erl tryaco tn prnvl tget wl fec `lerc hrnd tgl pest; tget nur ecflstnrs gei sparat eci at wnu`i ml e guoldastekl tn nsl at. Ygl fncstruftanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` duslud fndls hrnd tgl wa`` nh nfe` plnp`l tn prntlft ecif`ead tglar glrateol. (LtgcaFat, Hrecfl).
_l oavl lque` adpnrtecfl tn geci wnrk eci daci wnrk (Xakacol`ecismylc E`mlrts`uci, Ilcderk).
Haourl 9.:82 Vlvlre` quntls nh
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn
tglar dassanc eci one`. Vnurfl2
tgl slfnci survly.
Eweklc tgl pradatavl ac ynu (Zrgastnsatl il ]edanu`, Ml`oaud)
Ml edezli, ucilrsteci, pertafapetl (Mefgrattlrmuro Keczefg, Olrdecy)
Ml surprasli, edezli eci lcfgectli (Ouil`nc, Hrecfl)
Lxplralcfl erfgeln`noy acstlei nh dnusl f`afk etg`ltafasd (Deddutglud, Olrdecy)
Erfgeln`noafe` lxfl``lcfl hnr e`` tn sll eci lcbny (H`eo Hlc, Orlet Mrateac)
A gler eci A hnrolt, A sll eci A rldldmlr, A in eci A ucilrsteci (Qnrksgarl Duslud nh Herdaco, Orlet Mrateac)(Veoc`ecilt @lbrl, Ilcderk)
\sl tgl pest ac tgl huturl (Xakacol`ecismylc E`mlrts`uci, Ilcderk)
Ecntglr tadl, ecntglr splli (Gvn`ras Blrce`ilr `ecismy, Ilcderk)
Haourl 9.:?2 Ncl-`aclr lx-
edp`ls hrnd =::7 nh slvlre`
erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-
sluds. Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci
survly.
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_glc fndperaco tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ac efnuctry watg tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls (Vll Haourl 9.:1),Vwlilc, Ilcderk eci tgl Cltglr`ecis steci nut watg e rl`etavl`y `erol cudmlrnh liufetanc flctrls, wga`st fnuctrals akl tgl Fzlfg ]lpum`af eci Olrdecy gevlrl`etavl`y dnrl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. Gnwlvlr, es stetli ler`alr, tglliufetance` flctrls erl gerilr tn haci lxflpt ac fnuctrals `akl tgl Cltglr`eciseci Ilcderk, wglrl dnst nh tgld erl dldmlrs nh e cetance` essnfaetanc. Atfnu`i ml, tglrlhnrl, tget tglrl erl cetance` trlcis `leiaco tn e maesli valw; mut
tgl vlry heft tget tglrl erl cetance` essnfaetancs ac sndl fnuctrals sgnws eiahhlrlcfl ac prnvasanc tget as `akl`y tn ml rle`._ga`l treiatance` nplc-ear dusluds gevl e orlet ile` nh lxplralcfl ac tgl
deactlcecfl nh tglar usue``y ectaqul mua`iacos, sndl nh tgld gevl oncl hurtglreci gevl mua`t (rl)fncstruftli gnusls, mesli nc erfgeln`noy. E sde`` slrals nhsaxtllc lxedp`ls nh treiatance` nplc-ear dusluds wgafg e`sn gevl erfgeln`noafe`(rl)fncstruftancs erl prlslctli ac Haourl 9.5:; tglrl erl decy dnrl (sll hnrlxedp`l Meudlalr & _essdecc 511
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(DfKlrfglr & iu Frnss =::=, 5). My tglc, tgl tnurasd aciustry gei stertli tnfnnplretl watg tgl glrateol slftnr (tn wgafg erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusludsml`nco) es pert nh tgl gecis-nc liufetance` / lxplralcfl tnurasd epprnefg(Vdatg 51?1, =-
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Uuatl e hlw nh tgl n`ilr dusluds gevl fgecoli tglar stretloy slvlre` tadlsac tglar `ahltadl ac nrilr tn fetlr hnr fgecoli ildecis hrnd snfalty. E onnilxedp`l as tgl Zheg`meuduslud ac \ctlrug`iacolc eci ats fgecol ac epprnefgtn ats nwc prlslctetancs (Vll Haourl 9.5=).
9.< Olnorepgy
_glc `nnkaco et tgl ornwtg nh tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds(Vll Haourl 9.59), ncl fec sll tget ucta` tgl 517:s, Cnrtglrc Lurnpl, tgl MratasgAs`ls eci Olrdecy, Eustrae eci Vwatzlr`eci erl wl`` rlprlslctli, watg geri`yecy trefl l`slwglrl. E ilhacatanc nh lefg rloanc as oavlc ac Haourl 9.56. Acrlflct tadls, tgl `erolst ilvl`npdlct as ac Olrdecy, Eustrae eci Vwatzlr`eci eswl`` es ac Lestlrc Lurnpl, watg e s`nwinwc ac Cnrtglrc Lurnpl eci tgl MratasgAs`ls.
gas s`nwinwc daogt ml lxp`eacli my e fndmacetanc nh heftnrs. _atgVfeciacevae gevaco e `nco gastnry ac tgl ilvl`npdlct nh tglsl dusluds, es wl``es ac erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear liufetanc flctrls, tgly gevl pnssam`y rlefgli e
steol wglc tglrl erl cn dnrl p`efls hnr ecy dnrl, uc`lss tgl fncflpt as fgecolinh fnursl (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud plr5::,::: acgematects ac Ilcderk eci Vwlilc ac Haourl 9.5
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Lurnpl actn tnurast ilstacetancs, ges `li tn e mnnd ac clw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds tglrl. Ac Vnutglrc Lurnpl, mntg tglsl rlesncs fedl actn p`eyilfeil ler`alr, lxp`eacaco wgy tgl mnnd ac clw dusluds ac tgnsl fnuctrals asler`alr tgec ac Lestlrc Lurnpl. Dnrl rlesncs hnr e mnnd ac Lestlrc Lurnpl erltgl fgecol nh typl nh onvlrcdlct (hrnd flctre``y `li tn `eylrli ildnfrefals),e gaoglr stecieri nh `avaco eci e wailr plrsplftavl nh wget as gepplcaco ac tglrlst nh Lurnpl. gldl perks eci ntglr vasatnr ettreftancs wlrl vartue``y cnc-lxastlct mlhnrl tgl Arnc Furteac irnppli. Ac Zn`eci tglrl wes cn fndpltatanc
hnr p`efls `akl Maskupac iuraco fndducast tadls, mlfeusl tgl onvlrcdlctilfaili tget ncl fndp`lx wes lcnuog hnr tgl stetls cllis, e`tgnuog tglrl wescn straft mec nc ntglr nplc-ear dusluds eci rlslrvls (plrsnce` fndducafetanc_. Zantrnwska, == Cnvldmlr =:55).
Ac tgl Fzlfg ]lpum`af decy nh tgl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds wlrlhnucili my lctgusaests mut gevl gei ec ucstem`l `ahl sacfl, ah tgly lvlc sta``lxast. glrl as geri`y ecy onvlrcdlcte` suppnrt (afg & afgnvsk =::6,=:9) eci at as her lesalr tn stert sufg e duslud tgec tn kllpaco at ruccaco.
gnsl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds prlietaco 511= e`` gei sfalcfl estglar tnp pranraty, mut tgl lxedp`l nh Maskupac sgnws tgl sgaht ac tgas tnweris ehnfus nc tgl pum`af. Vacfl 517
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- cnt surprasaco es at wes pert`y ilvl`npli glrl. Ac Eustrae, dnst erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds (5: nh tgl 59, Vll Haourl 9.=:) erl ac onvlrcdlct gecis eciietl tn tgl rlflct pest. glrl erl geri`y ecy erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls,nplc hnr sfgnn` ornups nc`y. XAEV, e Xalcce mesli acstatutl eci pert nh tglucavlrsaty, ges mllc fnnriacetaco tgl fncstruftanc nh dnst nh tglsl. Ac tgl51?:s eci ler`y 517:s, tglrl gei mllc fncteft mltwllc Eustraec erfgeln`noastsGedpl` eci _aci` eci hnrlaoc lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noasts Fn`ls, Gecslc,]lycn`is eci Z`laclr wgafg `li _aci` tn stert e fnursl ac (rl)fncstruftanceci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy ac 517= et tgl Xalcce \cavlrsaty. Vtuilcts hrndtgas fnursl wlrl nhtlc wl`` treacli ac frehts. noltglr watg tgl hnuciaco nh ewnrkornup ac lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy et tgl O\H (Eustraec Vnfalty hnrZrlgastnry eci Ler`y Gastnry) tgas `li tn e olclretanc nh ynuco erfgeln`noastswatg actlrlst eci lxplralcfl ac lxplradlcte` (rl)fncstruftanc (_aci` =::5,
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5:5
Ac tgl Mlcl`ux ac olclre`, tglrl erl cnt decy clw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds fndaco up (Vll Haourl 9.59). Ml`oaud ges hlw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll Haourl 9.5
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Ilcderk, at `ests hnr lxedp`l hrnd
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5:6
At ges tn ml eiili tn Haourl 9.5?, tget plr duslud, nc`y tgl ietls nh tglar
harst (rl)fncstruftancs erl rlfnrili. gas levls nut clw ilvl`npdlcts ac lxastacodusluds, `akl GNDL wgafg stertli ac 517= watg tgl Arnc Eol, mut lxtlciliac =::=-6 watg e dlialve` slttaco.
gl @etl Daii`l Eols gevl cnt p`eyli e `erol rn`l ac erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ucta` quatl rlflct`y (Vll Haourl 9.5?) eci tglc quatl e mat acVfeciacevae (Vll Haourl 9.58). Hrnd tgl lci nh tgl 517:s, slvlre` plnp`l onteftavl`y acvn`vli ac dlialve` prlslctetancs eci (rl)fncstruftanc. Ac 5171, acCykmaco He`stlr, Ilcderk, e trlmufglt wes mua`t wgafg gei sufg e guol lhhlftnc tgl pum`af tget at wes snnc hn``nwli up watg ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-earduslud. E fncclftanc wes deil watg tgl Mratasg `etl dlialve` typl nh rl-lceftdlct wgafg wes et e gaog `lvl` (plrsnce` fndducafetanc Z. Xlddaco
Gecslc, =< Euoust =:55). E ilfeil `etlr, tgl dnrl treiatance` dusluds gl`ie dlialve` yler, wgafg `li tn e surol ac actlrlst hrnd mntg tgl pum`af ecigastnraecs actn tgas plrani ac Vfeciacevae. Vuiilc`y, tgl Daii`l Eols geimlfndl ac hesganc. gas as `ackli watg tgl dlialve` mnnd nh tgl 517:s watgeutgnrs `akl Befquls `l Onhh up tn \dmlrtn Lfn (Ornlmclr =::7, 59). Ac tgl `esttgari nh tgl est flctury, efeildaf ettlctanc hnr tgl Daii`l Eols ges raslc gaoglrtgec lvlr mlhnrl. Cnfg cal zuvnr saci sn val`l wasslcsfgeht`afgl Ermlatlc mlries Dattl`e`tlr lrsfgalclc wal glutl, ac Ilutsfg`eci lmlcsn wal ad mraolcLurnpe [clvlr mlhnrl sn decy sfalctahaf wnrks wlrl pum`asgli es cnweieys acOlrdecy eci sada`er`y ac tgl rlst nh LurnplT (Ornlmclr =::7, 585).
9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrsglrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls ac vasatnr cudmlr evlreols mltwllc tgl dusludshrnd mlhnrl 517: eci tgl `etlr olclretanc (Vll Haourl 9.57). gl n`ilr nclsrlflavl nc evlreol dnrl vasatnrs, lvlc ah ynu levl nut tgl frnwi pu``lrs (ettreftaconvlr =::,::: vasatnrs ac =::
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5:9 -
At dust ml strlssli tget nc`y sta`` lxastaco erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusludserl teklc actn effnuct, cnt tgl f`nsli ncls. Ac tgl nvlrvalw, frnwi pu``lrs`akl Vt Heoecs ac _e`ls (deac`y e ltgcnorepgaf nplc-ear duslud watg sndl(rl)fncstruftancs) eci Ve`zwl`tlc cler Ve`zmuro ac Eustrae (deac`y e tgldlperk watg sndl (rl)fncstruftancs) wlrl `lht nut.
9.? Klywnrisgl deceolrs gei tn oavl sfnrls tn e slrals nh laogt klywnris, kllpaco tglarduslud ac daci (Vll Haourl 9.51). Vlvlre` klywnris wlrl fncsfanus`y `lht nut,`akl eutglctafaty, (rl)fncstruftanc, erfgeln`noy eci sfalcfl.
Liufetanc wes dlctancli dnrl nhtlc tgec tnurasd, e`tgnuog tgl debnratynh vasatnrs tn sufg dusluds erl tnurasts. Nmvanus`y, erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds lerc dufg dnrl acfndl watg tnurast vasatnrs, mut decy nh tgld gevlliufetanc es ncl nh tglar deac eads. Iete inls cnt sgnw tget n`ilr dusludsput dnrl wlaogt nc liufetanc eci clwlr dnrl nc tnurasd.
gl slfnci asts nh klywnris, recoli my pnpu`eraty, erl avaco gastnry, rlslerfgeci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy. gly nc`y sfnrl mltwllc =: eci 9: plrflct.
Ac e `nt nh fesls wglrl lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy wes usli, tgas wes dnrl nhe kaci nh wey tn prlslct eftavatals tn tgl pum`af acstlei nh tgl raoai efeildafilhacatanc nh at. _atgnut gevaco prlslctli tgl dusluds watg e ilhacatanc,tgl ecswlrs erl geri tn actlrprlt. _atg rlslerfg, ac dnst fesls, ncl iai cntdlec efeildaf rlslerfg plr sl. Ac decy fesls e kaci nh epp`ali rlslerfg wesdlect, sufg es tget cllili mlhnrl fncstruftaco, nr ac nrilr tn dekl atlds nreftavatals dnrl eutglctaf sn tn splek. My eskaco tgl dusluds tn pacpnact mntgrlslerfg eci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy, e iahhlrlctaetanc wes lxplftli mltwllce dnrl pnpu`er lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy (ac decy fesls ildncstretancs, cntclflssera`y mesli nc tgl dusluds nwc rlslerfg) eci e dnrl `emnur actlcsavlrlslerfg. gas gnwlvlr wes cnt tgl fesl. Clatglr lxplradlct cnr rlslerfg as nut
nh hesganc. _glc splfahafe``y eskli2 erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac tgl duslud,nr wglc tgl qulstanc wes In ynu gevl e `ast nh rlflct pum`afetancs, nhtlc tglecswlrs wlrl2 cnt ylt nr rlorlttem`y cnt. gl pgresaco f`ler`y suoolsts tglslwlrl esparetancs.
@avaco gastnry as e dnrl dnilrc dltgni wglc fndperli tn lxplradlcte`erfgeln`noy, e`tgnuog ac olclre` at as cnt latglr ncl nr tgl ntglr2 nh tgl
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Fnuctry Onvlrcdlct Essnfaetanc Fndpecy Duslud Hnucietanc Ntglr Ynte`
Eustrae 5: = = : 59
Ml`oaud 9 5 9 9 < < = 6 = 9 6.86
In ynu strlcotglc cetance` ailctaty> < 6 6 6 : < 5 9 6.::
Evlreol 9.?< 6.?< 9.
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=55
gl acfndl iavasanc mltwllc duslud eftavatals (snurfl 5), pum`af dncly(snurfl =), eci ntglr acfndl snurfls (snurfl 6) sllds tn ml gle`tgalst et Ereasa,tgl dnst ucstem`l et tgl Detrafe Duslud. GNDL sgnu`i iavlrsahy ats huciacomesl dnrl (Vll Haourl 8.5:). Zerfn Dncte`l ilravls ats pum`af dncly `erol`yhrnd tgl Ducafape`aty nh Dnilce, tgl `nfetanc nh tgl duslud tget rucs ZerfnDncte`l, mut emnut 6:% nh at fndls hrnd tgl Ducafape`aty nh Festl`cunvn]econcl, tgl eftue` `nfetanc nh Zerfn Dncte`l.
Ntglr acfndl as lercli deac`y tgrnuog rlsteurect, sgnp eci effnddnietanchefa`atals. Et sndl lvlcts, `avaco gastnry ornups nr frehtsplnp`l erl em`l tn sl``tglar nwc onnis eci decy nh tglsl plnp`l erl peai hnr tglar plrhnrdecfl.E`sn, dufg as sn`i et lvlcts my tgl `avaco gastnry ornups tgldsl`vls, mut tglsl
trecseftancs in cnt hleturl ac tgl hacecfae` effnucts nh tgl dusluds.E fe`fu`etanc nh acfndl plr hu`` tadl ldp`nyll as cnt nhtlc deil, iul tn tglheft tget tgl cudmlr nh hu`` tadl ldp`nylls as iahhafu`t tn esflrteac. Ac sndl feslsfnctreftli stehh erl fnuctli watgac tgl haourl, ac ntglr fesls cnt. gl acfndlinls cnt ehhlft tgl cudmlr nh ldp`nylls iarlft`y (plrsnce` fndducafetanc D.Xafzl, 56 Euoust =::1). gl deceoldlct survly sgnws tget acfndl plr hu``tadl ldp`nyll as mltwllc Lurn 9,::: eci Lurn 97,:::. Acfndl plr vasatnrfnu`i ml splfahali my dlecs nh tgl deceoldlct survly hnr dnst dusluds,
?6.?%
8
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=5= -
mlaco mltwllc Lurn =.< eci Lurn 1.
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=56
At as geri tn ml`alvl, tget watg `lss tgec =,::: tnurast vasatnrs plr HL, eduslud fec sta`` ml sn`vlct (es hlw, ah ecy survavl watgnut orects). At ges tn mlcntli gnwlvlr tget ac decy p`efls, dnst nh tgl stehh rlflavl `nw weols, cnt bustac Lestlrc Lurnpl, mut e`sn ac hnr lxedp`l Hntlvaklcs Duslud eci GNDL,wglrl plnp`l wgn ntglrwasl wnu`i cnt wnrk et e`` gevl e sumsaiasli bnm. Actgl fesls nh tgl dusluds watg nvlr 6,::: vasatnrs plr HL (Vll Haourl 8.55),tglsl errecoldlcts in cnt lxast. Hacecfae` prnhatema`aty as geri`y lvlr e pranratynr hlesama `aty.
gl dexadud cudmlr nh tnurasts wgafg tgl duslud stehh geci`ls nc e plekiey verals orlet`y mltwllc tgl dusluds, hrnd =
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=59 -
_atgac tgl duslud stehh, tglrl erl `erol iahhlrlcfls mltwllc slesnce` ecicnc-slesnce` stehh, acinnr eci nutinnr stehh lt fltlre. glrl erl iahhlrlct stretenh stehh eci cnt e`` erl peai. Vndltadls wnrkaco watg vn`uctllrs eci stuilcts asvlry gl`phu`, mut tgas as cnt e`weys pnssam`l iul tn fu`ture` iahhlrlcfls nr sadp`ytgl `efk nh plnp`l clermy.
E vlry `adatli ednuct nh wnrk as nutsnurfli, prnmem`y mlfeusl tglsldusluds gevl e `nt nh pert tadl stehh wgn fec wnrk lxtre gnurs glrl ecitglrl. Lxplrtasl as garli hnr flrteac ildncstretancs eci rlslerfg. Ac tgrll fesls,oueriaco as nutsnurfli; ac hnur fesls sndl nh tgl f`lecaco wnrk as nutsnurfli.Deactlcecfl as usue``y fnciuftli my tgl dusluds nwc stehh. Vlvlre` dusludsgevl ec lxtlrce` hacecfae` lxplrt nr derkltaco lxplrt es tgl deceoldlct survlysgnws.
gl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci Hntlvaklcs duslud in cnt garl lxtlrce`lxplrts. GNDL usls nc`y ats nwc cltwnrk nh hrll`ecfl prnhlssance`s wglcgaraco lxtlrce` lxplrtasl. Hnur ntglr dusluds usl tgl sedl lxastaco cltwnrknh hrll`ecflrs ernuci tgld. Vndl bust eivlrtasl ac tgl `nfe` clwspeplrs. Hnurdusluds olt lxplrts hrnd ehha`aetli pertals `akl tgl ucavlrsaty. Vada`er dusluds
clermy erl adpnrtect, watg havl nh tgl dusluds olttaco lxtlrce` lxplrtasl hrndtgld.
gl deac fgeccl`s hnr rlfruatdlct nh clw vn`uctery eci/nr peai stehherl eivlrtasaco ac clwspeplrs (hnur fesls), wnri nh dnutg (tgrll fesls), tglarnwc wlmsatl (tgrll fesls) eci tglar nwc cltwnrks (hnur fesls). Ac twn fesls,erfgeln`noafe` ilpertdlcts erl splfahafe``y dlctancli.
reacaco stehh as adpnrtect tn e``, eci ac decy fesls treacaco as tea`nr deil. Ettgl mloaccaco nh tgl slesnc, tglrl as e plek ac treacaco clw stehh eci upietaco n`istehh. Haxli stehh usue``y pertafapetl ac treacaco sldacers watg lxtlrce` spleklrs.gl treacaco as e fndmacetanc nh tglnrltafe` `lfturls eci preftafl, acf`uiaco`nts nh dlctnraco. Nc`y GNDL, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci Hntlvaklcs
Duslud gevl e hnrde` stehh decue`; ac dnst fesls wrattlc achnrdetanc as`adatli.
8.6.9 Fn``lftancs
Fn``lftancs et ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud fec ml ilhacli ac slvlre`iahhlrlct weys. Ac tgl ilhacatanc nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds es usli myLWE]F (Vll Vlftanc =.=. hnr e `ncolr iasfussanc), ldpgesas as put nc actecoam`lfn``lftancs ac tgl slcsl tget2 tgl nvlre`` prlslctetanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud gn`is fn``lftancs nh actecoam`l glrateol rlsnurfls eci prnvails ecactlrprltetanc nh gnw plnp`l `avli eci eftli watg rlhlrlcfl tn e splfahaf fnctlxtnh tadl eci p`efl (www.lxerf.clt).
Ac =::7 gnwlvlr, tgl fn``lftancs wlrl ilhacli my tgl laogt dusluds actntgl hn``nwaco fetlonrals2
gl duslud `amrery, pgntn eci vailn fn``lftancs eci erfgavlgl erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts nc iasp`ey et tgl dusludgl rl`lvect fu`ture` glrateol nc satl eci clermy(]l)fncstruftli nmblfts
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Ncl cllis tn oetglr e`` kacis nh snurfls tn ecswlr qulstancs wgafg erasliuraco fncstruftanc nh mua`iacos ac ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud. Dnstdusluds rlhlr tn lefg nh tglar mua`iacos es acsparli my e saco`l satl, watgeiiatance` detlrae` adpnrtli hrnd sada`er satls ah tgl nraoace` lxfevetanc inlscnt prnvail lcnuog achnrdetanc. Ac ge`h nh tgl fesls, tglsl (rl)fncstruftancserl, ac eiiatanc, acsparli my e mua`iaco treiatanc eci infudlctery rlslerfg.
Fn`ls (51?1) ilhacli tgrll typls nh (rl)fncstruftanc2 `nnk `akl, fncstruftli`akl, usli `akl. Ac slvlre` fesls ac tgl dusluds ucilr stuiy, gnusls wlrl cntfncstruftli es tgl nraoace`s wnu`i gevl mllc2 nhtlc, e fncsailretanc nh sehltydlesurls fgecoli tgl iwl``aco mlhnrl at `lht tgl irewaco mneri, watg dnilrctnn`s mlaco usli ac ats fncstruftanc. gl stetldlct tget gnusls erl fncstruftlies ec erfgeln`noafe` lxplradlct as ve`ai nc`y ac flrteac asn`etli fesls, clvlr hnre`` mua`iacos ac e duslud. get et `lest as tgl fesl et tgl Zheg`meuduslud ecitgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl. Et Ereasa, ncl cnw ruacli mua`iaco wes mua`t esec lxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56).
Ac decy fesls, tgl gnusls wlrl mua`t my e splfae`ast fndpecy, nhtlc acfndmacetanc watg e dnilrc fnctreftnr eci rloance` frehtsplnp`l. Vfalctasts,
stuilcts eci vn`uctllrs p`ey e vlry adpnrtect rn`l ac gnusl fncstruftanc ac tgllaogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll Haourl 8.56).
gl gnusls erl usue``y wl`` infudlctli, tgl p`ecs ha`li, tgl eftue` gnusldlesurli eci infudlctli (tn rlfnri wgltglr fgecols wlrl deil mltwllc tglnraoace` p`ec eci tgl eftue` gnusl); tgl usl as infudlctli (e`mlat usue``y vlrymesafe``y) eci tgl deactlcecfl es wl`` - cnt nc`y hnr tgl sfalctahaf rlfnri mute`sn hnr deactlcecfl p`ecs eci muioltaco. E`dnst cn gnusl infudlctetancsgevl mllc pum`asgli ac ecy ilhacli hnrd, e f`ler rlquarldlct nh e onnilxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56). glrlhnrl, dnst (rl)fncstruftli iwl``acos ac tgllaogt dusluds feccnt ml rloerili es lxplradlcts.
Ac sndl fesls tgl fncstruftanc p`ecs erl mesli nc n`i valws nh erfgeln`noasts,
gastnraecs eci erfgatlfts wgn daogt cnt ml splfae`asts ac wnni fncstruftanc;sada`er`y, tgl mua`iaco wnrk atsl`h dey cnt ml ferrali nut my plnp`l lxplralcfliac wnrkaco watg wnni. gl dusluds clli tn kllp tglar prlslctetanc up tn ietl,eci hnr tget rlesnc clli tn deacteac e iae`noul watg mntg tgl pum`af eci watgsfalctasts. At as e strlcotg ah e pnsatavl ettatuil tnweris fgecol as lstem`asgli.
E`` dusluds infudlct tglar fn``lftancs tn essast rlslerfg. gl `erolstprnm`ld hnr dnst dusluds as gnw tn rloastlr tgl nmblfts watg ec ailctahaem`lfnil (Vll Haourl 8.59). Deceoldlct seys tgas gacilrs tgl usl nh nmblfts ac tgliea`y wnrk nh tgl duslud; rloastlraco, gnwlvlr, inls cnt rlquarl e vasam`l `eml`.gl slfnci dnst adpnrtect rlesnc hnr infudlctetanc nh tgl fn``lftancs as tndekl achnrdetanc efflssam`l tn tgl pum`af (tgas effnris watg tgl valws nh e`` tgl
dusluds, lxflpt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl) hn``nwli my sadp`y kllpaco ecacvlctnry (hnr sax dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci tgl DetrafeDuslud) eci hace``y acsurecfl rlesncs (havl dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg FreccnoFlctrl, GNDL eci Ereasa). Lvlc tgnuog, hnr lxedp`l, GNDL inls cnt kllp einfudlctetanc nh ats nmblfts hnr tglsl purpnsls, wglc ncl nh tglar gnusls murctinwc tglrl ac =::6, tgl lxastaco infudlctetanc wes suhhafalct tn dekl eclstadetl nh tgl `nst ve`ul. _atg tgl lxflptancs nh tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl(nh wgafg cn iete wlrl evea`em`l), @nhntr eci Zerfn Dncte`l, tgl dusludsrloastlr et `lest havl iahhlrlct kacis nh achnrdetanc.
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Haourl 8.562
Mefkornuci achnrdetanc nc
tgl (rl)fncstruftli mua`iacos
ac tgl laogt dusluds.
YglVfnttasgFreccno
Flctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
_get erl ynur gnusls / strufturls mesli nc>
Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd e saco`l satl hnr lvlry saco`l strufturl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 :
Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd slvlre` satls, lvlc hnr e saco`l strufturl 5 5 5 5 : 5 : 5
Erfgeln`noafe` typl nh strufturl / erfgeln`noafe` treiatanc : 5 : 5 : : 5 5
Gastnrafe` achnrdetanc : 5 5 : : 5 : 5
Infudlctery rlslerfg / olclre` achnrdetanc 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
In ynur (rl)fncstruftli gnusls / strufturls2
@nnk akl tgl nraoace`s (mut cnt clflssera`y 5::% mua`t watg nraoace`tlfgcaquls eci detlrae`s) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5
Fncstruftli akl tgl nraoace`s (5::%), akl ec erfgeln`noafe` lxplradlct 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5
(Zert`y) usli `akl tgl nraoace`s : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5
_gn fncstruftli tgl gnusls / strufturls>
Vplfae`ast fndpecy : 5 : 5 5 5 : :
]loance` frehtsplnp`l (dusluds ste) : 5 5 5 : 5 5 :
Dnilrc fnctreftnr : 5 5 5 : : 5 :
Vfalctasts 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5
Vtuilcts 5 5 5 : 5 5 : 5
Xn`uctllrs 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5
Erl ecy nh tglsl plnp`l sta`` acvn`vli watg tgl duslud nr (rl)fncstruftancs> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5
Gnw erl tgl gnusls / strufturls infudlctli2
Ygl p`ecs erl st`li 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5
Ygl eftue` gnusl / strufturl as dlesurli eci infudlctli 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5
Ygl usl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ygl deactlcecfl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Haourl 8.592
Fn``lftancs rloastretanc nh
tgl laogt dusluds, hn``nwaco
tgl dacadud ildecis nh tgl
Iutfg Duslud Essnfaetanc
(Vtafgtaco Glt Clilr`ecis
Dusludrloastlr =::5, 7-1).
YglVfnttasg
Frecc
noFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`m
euduslud
@nhntr
Zerfn
Dncte`l
Ereasa
Detraf
eDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Ynte`
Yglrl as e rloastlr nh acfndaco eci nutonaco atlds nh tgl fn``lftancs 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Ygl mesaf achnrdetanc nh e`` nmblfts as rloastlrli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
E`` nmblfts erl ailctastem`l my e fnil : : 5 : 5 5 : 5 9
E`` nmblft achnrdetanc as efflssam`l 5 : 5 5 5 5 : 5 8
Ynte` 6 : 9 6 9 9 = 9
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@nnkaco et tgl rlslerfg incl usaco tglar nwc fn``lftancs, e`` laogt dusludsoeac clw kcnw`liol (Vll Haourl 8.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Nwc ste inls rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Nutsail splfae`asts in tgl rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 : 5 : : : 5
As tgl actlrprltetanc mntg ouaili eci sl`h-ouaili> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
In ynu upietl tgl actlrprltetanc nvlr tadl sn at rlteacs ats ve`ul nhmlaco clw> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Erl tgl nvlre`` fncflpts / adeol / tgldl, tgl nnks, tgl etdnspglrl ecitgl lxplralcfl fncsastlct watg lefg ntglr> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5
Inls tgl lxplralcfl rl`etl tn tgl terolt ornup eci adeol> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5
As tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusli nc wget vasatnrs wnu`i akl es wl`` es tgldlsseol wgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5
In ynu stadu`etl tgl slcsls2 sdl``, testl, saogt, gleraco eci tnufg> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5
Erl tglrl ialrlct eylrs ac tgl actlrprltetanc sn tgl vasatnr fec fgnnslialrlct `lvl`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5
Inls tgl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud fnrrlspnci watg tgl wey (tglfurrafu`ud) as prlslctli olclre``y ac sfgnn`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 :
Inls ynur duslud gevl pgysafe` strufturls hnr vasatnrs pertafapetanc(hnr lxedp`l ecade`s eci/nr nplretaco defgaclry)> 5 5 5 5 : : : 5
In ynu usl iycedaf lxgamats (hnr lxedp`l (sfe`l) dnil`s nr stetafnmblfts, trecsperlcfals, ianredes)> 5 : 5 : : : : :
In ynu usl ntglr dlecs nh lxgamatanc (hnr lxedp`l astlcaco pnsts,du`tadliae kansks, `aogt eci snuci llfts)> : 5 5 5 : : 5 :
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tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusls nc wget vasatnrs wnu`i `akl, es wl`` es nc tgl dlsseolwgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss. gl nc`y duslud wglrl tgl slcslserl cnt stadu`etli, nr wglrl tglrl erl cn iahhlrlct `eylrs ac tgl actlrprltetancsn tgl vasatnr fec fgnnsl iahhlrlct `lvl`s as Zerfn Dncte`l; tgly erl e`sn tgl nc`yncl nh tgl laogt dusluds wgn inls cnt epp`y `avaco gastnry et ecy nffesanc(Vll Haourl 8.=:).
Lxplralcfl eci dnilrc tlfgcn`noy erl fndaco f`nslr tn ncl ecntglr; atas cn `ncolr ncl watgnut tgl ntglr. Vdertpgncl sn`utancs erl ec adpnrtectwey hnrweri hnr lcoeoaco vasatnrs watg wget tgly wnu`i `akl tn kcnw, deil hathnr purpnsl. gas dltgni nh actlrprltetanc as cnt acvesavl eci euodlcts tglactlrprltetanc nhhlrli my duslud stehh plrsnce``y. Acstlei nh frletaco iastecfleci actlrruptanc, dnilrc dliae fec euodlct tgl etdnspglrl es frletli watgtgl (rl)fncstruftli mua`iacos, ertlhefts eci tgl tnur ouails. Es @plz-DlcfglrnMlciafgn puts at2 tlfgcafe` eivecfls ac euodlctli rle`aty, addlrsavl vartue`atyeci gn`norepgy slld tn ectafapetl e trul rlvn`utanc hnr erfgeln`noafe` glrateolnc-satl prlslctetanc tlfgcaquls (=:55, 9=?). Vufg eivecfls f`ler`y nhhlr decyclw vastes hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. lfgcaquls `akl vartue` rle`aty
erl cn sumstatutanc hnr e rle` `ahl lxplralcfl (Mlcclt =::1, 15), mut tgly fecdekl vasatnrs dnrl actlrlstli, my euodlctaco tgl vasat eci wget as `lerct.
gl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud usue``y fnrrlspncis watg tgl wey tglfurrafu`ud as prlslctli ac sfgnn`s, lxflpt hnr ac GNDL eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud.Ac Vnutglrc Vwlilc tgl furrafu`ud, es ilsaocli ac tgl fepate` Vtnfkgn`d, asacfrlesaco`y sllc es tnn her ewey hrnd tgl Vfecaec rle`aty. Ac Vfecae, fu`ture``acks watg Ilcderk erl acfrlesaco`y epprlfaetli (plrsnce` fndducafetanc M.D. Mutt`lr Beknmslc, 9 Becuery =:5=).
n lcfnureol vasatnrs pertafapetanc, ncl fec usl ecade`s, sfe`l dnil`s nrstetaf nmblfts lt fltlre. Ereasa, Zerfn Dncte`l eci tgl Detrafe Duslud in cntgevl ecy nh tglsl. Mut ncl fec haci `avl ecade`s ac tgl ntglr havl dusluds,
e`nco watg sfe`l dnil`s nr ianredes et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl.
Lvailct`y, ac ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgl mesaf weys nh il`avlracoactlrprltavl fnctlct as my dlecs nh plrdeclct lxgamats, ouaili vasatnr tnurs ecisl`h-ouaili tnurs (Vll Haourl 8.51). E`dnst watgnut lxflptanc, e`` dusludsgevl nutinnr plrdeclct lxgamats, nroecasl dassanc-rl`etli pum`af lvlcts `akl`lfturls, ha`ds lt fltlre eci nhhlr mntg gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pum`af tn trynut eftavatals hnr tgldsl`vls eci ildncstretancs wglrl tgl pum`af feccnt trytgl eftavaty. E `att`l `lss hrlqulct`y (sax nut nh laogt tadls) dusluds usl tgariplrsnc actlrprltlrs, eci gevl mntg tglar fn``lftancs eci erfgavl nr `amreryevea`em`l hnr rlslerfg - e`tgnuog tglsl erl cnt rleia`y efflssam`l ac e`` laogt
dusluds, lvlc hnr stehh.Erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts erl nc`y nc iasp`ey et hnur nh tgl laogt dusluds,
wga`st tgrll ntglrs gevl fn``lftancs prlslctli et ecntglr nfetanc. Zerfn Dncte`lges tglar nraoace` fn``lftancs ac clermy Dnilce, tgl Detrafe Duslud ges tglarsac tgl duslud ac tgl sedl tnwc eci Ereasa ges tglar fn``lftancs nh ertlhefts actgl @etvaec Cetance` Gastnry Duslud ac ]oe. GNDL as tgl nc`y ncl watg cnnraoace` ertlhefts prlslctli wgetsnlvlr (Vll Haourl 8.51).
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Harst plrsnc actlrprltetanc tekls p`efl ac hnur dusluds - HntlvaklcsDuslud, @nhntr, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci GNDL, mut cnt clflssera`yiea`y. Zlrani fnstudls ac e`` hnur nh tglsl dusluds as rlesncem`y hat hnr purpnsl,mut e `erol prnpnrtanc nh tgl fnstudls rlprlslcts tgl rafglr pert nh snfalty. Nclwnu`i lxplft dnrl evlreol eci pnnr fnstudls ac tgl dusluds. At as rlderkem`ltget tgl dusluds cnt usaco plrani fnstudls slld tn f`ustlr ewey hrnd
Haourl 8.512 _eys
tgl dusluds il`avlr
tglar liufetance` eci
actlrprltavl fnctlct,
reckli my hrlqulcfy.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Ynte`
5 Zlrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Ouaili vasatnr tnurs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Vl`h-ouaili tnurs2 saoceol eci / nr practli ouail / mrnfgurl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Zractli achnrdetanc tn tekl e`nco 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Nwc (rl)fncstruftli plrani rnnds / erfgatlfture` (rl)fncstruftancs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
= Nutinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 : ?
Dassanc-rl`etli pum`af lvlcts (`lfturls, st`ds lt fltlre) 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 ?
Gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pum`af tn try 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 ?
Ildncstretancs mut pum`af feccnt try 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?
6 Acinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 5 8
Yldpnrery lxgamats nroecasli my tgl duslud 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8
Ert / freht / lquapdlct ildncstretancs 5 5 5 5 5 : : 5 8
Ert / freht / lquapdlct wnrksgnps (wglrl vasatnrs erl eftavl`y acvn`vli) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5 8
6ri plrsnc actlrprltlrs 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 8
Fn``lftancs evea`em`l hnr rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8
Erfgavls nr `amrery evea`em`l hnr rlslerfg : 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 8
9 Mrneifests (YX, reian, actlrclt) : 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pum`af trecspnrt(mus stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp / stetanc> 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hll`aco nh mlaco wl`fndl
Erl ynur ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Erl ynu nlraco e wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezaclhnr lxedp`l)> 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?
In ynu oavl ec nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefa`atals et strstsaogt(f`ler `noastafs)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Haourl 8.=52 Nvlrvalw nh tgl
vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt
dusluds2 mlhnrl tgl vasat.
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tn prlperl tgl rlst nh tgl vasat wl``, mntg ac tadl eci spefl. Mlsails tgl rle`tgaco tgly actlci tn vasat, lque``y adpnrtect erl p`efls tn rlst, tna`lts, e p`efltn olt rlhrlsgdlcts lt fltlre. At as adpnrtect tn ouail vasatnrs wl`` tgrnuog tglduslud eci nhhlr tgld iahhlrlct snurfls nh achnrdetanc. gl orlet fge``lcolhnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds as tn acvn`vl es decy slcsls es pnssam`l hnre pnsatavl lxplralcfl. Ac decy sufg dusluds, tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl as pessavleci hnfusli nc wetfgaco nc`y. E`tgnuog at daogt ml tnn geri tn acvn`vl e``vasatnrs eftavl`y ac prlslctetancs nr ildncstretancs, ncl fnu`i hnr lxedp`ltraoolr tgl slcsls dnrl my usaco sdl``s, snucis nr `aogt.
gl vasatnr slrvafls erl usue``y onni et tgl laogt dusluds.Lctry hlls erl rlfnocasem`l, prafaco eci nplcaco tadls es wl``, e`tgnuog
tget fnu`i ml mlttlr et GNDL eci @nhntr. Nc lctry, rlflptanc stehh oavl f`lerachnrdetanc emnut tgl duslud eci wget as gepplcaco nc tget splfahaf iey. Atas adpnrtect tn rlfnocasl tget gudec fncteft, dnrl tgec wrattlc mrnfgurlsnr saocs sgnwaco achnrdetanc, dekls tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc e dlianfrl eci eonni duslud lxplralcfl. Iasem`li hefa`atals erl nc nhhlr et e`dnst e`` tgl satlseci e`` dusluds erl tn sndl lxtlct merralr hrll. gas nh fnursl as e iahhafu`t
dettlr tn efgalvl ac ecy erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, fndperli tn ecacinnr duslud.
glrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl laogt dusluds rloeriacotgl hefa`atals tn rlst eci gevl rlhrlsgdlct. Havl dusluds gevl e sl`h-slrvaflrlsteurect. Hntlvaklcs Duslud rucs e hu`` slrvafl rlsteurect, mut nc`y et splfahafnffesancs. GNDL rucs e hu`` slrvafl rlsteurect rlou`er`y, lvlc nc wllkieyswatg hlwlr vasatnrs.
gl rlsteurect hefa`atals sgnu`i ml rlefgem`l hrnd watgac tgl erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds addlrsavl erle. Ah at as tnn f`nsl tn tgl lxat, at wa`` cnt ml ecacflctavl hnr vasatnrs tn sat eci rlst eci prn`nco tglar stey, mntg ac tgl rlsteurecteci ac tgl duslud atsl`h. Zlnp`l sgnu`i cnt ml tgackaco emnut `levaco wga`l
tgly erl lcbnyaco tgl rlsteurect.Acstlei nh nhhlraco hnni eci iracks `e fertl, duslud rlsteurects fnu`i in
wl`` my wnrkaco watg e muhhlt acstlei. E muhhlt fec nhhlr dnrl wglc at olts musyeci `lss wglc at as qualt (Meremec & Iurnfglr =:5:, ==-=7).
\sue``y, prnoreddls fec tekl p`efl ac ncl nr twn hnrlaoc `ecoueols, ahmnnkli eglei nh tadl (Vll Haourl 8.==). Ac GNDL eci tgl Detrafe Dusludtgas as cnt e pnssama`aty nr gepplcs vlry sl`ind. Ac hnur ntglr fesls, tglrl as edexadud nh twn hnrlaoc `ecoueols. Vplfae` dlctanc sgnu`i ml deil nh @nhntrwglrl prnoreddls erl evea`em`l ac sax `ecoueols. gas ucilr`acls tgl splfae`fgereftlr nh vasatnrs tn tgas duslud, wgn fndl hrnd sufg verali nraoacs (VllFgeptlr
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8.6.?.6 Nc `levaco tgl Duslud
Dnst vasatnrs erl dnrl tgec geppy watg tglar vasat tn ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, eci hll` tget at lxfllili tglar lxplftetancs. Hrnd tgl dusludpnact nh valw, at as adpnrtect tn kllp tgl duslud ac tgl vasatnrs daci, lvlcwglc tgly `levl. Ah pnssam`l, vasatnrs sgnu`i `levl watg tgl ilsarl tn rlturc, hnrlxedp`l wglc tglrl as sndltgaco iahhlrlct tn lxplralcfl nh tgl sedl que`aty.
gl vasatnr nc tgl ntglr geci daogt wect tn tekl sndltgaco tecoam`l gndl, ese snuvlcar nr hnr ats achnrdetanc ve`ul.E`` laogt dusluds gevl e sgnp, e`mlat ac Ereasa nc`y e sgnp wacinw. Et
mntg @nhntr eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgl sgnp fnvlrs 5=:-5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Erl tgl prafls eci nplcaco tadls vasam`l et tgl strst lctry es wl`` es et tgl tafklt se`ls> 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5 8
As achnrdetanc f`ler`y eci eftavl`y il`avlrli my tgl rlflptanc ste tn tgl vasatnrs, lsplfae``yemnut iasfnucts eci splfae` eftavatals eci sufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
In ynu prnvail hefa`atals akl wgll`fgears, redps, splfae` ilsfraptancs, nmblfts tn tnufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 ?
As ynur duslud merralr-hrll> Ygas as nh fnursl cnt e`weys pnssam`l, es nco es ynufndducafetl sufg. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Z`efls tn rl`ex eci rlfrletl
_get typls nh rlhrlsgdlct hefa`atals inls tgl duslud nlr ats vasatnrs>
Cntgaco- : : 5 : 5 : : : =
Eutndetaf vlciaco defgacls- : : : : : : : : :
Vl`h-slrvafl nr fehltlrae sty`l rlsteurect- 5 : : 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 8
Erl tglrl onni nptancs hnr plnp`l wgn mraco e`nco tglar nwc hnni eci iracks> : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?
Erl tglrl lcnuog tna`lts, erl tgly sprlei wl`` efrnss tgl tlrratnry eci erl tgly hnr hrll> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 ?
As tglrl e memy ferl rnnd efflssam`l hnr mntg wndlc eci dlc> As tglrl lcnuog pravefy> 5 : 5 5 : : 5 5 5 : 5 5 : : : 5 9
@ecoueols
Fec ncl nrilr splfae` prnoreddls ac hnrlaoc ecoueols> Gnw decy hnrlaoc ecoueols> 5 : 5 8 6 5 : =
Gnw decy hnrlaoc ecoueols in hrnct acl ste aciavaiue``y typafe``y destlr> 5 6 = 6 = 5 5 5. 5 6 = 8 6 5 : =
Haourl 8.==2 Nvlrvalw nh tgl
vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt
dusluds2 iuraco tgl vasat.
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dltrls sllds tn ml hattaco hnr tglsl laogt dusluds. gl hnur `erolr sgnps(@nhntr, Hntlvaklcs Duslud, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci GNDL) gevl ecessnrtdlct wgafg as mntg wail (watg decy iahhlrlct ornups nh ertaf`ls) eci illp
(watg decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). \sue``y, tgl essnrtdlct as ? 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Essnrtdlct
As tgl essnrtdlct illp (decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). 5 4ucillp, 6 4 illp 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 =
As tgl essnrtdlct wail (decy ialrlct ornups nh ertaf`ls)> 5 4 cnt, 6 4dufg 6 6 5 6 = 5 6 6 =.9
In ynu nlr atlds watg e fncclftanc tn tgl fn``lftancs> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Gnw dufg (plrflcteol) as iarlft`y fncclftli watg tgl sumblfts nh tglfn``lftancs> ?
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8.9 Fn``lftaco Achnrdetanc emnut Xasatnrs
glrl erl decy weys tn fn``lft achnrdetanc emnut tgl dusluds vasatnrs. gasas lsplfae``y adpnrtect ac nrilr tn f`nsl Oep wn, tgl splfahafetanc oep mltwllctgl deceoldlcts valw nc wget tgl vasatnr lxplfts eci tgl eftue` ettreftancque`aty tget as splfahali (Vll Vlftanc 6.7). E`` laogt dusluds usl vasatnr survlys
mut cnt e`` yler tgrnuog eci cnt hnr e`` terolt ornups (Vll Haourl 8.=9). Vfgnn`ornup `leilrs, hnr lxedp`l, nhtlc gevl e survly hnrd gecili tn tgld, mut tgasas iahhlrlct hnr tnurast vasatnrs. Nc sndl nffesancs, vasatnr survlys erl ruc lvlrytgari yler eci erl, hnr lxedp`l, splfahafe``y teroltli et tgl `erolst lvlct nh tglyler. E`` laogt dusluds dekl usl nh achnrde` nmslrvetancs my tglar nwc stehh.gas as cnt nc`y rlflptanc stehh, mut e`sn tgl ouails eci ntglrs. E`` dusludsece`ysl tgl tafklt se`ls iete, cnt pradera`y nc tgl hacecfae` mefkornucis, mutvasatnr fgereftlrastafs, tadl nh vasat, wgafg fndpecy, lt fltlre.
Havl dusluds gevl e fnddlct mnx nr e oulst mnnk wglrl vasatnrs fec `levlfnddlcts. E`` dusluds efflpt fnddlct my ldea` wgafg as usue``y hn``nwli upmy stehh. E`sn fndp`eacts oavlc ac plrsnc erl hn``nwli up aciavaiue``y. Ecntglrhavl dusluds nffesance``y actlrvalw vasatnrs hnr dnrl hllimefk, e`tgnuog tgasas e vlry tadl fncsudaco nplretanc. Vtnrl se`ls iete erl e`sn ece`ysli nc tglfndmacetanc nh prniufts sn`i, tgl tnp 5:, slesnce` se`ls lt fltlre.
Nmslrvetanc nh vasatnrs, hnr lxedp`l nh tgl tadl tgly splci et iahhlrlctperts nh tgl satl, as lxlfutli nffesance``y ac ge`h nh tgl dusluds eci fec mlvlry rlweriaco ac ailctahyaco wgafg perts nh tgl dusluds erl hnuci dnstactlrlstaco. gl usl nh hnfus ornups, eivasnry ornups eci lxtlrce` fncsu`tectstn mlttlr ucilrsteci tgl vasatnrs eci tglar dntavetanc as vlry rerl.
Haourl 8.=92 Nvlrvalw nh gnw
tgl duslud deceoldlct
fn``lfts achnrdetanc emnut
tglar vasatnrs.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlc
trl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsD
uslud
Ynte`
Xasatnr survlys 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Achnrde` nmslrvetancs my rlflptanc eci ntglr ste 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Yafklt se`ls iete 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7
Oulst mnnk / Fnddlct mnx 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 :
Ac tgas slftanc, et harst tgl fndpecals erl rlvalwli my tnte`, tglc my iey eci hace``ymy slesnc. Iete sgnwli tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl, tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci@nhntr tn ml tgl dusluds ac tgl dnst tnurast actlcsavl rloancs, watg tnurastsnhtlc steyaco ac tgl erle hnr `ncolr tgec e saco`l iey.
Et tgl Detrafe Duslud eci Zerfn Dncte`l, plnp`l `levl tgl erle tgl sedliey (Vll Haourl ?.58). gl iete rloeriaco GNDL eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud erldnrl iahhafu`t tn rlei. GNDL as ac e cnc-tnurast erle; Hntlvaklcs Duslud asac ec erle watg hlw tnurasts mut sta`` e`dnst
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Ac nrilr tn haci nut gnw tgl rlsplftavl dusluds gei mlfndl kcnwc tn tgnslilfaiaco tn vasat, tnurasts wlrl eskli tn fgnnsl ncl nr slvlre` heftnrs hrnd e sltnh nptancs, `akl rlfnddlcili, actlrclt nr bust pessaco my (Vll Haourl ?.51).gas qulstanc wes actlcili tn sgnw tgl lhhlftavlclss nh iahhlrlct derkltaco
tnn`s. Hnr dusluds, tgl assuls erl gnw tn rlefg pntlctae` tnurasts eci gnwtn fncvacfl tgld tn fndl hnr e vasat. Decy nptancs wlrl eiili my aciavaiue`dusluds (fndmacli ac Haourl ?.51 ucilr ntglr) nh wgafg tgl nptancs ouailmnnk (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl @ncl`y Z`eclt, www.`ncl`yp`eclt.fnd/cnrwey),pefkeol tnur (@nhntr) eci tgl duslud as kcnwc (Zheg`meuduslud) wlrladpnrtect eiiatancs - e`tgnuog uchnrtucetl`y tglsl nptancs wlrl cnt uslilvlrywglrl. Dnst tnurasts vasat e duslud mlfeusl at wes rlfnddlcili tn tgld,e`tgnuog wgltglr tgas rlfnddlcietanc fedl hrnd hralcis nr heda`y nr hrndtgl `nfe` tnurast mneri nr gntl` as ucf`ler. ]lfnddlcietancs erl ml`alvli tn mltgl dnst adpnrtect fgeccl`, eci et Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgas as pertafu`er`y tglfesl (97.1%). \saco deoezacls eci clwspeplrs es hrll pum`afaty as ec adpnrtect
tnn` et GNDL (=7.:%), eci et Zerfn Dncte`l. At as surprasaco tget ac hnurdusluds, 5:% nr dnrl nh tgl tnurasts bust gepplcli tn pess my eci tglcilfaili tn vasat, lvlc tgnuog tgl dusluds slld cnt tn ml `nfetli nc e deacrnutl. Epperlct`y tglsl hnur dusluds gevl ec ettreftavl lcnuog lctrecfl erletn lcfnureol tnurasts tn vasat. Zafturls nh ucepple`aco lctry erles erl prlslctliac fgeptlrs Havl eci Laogt2 hnr GNDL eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud lsplfae``ytgas as ec assul. Lsplfae``y et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci @nhntr tglrl erl e`dnstcn effailcte` vasatnrs. get fec ml lxp`eacli my tglsl vlculs mlaco tnurastilstacetancs ac tgldsl`vls. GNDL as cnt nc e deac rnutl eci ges cn ettreftavllctrecfl erle (nhh tgl rnei) eci tglrlhnrl ges cn adpu`sl vasatnrs. Et HntlvaklcsDuslud, tgl qulstanc wes cnt reasli eci tglrlhnrl feccnt ml lxp`nrli.
Haourl ?.512 Gnw iai vasatnrs
gler emnut tgl duslud, ac
plrflcteols. Du`tap`l ecswlrs
erl pnssam`l. Ygl twn pears nh
orly mnxls (GNDL eci tgl
twn ml`ncoaco tn Hntlvaklcs
Duslud) erl eiili up es twn
suds eci rlhlrrli tn ac tgl
ruccaco tlxt.
YglVfnttasg
FreccnoFlctrl
GNDL
Zheg`meuduslud
@nhntr
ZerfnDncte`l
Ereasa
DetrafeDuslud
HntlvaklcsDuslud
Evlreol
]lfnddlcili =6. =% 51. ?% 56.
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gl rlesncs hnr vasataco ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud in cnt fgecolsaocahafect`y mltwllc harst vasats eci rlplet vasats (Vll Haourl ?.=9 eci ?.=
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Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud, at sl`ind gepplcs tgetGNDL as nvlrfrnwili; 6,::: vasatnrs ac ncl iey steyaco hnr tgrll gnurs nrdnrl as hlesam`l glrl. gl Zheg`meuduslud feccnt fnpl watg e gaog cudmlr nhvasatnrs steyaco hnr e prn`ncoli plrani.
nurasts fndaco nc e rlplet vasat stey `ncolr tgec et tglar harst vasat (VllHaourl ?.=1). Hnr tgl Detrafe Duslud tglrl wlrl cn iete evea`em`l, eci hnrHntlvaklcs Duslud tglrl wlrl tnn hlw iete evea`em`l tn dekl e buiodlct.glrl erl dnrl rlplet vasats `estaco twn gnurs eci up (68.9%), fndperli tnharst vasats (=?.9%). Ncl lxp`ecetanc fnu`i ml tget ehtlr e setashyaco harst vasat,
ncl ilfails tn fndl mefk nc ec lvlct iey. Ecntglr lxp`ecetanc fnu`i ml tgetvasatnrs gevl hnuci nut emnut tgl heda`y hralci`aclss nr ntglr esplfts tgly nc`yiasfnvlrli wglc tgly vasatli.
Mntg et Ereasa (85.7%) eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud (58.1%), tglrl erlsaocahafect`y dnrl rlplet vasats `estaco ncl gnur nr `lss tgec l`slwglrl; plnp`lstey saocahafect`y sgnrtlr glrl nc rlplet vasats tgec tgly in ecywglrl l`sl (VllHaourl ?.6:).
?.
gl `lcotg nh stey, `nco nr sgnrt, inls cnt fnrrlspnci watg tgl setasheftanc retl;plnp`l in cnt `levl tgl duslud ler`y mlfeusl tgly erl ucgeppy nr stey `ncolr
mlfeusl at as sufg e orlet lxplralcfl (Vll Haourl ?.65). Zrnmem`y, plnp`l gevlp`eccli e flrteac tadl hnr tglar vasat eci stafk tn tget, nr l`sl tgl duslud vasatas ilsaocli tn hat e flrteac tadl spec.
Hnr tgl plnp`l wgnsl lxplralcfl lxflli tgl lxplftetancs (tgl debnraty nhplnp`l, sll Haourl ?.65), tgl nptadud iuretanc nh e vasat as 5-= gnurs.
?.8 Xasat Lve`uetanc
?.8.5 ]etacos
Xasatnr lve`uetanc as adpnrtect ac ilhacaco tgl splfahafetanc oep mltwllc wget
tgl duslud tgacks tgl vasatnrs lxplft eci wget vasatnrs tru`y lxplft (Vll Vlftanc6.7). At fec e`sn sgli `aogt nc Oep grll, tgl oep mltwllc slrvafl splfahali eciil`avlrli. Xasatnrs fnu`i retl slvlre` esplfts nc e sfe`l mltwllc ncl eci havlwglrl ncl wes pnnr eci havl wes lxfl``lct. Ac preftafl, decy vasatnrs usli twnve`uls, `akl hnr lxedp`l =-6, nr aciafetli e ge`h sfnrl `akl =.
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:%
5:%
=:%
6:%
9:%
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sfnrl mltwllc 8.: eci 7.: wes fncsailrli pnnr, mltwllc 7.: eci 1.: evlreol eciemnvl 1.: wes fncsailrli tn ml onni (Vll Haourl ?.6=). Hnur nh tgl cacl dnstretli atlds e`` sfnrli gaoglr tgec 1.: wgafg as vlry gaog (Vll Haourl ?.66).Dnst iassetashali vasatnrs (retacos watg e sfnrl ml`nw 8.:) fec ml hnuci wglcte`kaco emnut tgl oaht sgnp (==.1%) eci tgl feh (51.
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?.8.5.5 ]etl tgl (]l)fncstruftanc
gl erfgatlfture` trul tn sfe`l fncstruftanc, pnpu`er`y rlhlrrli tn es tgl(rl)fncstruftli gnusl, as olclre``y wget vasatnrs fndl tn sll eci as tgl hleturloavlc dnst prndaclcfl my tgl duslud atsl`h. At as nmvanus tget tgas e`dnst oavlstgl tnp sfnrl pnssam`l. gl retaco hnr tgas sumblft wes dnst hrlqulct nh e`` eci
watg tgl `lest ilmetl (tgl plrflcteol nh vasatnrs oavaco e rlderkem`y `nw sfnrl asnc`y =.?%) (Vll Haourl ?.69). gl dnst setashali erl vasatnrs tn Zerfn Dncte`l;tgl `lest geppy wlrl tgl vasatnrs nh GNDL. gas prnmem`y ac mntg fesls ilplciss dufg nc tgl prlslctetanc es nc tgl que`aty nh tgl (rl)fncstruftli gnusls.Et Zerfn Dncte`l, tglrl erl twn `erolr gnusls wgafg erl prlslctli es nutinnrduslud nmblfts, usue``y watg duslud stehh evea`em`l nc tgl spnt hnr e ouailitnur. Et GNDL, tgl gnusls (nvlr e inzlc) erl cnt e`weys stehhli. Xasatnrs gevltn dekl up tglar nwc stnry ah tgly in cnt rlei tgl `leh`lt tgly gevl rlflavli nclctry.
?.8.5.= ]etl tgl Ynur Ouail(s)
gl tnur ouails olclre``y sfnrl mlttlr tgec ecytgaco l`sl, et `lest et tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl, GNDL, tgl Detrafe Duslud eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud. gasges cn fncclftanc tn wgltglr oulsts erl ouaili nr cnt. Et tgl Zheg`meudusludeci tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl, cnmniy lctlrs tgl nplc ear erle watgnut etnur ouail. GNDL ges ncl hrll ouaili tnur iea`y; @nhntr ges emnut 5: ouailitnurs plr iey. Et Zerfn Dncte`l, lvlry stetanc ac tgl perk ges ec ncsatl tnurouail, eci et Ereasa, ncl fec garl e plrsnce` tnur ouail. gl Detrafe Dusludnhhlrs rlou`er ouaili tnurs, e`tgnuog cnt iea`y.
Haourl ?.662
Evlreol retaco plr esplft
e`` laogt dusluds fndmacli.
1.65
1.
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=89 -
E tnte` nh 9% nh tgl vasatnrs erl ucgeppy watg tgl tnur ouails mut ac olclre` ,tgly sfnrl e 1.< (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci ?.69). gas ucilr`acls ncl nh tgl ucaqulsl``aco pnacts nh tglsl dusluds2 `avl actlrprltetanc tn tgl vasatnrs, usue``ydeil hat hnr tgl rlsplftavl euialcfls. Dnrl adpnrtect tgec tgl gnusls (wgafgfnu`i murc inwc eci ml rlmua`t) erl tglrlhnrl tgl plnp`l wgn pnpu`etl tglsldusluds eci mraco tgld tn `ahl, wgltglr es nplc-ear duslud sgnwfesls nr es`avaco gastnry errecoldlcts.
gl tnur ouails usue``y erl peai stehh, mut vn`uctllrs nhtlc pnpu`etl tgldusluds et flrteac ietls eci lvlcts. Vllaco gnw adpnrtect tglsl plnp`l erl tntgl vasatnrs lxplralcfl, at hn``nws tget dufg ettlctanc sgnu`i ml peai tn tglslvn`uctllrs. gl duslud deceoldlct sgnu`i ml fratafe` nh tglar vn`uctllrs, ecintglrs p`eyaco gnst ac tglar nwc duslud, es tglrl as e que`aty stecieri hnr gnwvasatnrs lxplft tn ml gnstli.
?.8.5.6 ]etl tgl Lxgamats
E`tgnuog sgnwfesli nr ntglr lxgamats ac e duslud fnctlxt hnrd ec adpnrtect
eiiatanc, eci ac sndl fesls erl tgl stertaco pnact nh tgl stnry uchn`iaco et ecerfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgly sfnrl e tnn `nw 7.76 (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci?.69). gas fnu`i gevl veranus rlesncs. gl lxgamats erl nhtlc cnt eivlrtaslies f`ler`y es tgl nutinnr pert. Hurtglr, tglrl as `lss lxplralcfl hnr tgl vasatnr,`lss acvn`vaco nh e`` slcsls eci `lss actlreftanc ac tgas dnilrc acinnr pert. glepprnefg ac tgl acinnr duslud eci tgl nutinnr duslud sgnu`i ml dnrlsada`er; tgl acinnr lxgamats fec prlperl tgl vasatnr hnr wget gl nr sgl as emnuttn lxplralcfl ac tgl nplc ear. glrlhnrl tgl sgnwfesl lxplralcfl fnu`i ml mlttlr
=.?%
9.:%
1.=%
5:.=%
9.
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=8
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=88 -
?.8.5.? ]etl tgl Oaht Vgnp
gl oaht sgnp as e rle` wlekclss nh decy dusluds (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.?.6.), es astgl feh eci rlsteurect hefa`atals. gnuog tglsl twn dnilrc slrvafl erles erlcnt tgl fnrl musaclss nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds, tgly erl e`sn tgl twnerles wglrl lxtlrce` lxplrtasl as rleia`y evea`em`l tn turc tgld actn e sufflss.
glsl twn erles - ah sufflsshu` - fec dekl tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc hacecfae`survave` eci ilf`acl. glrl as p`lcty nh lxplrtasl evea`em`l, mntg ac tgl dusludwnr`i eci mlynci. AFND ges ec actlrcetance` fnddattll hnr duslud hefa`atyeidacastretnrs, AEDHE, eftavl ac mlcfgderkaco, fnvlraco assuls `akl uta`atalseci slrvafl `lvl` eorlldlcts (www.hefa`atyassuls.fnd/Dusluds/). Adpnrtecteci rlflct `atlreturl emnut duslud sgnps as wail`y evea`em`l, hnr lxedp`l@ladorumlr & Bngc =:55, wgafg iasfussls lvlry adeoacem`l assul rloeriacosgnps ac dusluds.
?.8.5.7 ]etl tgl Feh
_atg tgl `nwlst sfnrl nh e``, tgl feh sfnrli ec evlreol nh ?.?5. Ac hnur nut nh sax
dusluds, tgl feh nr rlsteurect hefa`atals, e`tgnuog prlslct, sfnrl pnnr`y (VllHaourl ?.69). At as adpnrtect tn cntl tget nc`y 5,58< plnp`l retli tgas atld. EtZerfn Dncte`l eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud, tgly wlrl cnt eskli mlfeusl tgl nptancas cnt prlslct. Ac sndl fesls `akl et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci et tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl tglrl erl `loe` assuls wgafg prlvlct tgl dusluds hrnd gevacotglar nwc, onni feh.
?.8.5.1 Lxplftetanc ]etaco
_glc tgl vasatnr survly wes put tnoltglr, tgl duslud deceolrs ilfaili tglqulstanc rloeriaco tgl olclre` setasheftanc nh vasatnrs wes adpnrtect lcnuogtn ml eskli slperetl`y hrnd ntglr sada`er qulstancs. At wes eftue``y tgl sedl
qulstanc es tn retaco tgl nvlre`` lxplralcfl. gl ecswlrs tn tgl lxplftetancserl sudderasli ac Haourl ?.6
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=8?
glrl sllds tn ml cn saocahafect iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl gaog slesnclve`uetanc eci tgl rlst nh tgl yler, lxflpt hnr tgl ednuct nh iassetashali vasatnrs.\chnrtucetl`y, tgl cudmlrs nh survlys ac tgl sgnu`ilr slesnc eci nhh slesnc erltnn `nw tn fndperl lefg duslud nc iahhlrlct sumblfts. _glc fndpera