P ARTICIP ANTS

Mr. Frederic Assal Institut d'anatomie Universite de Lausanne CH1005 Lausanne SWTIZERLAND

Dr. Jonathan Bacon School of Biological Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN19QG UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. Pere Berbel University of Alicante Department of Histology Alicante SPAIN

Ms. Ann Blake Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA

Dr. Friedrich Bonhoeffer MPI fUr Entwicklungsbiologie Spemannstr. 35 07400 Tubingen W.GERMANY

Ms. Janet Braisted Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology

University of Michigan Medical School 4610 Med. Sci. II Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

Dr. Eli Brenner Bollenhofsestraat 10 3572 VN Utrecht THE NETHERLANDS

Dr. J. A. Campos-Ortega Institut fUr Entwicklungsphysiologie University of Cologne Gyrhofstrasse 17 5000 Cologne 41 W.GERMANY

Dr. C. Dambly-Chaudiere Laboratoire de Genetique Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM

Dr. Stephen Easter Department of Biology University of Michigan 2109 Nat. Sci. Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

Dr. Yves Fregnac Neurobiology Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Dr. Carl Fulwiler Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

Dr. Patricia Gaspar INSERM U-106 Histologie nonnale et pathologique du systeme nerveux

Hopital de la Salpetriere 47, Boulevard de l'Hopital 75651 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE

Dr. R. M. Gaze MRC Neural Unit Department of Zoology University of Edinburgh W. Mains Rd. Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. Alain Ghysen Laboratoire de Genetique Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM

183

Douglas Gooday Zoology Department University of Edinburgh W. Mains Rd. Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM

Ms. Megan Grether Department of Biology MITE25-442 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

Dr. Mark Hankin Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy,

and Cell Science 818A Scaife Hall University of Pittsburgh School of

Medicine 3550 Terrace St. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

Dr. Peter Hitchcock W. K. Kellog Eye Center 1000 Wall St. Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 USA

Dr. Giorgio Innocenti Institut d'anatomie Rue du Bugnon 9 CHloo5 Lausanne SWITZERLAND

Dr. Daniel Jay Department of Neurobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02138 USA

Dr. Fernando Jimenez Centro de Biologia Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Canto Blanco Madrid 28049 SPAIN

Dr. Peter Kind Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax.NS B3H 4J1 CANADA

Dr. Anthony LaMantia Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University Box 8108 660 S. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

184

Dr. Jennifer Lund Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh 3811 O'Hara St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593 USA

Dr. Raymond Lund Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy

and Cell Science University of Pittsburgh Medical School 3550 Terrace St. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

Ms. Riva Marcus Department of Biology Univertsity of.Michigan Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1048 USA

Mr. Rene Marois c/o Prof. T. Carew Department of Psychology Yale University llA Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520 USA

Dr. Ian Meinertzhagen Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax, NS B3H 4J1 CANADA

Ms. Clare Meissirel INSERMU94 Lyon (Bron) FRANCE

Dr. Walter Metcalfe Department of Biology Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA

Dr. Zoltan Molnar Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford, OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM

Dr. Se1cuk Palaoglu PK 760 Kizilay 06425 Ankara TURKEY

Dr. Rolf D. Potthoff Universitat Lubeck lnst. f. Med. Psychology Lubeck GERMANY

Dr. Jorge J. Prieto DepartmeIit of Histology University of Alicante 03690 Alicante SPAIN

Dr. Dale Purves Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University Medical School 660 S. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Dr. Pamela Raymond Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0616 USA

Dr. Linda Ross Department of Biology 2109 Nat. Sci. Bldg. Univeristy of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA

Dr. Mar Ruiz-G6mez Laboratoire de Genetique Faculte des sciences Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM

Dr. S. Murray Sherman Department of Neurobiology and Behavior

SUNY Graduate Biology Building Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA

Dr. Daniel Shulz Neurobiology Laboratory Universite de Paris Sud Batiment440 F 91405 Orsay Cedex FRANCE

Dr. Peter Snyder Department of Zoology NJ-15 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA

Ronald Sonntag University of Bielefeld Faculty of Biology P.O.B.864O D-4800 Bielefeld 1 WEST GERMANY

Dr. Constantino Sotelo Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie INSERMU 106 Hopital de la Salpetriere F 75651 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE

Didier Stainier Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology

The Biological Laboratories 16 Divinity Ave Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

Dr. Larry Stanford Department of Structural

and Functional Science University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine 2015 Linden Drive, W. Madison, WI 53706 USA

Dr. Jeremy S. H. Taylor Department of Human Anatomy University of Oxford South Parks Rd. Oxford OX13QX UNITED KINGDOM

Mr. Andrew Trevelyan Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM

Jacques Van HeIden Laboratoire de Genetique U niversite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM

Dr. Monte Westerfield Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA

Ms. Oaudia Wilm c/o Bernd Fritzsch University of Bielefeld Faculty of Biology POB 8690 48 Bielefeld 1 WEST GERMANY

185

Ms. Margaret Wilson Department of Zoology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM

Mr. Richard Wmgate Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM

186

Ms. Kathleen Yee Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy,

and Cell Science 818 B Scaife Hall University of Pittsburgh Medical School Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA

INDEX

Acetylcholine receptor, 44-45 Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, 55 Acheta domesticus (cricket), 5-6

giant interneuron, 5-6 sensory system, cercal, 5-6 X-neuron arborization, 6

Achaete-scute (gene) complex, 12-13,23 and DNA, 12, 13

Animal size and neuron morphology, 99-105

Antigen Thy-I, 82 Ambystoma tigrinum, 50, 55 Arborization

axonal, 86-87, 148 dendritic, 102 neuronal,6 retinogeniculate, 148

Association principle neuronal, 154 Astrocyte, 82, 121 Axon

arborization, 86-87, 148 assay, 63-64 blueprint hypothesis, 53-54 callosal, 167 in cat, 114-118 and cobalt, 49 fasciculation, 4, 62; see also Fascilin and fibronectin, 45 and ganglion, retinal,63-65, 71 and glycoprotein, 4 growth, 42, 43, 54, 59-60,173

cone, 81 guidance of, 59-68, 81-89,171-173, 177

tropic, 81 and laminin, 45 maintenance, trophic, 81 mechanosensory, 175 in monkey, 117 navigation of, 175 in nervous system, central (CNS), 16-18 optical, 49, 50, 54, 56 outgrowth, 84-86 pathfinding of, 4, 81 pathway of, 16-18 pioneer -, 54, 75 position-dependent, 43

Axon (cont.) preganglionic, 100, 102 regeneration of, 54 retinal, 60-67, 77, 178 retinogeniculate, 142, 147-149 staining of, 55 survival in cortex, cerebral 119-121 and target, role of, 18 temporal, 64 tracing methods for, 50 of tract, optic, 73 transient, 121 transplantation of, 49 of wing vein of Drosophila

melanogaster, 175 in zebrafish, 56

Bee,136 Bicuculline, 154 Blastoderm, 3 Blastomere precursor cell, 42 Bouton, Synaptic, 106 Brachydanio rerio, see Zebrafish Brain, vertebrate, 49-58, 82, 141

formation, early, 49-58, 82 in frog, 49-58 in zebrafish, 55-57

increase in volume, 141 weight, 141

postnatal, 141 Bulb, olfactory, murine, 108

a-Bungarotoxin, 44

Calbindin immunostaining, 92, 93 6-Carboxyfluorescein, 105 Cat, 114-120, 145-146, 153-165, 168-169

behavior, 145 visually guided, 168-169

colliculus, superior, 146 cortex, visual, 169 deformation of image, 168-169 depth perception, 169 eyelid suture technique, 145 flow, optic, requirements for, 168-169

187

Cat (cont.) pathway, visual development of, 141-152 X,145 Y,145

visual experience, manipulated, 119 Cercotomy, unilateral, 6, 7 Cerebellum

anatomy, 91-92 circuitry, cellular, 91

replacement of, 92-93 cortex, 91, 95-96 fibers, 91 grafts, 92-95 lesions, 92 of mouse PCD, 93 transplantation of embryo tissue into, 92 see also Purkinje cell

Central nervous system (CNS), see Nervous system

Cell amacrine, 172 antigen Thy-Ion surface, 82 body position, 44 determination

lineage-dependent, 29 lineage-independent, 29 position-dependent, 29

diversity, 21 fusiform, 172 identity, 43-44 lineage, 29, 43 origin, time of, 43-44 starburst, 172 surface

antigen Thy-I, 82 glycoprotein M6, 82

see separate cells Chick embryo

ganglion cell, 59 retina, 62-63 retinotectal system, 59-67

anatomy, 59-67 development, 59-67

tectum, 62-63 transplantation, retinal, 62

Chromophore and laser inactivation, 173 Collapse of growth cone, 66-67 Colliculus, superior, 146, 171

cell, 86 and deprivation, visual, 146

Competition, definition of, vii Complexity, dendritic, 100, 102

and target size, 102 Compound eye, 168 Cone, retinal, 35-37

in fish, 35 pathway, 37

Connection, retinogeniculate, 147 Connectivity, neuronal, 99-105, 108, 113,

116-119

188

Connectivity, neuronal (cont.) adult, 113 juvenile, 113 pattern, 113 transition from juvenile to adult,

116-119 waiting phase, 116

Corpus callosum in cat, 167 development, 167

Cortex adult, organization of, 113-114 architecture

layers, 113-114 radial, 113-114 tangential, 113-114

cerebral, 119-121 connectivity

adult, 113 juvenile, 113 transition from juvenile to adult,

116-119 cytoskeleton, 119 development, 113-125, 153-165 juvenile

neuron, 115 organization, 114-116 projection, 113-125

tangential, 116 transient, 114-116

cortical to subcortical, 114 development, 113-125 distribution, radial, 115-116 interhemispheric, 114 intrahemispheric, 114 thalamocortical, 114

visual, 153-165, 169, 173-174 activity, 154 in adult vertebrate, 153-165 analog, cellular, 153-165 of cat, 153-165 covariance algorithm, 162 development, 153-165 epigenesis, functional, 154 neuron, 141, 153 period, critical, 155

plasticity, functional, 153-165 selectivity, neuronal, 154 striate, 141

neuron, 141 "teacher", extraretinal, 155, 162

Curare, 44

Daphnia sp., 129 ganglion, optic, 14

4, 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, 172 Diencephalon, 71 Diptera order, 1, 135 Defasciculation at fissure, optic, 62 Deprivation, monocular, 146 Development, see separate entries Dominance, ocular, 156

Dominance (cont.) in cat, 157 and plasticity, 156

Drosophila melanogaster, 1-39, 175 acetylcholinesterase, 55

gene, 55 achaete-scute gene complex, 12-13,23 bristle

mutant, 12-13 spacing, 12

cell, embryonic, number of, 21 compound eye, 29-39, 167 connectivity, neuronal, 170-171 ectoderm, 22 and environment versus lineage, 29-39 epidermoblast, 21 eye disc, 31 fascilin, 4 gastrulation, 22 gene

locus, 23 neurogenic, 23-25

analysis, molecular, 24-25 cell-to-cell communication, 24 development, neural, 23 products, 23

larva, 14-15 and networks, 15

lineage versus environment, 23-39 mosaic, 13, 31 mutation, 167-168, 170-171

AS-C, 24 lB,23 da, 24 jur, 167-168 gigas, 130, 132 sevenless, 31-32

nervous system central (CNS), 17 peripheral (PNS), 11-19

development, 11-19 neuroblast, 21

neurogenesis, 21-27 and interactions, 21-27

cellular, 21-27 genetic, 21-27

neuron in adult, 11-14 development, 1-3,21,23 in larva, 14-15 and phenotype, 29-39 sensory, 11-15

ommatidium, 30, 31, 167 phenotype, neuronal, 23-39 photoreceptor, 171 pioneer axon in, 175

mechanosensory, 175 progenitor cell, neural, 21 recognition, synaptic, 4-5 region, neurogenic, 22

and signal, regulatory, 22

Drosophila melanogaster (cont.) retina, 30-31 sense organs, 11-15

differentiation, 16-18 path from neuron to CNS, 16-18

signal, epidermalizing, 23 visual system, 170-171 wing antigen, vein-specific, 175

Dye, fluorescent, RH4l4, 108 Dysplasia, cortical, human, 120

Environments versus lineage in Drosophila melanogaster, 29-39

Enucleation, 149 postnatal, 149 prenatal, 149

Ectoderm cell, 1 Epidermoblast, 21 Equivalence group, 14 Evolution, vi Eye

lid suture technique in cat, 145 removal, 181-182 superior oblique muscle, 175

Fascilin, 4, 18 Fibronectin, 45, 175 Flow, optic, 168-169 Fly (Musca sp.)

innervation, 130, 131 lamina, 127-129 lobe, optic, 127 neuropil, 127 photoreceptor, 127-129 phylogeny, 134-136 synaptogenesis, 129

tetrad, 129-130, 135-136

13-Galactosidase, bacterial, 33 Ganglion

axotomized, 102 cell, retinal, 70,77,78

axon of, 71 cervical superior in vertebrate, 100-101 ciliary, 100, 10 1, 104

in rabbit, 102 parasympathetic, autonomic, 100 retinal, 181 sympathetic in adult, 106 without innervation, preganglionic, 102

Gene gap - , 3 pair-rule - , 3 segment polarity, 3 selector -, homeotic, 3

Glia cell, 170 Glomerulus, 6

cercal,7 Glycoprotein M6 82, 86, 171-172 Goldfish

axon regeneration, 54

189

Goldfish (cont.) nerve, optic, 54 retina, 35, 172 tectum, 61, 77

Graft, see Transplantation Grafting, neuronal, 91-98 grasshopper

axon growth,173 guidance, 173

embryo, 2 laser inactivation, chromophore-assisted,

173 and limb bud, 173 pioneer neuron of, 173

Growth cone, 62, 65-67, 81 axonal,81 collapse, 66 gradient guidance, 62 guidance, 62 inhibition, 65-67 retinotopography, 62

Hamster eye removal, postnatal, 181 ganglion, retinal, uncrossed, 181

Haplochromis burtoni (teleost fish), 178-180

neuron, tectal, 178-179 development, 178-179

nerve, optic, crushed, 179 projection, retinofugal, 179-180 tectum, 178

Hermissenda sp. (marine slug), 154 photoreceptor, 154

and foot contraction, 154 Histocompatibility complex, major (MHC),

181-182 Human, 118

axon, 118

Ibotenic acid, 120 noprost, 174

cytoprotective, 174 Image deformation, 168-169 Innervation

afferent, 100 changes over time, 106 geniculocortical, 142 neuronal, 99-111

Insect, 1-9 bristle-spacing, 11-12

mutant, 12 development, neural, see Neuron mother cell, sensory, 11 nervous system, 1-9

central (eNS), 1 peripheral (PNS), 1

neuron, sensory, 11 sense organ, 11 support cell, 11

190

Insect (cont.) see also Diptera, Drosophila, Fly,

Orthoptera Interneuron, 41

giant - , 5 reticulospinal, 41 spinal,41

Junction, neuromuscular, 106

Kainic acid lesion, 93

Lamellopodium, condensation of, 66 Lamina of fly, 127-137 Laminin, 37, 45, 170, 175 Laser, 173

cofocal microscope, 108 Limb bud of grasshopper, 173 Lineage

versus environment in Drosophila melanogaster, 29-39

of retina cells in vertebrate, 33 Lobe, optic

evolution, 135 of fly, 127

Lucifer yellow dye, 172, 181

Macaca nemestrina (monkey), 173-174; see also Monkey

Map, retinotopic, 178 Matrix, extracellular, 14 Metamorphosis, 121-122 Microcortex, 120 Microscope, laser, confocal, 108 Microtubule, 167 Monkey

axon, 117 cortex, visual, 173-174 neuron, 173 . visual experience, manipulated, 119

Motoneuron axon growth, 42 birthday, 42-43 caudal,42 and cell lineage, 42 death, 175 development, 175-176 endplate, 106 lumbar, 175 primary of zebrafish, 41-47 spinal, 175 trochlear, 175-176

Mouse axon guidance, In brain, embryonic, 82 bulb, olfactory, 108

and neurogenesis, postnatal, 109 embryo, 82-83 ganglion

cranial, 177 dorsal root, In

Mouse (cont.) mutant

nervous, 96 ocular retardation, 85-171 reeler, 115 staggerer, 96

neuron maturation, 177 retina, 83

transplanted into neonatal rat, 83 trigeminal system, 177

Musca domestica, see Fly Muscle fiber, 45 Mutants, see also Drosophila

melanogaster, Mouse Mutation, see also Drosophila

melanogaster, Mouse Myelin formation, 174 Myoseptum, 43, 45 Myotome, 43, 45 Myotube, 175

Nerve fiber, retinal, 170 olfactory, 56 trochlear, 175

Nervous system autonomic, 99-105 central (eNS), 106, 108, 113 dendritic, 105-106 peripheral (PNS) remodelling synaptic, 105-106

Neuroblast, 1, 2, 21 Neuroectoderm cell, 1, 2 Neurofilament, 167 Neurogenesis, 137

postnatal, 109 Neuron

architecture over time in living animal, 105-109

association principle, 154 auditory, 41 birth of, 1-9 of cat, 114 ciliary, 100 competition, 1-9, 105 COntlectivity, 99 of cortex, striate, 141 coupling and co-activity, 155 covariance, 155 development, 1-9 fate, control of, 3-4 function, integrative, 155 grafting of, 91-98 of growth cone, 4 identity, establishment of, 1-3 immunoreactive, 177 innervation, 99-111 in insect, 1-9 interactions, trophic, 100-103 interneuron, 41 labeled, 42

Neuron (cont.) line, lateral, 41 maturation, 177 migration of, 92 in monkey, 173-174 morphology, 99-111

and animal size, 99-105 regulation of, 99-111

motoneuron, 41-47; see also Motoneuron outgrowth, 177 pathfinding, 4, 177 pathway, 99-100 primary, 42-43

definition, 41 development, 42 identification, 42-43

reticulospinal, 42 segmentation genes, 3-4 sensory, 16-18,41, 154

pathway, 16-18 trigeminal, 177

specificity hypothesis, 71 stellate, 173-174 synaptogenesis, 1-9 and target interaction, 99, 100, 103 tectal, development in fish, 178-179 trigeminal, 41, 177

tactile-sensitive, 41 types of, 115 vibration-sensitive, 41 and video microscopy, 105 in vitro, 82

Neuropil of fly, 127 Newt, axon regeneration in, 62 Nucleus

geniculate, lateral, 142, 178 pathway, 143 of x-cell, 143 of y-cell, 143

Nystagmus, optokinetic, 169

Ommatidium, 30, 127-129, 167 mosaic analysis, 31 and photoreceptor, 31

Optic axon, 77 nerve, 75 tract, 75, 76 see also Visual

Orientation plasticity, 156, 159

disparity, interocular, 159 selectivity, 156

Orthoptera order, 1; see also Grasshopper

Pathfinding, axonal, 4 Pathway, 44-45, 49-53

axonal, 16-18 in insect within eNS, 17-18 from neuron to eNS in insect, 16-17

hypothesis, 4

191

Pathway (cont.) optic, 49-53 peripheral, 44-45 retinofugal, 50-53 retinotectal, 49 and target, role of axonal, 18

Pattern, generation of, 11 Period, critical

and cortex, visual, mammalian Periplaneta americana (cockroach)

cercus, 7 sensory system, 5

giant interneuron, 5 mutant space-invader, 7

Photoreceptor, 167-168, 171 development, 35-38

cell-to-cell interaction, 36 pathway, 38

of fly, 127-132, 135, 136 Phototaxis, 169 Pioneer

axon, 75 mechanosensory, 175 neuron, 173

Placode, olfactory, 56 Plasticity

cellular, 154 and dominance, ocular, 156 and gating signal, extraretinal, 155 and orientation

disparity, 159 selectivity, 156

and sensitivity, spatial, 160 synaptic, 153, 160

algorithm, 154-155 Projection

cortical, see Cortex geniculocortical, 178

development of, 178 retinal, 179 retinofugal, 179-180 retinotectal, 69, 76, 171-172, 177-179

development of, 69-73 Purkinje cell

axon, grafted, 93-94 in cerebellum cortex, 91 degeneration, 92 heterogeneity, 96-97 migration, 93 outgrowth, dendritic, 93-95 replacement, 91-98

Rat, 96, 174, 181-182 brain tissue

cortical, 174 graft, embryonic, 174

eye removal, 181-182 and iloprost, 174 neonatal, 83 retina, 33

and .6-galactosidase, bacterial, 33

192

Rat (cont.) visual experience, manipulated, 119

Region, neurogenic, 21 and signal, regulatory, 22

Retina activity, electrical, 36 amphibian, 33 axon, 49, 60, 77 of cat, 154 cell

determination, 33-38 differentiation, 36

and activity, electrical, 36 lineage, 33 pathways, schema of, 37

cones, 35 connection, selectivity of, 83-84 development, 59 of Drosophila melanogaster, 29-31 epithelium, pigmented, 33, 37 of frog, 69-71 ganglion

axon guidance, 63-65, 171-172 cell, 75, 144

death,75 layer, 33-343

of goldfish, 35, 172 gradients, 62-63 guidance, axonal, 63-65, 171-172 histogenesis, 34-38 innervation, selectivity of, 84 layers, 33-35 outgrowth, 84-86 pathway, retinotectal, 49, 171-172 photoreceptor, 35 projection, retinotectal, mammalian,

83-86 of rat, 33 retinotectal system, 49, 81-89, 171-172 rods, 34-35 selectivity of innervation, 84 staining technique, 83 of teleost fish, 33-35 transplantation, 83-86 vertebrate, 31-38

development in, 33 and X-cell, 144-145 of Xenopus laevis (frog), 33 and Y-cell, 144-145 of zebrafish, 169

Retinopticity, 78 of pathway, optic, 73-75

Retinotectal system, see also Retina Retinotopography, 62 Rhabdomere, fused, 67-68 Rhodnius sp., axon growth, 16 Rhodopsin, 168 Rods, 34-36

pathway, 36-37 precursor cell, 35-36

Rohon-Beard cell, 41

Segmentation gene, 3-4 Sensillum, supernumerary, 7 Sensitivity, spatial, and plasticity, 160 Sevenless mutation of Drosophila

melanogaster, 31-32 Signal, epidermalizing, 23 Space-invader mutant, 7

neuron, 7-8 Species and evolution, vi Structuration, adaptive, see Nervous

system, central (CNS) Synapse

evolution, 135 formation, 5, 127, 129

tetrad, 130, 135, 136 frequency

and activity, 132-134 and size, relationship of, 131-132

microcircuits, 127 plasticity, 6-8 regulation, numerical, 130-132 turnover, 134

Synapsic, 106 endings, 106 recognition between partners, 4-5

Synaptogenesis, 4, 129 Systems approach, definition of, System, visual, see Visual system

Tectum, 61, 62, 67, 177-178 caudal,77 offish, 61,178 of goldfish, 61, 77 gradients, 62-65 lamination, 179 optic, 49, 56, 70 origin of, 76 precursor tissue, rotated, 177-178 target area, 63

Telencephalon, 56 Teleost fish

photoreceptor, 35 retina, 33-35 a -Tubulin, 55

Transmission, synaptic, 154 efficiency of and normalization rules, 154

Transmission, synaptic, 154 efficiency of and normalization rules, 154

Transplant of neural tissue, 171 Transplantation, 181-182

of embryonic tissue into adult cerebellum, 92

Trigeminal neuron, see Neuron

Verification hypothesis, functional, 154 Video microscope, 105, 107 Visual cortex, see Cortex, visual Visual system

of bee, 136

Visual system (cont.) of cat, 141-152

anatomy, 144 deprivation, 142 development, postnatal, 141-152 and eyelid suture, 142 manipulated, 141-142 pathway, 145 period, critical, concept of, 142

construction of, 69-79 of Drosophila melanogaster, 170-171 of fly (Musca domestica), 127-139

and synapses, 127-139 number, 127-139 phylogeny, 127-139 plasticity, 127-139 specificity, 127-139

of frog (Xenopus laevis), 69-79 and light, flickering, 133-134 manipulated, 119-120, 133 pathway, optical, 73-75, 119-120,

141-152 development in mammal, 119-120

period, critical, 133-134 projection, retinotectal

development, 69-73, 77 pathway, 71

retinotopicity, 73-75 of vertebrate, 169, see also Cat

Wigglesworth's lateral inhibition, 11, 12 Wing of Drosophila melanogaster

antigen, 175 epithelium, 175 vein, 175

X-axon, 144-145 arborization, 145 retinogeniculate, 148

X-cell, 150-151 Xenopus laevis (frog), 49-58, 61, 86,

175-176 axon, 53 brain, 70

embryonic, reconstructed, 52 formation of, early, 49-58

chiasma, optical, 180 explant, nasal, 170 eye cup, development of, 72-73 fasciculation, 170 ganglion cell, retinal, 70 glia cell, 170

diencephalic, 170 tectal, 170

growth cone, 53 guidance, chemotropic, 85 motoneuron, trochlear, 175-176

number of, 175-176 nerve fiber, retinal, 170

crushed, 180 regenerated, 180

193

Xenopus laevis (frog) (cont.) pathway, optic, in early brain, 49-53 pioneer axon, 54, 75 precursor tissue, tectal, rotated, 177-178 projection

retinofugal, 50-54 retinotectal, 69, 85, 177-178

retina, 33, 69, 170 retinofugal system, 50-54 retinotectal system, 69, 85, 177-178 tadpole brain, 82 tectum, 177-178 tract, optic, 71 visual system, 69079

development of, 69-79 X-neuron, 6 X-pathway, 143, 145, 147

Y-cell, 150

194

V-pathway, 145, 147

Zebrafish, axon, optical, 56 brain formation, early 55-57 development of, 42

analysis, genetic, 42 and gamma-rays, 42 larva, 169

phototaxis, 169 motoneuron, primary, 41-47 mutation, 42, 45

spadetail, 45 nystagmus, optokinetic, 169 retina, 169

development of, 169 tracts, early, 55, 56 and ultraviolet radiation, 42 visual system, 169