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Similarities and Differences

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Similarities and Differences Comparing

Classifying

Creating Metaphors

Creating analogies

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McREL’s Strategies

Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in

K-12 classrooms.

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Category Average Effect size (ES)

Percentile Gain

Number of Effect Sizes

Identifying similarities and differences

1.61 45 31

Summarizing and note taking

1.00 34 179

Reinforcing effort and providing recognition

.80 29 21

Homework and Practice

.77 28 134

Nonlinguistic representation

.75 27 246

Cooperative learning

.73 27 122

Setting objectives and providing feedback

.61 23 408

Generating and testing hypotheses

.61 23 63

Questions, cues, and advance organizers

.59 22 1,251

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Comparing

Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics.

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Recommendations for practice:

1.Give students a model for the process

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Recommendations for practice:

2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing.

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Recommendations for practice:

3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing

?

x

y

z

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Recommendations for practice:

4. Guide students as needed

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Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________

Characteristics

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Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and ____________

How are they most alike?___________________________

What is the greatest difference between them? _________________________________________

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Using what you know and have learned, write 2 sentences to compare and contrast ___ and ___.

1.

2.

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Compare the two sources: A. How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different?

“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.”

Benjamin Talmadge

B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices.

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Classifying

Consider how items are similar

and different then group using

similarities to define categories.

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MetaphorsDefinition:

Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them.

is

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Why Metaphors?

Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain.

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Metaphors

War is hell. Love is a rose. My brother is a killer

whale. No man is an island.

The pen is mightier than the sword

Graphic Organizer for MetaphorsWar is hell.

Noun

Characteristics

Noun

CharacteristicsRelationships

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Metaphors versus Similes A metaphor states the

comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.”

A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.”

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Metaphors

1. A circle is____________.

2. A dandelion is _____________.

3. The internet is _____________.

4. The cafeteria is ____________ .

5. Love is ____________.

6. A school is ___________.

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Metaphors (continued)

7. An airport is ____________.

8. A dictator is _____________.

9. My spouse is _____________.

10. A flute is ____________ .

11. A book is ____________.

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Metaphor Websites http://www.sil.org/lingualLinks/lexicon/M

etaphorsInEnglish/Index.htm

http://www.stuntmonkey.com/metaphor/

http://therussler.tripod.com/dtps/mixed_metaphors.html

Assessment:

No man is an island. In this metaphor, why is a man

compared to an island?a. Man is stronger than a lion.b. Man needs others to survive.c. Man has no feelings to share.d. Man is smaller than the world.

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Creating Analogies

Involves relationships between pairs of elements

Looking for similarities between pairs of elements

Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___

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Creating Analogies

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Analogies: It’s All About Relationships!

help us make connections between things that are different;

  help explain an unfamiliar concept

by making a comparison to something we understand;

most complex format for identifying similarities and differences.

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Graphic Organizer for Analogies

 

 

 

Relationship: 

is to

is to

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Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000How to make this number real to students?

Coors fieldseats

Vietnam War

casualties

 

 

 

Relationship: 

is to

is to

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Creating Analogies: Type 1

George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship

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Creating Analogies: Type 2

Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must explain the relationship

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Creating Analogies: Type 3

Happy: Sad:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship

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Creating Analogies: Type 4

Doctor: _______:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the relationship

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Creating Analogies: Type 5

______: _______:: _________: ________

RELATIONSHIP:__________________________

Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship

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Web sites for Analogies http://www.teachersdesk.org/vocabanal.html

card game http://www.infoplease.com/spot/analogy.html

explanation, examples, analogy of the day http://www.factmonster.com/analogies?month

=Nov&day=30 analogy of the day

http://www.wordmasterschallenge.com/more_samples.htm samples

http://www.quia.com/cb/7146.html game, like Jeopardy

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Similarities and Differences Comparing

Classifying

Creating Metaphors

Creating analogies