p3 event-related potential amplitude and the risk for disinhibitory behavior disorders w.g. iacono...
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P3 Event-Related Potential Amplitude and the Risk for
Disinhibitory Behavior Disorders
W.G. Iacono
University of Minnesota
Co-Contributors
Scott Carlson Irene Elkins
Robert Krueger Steve Malone
Matt McGue (& many others)
Supported by NIDA & NIAAA
Theme of this Address
1. Behavioral disinhibition is expressed through a spectrum of related psychiatric disorders, personality traits, and undersocialized behaviors with a common etiology
2. Genetically influenced CNS diathesis underlies this spectrum
3. Reduced P3 event-related potential amplitude indexes the genetic diathesis
Undersocialized-Disinhibited Behaviors
• Precocious (before age 15):– Cigarette use– Alcohol use – Police contact– Drug use – Sexual intercourse
Externalizing Disorders
• Childhood– Attention deficit disorder (ADHD)– Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)– Conduct disorder (CD)
• Adulthood– Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
• Conduct disorder• Adult antisocial behavior (AAB)
• Substance Use Disorders– Nicotine dependence– Alcohol abuse and dependence– Illicit drug abuse and dependence
MTFS Participant Description
• MN statewide sample of twins identified from birth records -17% refuse
• Day-long assessment at intake & at three-year follow-up intervals
• 17 Year Old Intake (N=1,252)
N=578 boys NMZ= 411 pairs
N=674 girls MDZ= 215 pairs
Results: Organized to Address Two Questions
1. Are these externalizing disorders etiologically distinct with specific behavioral & psychophysiological risk indicators? or
2. Are the disorders part of a spectrum in which risk is nonspecific, with each indicator conferring a general increase in risk distributed across all of the disorders?
Are different types of early onset problem behavior risk
indicators for specific disorders or for
externalizing generally?
Early Problem Behavior Index(Score ranges from 0 to 5)
• Count of the following before age 15:– Smoked– Tried alcohol without parental permission – Had contact with police– Used illicit drugs– Had sexual intercourse
• Behaviors occur together (average tetra-choric correlation = .59)
McGue & Iacono, Submitted
Prevalence of Problem Behavior Before Age 15
Early
Behavior
Male %
(N=577)
Female %
(N=669)
Tobacco 58 41
Alcohol 25 20
Police 13 4
Drug 4 6
Sex 4 6
Probability of age-20 diagnosis as a function of the number of early problem behaviors: Male
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4+
N ic D ep
A lc A b /D ep
D ru g A b /D ep
A S P D
Percent
Early Behaviors
McGue & Iacono, Submitted
Probability of age-20 diagnosis as a function of the number of early problem behaviors: Female
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4+
N ic D ep
A lc A b /D ep
D ru g A b /D ep
A S P D
Percent
Early Behaviors
McGue & Iacono, Submitted
Relationship between Early Problem Behavior and Age 20 Externalizing
McGue & Iacono, Submitted
Krueger et al. (2002)
• Proposed a hierarchical model consisting of:– Generalized externalizing factor– Specific factors that account for
distinctions among disorders
• Model derived from 17-year old twin data
Factor Loadings of Externalizing Indicators
Externalizing(Disinhibitory)
Psychopathology
Adolescent/Adult
Antisocial
ConductDisorder
AlcoholDependence
DrugDependence
(Low)Constraint
Krueger et al. (2002)
.78 .58 .71 .63
.47
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Externalizing
Adolescent/Adult
Antisocial
ConductDisorder
AlcoholDependence
DrugDependence
(Low)Constraint
Externalizing
Psychopathology
Heritable (81%)
Non-heritable (19%)
Specific Genetic (A) and Environmental Factors (C&E)
Krueger et al. (2002)
E C & E E E A & E
Do SUD parents tend to have children with SUDs or children with a full range
of externalizing disorder?
Question asked separately for:
• Alcohol dependent parents controlling for parental drug dependence
• Drug dependent parents controlling for alcohol dependence
Disorder
Parental Alcoholism(controlling for drug effect, n=246)
Parental Drug Dep(controlling for alcohol effect, n= 92)
OR CI OR CI
ADHD 1.78 .84-3.79 3.34 1.50-7.45
CD 2.31 1.46-3.66 4.09 2.41-6.96
ODD 2.34 1.51-3.63 1.80 1.11-2.93
AAB 2.60 1.30-5.19 1.72 .83-3.56
Nic Dep 1.95 1.24-3.07 1.74 1.06-2.87
Alc Dep 2.38 1.35-4.19 1.93 1.11-3.37
Drug Dep 2.86 1.33-6.25 2.88 1.38-6.05
Parental Substance Abuse Predicts Offspring Disorders
Background: P3 Amplitude
• Reduced P3 amplitude is associated with alcoholism risk (Begleiter et al., '84; Polich et al., '94; Hill et al., ’99; Iacono et al.,’02)– Putative endophenotype
• Individual differences in P3 amplitude are heritable (e.g., van Beijsterveldt et al., ’01; Katsanis et al., 1997: h2=.79)
• Reduced P3 amplitude is observed in other externalizing disorders– Smoking (Anokhin et al., '00; Carlson et al., ‘98)
– Drug abuse (e.g., Biggins et al., '97; Branchey et al., '93; Carlson et al., ‘98)
– CD/ASPD (e.g., Bauer et al., '94, '99; Carlson et al., ‘98)
Normal
Rotated
Left RightNo Response
Rotating Heads Task of Begleiter et al. (1984)
160 Trials
80 Trials
PzP3 P4
Reduced P3 Is Associated with High Externalizing
Is P3 amplitude reduction associated with early problem behaviors?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Problem Behavior Index
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
P3
Am
pli
tud
e (u
v)
WomenMen
P3 AMPLITUDE AND PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Iacono & McGue, Submitted
P3 Amplitude Reduction and Externalizing Disorders
Each of the following two slides plots amplitude reduction effect sizes associated with externalizing:– Separately for boys and girls– Separately for "pure" and comorbid
groups – Using a comparison group composed of
adolescents with no externalizing disorder or affected father
Comorbid = Indicated disorder+all others Pure = Indicated disorder only
Comorbid = Indicated disorder+all others Pure = Indicated disorder only
P3 Amplitude Reduction and Paternal Risk
The following slide plots amplitude reduction effect sizes associated with paternal risk:– Separately for all children and those
without a substance use disorder at 17
All = May have substance abuse Without SA = Free of substance abuse
Do those who develop substance abuse for the first time at age 20 have
reduced P3 at age 17?
• Examine P3 amplitude at age 17 for all new cases at 20, new cases that were free of externalizing disorder at 17, and new cases with no affected father
• Comparison group now excludes new cases developing between 17-20
All = all offspring No Ext = no ext. dx at intake Low risk = no paternal dx
Iacono et al., 2002
(Especially) Low risk control participants who developed a substance use disorder at age 20 (N=19) had smaller P3 at age 17 compared to controls who did not (N=44)
15
20
25
30
GroupP
3 A
mp
litu
de
uv
Unaffected New
t(61)=2.81, p<.01)
Summary and Conclusions
• Different types of problem behavior present before age 15 are nonspecific indicators of risk for externalizing disorders at age 20
• Different types of parental SUD confer nonspecific familial risk for offspring externalizing
• Externalizing disorders load strongly on a latent externalizing factor that is highly heritable
• P3 findings support the existence of a shared genetic vulnerability for behavioral disinhibition, specifically:
P3 Amplitude Summary
• Reduced P3 is associated with precocious expression of problem behavior
• Reduced P3 is associated with all externalizing disorders, even in “pure” non-comorbid cases
• Reduced P3-amplitude identifies spectrum risk:– Those with small P3 express the full range of
externalizing disorders– Children of affected fathers have reduced P3– SUD developing at age 20 is associated with
reduced P3 at 17
The P3 Endophenotype • Reduced P3 is not an “alcoholism
endophenotype” • Lack of specificity of P3 effect to different
externalizing disorders is an etiologic clue, not a problem
• Reduced P3 may be specific to genetic risk for externalizing
E.g., although schizophrenia and depression associated with reduced P3• Auditory, not visual P3 (Ford, '99) • State not trait (Mathalon et al., '00)
• Familial specificity in externalizing• Carlson et al. poster
• Nature of P3 effect requires additional research
Thank you!