p. m. grant 8 december 1998 superconductivity: energy pipeline for the 21st century paul m. grant...

P. M. Grant 8 December 1998

Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century

Superconductivity:Energy Pipeline for the

21st CenturyPaul M. Grant

[email protected]/staff_papers/sst



Energy Civilization

Year (Modern Era)

Rel

ativ

e U

nits

Nuclear



Fathers of Electricity

DiscoverersDiscoverers

PractitionersPractitioners



Fathers of Cryogenics

Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes

CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2



Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity

H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)

A Big Surprise!



Another Big Surprise!

Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0

50

100

150

200

Tem

perature, T

C (K

)

Year

Low-TC

High-T

C

164 K



1987:“The Prize!”



Superconducting Wires for Cables



DTE HTS CableNY Times, 11/3/98

• Detroit Edison to begin use in 2000. $5.5 M project in interurban substation

• Pirelli, ASC, Lotepro, EPRI

• “...help U.S. build ... its competitive position in world market for HTS applications.” DOE Sec. Richardson

• “...revitalize older urban area in non-intrusive, environmentally friendly way.” R. J. Buckler, DTE CEO

ENERGY SECRETARY RICHARDSON OPENS GATEWAY TO ELECTRICITY SUPERHIGHWAY



Frisbee Substation

Step-DownTransformer

SubstationDistribution

Building



Circuit Layout

• 130 meters, 3 phase

• Five 90° Bends, 1 m radius

• One joint (MH 13465)

• Terminal at ends



Mega-Cities



Gas or Electricity?Pipes or Wires?



“Fuel-Head” and/orNuclear Generation



Future Power Lines:Southeast Asia



Global Electrification



More Examples:South America



1967 SC Cable !

100 GW dc, 1000 km !



The SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!

I

-V

Ground

Structural Support

SuperconductingElectricityPipeline

ThermalInsulation

ElectricalInsulation

Superconductor(-V)

Superconductor(+V)

+VI

LiquidNitrogen

• Total Cryo System

• Power: 5 GW dc

• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles



Gas/HVDC Comparison

Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Miles

c/k

Wh

LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)

LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)

HVDC

gas pipeline



The Standard Model



Next AmericanBig-Bang-atron

~ 150 m



“You don’t always get what you want…”



“…you get what you need!”



Electricity Paradigmand Superconductivity

• Generation/Storage– Generators, SMES, Flywheels

• Transmission/Distribution– Cables, Transformers, FCLs

• Delivery/End Use– Motors, Electromagnets



Electricity-Transportation Analogy

Electricity Transportation

· Fuel

· Generation

· Natural Resources

· Manufacturing/Agriculture

· Transmission Electrons· Distribution

· Interstate Highways Trucks· Regional Freeways

· End Uses· Lighting· Rotating Machinery· Appliances

· Retail Sales· Home Depot· Sears· Safeway



Operating Parameters

Capacity 50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW

Length 1610 km

Temperature Rise,1 K every 10 km, 65 K,1 W/m heat input

21,600 liters LN2/hr,100 kW coolers, 120gal/min

Vacuum 10-5-10-4 torr 10 stations/10 km need200 kW



The Future

700 K !

May, 2028

p. m. grant 8 december 1998 superconductivity: energy pipeline for the 21st century paul m. grant...

Documents

energy pipeline

state of superconductivity

century gas

century paul

electricity superhighway

century frisbee substation

century superconducting

southeast asia slide