p planning

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Project Planning

24/09/2006 Emad Elbeltagi 2

Project Planning

Planning in General : SWOT analysisS: StrengthsW: WeaknessesO: OpportunitiesT: Threats

Objectives should be: SMARTS: SpecificM: MeasurableA: AchievableR: RealisticT: Timely

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Project Planning

Everybody

Somebody

Nobody

Anybody

TASK


Project PlanningCharacteristics of a good plan

Based on clearly definite and practical objectives

Simple

Flexible

Easy to control

Provide proper standards

Exploit existing resources, etc.

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Project PlanningPlanning Inputs and Outputs

Contract informationDrawings

SpecificationsAvailable resources

Bills of quantitiesSite reports

Organizational dataConstruction methods

ActivitiesRelationships among activitiesMethod statementResponsibility Reporting levelsProject network diagramActivities durationActivities cost

INPUTS OUTPUTS

PLANNING


Project PlanningPlanning Major steps

Determination of Project Activities (WHAT)

Establishment of Logic; Relationships and overlap (WHEN)

Presentation (Table, Network, Chart, …)

Estimate Activities’ Duration and Cost (HOW)

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Project PlanningWork Breakdown Structure (WBS)

The WBS is a hierarchical structure which is designed to logically sub-divide all the work-elements of the project into smaller elements.

House

Civil Plumping Electrical

Foundations Walls/Roof

Piping

H/C Water

Wiring Finishing


Project PlanningWork Breakdown Structure (Why)

Prepare project plan

Identifying Activities

Scheduling

Identifying cost & schedule at various levels of

details

Time & cost control

Identifying individual or departmental responsibilities

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Project PlanningWBS & Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)

Project

Area 1 Area 3

Beams Columns Slabs

Formwork Reinforcement Concreting

OBS (Responsibility & reporting)

Area 2 ……

……

……

Project manager

WBS (Work elements)

Subcontractor A

General contractor

Subcontractor B

Civil superinte

ndent

Mechanical

superintendent

Electrical superinte

ndent

Formwork foreman

Rebar foreman

Concrete foreman

Control account


Project PlanningWBS Coding

Each work package or activity in a WBS is given a unique code that is used in project planning and control Identifying Activities

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Project PlanningProject Activities

Project is divided into segments of work called activities

Activity: Time-consuming single work element

Guidelines for project breakdown: by: area of

responsibility, structural element, category of work, etc.

Level of details depends on: planning stage, size of the

project, complexity of the work, etc.



Types of construction activities:

Production: taken directly from drawings and/or

specifications

Management (Approvals, site establishment, …etc).

Procurement (equipment delivery, material

procurement)

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Example (Double Span Bridge):


Project PlanningActivities Relationships

The order in which project activities are to be performed

Which activity(ies) must be completed before an activity

can start

Which activity(ies) can not start until activity completion

Which activity(ies) have no logical relations

Logic constraints: Physical, and Resources

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180, 190Clear site200

155Bridge railing190

155, 160, 170Road surface 180

150Right road base170

140Left road base160

110, 120Construct deck slab155

90Fill right embankment150

80Fill left embankment140

16, 90, 100Erect right P.C. Beams120

16, 80, 100Erect left P.C. Beams110

70Construct central pier100

60Construct right abutment90

50Construct left abutment 80

14, 40Foundation central pier70

14, 30Foundation right abutment60

14, 20Foundation left abutment 50

10Excavate central pier40

10Excavate right abutment30

10Excavate left abutment 20

---Procure P.C. Beams16

---Procure RFT14

---Set-up site10

PredecessorsDescriptionCode


Project PlanningType of Activities Relationships

Four Types:Finish to Start (FS) Finish to Finish (FF)Start to Start (SS) Start to Finish (SF)

FS FF

SS SF

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Project PlanningOverlapshow much a particular activity must be completed

before a succeeding activity may start

Used for activities not using the same type of resources

With a value less than the duration of the preceding activity

+ve overlap (-ve lag) -ve overlap (+ve lag)


Project PlanningOverlapsExample

Consider the construction of the following sequential activities of

a bridge consists of 19 bays

Pile manufacturing with duration 2.5 wks/pier

Pile driving with duration 1.5 wks/pier

Pile cap with duration 2.0 wks/pier

Pier shaft with duration 2.5 wks/pier

Determine the appropriate overlap between activities

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Project PlanningRelationships Considering Resource Constraints

-A1B1

A1B1, A2C1, B2

A2B2, A3C2, B3

-A1B1

-A2B2

-A3B3

Excavate unit 1Concreting unit 1Brickwork unit 1



A1B1C1

A2B2C2

A3B3C3

Predecessors (constrained resources)

Predecessors (unconstrained

resources)descriptionActivity


Project PlanningProject networks: AOA

Two Types:Activity-On-Arrow; AOA (Arrow Networks).Activity-On-Node; AON (Precedence Networks):

AOAActivity represented as arrows with start and finish nodes called

Events

i jActivity A

j > i

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5 A 10 15BB depends on A

5 A 10 15C

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BC depends on A and B

5 A 10 15C

15B B depends on A

C depends on A

5B 10

15D

15C B depends on A and B

D depends on A and B

5 A



Dummy activityActivity with zero duration and no resources to adjust the network

Incorrect representation

5A

15 20C

10

B

C depends on A and BD depends on B only

25

D

Correct representation

15

5A

20 25C

10B 30D

Dummy

15A5

B

5 15A

10

BDummy

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Project PlanningProject networks: AON

AOAActivity represented as nodes

10A

Activity number

Activity name


Project PlanningProject networks: AON

B depends on A10A

20B

C depends on A and BD depends on C

10A

30C

20B

40D

B depends on AC depends on BD depends on B

10A

20B

40D

30C

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Project PlanningProject networks: Example

--

A, BCCD

D, E

ABCDEFG

PredecessorsActivity


Project PlanningProject networks: Example (AOA)

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Project PlanningProject networks: Example (AON)

SS(Start)=12=SS(Start)+12=SS(Start)+13=Highest of [SS(B), SS(A)]4=SS(C)+14=SS(C)+15=SS(D)+15=Highest of [SS(D), SS(E)]6= Highest of [SS(F), SS(G)]

-StartStartA, B

CCD

D, EF, G

StartABCDEFG

Finish

Sequence step (SS)PredecessorsActivity

Calculate the Sequence step


Project PlanningProject networks: Example (AON)

Sequence step 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Project PlanningActivity Duration & Direct Cost

Planning time unit (hours, days, weeks, months)

Establish method statement (method of construction)

Specify number of resources, and hence output

Duration = Quantity of work / No. of Res. x Res. Output



Productivity data

Man-hours/ unitMhrs/unit

Daily productionUnits/day

How long it takes form one labor to finish one unit

Applies to any crew formation

How many units can be done in one time unit

Applies to a given crew

Productivity can be estimated:

From published data ( الموسوعة الهندسية(

Previous records of a company

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Project PlanningActivity Duration & Direct CostExampleWhat is the duration to install 6000 square feet of walls shuttering if:

Crew of 2 carpenters is used, output of 200 square feet/day Productivity is measured as 0.008 man-hour/square feet. Number of carpenters =3, and number of working hours/day = 8 hours

a. Duration = 6000 / 200 = 3 days

b. Total man-hours needed = 6000 x 0.008 = 48 man-hours (if one man used)

Duration = 48 / 8 = 6 days (if one man used)Duration using 3 men = 6 / 3 = 2 days


Project PlanningActivity Duration & Direct CostExample (balanced mix of resources)

A wall involves 660 m3 concrete, 50 tone of steel, and 790 m2 of formwork.

- A 6 man concrete crew can place 16 m3 of concrete/day.

- A steel-fixer and assistant can fix 0.5 ton of reinforcement/day.

- A carpenter and assistant can fix and remove 16 m2 of shuttering/day

- using one steel-fixer: duration = 50 / 0.5 = 100 days

- using one carpenter: duration = 790 / 16 = 49.4 days

- using one concreting crew: duration = 660 / 16 = 41.25 days.

2 steel-fixer crews, one carpenter crew, and cone concreting crew. duration = 50 / 0.5 x 2 = 50 days

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Activity direct cost:

Duration, resources, and cost are interrelated elements

Direct cost comprises: labor, material, equipment, and/or

subcontractors

Unit cost = total cost / quantity

p planning

Documents

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start 2 ss

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4 ss

aoa