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Pathophysiology

Modifiable factors:

Poor interpersonal relationship Isolation of self Cannot express feelings

Non-modifiable factors:

Hereditary age (early 20s/adolescence) sex (men, women) educated people Neurotransmitter alterations

Neurotransmitter alterations:Traumatic experiences:

Unable to express

feelings, lack of close

friends, isolate self,

social withdrawal

Living alone Separation from

her husband

Increase Anxiety

Dopamine secretion

Serotonin secretion OVERPRODUCTION OFDOPAMINE:

Causes the nerve circuits to

misfire and create a split

state in the mind.

Hallucinations Delusions

Auditoryhallucination

Visual

hallucination

DECREASE

serotoninINCREASE

serotonin

Social

withdrawal

Low self-

esteem

Persistent

sadness

Agitated

Hyperactive

Racing

thoughts

Illusions

DEPRESION MANIA

Chronic low

self-esteem

Bipolar Affective disorder,current episode, manic withpsychotic disorder

Long-term

depression

Stress

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Pathogenesis

Bipolar affective disorder is the shifting of mood of a person from being hyperactive to a

depressed state. Patient is sometimes hypomania or hyper manic; thus making the mood and

affect of a person are affected also. There are several known triggering causes of bipolar

affective disorder; hereditary plays a big role in determining the cause of bipolar. Abnormal

genetics that runs in your family may be acquired by the next generation; age is also a factor

that must be consider, as early as 20 years old, where in we encounter different problems in

different aspects. In this stage, we also tend to hide our feelings and keep it to ourselves. Sex,

educated people, and neurotransmitter alteration are also factors that causes bipolar.

Neurotransmitter dopamine and serotonin are commonly affected in this disorder. It may be

increased or decreased; increase secretion of serotonin causes hyper manic state, while

decrease serotonin may result to depression of the person.

Excessive secretion of dopamine causes two of the most common psychotic symptoms,

hallucination and delusion. Hallucination is a false sensory (auditory, visual, gustatory, ect)

belief while delusion is a fixed false belief of the person affected.

Traumatic experiences such as separation from family, loved ones, death of relatives

and friends, living on your own may trigger bipolar disorder. A person having hard time to

express his/her feelings and emotions may experience depression, anxiety will increases as the

day pass by and he/she remembers the situation. The person is subjected to depression and

stress and causes chemical imbalances. He/she may forget to take care of self; self-esteem is

low and isolates self from others.