Phonetics 2Phonetics 2

Ling400Ling400

Articulation: vowelsArticulation: vowels

•• Tongue heightTongue height (openness of oral (openness of oralcavity)cavity)

•• FrontFrontness vsness vs.. backbacknessness of tongue of tongueraisingraising

•• TenseTensenessness

•• Lip Lip roundroundinging

•• NasalNasal resonance resonance

Vowel heightVowel height

•• High vowels in English includeHigh vowels in English include

!! "#$"#$ "%$"%$ "&$'"&$' "($"($•• Mid vowels in English includeMid vowels in English include

•• "")%)%$$ "*$''""*$''"+(+($$ "",,$$ ""--$'"$'"..$$•• Low vowels in English includeLow vowels in English include

•• "/$''"0$"/$''"0$

VowelsVowels

•• Beet Beet "1#2$"1#2$ Bit Bit ""1%21%2$$

•• Bait Bait ""1)%21)%2$'+3'$'+3'''''''''Bet Bet ""1*21*2$$ [bet] [bet]

•• Bat Bat ""1/21/2$$

•• Boot Boot "1&2$"1&2$ Put Put ""4(24(2$$

•• Boat Boat ""1+(21+(2$$•• BoreBore""11,,33$$•• Butt Butt "1"1--2$2$

•• Bomb Bomb ""105105$$

# %)'*/

&'(+',-6

.

Schwa Schwa !!""##•• Schwa Schwa ""..$$ is the vowel that is found in is the vowel that is found in

unstressed syllables, e.g. roses [unstressed syllables, e.g. roses [!"#$!"#$%%$$]]

•• It is shorter than stressed vowelsIt is shorter than stressed vowels•• The tongue is lower mid and central (neitherThe tongue is lower mid and central (neither

front nor back)front nor back)•• Lips are Lips are unrounded unrounded in Englishin English

•• [[-$'$'sounds similar but is used in stressedsounds similar but is used in stressedpositions.positions.

Vowel triangleVowel triangle

"#$ "%$ "&$ "($

")%$ "*$ "-$".$''''''''''''''''''[+(] ",$

"/$ "6$

!"#!

$"%

&'(

front backcentral

FrontnessFrontness

•• Front vowels includeFront vowels include

!! "#$"#$ "%$''""%$''")%)%$$ "*$''"/$"*$''"/$•• Back vowels includeBack vowels include

!! ''"&$'"&$' "($''""($''"+(+($$ "",,$''"6$$''"6$•• Central vowels includeCentral vowels include

!! ""..$$ ""--$$

Vowel featuresVowel features

•• Vowel Vowel tensenesstenseness is manifested in increased is manifested in increasedlength, longer duration and higher tonguelength, longer duration and higher tongueposition than for the lax counterparts.position than for the lax counterparts.

•• In English the In English the tense vowelstense vowels are are "#7'"#7')%)%7'&7'7'&7'+(+($$beet beet "1#2$"1#2$ bait bait ""1)%21)%2$'$'boot boot "1&2$"1&2$ boat boat ""1+(21+(2$$

•• In English the In English the lax vowelslax vowels are are "%7'*7'(7'"%7'*7'(7',,$$ bit bit

""1%21%2$'$'bet bet ""1*21*2$'$'put put ""4(24(2$$ bore bore""11,,$$

Vowel featuresVowel features

•• Lip roundingLip rounding: the lips may be rounded: the lips may be roundedor not to change the sound of the vowelor not to change the sound of the vowel

•• In English lip rounding is predictableIn English lip rounding is predictablebecause non-low back vowels [because non-low back vowels ["#"#]]&& [ [,,$7$7""u], [u], [($($) are rounded and others are) are rounded and others areunroundedunrounded..

•• In French and German rounding is notIn French and German rounding is notpredictable: predictable: touttout ‘‘allall’’ [ [tutu], ], tutu ‘‘youyou’’ [ [ttüü]]

LiquidsLiquids

•• [l] lateral liquid [l] lateral liquid —— the tip of your tongue the tip of your tonguetouches the alveolar ridge but there is atouches the alveolar ridge but there is aside air passageside air passage

•• [[88] retroflex liquid (in American English)] retroflex liquid (in American English)—— the tip of your tongue is curled the tip of your tongue is curledbackwards around the alveolar ridgebackwards around the alveolar ridge(without touching it) Spanish uses an(without touching it) Spanish uses analveolar trill [alveolar trill [33]]

GlidesGlides

•• Can be thought of as rapidly articulatedCan be thought of as rapidly articulatedvowels vowels —— normally found in consonant normally found in consonantpositionspositions–– [w]: like [u] except that [w] is more rounded[w]: like [u] except that [w] is more rounded

–– [j]: like [i] but palatalized (compare [j]: like [i] but palatalized (compare yeastyeastand and easteast))

DiphthongsDiphthongs

•• Two-part vowel sequences:Two-part vowel sequences:examplesexamples''(())** boy, boy, ''"#"#** bow, bow, '+)*'+)*kitekite

Suprasegmental Features

•• IntonationIntonation

•• Tone (e.g. Mandarin Chinese)Tone (e.g. Mandarin Chinese)

•• Pitch Accent (e.g. Japanese)Pitch Accent (e.g. Japanese)

IntonationIntonation

•• John bought a car. [statement]John bought a car. [statement]

•• John bought a car? [echo question]John bought a car? [echo question]

Tonal contrast in MandarinTonal contrast in MandarinChineseChinese

•• Tone #Tone # Descript.Descript. Ex.Ex. GlossGloss

•• 11 highhigh ma ma ‘‘mothermother’’

•• 2 2 low rising low rising mmáá ‘‘hemphemp’’

•• 3 3 mid low rising mmid low rising m6699'' ‘‘horsehorse’’

•• 44 high falling high falling mmàà ‘‘scoldscold’’

Pitch Accent in JapanesePitch Accent in Japanese

!! ""!)!):#:#$'$'chopstick(s)chopstick(s)

!! "";6;6*"*"$'$'bridge(s)bridge(s)

•• (bold/underlined letters indicate high(bold/underlined letters indicate highpitch)pitch)

Transcription Transcription !! English Orthography English Orthography

a. <+5'2:65=>#'%?')%'@%<AB%=2';&'2#2:.?'/2'*5'6%'2#

Noam Chomksy is a linguist who teaches at M.I.T.

c. ,@ C6@'=4+(>.<'@/DAB%EF.?'G&?'=6(<E?'43+EG&=2

16%'H.'-4.3'3*=4.3.2,3#'=%=2.5

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.

b. I<*2#>='%?'H.'=2-E#'.J'=4#2:'=6(<E?

All spoken languages use sounds produced by the

upper respiratory system.

Transcription Transcription !! English Orthography English Orthography

d. %<'B-<'E6%.@*>2'.J'%DA@%:'>02'H.'<6(<'/<E''''>,2'C'>02'H.'J.31'63'43.<6(<=2'H.'=)%5

In one dialect of English cot the noun and caughtthe verb are pronounced the same.

Some people think Phonetics is very interesting.

e. =.5'4#4.@'K%D>'I.<*2%>='.?'J*3#'%<2.3*=2%D