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ˆ£ı∏ÕhUPÆ
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AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & I
1. C¢vØı¬ÿS I˜µı®§Ø∫ ¡∏¯P ... 1
2. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm] |÷¡®£kuæÆ
Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ ... 17
3. ¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ı∫ (1857&BÆ
Bsk ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]) & B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ ... 51
AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & II
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa
^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ ... 67
AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & III
5. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ ... 85
6. C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ & Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ ... 109
AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & IV
7. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı (1947 & 2000)
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ ... 135
8. C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿
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9. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P ... 161
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AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & I
1. Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®¶ ... 173
2. C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ_ ... 183
3. ©ı|ª Aµ_ ... 203
AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & AªS & II
4. C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ ... 217
5. ˜u∫u¿P“ ... 223
6. Si≤∂¯© ... 233
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1. C¢vØı : ¡mhıµ® £fl¯© & C¢vØz x¯nUPshÆ ... 243
2. |ªz ˜uıÿ”Æ, ¡iPı¿ &
|ªz ˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡iPıª¯©®¶Æ ... 261
3. C¢vØı¬fl Pıª|¯ª &
Pıª|¯ª≤Æ ©¯«∫ A÷¡¯h≤Æ ... 283
4. uı¡µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©s & CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ¨Æ ©sqÆ ... 303
5. C¢vØ® £∞∫P“ & £∞∫P“, Enƒ® £ıxPı®¶ ... 319
6. ˆuı»ªP[P“ & C¢vØz ˆuı»ªP[P“ ... 341
7. Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ, ˜\¯¡P–Æ &
Pmk©ı⁄[P–Æ ˜\¯¡P–Æ ... 359
8. C¢vØı¬fl ©UP“ ¡ÕÆ & ©¤u ¡Õ[P“ ... 375
9. ¡Õ∫¢x ¡∏Æ C¢vØı & G a]≤÷Æ C¢vØı ... 387
10. |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“, ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ & £µ¡¿
|ª¡¯µ® £h[P–Æ, ¬ÕUP® £h[P–Æ ... 399
11. PÕ®£o & PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ ... 417
12. £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k &
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k. ... 435
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vi
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1
AªS & I
£ıhÆ & 1
C¢vØı¬ÿS I˜µı®§Ø∫ ¡∏¯P
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2
I˜µı®£ı¯¡a ˆ\fl”¯h¢u⁄. Q.§.1453&BÆ Bsk
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3
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C. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ D. B[Q˜ªØ∫P“
2. RÃUPsh ıkP¯Õa ˜\∫¢u Aµ\∫P“ ©ıæ™P¯Õ
FUS¬zu⁄∫
A. C[Qªı¢x, §µıfl_ B. §µıfl_, ψ£∞fl
C. ψ£∞fl, ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿, C[Qªı¢x
3. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı ˜Pı»UTk £Sv∞¿ C”[P A›©v
AŒzu Aµ\∫
A. •·®ß∫ _¿uıfl B. ¬\Ø Pµ Aµ\∫
C. ©fl⁄∫ \ı©∂fl D. \¢vµıT∂fl ©fl⁄∫
4. ˜Pı¡ı¯¡U ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫
A. A¿™hı B. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı
C. A¿¶P∫US D. \ı©∂fl
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13
5. \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ C¢ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫
A. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. §µıfl_
6. £Æ£ı¯Øz v∏©n® £∂\ıP® ˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ
©n¢u CÕ¡µ]∞fl ık
A. §µıfl_ B. ψ£∞fl
C. C[Qªı¢x D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿
7. ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ¬Øı£ı∂
C. ©∏zx¡∫ D. £¯h√µ∫
8. B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS £Æ£ı¥US (¨Æ¯£)
AŒzu ¡∏h Szu¯P
A. £ 10 B. £ 20
C. £ 30 D. £ 40
9. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S C¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞fl
Rà A¯©UP®£mhx
A. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl B. Pı¿£∫m
C. i≥®˜Õ D. C¡∫PŒ¿ G¡∏Æ C¿¯ª
10. ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ E“Õ ©ıӯخ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“
ˆ£ÿ” Bsk
A. 1725 B. 1735
C. 1715 D. 1745
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ _______________ ¡µ ¶vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U
Psk§iUP ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
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14
2. ¶vØ Ph¿ ¡»P“ Psk§i®£v¿ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫ ____________ B¡ı∫P“.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨u¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø B–µıP ¬Õ[QØ¡∫
____________.
4. ¬\ØPµ Aµ_hfl ufl E”¯¡® £ª®£kzvØ¡∫ _________B¡∫.
5. \v J»®§¿ A¿˜£ıfl\ı A¿¶P∫US ____________§µ¶¬ÿS ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
6. 1609&BÆ Bsk ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿ ha_UPıµ∫
PŒfl ¨u¿ ˜Pım¯h Pmh®£mhx.
7. \∫ uı©Ï ˜µı ____________ ©fl⁄∂fl Aµ\¯¡∞¿ ≠fl÷
BskP“ u[Q⁄ı∫.
8. ˆ\∞flm ·ı∫‰ ˜Pım¯h ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿
Pmh®£mhx.
9. £v⁄ıflPıÆ ø∞∞fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ªı\P∫ ____________B¡ı∫.
10. `µzv¿ ¨u¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªzv¯⁄ A¯©zu¡∫
____________ B¡ı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
AAAAA
1. ©ı∫U˜Pı ˜£ı˜ªı &--& ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P
2. \ı©∂fl && C¢vØı¬ÿSU Ph¿¡»
3. §µıfl]ϘPı i A¿™hı && £ıµ^P ¡¯ÕShı
4. B∫©_ x¯”¨PÆ && ˆ¡¤_ ¡∫zuP∫
5. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı && ˜Pı»UTmifl Aµ\∫
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15
BBBBB
1. ha_UPıµ∫ && ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]
2. CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ && ¡ı\¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏“ wƒP“
3. AÆ£ı∞⁄ı £kˆPı¯ª && P¡∫⁄∫ & ˆ·⁄µ¿
4. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl && §ˆµg_ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
5. £ısia˜\∂ && 1623
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. I˜µı®§Ø \¢¯uPŒ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ˜u¯¡®£mh C¢vØ
¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. PıflÏhıfli˜ı§Œfl √Ãa] I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P¯Õ
G∆¬uÆ £ıvzux?
3. CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ ""©ıæ™ ˆÌfl‘'' G⁄ A¯«UP®
£k¡˜ufl?
4. £ı∫zu˜ªı™˜Øı hØÏ £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®¶z u∏P.
5. \ı©∂fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ Hfl uıUQ⁄ı∫?
6. ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
7. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ¡oPz uª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
8. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
9. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
10. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
11. "§µıfl]Ï ˜h'' £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
12. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
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16
13. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯©zu ¨UQØ ˜Pım¯hPŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
14. £ısia˜\∂ G∆¬uÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h
©ıQØx?
15. i≥®˜Õ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØı¬¿ u©x ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ
G∆¡ı÷ A¯©zxU ˆPısh⁄∫?
2. A¿˜£ıfl\ı i A¿¶P∫US ˜£ı∫a_UP¿æUSÆ C¢vØ∫
P–USÆ Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl BvUPÆ √Ãa]دhØU
Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬¿ G∆¬uÆ uÆ ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ
|÷¬⁄∫?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫, ha_UPıµ∫,
B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡oP
¯©Ø[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.
2. ¡ıϘPıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u Ph¿¡»
©ı∫UPz¯u EªP®£hzv¿ S‘®§mkU PımhƒÆ.
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17
£ıhÆ & 2
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]
|÷¡®£kuæÆ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–USÆ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ h¢u ˜©ıu¿P¯ÕU
Pÿ”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u
¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ P∫ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl
Pıµn[P“, A®˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ Aª_u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ
¬∂¡¯h¢u¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¬fl x¯n®£¯hz
vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶¬fl ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
(Doctorine of Lapse) G∆¬uÆ B[Qª Aµ]fl
¬∂¡ıUPzvÿS Eu¬Øx Gfl£¯u A‘u¿.
18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ, §ˆµg_UPıµ∫
P–Æ, ˜£ı∫a_UR]دµ≤Æ ha_UPıµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØı¬¿
C∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ Psh⁄∫. I˜µı®§Ø∏hfl
B⁄ C¢vØ ¡oPzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ
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18
˜©˜ªı[Q |fl”⁄∫. C∆¬∏ımi⁄∏Æ C¢vØı¬fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ uÆ ¡oPz uª[P¯Õ |÷¬⁄∫. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄
A∆¡oPz uª[P“ PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿
A¯©¢v∏¢u⁄. ¡oPzvfl ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ Cªı£Æ
A∆¬∏ımh¡∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ımi¯Ø≤Æ, ß\¯ª≤Æ
E∏¡ıUQØx. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–US“ AiUPi Pk¯©Øı⁄
\s¯hP–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A®˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Qª® §ˆµg_
Aµ_P“ uÆ ımk ¡oPU S UP–US Buµƒ AŒzu⁄.
1707&BÆ Bsk JÕµ[P^®§fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl
¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ ]u÷shx. 1645 ¨u¿ ]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚∞fl
¬hı¨Øÿ]Øı¿ A¯©UP®£mh ©µızvØ® ˜£µµ_
•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿
£µ¢x ¬∂¢ux. 1724&¿ |\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U Gfl”¯«UP®£mh
A\®·ı uUPın®£Sv∞¿ Iuµı£ız Aµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
1740&¿ Aº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıfl ¡[PıÕzvfl _u¢vµ ¡ı£ıPz ufl¯⁄
A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hz u¯ªPµıPU ˆPısk
\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P∫ıhP®
£Sv∞fl ¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∏Æ
A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P›©ı⁄ ˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿
1740&¿ h¢u ˜£ı∂¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Iuµı£ız |\ı©ı⁄
A\®·ı v∏a]µı®£“Œ ¡¯µ ¡¢x Afl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıfl Gfl£
¡¯µ B∫UPımifl ¡ı£ıP |Ø™zuı∫. A¡∫ ©UP“
©zv∞¿ ¶Pà ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ ]¯” ¯¡UP®
£mh ˜uıÏz Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄, \¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ® 1748&¿
¬k¬UP®£mk Afl¡∏w›USz ˆuı¿¯ª ˆPıkzx
¡¢uı∫. E“ımk® £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–Æ PªPzv¿ Dk£mh
⁄∫. A¢u |¯ªØÿ” Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© B[Q˜ªØ¯µ≤Æ,
§ˆµg_U Pı∫P¯Õ≤Æ Æ ımk Aµ]Ø¿ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿
u¯ª∞h ¯¡zux.
I. P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“
¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ : I˜µı®§Ø
¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi®£¯P 1742&¿
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19
i≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õ £ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂∞fl B–µıPB–µıPB–µıPB–µıPB–µıP |Ø™UP®£mhv
º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø
EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿
BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿
C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄.
A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk
B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫
ˆuıkzu⁄∫.
˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫
u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫
£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU
Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿
P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ
ˆ©ı∑ÊØͺ∏¢u §ˆµg_
B–µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La-Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫.
§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z
x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx.
i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl
u¯ª¯©∞¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık ™UP ]‘Ø
§ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux.
i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU
¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux.
CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫
J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ
§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la-Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©®
˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®¶“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ¨u¿
P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl
£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz v∏Æ£®
Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆
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20
ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. AuÿS® £vªıP A¡∫P“ ¡h Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿
C∏¢u ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U (Louisburg)¯P §µıfl]ÿS u¢u⁄∫.
Pmk®£ımkhfl ¨¯”ØıP \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¶vuı¥ E∏¡ıUP®£mh •µ[QP¯ÕU
ˆPısk S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞ªı⁄ £¯h√µ∫P“ Th
C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒfl ™P® ˆ£∂Ø £¯h¯Ø≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPı“Õ ¨i≤Æ Gfl£¯u ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫
ˆ¡Œ®£kzvØx.
CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) : C[Qªı¢x,
§µıfl_ BQØ ıkPŒ¯h˜Ø C∏¢u £¯P≤n∫a]
I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¨iƒUS ¡¢uıæÆ, C¢vØı¬¿ A∆¬∏
ımk ¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø ˜£ımiz ˆuıh∫¢ux.
P∫ıhP ¡ı®§fl £¯hP–US GvµıP i≥®˜Õ ˆ£ÿ”
ˆ¡ÿ‘ A¡∏US ™S¢u ƧU¯P¯Ø≤Æ ˜£µı¯\¯Ø≤Æ
ˆPıkzux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zx¡˜u
i≥®˜Õ∞fl ˜ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õ
J∏¡˜µık J∏¡∫ ˜©ıu¬mhı∫. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl
ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”¯uU Psh B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ga\∂U¯P≤Æ Aa\¨Æ ˆPısh⁄∫.
Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ : 1748&¿ Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ Pıª©ı⁄ı∫.
Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x A¡∏¯hØ Cµshı¡x ©P⁄ı⁄
ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ, ˜£µ⁄ı⁄ ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSƨ\ı£∫ ·[QÿSƨ\ı£∫ ·[QÿSƨ\ı£∫ ·[QÿSƨ\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. P∫ıhPzv¿ ˜uıÏz
Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄ \¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ® Afl¡∏w›US GvµıP
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B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ ]‘Ø u¢¯u≤Æ ˜£µı¯\≤Æ ™S¢u,
µ˜Pı£ı G⁄ A¯«UP®£mh, µSıuµı¡ı¿ A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª
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ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ïı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ïı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ïı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ïı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï Gv∫zuı∫. A¡∫ ˆPı¯ª≤sh ıµıØn
µı¬fl ©P⁄ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ ıµıدn A∂دn∞¿ A©∫zu
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33
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. µ˜Pı£ı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø ıi⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ 1775¿ ¨Æ¯£ B–∏hfl `µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvmhı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i u⁄US® •Ë¡ı
£u¬ Q¯h®£uÿS B[Q˜ªØ∫ Eu¬⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–USa
\ı¿ˆ\m, £ÏÍfl BQØ wƒP¯Õ AŒUP µ˜Pı£ı J®¶U
ˆPıshı∫. A∆ƒhfl£iU¯P B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–µı⁄
¡ıµfl˜ÌÏiUSUSz ˆu∂Øı©¿ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mhuı¿
A¡∫ A¢u Ehfl£iU¯P¯Ø |µıP∂zuı∫.
¡[PıÕzvfl B–∫, u¯ª¯© B–∫ G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u A¯⁄zx
B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ EØ∫ AvPı∂Øı¡ı∫.
1776&¿ ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï B[Q˜ªØ∏hfl ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl
£iU¯P£iU¯P£iU¯P£iU¯P£iU¯P ˆ\¥x ˆPıshı∫. ı⁄ı£m⁄ı¬Ï A∆¡ı÷ ufl
|¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zvU ˆPısk µ˜Pı£ı¯¡z ˜uıÿPizuı∫.
A®˜£ı∫ 1782&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P\ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P\ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P\ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P\ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P
≤hfl ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux.
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B[Q˜ªØ∫ \ı¿ˆ\m w¯¡zu¬µ ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz v∏®§
AŒzu⁄∫. µ˜Pı£ı¬ÿS Bsk K¥ƒ FvØ©ıP ≠fl÷
ªm\Æ π£ı¥ ¡«[P®£mhx.
CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ :CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ :CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ :CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ :CµshıÆ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫ 1803 & Pıµn[P“ : ≠zu ©µızvØ
Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï 1800&BÆ Bsk
C”¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫P
Õı⁄ £ıflϘª, ]¢vØı£ıflϘª, ]¢vØı£ıflϘª, ]¢vØı£ıflϘª, ]¢vØı£ıflϘª, ]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx.
A®˜£ıx Bm]¶∂¢u •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ ¡º¯©
Øÿ” Aµ\µı¥ ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ufl £ıxPı®§ÿS
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø ıi⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıflϘª,
]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂fl Jfl‘¯n¢u £¯hP¯Õz ˜uıÿ
Pizu⁄∫.
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vmhzv¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPısh⁄∫. ıÕ¯h¬¿ ©µızvØ∫
u[P“ ¡º¯©¯Ø C«¢u⁄∫.
≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ :≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ :≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ :≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ :≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ (1817 & 1818) & Pıµn[P“ : 1817¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP
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34
©µızvØ u¯ª¡∫PŒfl Tmh¯©®¶ Jfl‘¯⁄ E∏¡ıUP
¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥uı∫. Aa\©Øzv¿ •Ë¡ı¬fl A¯©a\∫
J∏¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl s£µı⁄ £˜µıhı ¨uª¯©a\∫
ˆPı¯ªa ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP B[Q˜ªØµı¿
•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ C»¡ı⁄ J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿
¯PˆØ zvk©ı÷ ¡ÿ¶÷zu®£mhı∫. AuÿS Ehfl£h
©÷zuxhfl •Ë¡ı B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı¯µ≤Æ ˆuıkzuı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØµı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A∆
ˆ¡ÿ‘∞¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x u¯ª¯© B–µı⁄ ˜ÌÏi[_®
§µ¶ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl BvUPz¯u |¯ª
ımi⁄ı∫.
¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ : •Ë¡ı¬fl AvPıµÆ E∞∫zˆu«ıu¡ı÷
]¯uUP®£mhx. ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £ª¨Æ
S¯”¢ux. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl Rà Bm] ˆ\¥≤Æ
|¯ªUS ¡¢u⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒh™∏¢x
Pı®£ıÿ” ©µızvØ∫ ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜uı¿¬
≤ÿ”⁄. •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı¬ÿS ¡∏h K¥≈vØ©ıP
π£ı¥ 8 ªm\Æ AŒUP®£mhx. ©µızvØ® £SvP¯ÕU
ˆPıskuıfl ¨Æ£ı¥ (£Æ£ı¥) ©ı|ªÆ E∏¡ıQØx.
©ı∫ËÏ©ıfl (Marshman) Gfl” ¡µªıÿ”ı]∂Ø∂fl
P∏zx®£i ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ _˜u\
Cµıq¡Æ ©mk™fl‘ _˜u\ ©⁄|¯ª≤Æ Ai¯©®
£kzu®£mhx.
B[Q˜ªØ∫ \zµ£v ]¡ı‚∞fl ©µ§¿ ¡¢u §µuı®§µuı®§µuı®§µuı®§µuı®
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Rî£i¢u ]ÿ”µ\ıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ :©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ :©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ :©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ :©µızvØ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ : A¯¡P“
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(5) ©µızvØ∂fl \≠P A¯©®§¿ Pın®£mh S¯”£ıkP“,
(6) Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒfl ¶”UPo®¶,
(7) B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ]”¢u Cµı·u¢vµ v”›Æ, Jÿ”∫
A¯©®¶Æ BSÆ.
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35
VI. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl
Rà C¢vØ∫ ªÆ
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& 1835)& 1835)& 1835)& 1835)& 1835) u¯ª¯© B–µıP 1828&BÆ
Bsk |Ø™UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫
™S¢u v”›Æ, ¿ˆªsn¨Æ,
©v~m£¨Æ ¡ı¥¢u |∫¡ıQ.
Aµ]fl ªfl BÕ®£kÆ ©UPŒfl
ª¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx
Gfl” ˆPı“¯P≤hfl ˆ\تıÿ‘Ø
A‘¡ı∫¢u ¨u¿ u¯ª¯© B–∫
A¡˜µ.
A¡∫ ©UP–US fl¯©ØŒUSÆ ]ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ
¯h¨¯”®£kzv |∫¡ıPzv¿ u⁄x ¨zv¯µ¯Ø®
£vzxa ˆ\fl”ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ≠fl÷
u¯ª®¶PŒ¿ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ : (1) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
^∫v∏zu[P“, (2) |∫¡ıP ^∫v∏zu[P“, (3) \≠P
^∫v∏zu[P“ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
C®£Sv∞¿ A¡∏¯hØ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
A‘تıÆ. £zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬¿, "\v'
G⁄®£kÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, £ªuıµ ©nÆ, S«¢¯uz
v∏©nÆ, ˆ£s]_U ˆPı¯ª, ˆ£sP¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄
ˆ\¥≤Æ £«UPÆ, Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ¬u¯¡® ˆ£sPŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª ˜£ıfl” \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬∞∏¢u⁄.
Azu¯PØ ˆPıiØ £«UP[P“ B«©ıP ˜¡πfl‘ C¢vØ®
£s£ımi¯⁄≤Æ, C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ £ıvzu⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
]ª w¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ APÿ” ¨Øÿ]zuı∫.
\v J»®¶ :\v J»®¶ :\v J»®¶ :\v J»®¶ :\v J»®¶ : \v G›Æ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ C¢xUPŒ¯h˜Ø
Pın®£mh ™PU ˆPıiØ £«UP[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. Aufl£i
Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ©¯⁄¬ ufl Pn¡fl Eh¯ª G∂®£uÿPıP
≠mh®£mh ]¯u∞¿ uı›Æ E∞∏hfl G∂¢x ufl E∞¯µ
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uı⁄ıP A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ ıÕ¯h¬¿ ¬u¯¡P“
E”¬⁄∫PŒfl ¡ÿ¶÷zuªı¿ E∞¯µ ©ı¥zxU ˆPı“ÕU
PmhıØ®£kzu®£mh⁄∫. ˆ£sP–US C¯«UP®£mh
©¤uzufl¯©Øÿ” Aaˆ\دª® ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¡ı¿ \QzxU
ˆPı“Õ ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1829¿ A¡µx Aµ_ J∏
\mhÆ CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ \mh
¬˜µıu©ı⁄ Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux. ˆ£sP¯Õ Ehfl
Pm¯h H÷Æ£i ¡ÿ¶÷zxÆ G¡∏USÆ ©µnush¯⁄
AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ Aa\mhÆ T‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ |¯”˜¡”
¡[PıÕzvfl ¶PÙUP \≠P ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPÕı⁄ Cµı\ıµıÆ
˜©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u˜¡¢vµıu uıT∫ BQ˜Øı∫
Buµ¬¯⁄ ˆ£fli[ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :E∞∫ £º∞ku¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª J»®¶ :
PhƒÕ¯µz v∏®v®£kzu ©¤u E∞∫P¯Õ® £ºˆPıkUSÆ
¡«UPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏]ª S‘®§mh C⁄zu¡∂hÆ
Pın®£mhx. ˜©æÆ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª G⁄®£kÆ
§”¢uƒh˜⁄˜Ø ˆ£s S«¢¯uP¯ÕU ˆPı¿æÆ £«UPÆ
S‘®£ıP Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ, ˜©ÿS, ¯©Ø C¢vØı¬fl ]ª
£SvPŒ¿ Pın®£mhx. Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
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A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P ™PU S¯”¢ux. ˜©æÆ £ı¯ª¡⁄®
£SvPŒ¿ ˆ£sPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ¨¯” ™PU Pi⁄©ıP
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£mhxÆ AuÿSU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢u⁄. A∆¬∏ £«UP[
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A‘¬zuı∫.
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Jfl÷©‘Øı £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ, ¡oP® £ØoP¯Õ≤Æ uıUQ
A¡∫PŒh™∏¢x ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ® £‘zx ¡¢ux. A®
§µa\¯⁄ ©zvØ C¢vØı¬¿ |ª¬Øx. uUP∫P“ Pık
PŒæÆ ©UP“ h©ımhÆ S¯”¢u £SvPŒæÆ ¡]zx
¡¢u⁄∫. ¡oP® £ØoP“ ¡»®£‘ ˆ\¥Ø®£mhuı¿,
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£ØnÆ ˆ\¥¡x ™PƒÆ A£ıØPµ©ı⁄uıQØx. Aa \≠P
¬˜µıu ˆ\Ø¿P–US ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ ¨iƒPmh
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uUP∫P“ ˆ£∏Æ AÕ¬¿ ]¯” §iUP®£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P–US ©µn ush¯⁄˜Øı A¿ªx ™PU Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄P˜Õı AŒUP®£mh⁄. uUP∫PŒfl S«¢¯uP“
^∫v∏zu vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥Ø®
£mhx. A¡∫P“ ¯Pzˆuı»º¿ £∞ÿ] ˆ£”, ˆuı»ÿ
£∞ÿ]®£“Œ Jfl÷ ˆuıh[P®£mhx. C∆¡ı÷ uUP∫PŒfl
B£zx ¨ ¡xÆ UP®£mhx.
P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ :P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ :P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ :P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ :P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P“ : ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ u¯ª¯© B–∫
£u¬∞¿ C∏¢u˜£ıx £“ŒPŒæÆ, P¿ø∂PŒæÆ
B[QªÆ £∞ÿ÷ ˆ©ı»ØıP ¶Szu®£mhx. u¯ª¯©
B–∂fl \mh B˜ªı\Pµı⁄ ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ Gfl£¡∫
AuÿSU Pıµn©ı¡ı∫. A¡∫ 1835¿ J∏ w∫©ı⁄z¯u |¯”
˜¡ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Aufl£i ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ B[Qªˆ©ı»¯Ø
C¢vØı¬fl A桪P ˆ©ı»ØıP ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜©æÆ A¡∫
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ £“ŒP¯Õ≤Æ, P¿ø∂P¯Õ
≤Æ |÷¡ FUS¬zuı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C¢vØı¬fl
kzuµ EØ∫Si ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ P¿¬¨¯” £µ¡
BµÆ§zux.
VII. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P≤Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¬∂¡¯huæÆ
h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) C¢vØı¯¡ Bm]
ˆ\¥u ¶PÙUP B–∫PŒ¿ J∏¡µı¡ı∫. A¡∫ HµıÕ©ı⁄®
£SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]≤hfl C¯nzuı∫. ˜£ı∫P“
≠ªÆ ıkP¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
£g\ı¯£≤Æ, Rà £∫©ı¯¡≤Æ, ˜£ı∫P“ ≠ªÆ C¯nzxU
ˆPıshı∫. B[Qª HPıv£zvØz¯u C¢vØı¬¿ |¯ª
ımh ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A˜u
˜µzv¿ C¢vØı √⁄©Ø©ıUP® £k¡uÿPı⁄ AizuÕz
v¯⁄≤Æ A¡∫ A¯©zuı∫.
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h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯” G vØ \∫
h§“≥. h§“≥. Ìsh∫ (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl£¡∫
C¢vØı¬¿ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl £oP¯Õa _∏UP©ıP
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ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ ˆPı“–u¿, J∏[Q¯nzu¿, ¨fl˜⁄÷u¿ BQØ⁄
G⁄UT÷Q”ı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P (Doctrine of Lapse) (B[Q˜ª
Ø∂fl ¡\©ıu¿) : C¢xUP“ u[P–US ¡ı∂_ C¿ªı©¿
C∏¢uı¿ Bs §“¯Õ¯Øz uzx GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ
E∂¯©¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ uzx GkUP®£mh
©P›US G¿ªı E∂¯©P–Æ, Ph¯©P–Æ Esk.
uzˆukUP®£mh¡∏Æ CØÿ¯P ¡ı∂_P¯Õ® ˜£ıª
u¢¯u∞fl ˆ£ı÷®¶P¯Õ® £Q∫¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. ¨uº¿
_˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PŒfl uzˆukUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∫
Gzu¯PØ uØUP¨Æ Cfl‘ J®¶U ˆPısh⁄∫.
h¿ˆÌÕ] u¯ª¯© B–µıP® £u¬ Hÿ”§fl
B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ£kzu ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¡µx £u¬UPıªzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫P
Õı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢uE∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢uE∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢uE∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢uE∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“, A¡∫P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏¢u
Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“Aµ_P“, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ G⁄ ≠¡¯PØı⁄ C¢vØ Aµ_P“
C¢vØı¬¿ C∏¢u⁄.
1. B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :B[Q˜ªØµı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh Aµ_P“ :
C∆¡µ_P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ E∏¡ıUQ⁄∫. C¢ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ u[PŒfl C”®§ÿS® §fl A∂دnUS
¡ı∂_P¯Õz uzx GkUP A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª.
2. B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u ıkP“ :B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u ıkP“ :B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u ıkP“ :B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u ıkP“ :B[Q˜ªØ¯µa \ı∫¢v∏¢u ıkP“ : C∆¡µ_P“
B[Qª BvUPzv¯⁄a \ı∫¢v∏¢u⁄. C¢u ıkPŒfl
Aµ\∫P“ uzˆukUP ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v¯Ø® ˆ£” ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A¡∫P–US
B[Q˜ªØ∫ A›©v AŒUPªıÆ A¿ªx ©÷UPªıÆ.
3. _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ : C∆¡µ_PŒfl ©fl⁄∫P“ uzˆukU
SÆ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ uzˆukUP®
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39
£mh¡∫P“ ©¯”¢u Aµ\∂fl ˆ\ı¢u ˆ\ızxUP–US
©mk˜© ¡ı∂\ıP ¨i≤˜©Øfl‘ A∂دn¯Ø® ˆ£”
¨iØıx. A∂دnUS ¡ı∂_∂¯©¯Ø B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
A›©v≤hfluıfl ˆ£”¨i≤Æ.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh ıkP“¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh ıkP“¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh ıkP“¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh ıkP“¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ C¯nUP®£mh ıkP“
::::: CUˆPı“¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] \uıµı, ˆ·¥zß∫,
\Æ£¿ß∫, EuØß∫, ·ıfl] ©ÿ÷Æ ıUß∫ BQØ £SvP¯Õ
B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nzxU ˆPıshı∫. A¡ÿ‘¿
\uıµı, ıUß∫, ·ıfl] BQØ ıkPŒfl C¯n®¶ \ÿ÷Æ
|ØıØ©ÿ”uıSÆ. 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]∞¿ ·ıfl]
µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ ufl¯⁄ Gv∫zu J∆ˆ¡ı∏ B[Qª
√µ¯⁄≤Æ ˆPıfl÷ S¬zx ufl ım¯h® £‘zu
B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® £»w∫zxU ˆPıshı∫.
¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ :¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ :¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ :¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ :¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ : CUˆPı“¯P∞
⁄ı¿ £ıvUP®£mh ©fl⁄∫PŒfl ˆ¡÷®¶US B[Q˜ªØ∫
BÕı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ Gv∂PÕıP ©ı‘⁄∫.
˜©æÆ 1857&BÆ Bsk h¢u ˆ£∏[PªPzvÿPı⁄ ¨UQØ
Pıµn[PŒ¿ CUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Jfl”ıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x,
©UPŒfl ˆ¡÷®¶ A¯ª √\ ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P
Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷. u[P“ ıkP–Æ B[Qª Bm]≤hfl
C¯nUP®£mk¬k˜©ı Gfl” £Ø En∫ƒ C¢vØ
Aµ\∫PŒhÆ ˆuıh∫¢x Pın®£mhx. ©UP–Æ B[Qª
Bm]¯Ø ˆ¡÷zu⁄∫. ©UP“ _˜u\ ©fl⁄∫PÕı¿ Bm]
ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡¯u˜Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. uzˆuk®£¯u A›©vzu
C¢xa \mhzvÿS ¨µnı⁄uıP ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯PU
P∏u®£mhx.
h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl √⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ h¡iU¯PP“ :h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl √⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ h¡iU¯PP“ :h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl √⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ h¡iU¯PP“ :h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl √⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ h¡iU¯PP“ :h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl √⁄ ©Ø©ıUP¿ h¡iU¯PP“ :
h¿ˆÌÕ] £ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
C∏®¶® £ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx, u¢v ¨¯”, ©º¡ı⁄ u£ı¿
¨¯” BQØ⁄ A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mh¯¡PŒ¿ ©”UP ¨iØıu¯¡ BSÆ.
C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx : C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uªıP
1853&BÆ Bsk ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı ¡¯µ 20 ¯©¿
(36 Q.´.) yµzvÿS C∏®¶®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1854¿
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ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPgaˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPgaˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPgaˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPgaˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x µıoPga Gfl›™hÆ¡¯µ C∏®¶®
£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1856¿ ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢xˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢xˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢xˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢xˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆAµU˜PınÆAµU˜PınÆAµU˜PınÆAµU˜PınÆ ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C∏®¶®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvfl
u¢¯uu¢¯uu¢¯uu¢¯uu¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯”ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯”ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯”ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯”ˆ£ıx® £ozx¯” : ¶x \ı¯ªP“ A¯©zu¿, Pı¿¡ı¥P“
ˆ¡mku¿, £ıª[P“ Pmku¿ BQØ £oP–UPıP ˆ£ıx®
£ozx¯” E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. Azx¯” HÿP⁄˜¡ ¶«UPzv
º∏¢u¡ÿ¯”a ^µ¯©USÆ £o∞æÆ Dk£mhx. A¡∫
£u¬U Pıªzv¿ P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥P[¯PU Pı¿¡ı¥ ˆ¡mh®£mhx.
ˆPı¿Pzuı¯¡≤Æ ˆ£Âı¡¯µ≤Æ C¯nzu "Qµısm"Qµısm"Qµısm"Qµısm"Qµısm
iµ[U'iµ[U'iµ[U'iµ[U'iµ[U' (Grand Trunk) G⁄®£kÆ ˆ£∏ ¡»a \ı¯ª≤Æ,
A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ A¯©UP®£mhx.
u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” :u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” :u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” :u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” :u£ı¿ u¢v ¨¯” : h¿ˆÌÕ] A¯µAnı (3 ¯£\ı) u£ı¿u£ı¿u£ı¿u£ı¿u£ı¿
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. A˜u ˜£ı¿ u¢vu¢vu¢vu¢vu¢v
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫. 1853 & 1856 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄
Pıª Pmhzv¿ _©ı∫ 4000 ¯©¿ (6400 Q.´.) yµzvÿSz u¢v
C¯n®¶P“ ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ¨Æ¯£, ˆ\fl¯⁄
BQØ Pµ[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ ¬u©ıP A¯©UP®£mh⁄.
A¡ÿ‘fl Cµıq¡ ¨UQØzx¡Æ 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞fl
˜£ıx Enµ®£mhx.
P¿¬ :P¿¬ :P¿¬ :P¿¬ :P¿¬ : 1854¿ \∫ \ı∫ªÏ Em (Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of1854) A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] P¿¬z
x¯”∞¿ ]ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫. J∆ˆ¡ı∏
©ıPınzvæÆ ˆ£ıxUP¿¬zx¯” (Department of PublicInstruction DPI) Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. ¨Æ¯£,¨Æ¯£,¨Æ¯£,¨Æ¯£,¨Æ¯£,
ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆPı¿Pzuı, ˆ\fl¯⁄ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ £¿P¯ªU
P«P[P“ |÷¡ ¨Øÿ]P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡
1857¿ v”UP® £mh⁄.
uı¥ˆ©ı» ≠ªÆ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUS ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒUP®£mhx. u¤Øı∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ FUS¬UP
©ı¤ØÆ (Grants-in-aid) ¡«[SÆ ¨¯” A‘¨P®£kzu®
£mhx.
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41
www.kalvisolai.com
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h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl Azu¯PØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ C¢vØı¯¡
√⁄©Ø©ıUQh Cmka ˆ\fl”⁄.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Bm] C¢vØı¬¿ |÷¡®
£mh¯u≤Æ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ P∫ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫P–U
Pı⁄ Pıµn[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ §Õı], £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫P¯Õ≤Æ A¡ÿ‘fl
¨iƒP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ x¯n®£¯hzvmhÆ Aufl |¯”, S¯” £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®§h ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ık ¬∂¡ıUSÆ ˆPı“¯P
£ÿ‘≤Æ, A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ
Gkzx¯µUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø©v®•k
I . \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” £Sv
A. Aˆ©∂UPı B. B®§∂UPı
C. I˜µı®£ı D. B]Øı
2. P∫ıhP ¡ı®§fl u¯ªPµÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. £ısia˜\∂
C. B∫UPık D. Pı¯µUPı¿
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43
3. ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥Ï §ˆµg_ B–µıP £u¬ ¡Qzu ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆ©ı∑ÊØÏ
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. ¨Æ¯£
4. \¢uı \ıQ® C¡∏¯hØ ©∏©Pfl
A. Afl¡∏wfl B. ¨\ı£∫ ·[
C. ˜uıÏz Aº D. ¨P©x Aº
5. 1757&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫
A. ½·ı&Ez&ˆuÕªı B. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı
C. ´∫Pı]Æ D. ´∫·ı£∫
6. §Õı]® ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk
A. 1757 B. 1764
C. 1765 D. 1771
7. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qª
B–∫
A. P∫⁄¿ Ï™z B. ˜©·∫ ©fl˜”ı
C. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶ D. Am™µ¿ ¡ım\fl
8. Iu∫ Aº∞fl u¢¯u J∏
A. Aµ\∫ B. £ı‰uı∫
C. A¯©a\∫ D. ¡oP∫
9. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ Iu∫ Aº ˜uıÿPiUP®£mh ChÆ
A. ˆ\[PÆ B. ug\ı≈∫
C. ©ıÓ D. £ısia˜\∂
10. 1781¿ \∫ AØ∫ Tm Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu ChÆ
A. ˜£ı∫˜hı ˜ı¡ı B. ˆ\fl¯⁄
C. v∏¡ı[T∫ D. ¯©`∫
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11. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ RÃUPsh u¯ª¯© B–∫
Pıªzv¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
A. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[ D. ˆ£fli[ §µ¶
12. Iu∫ Aº ©µn©¯h¢ux
A. |˜©ı¤Øı¡ı¿ B. ¶ÿ÷˜ıØı¿
C. A¿\∫ (Sh¿ ¶s) D. Eh¿ ª™fl¯©Øı¿
13. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¶P«®£kQ”ı∫
A. ¡oPU S ¬fl ][PÆ B. ım¯h E∏¡ıUQØ¡∫
C. ¡oPU S ¬fl AU£∫ D. ¡oPU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
14. ˆ·⁄µ¿ Ïk˜¡∫k £[˜Pÿ” ˜£ı∫
A. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ B. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
C. ıflPı¡x ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫ D. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ®˜£ı∫
15. uUP∫P“ ˆ\Ø¿£mh ChÆ
A. C©ıªØ® £Sv B. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ
C. ©zvØ C¢vØı D. ˆufl C¢vØı
16. \v J»UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1828 B. 1829
C. 1835 D. 1838
17. 1835¿ ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ C¢vØı¬fl A桪P
ˆ©ı»ØıP A‘¬zu ˆ©ı»
A. §ˆµg_ B. B[QªÆ
C. E∏x D. C¢v
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18. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P RÃUPsh \mhzvÿS
¨µs£ıhı⁄uıPU P∏u®£mhx.
A. C¢x \mhÆ B. ¨P©vØ \mhÆ
C. Q‘zx¡a \mhÆ D. ˜µı©ı¤Øa \mhÆ
19. 1856¿ C®£SvP–UQ¯h∞¿ C∏®¶® £ı¯u A¯©UP®
£mhx.
A. ¨Æ¯£∞º∏¢x uı⁄ı B. uı⁄ı¬º∏¢x ß⁄ı
C. ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x D. ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x
AµU˜PınÆ µıoPga.
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥P
1. i≥®˜Õ _____________ ∞fl B–µı¡ı∫.
2. B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________ Gfl” Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∂fl
Eu¬≤hfl §ˆµg_U P®£¿P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫.
3. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Eh⁄iUPıµnÆ I˜µı®£ı
¬¿ Hÿ£mh _____________ ˜£ıµıSÆ.
4. §ˆµg_ B–∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø ˜Pım¯h
_____________ BSÆ.
5. ]µı‰&Ez&ˆuÕªı¬fl ¨ufl¯©® £¯hzu¯ª¡∫
_____________ B¡ı∫.
6. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl£i _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_________ BQØ Ch[P“ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–US v∏®§
AŒUP®£mh⁄.
7. Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qªz uÕ£v _________
B¡ı∫.
8. ¡[PıÕzv¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®
£kzvØ¡∫ _____________B¡ı∫.
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9. 1776&BÆ Bsk ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï _____________ Ehfl
£iU¯P∞¿ ¯PˆØ zvmhı∫.
10. µ˜Pı£ı _____________ Gfl£¡∂fl ]‘Ø u¢¯u B¡ı∫.
11. `µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞fl ≠ªÆ B[Q˜ªØ∫ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ Ch[P¯Õ µ˜Pı£ı¬h
™∏¢x ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫.
12. Iu∫ Aº ufl £Sv∞º∏¢u §ˆµg_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
_____________ uıUP®£mhuı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˜£ı∫
A‘¬zuı∫.
13. Iu∫ Aº∞fl ©Pfl _____________ B¡ı∫.
14. v®¶ _¿uıfl B[Q˜ªØ∂fl m¶ ıhı⁄_____________
¯µz uıUQ⁄ı∫.
15. v®¶ _¿uıfl C”¢u §fl ¯©`∫ Aµ_ _____________
©fl⁄∏US AŒUP®£mhx.
16. v®¶ _¿uıfl Eu¬ ˜Pı∂_____________, _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQØ ıkP–US ufl yx¡∫P¯Õ
A›®§⁄ı∫.
17. ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª AvPÆ Pın®£mh ChÆ ___________
BSÆ.
18. C¢vØı¬¿ ¨ufl¨uº¿ C∏®¶®£ı¯u ____________
¬º∏¢x _____________ ¡¯µ A¯©UP®£mhx.
19. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ u£ı¿ ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®
£kzv⁄ı∫.
20. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
]ª P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
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47
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h && B–∫
2. \ısh∫Ï && ˆPı¿Pzuı
3. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ && ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫
4. ©ı[R∫ && Cµıq¡ A桪∫
5. Âı BªÆ && u¯ªP∫
B
1. ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï && 1776
2. \ı¿ˆ\m && 1782
3. ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl£iU¯P && u¯ª¯© B–∫
4. \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P && wƒ
5. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[_ && ≠zu Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫
C
1. A¥&ªı&\ı˜£¿
Ehfl£iU¯P && ≠fl”ıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫
2. £ısia˜\∂
Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
3. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P && £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫
4. AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P && CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫
5. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫
D
1. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && \v J»®¶
2. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ && u¯ª¯© B–∫
S ¬fl \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl && u£ı¿ ¨¯”
4. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ && uUP∫P“
5. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ && ·ıfl] µıo
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48
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
2. ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯Õƒ Øıx?
3. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫ Øı∫? Hfl
A∆¡ı÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?
6. §ˆµg_ B–∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ˆ\¥u ™P®ˆ£∂Ø u¡÷
Øıx?
7. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU T÷P.
8. "C∏mh¯”z xصÆ' £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶z u∏P.
9. §Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯h¢u fl¯©P“
Øı¯¡?
10. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
11. Iu∫ Aº G∆¡ı÷ ¯©`∂fl _¿uıfl B⁄ı∫?
12. ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
13. 1790¿ Pıµfl¡ıº_ v®¶¬fl ´x Hfl ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫?
14. ≠fl”ıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨iƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
15. ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.
16. ≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
17. ©µızvØ∂fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
18. B[Qª BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬∂¡¯hØ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
˜©ÿˆPısh h¡iU¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
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49
19. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u ıkPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
20. uUP∫P“ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
21. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¯nzu
ıkP“ G¯¡?
22. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x G∆¬uÆ £»w∫zxU
ˆPıshı∫?
23. C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
24. P¿¬zx¯”∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] ˆ\¥u ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡? ˜£ı∂fl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
2. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G xP.
3. P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”uÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
4. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¡ı÷ BvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫?
5. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı¯µ®£ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
6. ¨u¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl Pıµn[P“, |PÃP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª ¡oPU S ¬⁄∂fl BvUPz¯u
ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ ¬∂¡ıUQ⁄ı∫?
x¯n®£¯hzvmhzvfl |¯”, S¯”P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
8. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏
Pmk¯µ ¡¯µP.
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50
9. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_ ¬∂¡¯hØ h¿ˆÌÕ]
§fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬¡∂UPƒÆ.
10. C¢vØı¯¡ √⁄®£kzu h¿ˆÌÕ] ˜©ÿˆPısh
h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”®£∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯”U S‘UPƒÆ :
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº Pıªzv¿ B[Qª® £Sv¯ØU
S‘®§mk Av¿ §fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miU
PımhƒÆ & P∫ıhPÆ, ¡h\∫UPı∫, ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫,
A˜Øızv.
B. h¿ˆÌÕ] Pıª B[Qª® £SvP¯Õ ¡¯µ¢x Av¿
§fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miUPımhƒÆ & ·ıfl],
\uıµı, A˜Øızv, ıUß∫, Eu¥ß∫, ¨Æ¯£, uı⁄ı,
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ˆPı¿Pzuı.
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51
£ıhÆ & 3
¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫
(1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm]) & B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]¯Ø Gv∫zx ¯hˆ£ÿ”
¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø (Early revolts) P∏zv¯⁄®
ˆ£÷u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857¿ Hÿ£mh ¶µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿, |∏¡ıP,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, ©ÿ÷Æ Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ] §µPh⁄zvfl
¨UQØzx¡z¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
§Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡zv¯⁄≤Æ, ¡Õ[P¯Õ≤Æ _µsi
¡¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫P¯Õ Ai¯©PÕıP hzv⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿, \mhÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµÆ BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ ¶vØ A¯©®¶P¯Õ® ¶Szv⁄∫.
A¯¡ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ Æ ımi¿ ¡«UQ¿ C∏¢u⁄
¡ÿ‘ÿS ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ı÷£mh¯¡PÕıP C∏¢u⁄. B[Q˜ª
Ø∫PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿
£ªuµ®£mh ©UP–Æ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“
A¯⁄¡∏Æ ©QÃa]∞«¢u⁄∫. ˆ£∏Q¡¢u ©UPŒfl
ˆ¡÷®¶hfl ©fl⁄∫P“, £¯h√µ∫PŒfl S¯”P–Æ ˜\∫¢x
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52
ˆPısh⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ ]ª Ch[PŒ¿ PªP[P–Æ, Gv∫®¶
P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿ 1857&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ˆ£∏Æ
¶µm] (Great Revolt) ™P ¨UQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ.
£siu ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏ ufl›¯hØ iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂
BL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØı (Discovery of India) Gfl” ¶PÈ£ÿ” °º¿
""£«Æ ˆ£∏¯© ˆPısh J∏ ım¯h, G[Q∏¢˜uı J∏
w¬º∏¢x ¡¢u ]÷ TmhÆ Bm] ˆ\¥¡x Gfl¯⁄
™S¢u Bzvµ ©¯hØa ˆ\¥Q”x'' Gfl÷ G v≤“Õı∫.
AUPıª Pmhzv¿ C˜u En∫a]uıfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ
£µ¬∞∏¢ux.
B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)
: : : : : C¢vØı¬fl Q«US® £SvPŒ¿, C¢x \fl¤Øı]P–Æ,
C_ªı™Ø x”¬P–Æ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® ˆ£ıx¡ıP Gv∫zu⁄∫.
ˆufl C¢vØı¬¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ u[P“ £Sv∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ £µƒ¡¯u Gv∫zu⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ©∏x©∏x©∏x©∏x©∏x
\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ߺz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ߺz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ߺz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ߺz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ߺz˜u¡fl,
˜¡æzuƧ ˜¡æzuƧ ˜¡æzuƧ ˜¡æzuƧ ˜¡æzuƧ BQ˜Øı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP
¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ, √µÆ,
ufl©ı⁄Æ, vØıPÆ BQØ £s¶PŒ¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.
1806¿ h¢u ˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
h¡iU¯PP“ G¿ªı¡ÿ¯”≤Æ C¢vØ∫P“ ˆ£ı÷zxU
ˆPı“Õ ©ımhı∫P“ Gfl£¯u En∫zvØx. 1824¿ Hÿ£mh
˜£µUß∫ ¶µm]≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP Hÿ£mh
©ÿˆ”ı∏ ¨UQØ® ¶µm]ØıSÆ.
¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏ƨu¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏ƨu¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏ƨu¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏ƨu¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æ
¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] : C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ 1857&BÆ Bsk B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS ƒUS GvµıP ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.
A¯u B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“ £¯h√µ∫ PªPÆ Gfl÷
G v≤“Õ⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
A¢|PÃa]¯Ø ¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ Gfl÷
¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫. A¢|PÃa] 1857&BÆ Bsk® ˆ£∏Æ
¶µm] Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. A¢|PÃa]∞fl ˜£ıx
Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–µıP® £u¬∞¿
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53
C∏¢uı∫. A®¶µm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ª. A¯¡P¯Õ
Aµ]Ø¿, |∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡
©ÿ÷Æ Eh⁄iUPıµnÆ G⁄ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ.
Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ık C¯n®¶U
ˆPı“¯P ™P ¨UQØ Pıµn[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº
§µ¶ £ª C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–hfl ˆ\¥x ˆPısh x¯n®
£¯hz vmhÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏USa \ıuP©ıP C∏¢u˜£ıx
©mk˜© Aufl |£¢u¯⁄P“ ©vUP®£mh⁄. ©ÿ” \©Ø[
PŒ¿ A¯¡P“ ¶”UPoUP®£mh⁄. h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ı∂_
C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ Gmk ıkP“ G∆¬u |Øıب
™fl‘ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nUP®£mh⁄. ı⁄ı\ıQ®
ufl K¥≈vØzv¯⁄ C«¢uı∫. ·ıfl]µıo Cªm_™£ı¥
uzx GkzxU ˆPı“Õ A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“
B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ Aa_u¢vµ
G a]∞fl˜£ıx ™Pa ]”¢u u¯ª¡∫PÕıPU P∏u®
£mh⁄∫. A˜Øızv ¡ı® ¡]z AºÂı¯¡ £u¬∞º∏¢x
UQ A˜Øızv¯Ø B[Qª Aµ_ ufl £Sv≤hfl C¯nzxU
ˆPıshuı¿ A˜Øızv ¶µm] h¢u Ch[PŒ¿ ™P
¨UQØ® £SvØıP ¬Õ[QØx. ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫
CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı¯¡≤Æ A¡µx ¡»z˜uıfl”¿P¯Õ≤Æ
B[Q˜ªØ∫ C»ƒ£kzv⁄∫. A¡∫P“ u[P“ ¨fl˜⁄ı∫
PŒfl Aµs©¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ, ˆ\[˜Pım¯h¯Ø≤Æ Gv∫
Pıªzv¿ £Øfl£kzu ¨iØı©¿ ukUP®£mh⁄∫. A¯¡
©mk™fl‘ ˆ£ıx¡ıP ¨_ºÆP“ B[Q˜ªØ∫£ı¿
Av∏®vU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. B[Qª Bm]∞⁄ı¿ A¡∫P“
u[P“ Aµ]Ø¿ AvPıµz¯u C«¢uuıPU P∏v⁄∫.
|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ : C¢vØ∫P–US B[Q˜ªØ
Bm]∞fl ´x ƧU¯P∞fl¯©≤Æ, ˆ¡÷®¶Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
Euıµn©ıP v©fl”[PŒ¿ £ıµ^P ˆ©ı»US® £vªıP
B[Qª ˆ©ı»¯Ø® ¶SzvØx ©UP–US® §iUP¬¿¯ª.
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl v¡«[SÆ ¨¯” AvP ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıPƒÆ,
CØ¢vµz ufl¯©≤¯hØuıPƒÆ (Mechanical) Pıªzuı©u
¨¯hØuıPƒÆ C∏¢ux. Au⁄ı¿ H¯« ©UP–US G¢u®
£Ø›Æ Q¯hUP¬¿¯ª. u[P–US® £ªPıª©ıP Ai
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54
£o¢x ¡¢u \ıuıµn ©UP–Æ u[P“ ´x ¡«USz
ˆuık®£uÿS A¢v¨¯” \ıuP©ıP C∏¢uuı¿ ¡\v
™U˜Pı∏Æ A¯u ˆ¡÷zu⁄∫. A®˜£ıx B[QªU Pı¡¿
x¯” v”¯©≤h›Æ ˆ\Ø¿£h¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ ˆ£ıx
©UP“ u[P“ Eh¯©USÆ, E∞∏USÆ, ˆPÕµ¡zvÿSÆ
£ıxPı®¶ C¿ªıu¯u®˜£ı¿ G®˜£ıxÆ En∫¢u⁄∫.
A¯¡PŒ¿ ™PƒÆ AvP©ıP £ıv®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzvØx
|ª¡∂ ¨¯”ØıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl Rà |ª®§µ¶U
P–Æ SiØı⁄¡∫P–Æ \©©ıP˜¡ xfl£z¯u A›£¬z
u⁄∫. SiØı⁄¡∫P“ ™P AvP©ı⁄ |ª¡∂ ˆ\æzu
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. |ª®§µ¶UPŒfl \æ¯PP“ £‘UP®
£mh⁄. C¢vØ∫P–US Aµ]غæÆ Cµıq¡zvæÆ EØ∫
£u¬P“ ©÷UP®£mh⁄. B[Qª ¡oPUS |∫¡ıPzv¿
¿ª ˜¡¯ª Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ Gv∫£ı∫zu £izu C¢vØ
C¯Õb∫P–Æ H©ıÿ”©¯h¢u⁄∫.
ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ : ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µshº
⁄ıæÆ, HµıÕ©ı⁄ ˆ\¿¡Æ ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ”®£mhuıæÆ,
C¢vØz ˆuı»¿PŒfl A»¬⁄ıæÆ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ıÃU¯P ^∫S¯ª¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫
PŒfl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ≤Æ, Eÿ£zv¯Ø≤Æ ¨hUQ⁄∫. C¢vØ®
ˆ£ı∏mP–US C[Qªı¢v¿ ™P AvP Pı®¶ ¡∂≤Æ
B[Qª® ˆ£ı∏mP–US C¢vØı¬¿ ™PU S¯”¢u C”US©v
¡∂≤Æ ¬vUP®£mh⁄. CØ¢vµ[PŒ⁄ı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®
£mh HµıÕ©ı⁄ B[Qª ımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ C¢vØ
\¢¯uPŒ¿ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u⁄. ·´fluı∫P–Æ. S÷|ª
©fl⁄∫P–Æ u[P“ £u¬¯Ø C«¢uuı¿ A¡∫PŒhÆ £o
¶∂¢u C¢vØU ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫P–Æ
Buµƒ C«¢u⁄∫. ˆ\¡ıÕ∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ
B[Qª A桪∫PŒfl ¬∏®£zvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆuı»¿ ¶∂≤©ı÷
PmhıØ® £kzu®£mh⁄∫. AuÿS A¡∫P–US ™PU
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§µPh⁄¨Æ :§µPh⁄¨Æ :§µPh⁄¨Æ :§µPh⁄¨Æ :§µPh⁄¨Æ : 1858&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ C[Qªı¢x®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ CØÿ‘Øx. Aufl£i
B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ¨iƒUS
¡¢ux. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ B[Qª Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–∫ ¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥ G⁄ƒÆ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£uÿS Aµ\®§µv|vAµ\®§µv|vAµ\®§µv|vAµ\®§µv|vAµ\®§µv|v Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“ BSÆ.
Aa\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh˜£ıx C[Qªı¢¯u Bm]
ˆ\¥u¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo¬U˜hı∂Øı ©Pıµıo¬U˜hı∂Øı ©PıµıoØı¡ı∫. A¡µx ˆ£Ø∂¿ J∏
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62
˜£µ‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx. A¯u 1858&BÆ Bsk
¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ¨u¿ ˜uv C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–µı⁄
Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿Pı¤[ §µ¶ AªPı£ızv¿ h¢u u∫£ı∂¿ (TmhÆ)
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄Æ A¿ªx ˜£µ‘U¯P G⁄
A¯«UP®£mh A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ
Gfl÷Æ P∏u®£mhx. C¢u A‘U¯P C¢vØ∫P–USa ]ª
\æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[QØx. Aufl£i B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ
¡oPUS C¢vØ Aµ\∫P–hfl ˆPısi∏¢u Ehfl
£iU¯PP“ E÷vØıUP®£mh⁄. A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØı¬fl
£«¯©Øı⁄ £s£ık, £«UP ¡«UP[P“ ©vUP®£kÆ G⁄
E÷vØŒzux. C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–USz uzx GkzxU
ˆPı“–Æ E∂¯© ¡«[P®£mhx. ıi¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯P
¯P¬h®£mhx. A∆¡‘U¯P A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫P–Æ C⁄,
ˆPı“¯P ˜¡÷£ıifl‘ P¿¬, v”¯©∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
Aµ_ |∫¡ıP® £oPŒ¿ ~¯«Øz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“
G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬zux. ˜©æÆ ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl
©µnzvÿSU Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¡∫P“ u¬µ ©ÿ”
A¯⁄¡∏USÆ |£¢u¯⁄Øÿ” ©fl¤®¶Æ ¡«[P®£mhx.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP h¢u ¨¢¯uØ
¶µm]P¯Õa _miUPımh ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿,
|∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
Eh⁄iU Pıµn[P¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ˜£ıUQ¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄z¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
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63
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–USz
u¯ª¯© Hÿ”¡∫
A. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B. ı⁄ı \ıQ®
C. ©∏x \˜Pıuµ∫P“ D. uı¢vØı ˜uı®
2. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
¬¡∂USÆ ¬uÆ
A. ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ B. ˆ£∏[PªPÆ
C. _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ D. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhÆ
3. C¢vØ® ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞fl ˜£ıx C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯©
B–µıP C∏¢u¡∫
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº B. h¿ˆÌÕ]
C. Pı¤[ D. Q¯Õ∆
4. CØ¢vµ[PÕı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®£mh B[Qª ımk®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u ChÆ
A. B[Qª ımka \¢¯u B. C¢vØ ımka \¢¯u
C. A˜µ§Ø ımka \¢¯u D. Aˆ©∂UP ımka \¢¯u
5. ˆ£ıx Cµıq¡® £oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u Bsk
A. 1856 B. 1857
C. 1858 D. 1859
6. Pıflß∂¿ ¶µm]USz u¯ª¯© uı[QØ¡∫
A. ı⁄ı\ıQ® B. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥
C. ©[P“ £ıs˜h D. •Ë¡ı ¨uªıÆ £ı‚µı∆
7. Pfl¡∫][ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ]®£ı¥
C. |ª®§µ¶ D. ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫
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64
8. ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u £¯h√µ∫P“ RÃUPsh¡∫PŒfl
C¯hUPıª ¶P»¯⁄z v∏Æ£ƒÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫
A. ©µızvØ∫ B. ¨PªıØ∫
C. ^UQØ∫ D. C¢xUP“
9. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh ChÆ
A. Pıflß∫ B. ©zvØ C¢vØı
C. ªU˜⁄ı D. ˆh¿º
10. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“
A. Aµ\®§µv|v B. P®£¿ u¯ª¡∫
C. £¯hzuÕ£v D. \©Øz u¯ª¡∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ _____________BQØ Sn[PŒ¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.
2. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“
_____________ Gfl÷ ¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫.
3. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ ™Pa ]”¢u √µ∫PÕıP_____________©ÿ÷Æ _____________ BQ˜Øı∫ P∏u®£mh⁄∫.
4. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P–USz u[P“ \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk
¡«UPzvfl£i _____________,_____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_____________ BQØ¡ÿ¯”a ˆ\¥Ø u¯h ¬vUP®£mhx.
5. Cµıq¡® ˆ£ıx®£oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ C¢vØ £¯h√µ∫P“
_____________ Ph¢x £oØıÿ”z uØıµıP C∏UP
˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡ÿ¶÷zvØx.
6. ı⁄ı\ıQ§fl £¯hP¯Õ ¡»hzva ˆ\fl”¡∫
_____________ B¡ı∫.
7. ©µızvØ∫ Bm]¯Ø ´skÆ |¯ªımh ¬∏ƧØ
u¯ª¡∫P“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡ı∫P“.
8. ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫US Eu¬ ˆ\¥u
£¯h®§∂ƒ _____________ BSÆ.
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65
9. ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£ık
P–US _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ ¨¯”P“ ™P
Eu¬ØıP C∏¢u⁄.
10. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P¯Ø _____________ §µ¶
_____________ u∫£ı∂¿ ¡ı]zuı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ˜¡ø∫ ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ && 1857
2. ˜£µUß∫ PªPÆ && ˜£µµ\∫
3. ˆ£∏ƶµm] && ·ıfl]
4. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && 1824
5. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && 1806
B
1. ©[P“ £ıs˜h && Pıflß∫
2. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && A˜Øızv
3. ı⁄ı \ıQ® && ©zvØ C¢vØı
4. ˜£PÆ Ìϵz ©Pı¿ && ˆh¿º
5. Cªm_™£ı¥ && ˜£µUß∫
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∫ ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.
2. ˆ£∏ƶµm] Hÿ£h B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ık C¯n®¶U
ˆPı“¯P G∆¬uÆ Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷?
3. B[Qª Aµ]fl ´x C_ªı™Ø∫ Av∏®v A¯h¢u˜ufl?
4. C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¬uÆ
¨hUQ⁄∫?
5. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ\ƒz ˆuı»¿ ©¯”ØU Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
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66
6. B∫.i. ˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles) A‘U¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ J∏
S‘®¶ u∏P.
7. 1857&BÆ Bsk h¢u ¶µm]∞fl Eh⁄iU PıµnÆ Øıx?
8. ´µm ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.
9. ˆ£∏ƶµm]∞¿ Cµıo Cªm_™£ı∞fl £[S Øıx?
10. Pfl¡∫][Qfl \ıu¯⁄¯ØU S‘®§kP.
11. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ¡¬¿¯ª?
12. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” u¯ª¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
ˆ£ıx ˜ıUPÆ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u |π§?
13. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ Øıx?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. 1857&BÆ Bsk ¯hˆ£ÿ” ˆ£∏ƶµm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“
Øı¯¡?
2. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ® £SvPŒ¿
©mkÆ £µ¬Øx?
3. 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm] ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
4. 1857&BÆ Bsk ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ G xP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ¶µm] h¢u RÃUPsh ¯©Ø[
P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :
ˆh¿º, Pıflß∫, ªU˜⁄ı, ´µm, ˜£µUß∫, £ˆµ¥º,
S¡ıºØ∫, AªPı£ız.
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67
AªS & II
£ıhÆ & 4
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P,
\©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© \©ı·Æ, B∂Ø \©ı·Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµı©
Q∏Ën CØUPÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ˜ıUP[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh ¬uÆ
£ÿ‘≤Æ, hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ \¨uıØzvÿS
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¯\Øx
AP©xPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ Pÿ”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫], ^UQØ∫ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl ¬¯Õƒ
P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£zˆuıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk, C¢vØı¬¿ \≠PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
\©Øzv¿ £ª ^∫v∏zu h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®
£mh⁄. \©ØzvæÆ, \≠PzvæÆ ¶S¢u w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ US¡uÿS® £izu C¯Õb∫P“ £ª∫
¨Øfl”⁄∫.
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˜©ÿPzvØ P∏zxUPÕı⁄ £Szu‘u¿, \©zx¡Æ,
_u¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤uz ufl¯© ˜£ıfl”¯¡ A¡∫P¯ÕU
P¡∫¢u⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ £s£ımi¿ C∏¢u
S¯”P¯Õ UP ¨Øfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımi¯⁄
´skÆ ¶zx∞∫ ˆ£”aˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄∫. BP˜¡ 19&BÆ
°ÿ”ısi¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ C¢vØC¢vØC¢vØC¢vØC¢vØ
©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ©÷©ª∫a] CØUPÆ Gfl÷ ıÆ A¯«UQfl˜”ıÆ. Cµı·ı
µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPâuı∫.
\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &\≠P, \©Ø CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ &
Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© :Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© :Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© :Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© :Aµ]Ø¿ Jÿ÷¯© : B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ,
J∏[Q¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯PØı¿ C¢vØı Aµ]Ø¿ ∑v∞¿
Jfl÷£kzu®£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø®
ˆ£ıx®§µa\¯⁄P“ A¯⁄¡µıæÆ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄.
B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ufl¯©Øı⁄x £ª C¢vØ C¯Õb∫
P¯Õz u[PÕx xfl£zvÿSÆ C»|¯ªUS©ı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ A‘Øz ysiØx.
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫PŒfl §µa\ıµzvÿS Gv∫®¶ :
Q‘zx¡ \©Ø®£µ®ß»Ø∫P“ S‘®£ıP, H¯«, JkUP®
£mh¡∫P“, ©zv∞¿ u[P“ ©uz¯u® £µ®£ G¿ªı
¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫. P¿¬U Th[P“, ©∏zx¡
©¯⁄P“, Cª¡\a ˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]fl Buµƒ
BQد¡ Th A¢˜ıUPzvÿS® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx.
G⁄˜¡ C¢xUP–Æ, C_ªı™Ø∫P–Æ u[P“ \©Ø[P¯ÕU
Pı®£ıÿ” G¿ªı ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫.
AØ¿ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ :AØ¿ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ :AØ¿ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ :AØ¿ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ :AØ¿ımk A‘b∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ : ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P
Õı⁄ ©ıUϨ¿ª∫©ıUϨ¿ª∫©ıUϨ¿ª∫©ıUϨ¿ª∫©ıUϨ¿ª∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflϬ¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflϬ¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflϬ¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflϬ¿ºØÆ ˜·ıflÏ BQ˜Øı∫
C¢vØı¬fl £«Æˆ£∏¯©¯Ø ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ £s¯hØ C¢vØı¬fl ¶ª¯©™UP °¿P¯Õ
Bâx £izu⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˜©ÿPzvØ®
£s£ım¯h ¬h ™P EØ∫¢u C¢vØ® £s£ımka
ˆ\∂¬¯⁄ ˆ¡Œa\zvÿSU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ £ª
CªUQØ, \©Ø °¿P¯Õ ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zu⁄∫. A¢°¿P“
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EªP® ¶Pà ˆ£ÿ”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ £izu C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø
u[P“ £s£ımi¿ ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫¢ux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“
˜©ÿPzvØ® £s£ım¯h ¬h C¢vØ® £s£ık
˜©Æ£mhx Gfl£¯u |¯ªımh Gso⁄∫.
C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ :C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ :C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ :C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ :C¢vØa ˆ\¥vz uı“P“ : I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aa_U
Th[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿ ıŒuÃP–Æ,
£∏¡ CuÃP–Æ ˆ¡Œ¡µz ˆuıh[Q⁄. £¿˜¡÷ C¢vØ
ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ £ª ¶zuP[P–Æ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿
ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ C¢vØ ım¯h® £ÿ‘Ø P∏zxUP“ ChÆ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄. A¯¡ Æımifl £ıµÆ£∂Øz¯u≤Æ
˜©fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ £izu C¢vØ∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ Eu¬⁄.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımk ©÷©ª∫a]US®
£oØıÿ‘hz ˆuıh[Q⁄∫.
˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ :˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ :˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ :˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ :˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬ : ˜©⁄ımkU P¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ˜©¯ªU
P∏zxUPÕı⁄ ©UPÕım], _u¢vµÆ, \©zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜u]ØÆ BQد¡ C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬⁄. ˜©ÿPzvØ ık
P–USa ˆ\fl” C¢vØ∫P“ AUP∏zxUP“ A[S ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ
¬uÆ £ÿ‘ ˜µiØıP A‘¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. uı¥ık v∏ƧØ
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2. ©ın¡∫ Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ uØı⁄¢u
\µÏ¡v BQ˜Øı∂fl £oP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫, ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
©ÿ÷Æ Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ BQ˜Øı∫ C¢vØ
\¨uıØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ
CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ AºPı∫ CØUPzvfl G a] £ÿ‘≤Æ, \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©zPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ∫ CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£” CØæÆ.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl uıUP[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ \≠Pzv¿ |ª¬Ø w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ,
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ P¯ÕØ ¨Øÿ]zu¡∫P“
A. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ B. £izu C¢vØ∫P“
C. £iUPıu C¢vØ∫P“ D. |ª®§µ¶UP“
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80
2. \≠P, \©Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz
vPâu¡∫
A. CµıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ B. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
C. Afl¤ ˆ£\flm D. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
3. §µÆ© \©ı·z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v B. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥
C. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl D. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
4. Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ C∏
£zv∂U¯PP¯Õ BµÆ§zuı∫
A. B[QªÆ, ¡[PıÕÆ B. ¡[PıÕÆ, £ıµ^PÆ
C. £ıµ^PÆ, C¢v D. C¢v, B[QªÆ
5. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl CÕ¯©U Pıª®ˆ£Ø∫
A. ˜µ¢u∫ B. ≠¿\[P∫
C. uØı⁄¢u∫ D. \¢vµˆ\fl
6. v˜Øı\ı§P¿ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®
£mhx
A. B[Qªˆ©ı» B. Q˜µUPˆ©ı»
C. £ıµ^P ˆ©ı» D. E∏x ˆ©ı»
7. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆPı¿Pzuı
C. ˆh¿º D. ¨Æ¯£
8. 1893&BÆ Bsk EªPa \©Ø ©ıık ¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ªshfl B. ]UPı˜Pı
C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. GQ®x
9. µıÏz ˜Pı®uı∫ Gfl£x J∏
A. PµÆ B. £zv∂¯P
C. Aµ\∫ D. ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ
10. \∫ ¯\Øx ¨P©x Pıfl ufl P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®£
£Øfl£kzvØ £zv∂U¯P
A. ˆ©mµıÏ ˆ©∞¿ B. v ©µızuı
C. uı¿&Ez&AUªıU D. v C¢x
(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)
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81
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬fl _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_________ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ^∫v∏zu h¡iU¯PP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.
2. £s¯hØ C¢vØ CªUQØ[P¯ÕU Pÿ” ¶PÙUP ˜©¿
ımk A‘b∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡∫.
3. \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫P“ C¢vØ∫PŒ¿ A˜PÆ ˜£¯µz u[P“
\©Ø©ı⁄ _____________US ©ıÿ” ¨Øfl”⁄∫.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl C¢vØı¬¿ £µ¬Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ ımk®
ˆ£ıxUP∏zxUP“ __________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ BSÆ.
5. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı¥ G vØ ¶zuP[P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ_____________ BSÆ.
6. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPflµı∞fl ¨UQØ ˜ıUPÆ _____________\≠Pz¯u ˜©Æ£kzx¡uıSÆ.
7. ≠¿\[P∫ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU Pÿ”ı∫.
8. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl ¨«UP©ıP ¬Õ[QØ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh∫
_____________ BSÆ.
9. B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿ uıUPÆ ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ
˜u]Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ__________ B¡∫.
10. \©ÏQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿ v˜Øı\ı§ Gfl£x _____________Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£¯Øz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ _____________ B¡∫.
12. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u¯µ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
____________ BQ˜Øı∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆuısk Phƒ–USa
ˆ\¥≤Æ ™Pa ]”¢u ˆuıshıSÆ.
13. ¨_ºÆ \≠Pzv⁄∂hÆ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
___________ BQØ \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬⁄.
14. £ı∫] C⁄zu¡∂hÆ \≠P ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¨uº¿
¶SzvØ¡∫P“ _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________ B¡∫.
15. 1892&BÆ Bsk A™∫u\µ]¿ _________ P¿ø∂ ˆuıh[P®
£mhx.
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III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ &-& £ıª P[Pıuµ vªP∫
2. \zvØı∫zu §µPıË && √⁄U P¿¬
3. ˜u]Øzu¯ª¡∫ && ˜¡u[P–Æ E£|hu[P–Æ
4. DAV £“ŒP“ && _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
5. S∏SªÆ && ˜u˜¡¢vµız uıT∫
B
1. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ && B∂Ø \©ı·Æ
2. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
3. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm && §µÆ© \©ı·Æ
4. _¡ı™ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ && AºPı∫ CØUPÆ
5. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl && §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. uÆ £s£ımi¿ Pın®£mh S¯”P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ ¬∏ƧØ
C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU P¡∫¢u ˜©¿ımk P∏zxUP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ∫P¯Õz v∏®v®£kzvØ, ¶vØ ]¢u¯⁄PŒfl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
3. Q‘zx¡ \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫PŒh™∏¢x C¢xUP–Æ
¨_ºÆP–Æ u©x \©Ø[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl
A¡]ØÆ Hfl Hÿ£mhx?
4. ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P“ Æ CªUQØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
Øı¯¡?
5. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl
¡Õ∫a]US C¢vØa ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl £[S £ÿ‘
S‘®§kP.
6. ˆ£sPŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS CµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. ˜P\∆ \¢vµˆ\fl £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
8. C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
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9. C¢x \¨uıØzvÿS B∂Ø \©ı·Æ Bÿ‘Ø £oP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
10. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£ (v˜Øı\ı§P¿ ˆ\ı¯Èmi) G®˜£ıx,
G[˜P, Øıµı¿ A¯©UP®£mhx?
12. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ¨UQØ ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
13. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ hıUh∫
Afl¤ˆ£\flm G∆¬uÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫?
14. ˇ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ ©UP–US G∆¬uÆ
˜£ıvzuı∫?
15. 1893&BÆ Bsk ]UPı˜Pı¬¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” EªP \©Ø
©ıım¯h® £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
16. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl £oP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫P.
17. ¨P©vØ∫ CªUQØU P«Pzvfl ¨UQØU S‘U˜Pı“ Øıx?
18. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ¯\ Hfl
Gv∫zuı∫.
19. S∏zx¡ıµıUP“ G∆¡ı÷ ^UQØ C⁄®§µv|vP“
Pmk®£ımifl Rà ¡¢u⁄?
IV. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P.
1. C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫zv∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
2. C¢x \¨uıØz¯ua ^∫v∏zx¡v¿ Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥
©ÿ÷Æ §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl £[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
3. ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PÕı¿
Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯” £∞ÿ]
1. ^∫v∏zu¡ıvPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ A¡∫P–¯hØ
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø ¶zuP[P¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
2. Cµı©Q∏Ën ©hzvfl \≠Pa ˜\¯¡ ¯©Ø[PŒfl
A[Pzv⁄∫ ˜£ı¿ §”∫US® £o ˆ\¥¡v¿ Efl¯⁄
Dk£kzvU ˆPı“P.
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AªS & III
£ıhÆ & 5
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl
˜uıÿ”¨Æ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl |∏¡ıP h¡iU¯PP“
G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ∫PŒfl ªflP–US Gvµı⁄¯¡
Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ∂®£fl §µ¶, P∫\fl §µ¶ BQ˜Øı∂fl
^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ, Aufl ¡Õ∫a]
BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜ıUP[P¯Õ®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜ıUP[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄, _˜u] CØUPÆ, ¨ÏºÆ
ΩU ˜uıÿ”Æ, `µz §Õƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ™fl˜hı&©ı∫º
^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ, ªU˜⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯P,
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫zv∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿.
1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :1858&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ Hÿ£mh ©ıÿ”[P“ :
1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]US® §fl C¢vØı¯¡
|∏¡QUSÆ ˆ£ı÷®¶ ¡oPU S ¬h™∏¢x 1858&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª Aµ]fl ¯PUS ©ı‘Øx. C¢vØı¬fl
|∫¡ıPz¯u B[Qª Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫Aµ_ C¢vØa ˆ\ت∫ (Secretary of State
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of India) ≠ªÆ ˜µiØıP Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. C¢vØ |∫¡ıPz
v¯⁄U Pmk®£kzvØ Aa ˆ\تıÕ∏US Eu¬h 15
E÷®§⁄∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh C¢vØU S C¢vØU S C¢vØU S C¢vØU S C¢vØU S Jfl÷ Cªsh¤¿
A¯©UP®£mhx.
C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–∫ ¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥¯¡]µı¥ Gfl÷Æ
A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C[Qªı¢vº∏¢u C¢vØa
ˆ\تıÕ∏US® £vªŒUPU Pmk®£mh¡∫. 1861&BÆ
Bsk B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ C¢vØ Pƒfl]¿P“ \mhÆ
A¿ªx C¢vØa \mh©fl”[P“ \mhz¯u CØÿ‘Øx.
Aufl£i u¯ª¯© B–∂fl \mhUS E÷®§⁄∫PŒfl
GsoU¯P 12&BP EØ∫¢ux. u¯ª¯© B–∫ A¢u
E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ |Ø™UPªıÆ. A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª C¢vØ
E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ |Ø™UP®£mh⁄∫. AUS ¬ÿSU S‘®
§mh ]ª AvPıµ[P“ ©mk˜© C∏¢u⁄.
©ıPın |∫¡ıPz¯u® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ 1861&¿ \mh
©fl”[P“ A‘¨P®£kzu®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ A¯¡ ©ıPın
B–∂fl ¯P®£ı¯¡PÕıP˜¡ ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄. A¯¡
C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆPısi∏¢u Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Dk£ıkP¯Õ® £ıxPızx A¯u ˜©Æ£kzx
¡¯u˜Ø ¨UQØ ˜ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. B[Qª
|∏¡ıPÆ, B[Qª ¬Øı£ı∂P“, ˆuı»¿ Av£∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
B[Qª A桪∫P“ BQ˜Øı∂fl ªflP¯Õ ©mk˜©
£ıxPızux. AUS UP“ C¢vدµ® £ıvUSÆ ˆPı“¯P
P¯Õ˜Ø §fl£ÿ‘⁄. Azu¯PØ |¯ª∞æÆ 1870&BÆ Bsk
C¢vØı&C[Qªı¢x ıkP–UQ¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mh
u¢v C¯n®¶ (Telegraphline) J∏ ]ª fl¯© Gfl£¯u C[S
S‘®§h ˜¡skÆ. B[Q˜ªØ∫ u[PŒfl ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
|¯ª |÷zv⁄∫. Ax ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl h¡iU¯PP“
≠ªÆ ˆuŒ¡ıP® ¶ª®£mhx.
ºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µºmhfl §µ¶, ∂®£fl §µ¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶¶, ©ÿ÷Æ P∫\fl §µ¶
BQ˜Øı∂fl E“ımk |∫¡ıPÆBQ˜Øı∂fl E“ımk |∫¡ıPÆBQ˜Øı∂fl E“ımk |∫¡ıPÆBQ˜Øı∂fl E“ımk |∫¡ıPÆBQ˜Øı∂fl E“ımk |∫¡ıPÆ
ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) :ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) :ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) :ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) :ºmhfl §µ¶ (1876 & 1880) : 1876¿ ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl
¯¡]µıØıP® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ CªUQØzv¿ Dk£ık
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ˆPısh¡∫. B⁄ı¿ |∫¡ıP ¨fl A›£¡Æ Aÿ”¡∫.
˜©æÆ A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬¡Pıµ[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP¬¿¯ª. A¢|¯ª∞¿ Bm]® ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ”
A¡∫ C¢vØ |∫¡ıPzv¿ £ª ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk
¡¢uı∫. A¯¡ A¯⁄zxÆ §∂mh¤fl Dk£ıkP¯Õ
©mk˜© ß∫zv ˆ\¥u⁄. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫P“ ºmhfl
§µ¶¬fl h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ ™S¢u Av∏®v A¯h¢u⁄∫.
CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ :CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ :CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ :CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ :CµshıÆ B®Pı¤Ø® ˜£ı∫ : ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl
u¯ª¯© B–µıP C∏¢u˜£ıx, B[Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
CµËØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫¡¯uU Psk B[Q˜ªØ∫
Ag]⁄∫. CµËØı B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ¡»ØıP C¢vØı ´x
£¯hˆØkUPUTkÆ Gfl÷ C[Qªı¢x GsoØx. G⁄˜¡
CµËØı¬fl ¬∂¡ıUPz¯uz ukUP B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄Æ
¨ ¡¯u≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §i∞¿ ˆPısk¡µ ºmhfl
§µ¶ w∫©ı¤zuı∫. Au⁄ı¿ 1878&¿ B®Pı¤Ïuı¯⁄z uıUP
B[Qª® £¯h∞¯⁄ A›®§⁄ı∫. A¢ımifl ©fl⁄∫ A´∫A´∫A´∫A´∫A´∫
ˆÂ∫AºˆÂ∫AºˆÂ∫AºˆÂ∫AºˆÂ∫Aº CµËØı¬ÿSz u®§ Ki⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ ¶vØ
©fl⁄∏hfl J∏ Ehfl£iU¯P¯Øa ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄∫.
Aufl£i B[Qª® §µv|v (English Resident) J∏¡∫ Pıߺ¿
|Ø™UP®£mhı∫. B⁄ı¿ ´skÆ B®Pı¤Ïuı⁄zv¿
Hÿ£mh J∏ PªPz¯u AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫ CµshıÆ
¨¯”ØıP B®Pı¤Ïuıfl ´x £¯hˆØkzx A¢ım¯hU
¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜u¯¡∞¿ªı©¿ h¢u A®˜£ı∫PÕı¿
C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ™PƒÆ ˜©ı\©ıP® £ıvUP®£mhx.
1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ :1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ :1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ :1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ :1876 & 1878&BÆ BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh £g\Æ : 1876 ¨u¿ 1878
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Aµ_®§µv|vØı⁄ ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫kƈ\ÆϘ£ı∫kƈ\ÆϘ£ı∫kƈ\ÆϘ£ı∫kƈ\ÆϘ£ı∫kÆ B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ
Ca\mhzv¯⁄ 1919&BÆ Bsk CØÿ‘h® ˆ£ı÷®¶¯h
Ø¡∫P“ B¡∫. Ca\mhzvfl£i Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&
C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“ BQØ ≠fl÷ C⁄ ©UP–USÆ u¤z
ˆuıSvP“ ¡«[P®£mh⁄. Ca\mhÆ ©zvØ, ©ıPın \mh
].B∫. uıÏ].B∫. uıÏ].B∫. uıÏ].B∫. uıÏ].B∫. uıÏ
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102
©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬∂ƒ£kzvØx. ˜©æÆ, Ca\mhÆ
©ıPın[PŒ¿ Cµm¯h Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¨P®
£kzvØx. C¢vØ∫P“ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ \mh
©fl”[PŒ¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. G¤›Æ, C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ_ Ca\mhz¯u |µıP∂zux. C¯uz ˆuıh∫¢x
C¢vØı¬¿ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤Æ, Jzx¯«
Øı¯© CØUP¨Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
Aa\mhz¯u ˆ¡Œ∞mhx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ£∏¢
ufl¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Ø¿ G⁄ƒÆ, Au¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“¡x
C¢vØ∏US ©v®¶¯hØuıPıx G⁄ƒÆ Afl¤ˆ£\flm
¬¡∂zuı∫.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl
ª›US G∆¡ı÷ Gvµı⁄¯¡ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ©UP–US Bÿ‘Ø ˜\¯¡P¯Õ
©ın¡∫ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. P∫\¤fl ì§∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P¯Øí ©ın¡∫ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u]ØÆ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[
P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ™u¡ıvP“ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜ıUP[P¯Õ≤Æ
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ J®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ `µz §Õƒ Hfl Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯ua _miU
Pımh ¨i≤Æ.
8. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ C¢vØ∏US Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPzvfl ˜ıUPzv¯⁄U
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k \mhÆ ˆPısk ¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £miغh ¨i≤Æ.
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103
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆ¡¿º u∫£ı¯µ hzvØ¡∫.
A. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. P∫\fl §µ¶
2. ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®
£kzu ˆ¡Œ∞mh \mhÆ
A. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ B. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa
£zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ \mhÆ
C. C¿£∫m \mhÆ D. £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø
A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmh∫ §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1887 B. 1882
C. 1883 D. 1885
5. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
A. P∫\fl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. ™fl˜hı §µ¶
6. ].§. C¿£∫m Gfl£¡∫ J∏
A. £¯hzu¯ª¡∫ B. \mh E÷®§⁄∫
C. u¯ª¯© B–∫ D. v£v
7. Tmk”ƒa \[P[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ∂®£fl §µ¶ B. P∫\fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶
8. ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]z x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmhfl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. ©ı∫º §µ¶
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104
9. ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ |Pâu Bsk
A. 1911 B. 1912
C. 1905 D. 1910
10. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu ¨«UPÆ
A. ˜¡u[P¯Õ B. ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
˜ıUQa ˆ\¿
C. _صı‰ØÆ G⁄x D. C¡ÿ‘¿ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª.
§”®¶∂¯©
11. ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ |Pâu BskP“
A. 1914 & 1916 B. 1912 & 1915
C. 1914 & 1918 D. 1918 & 1921
12. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm J∏
A. B[Qª® ˆ£s©o B. C¢vØ® ˆ£s©o
C. Aˆ©∂UP® ˆ£s©o D. AØ∫ªı¢x ˆ£s©o
13. BPÏk A‘U¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mh¡∫
A. ©ı∫º B. ©ıs˜hS
C. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl D. P∫\fl
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. 1870¿ u¢vUPƧ C¯n®¶ C[Qªı¢xUSÆ _______ USÆ
C¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mhx.
2. C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P“ ¯¡zv∏UP, ¡ı[P A¿ªx ¬ÿP
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Aµ]fl A›©v ˆ£”˜¡skÆ Gfl÷
¡ÿ¶÷zvØ \mhÆ _______ BSÆ.
3. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ _______ fl ˜¡¯ª
˜µz¯u |∫n∞zux.
4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl Aµ_ _______ \mhz¯u UQØx.
5. ∂®£fl §µ¶ ______¿ E“Õ £¿P¯ªU P«Pz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫.
6. P∫\fl _______ S Jfl÷ A¯©zx |¡ıµn® £oP–US
ˆ£∏¢ˆuı¯P JxUQ⁄ı∫.
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105
7. C¯Õb∫P–US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP P∫\fl _______I
A¯©zuı∫.
8. Q«US ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ªP∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ ˜©ÿS
¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ªP∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬UP®£mh⁄.
9. _______fl §µPh⁄zv¿ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh ¡ıUS÷vP“
GxƒÆ §fl£ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª.
10. C¢vØ∫P“ _______, _______ BQØ ıkPŒfl IUQØzv
⁄ı¿ FUPÆ ˆPısk u[P“ _u¢vµzvÿS® ˜£ıµıh
¬∏Ƨ⁄∫.
11. _______, _______ BQ˜Øı∂fl G zxUP“ ©UP“ ©zv∞¿
˜u]Ø ¬»®¶n∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄.
12. ™u¡ıvPŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯PP“ _______ Gfl÷ ¡∫oUP®
£mhx.
13. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØ∫ _______ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ®
¶”UPozu⁄∫.
14. ufl⁄ım] CØUPzv¿ Dk£mh u¯ª¡∫P“ _______ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______ B¡ı∫.
15. ªU˜⁄ı¬¿ h¢u Pı[Qµ_ ©ıımi¿ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏
¨ufl ¨uªıP _______ I \¢vzuı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ &&- 1877
2. Ìsh∫ S && 1881
3. ˆh¿º u∫£ı∫ && 1904
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ && 1882
5. C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªUP«Pa \mhÆ && 1878
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106
B
1. A´∫ ˆÂ∫ Aº && £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“
2. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u && \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. C¿£∫m && B®Pı¤Ø Aµ\∫
4. P∫\fl §µ¶ && ß\ı
5. ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ && ∂®£fl
C
1. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && ™u¡ıvP“
2. Aµ¬¢u ˜PıË && ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
3. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ && ˜P\∂
4. £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫ && |≥ C¢vØı
5. Aµ]Ø¿ §a¯\ && _صı‰‚ØÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ u∏P.
2. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
3. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u Hfl
UQ⁄ı∫?
4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı¬fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
6. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ Øı¯¡?
7. P∫\fl §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØı¬fl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa
]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPızuı∫?
8. ¡[PıÕÆ Hfl §∂UP®£mhx?
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ A¯u® £µ®§ØvæÆ
Aa_UTh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl, £[Q¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
10. 1878&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh B≤ua \mhzvfl ¬¯Õƒ
Øıx?
11. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_ G®˜£ıx Øıµı¿ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®
£mhx?
12. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˆuıhUPU Pıª ˜ıUP[P“
Øı¯¡?
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107
13. ™u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
14. w¬µ¡ıuz ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
15. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ vªP∏US ˆ∏UP©ı⁄ s£∫PÕıP
C∏¢u¡∫P“ Øı∫?
16. ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?
17. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G®˜£ıx, Hfl Pı[Qµ¯\ ¬mk ¬ªQ⁄∫?
18. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø G∆¡ı÷ ˜u]Ø
En∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫?
19. ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ T÷P.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl ˆ£∏¯©¯ØU S¯”zu ˆPı“¯PP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
2. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©v®§kP.
4. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u]Ø CØUPÆ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUSP.
5. `µz §Õƒ Hÿ£h Cmka ˆ\fl” |PÃa]P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
6. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G⁄®£mh¡∫P“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒfl
˜ıUPÆ Øıx?
7. C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flifl
£[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜uıÿ”Æ ¨u¿ 1919&BÆ
Bsk ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh
|PÃa]P¯ÕU S‘USÆ PıªU˜Pımi¯⁄z (Time Line)uØı∂UPƒÆ.
2. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏ G vØ "iÏP¡∂ B® C¢vØı'
(Discovery of India) Gfl” ¶zuPzv¿ E“Õ _u¢vµ CØUPÆ
£ÿ‘Ø £SvP¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.
3. ¡.E. ]uÆ£µÆ §“¯Õ, _®§µ©oØ £ıµvØı∫
BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯”® £iUPƒÆ.
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108
Pı¢vØiP“
www.kalvisolai.com
109
£ıhÆ & 6
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ &
Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
£[S £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _صı‰‚ØU Pm], ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
¨UQØzx¡Æ, E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ, ¡mh ˜©¯\
©ııkP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhzvfl
AÆ\[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS ˜uı‚ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ Q∂®Ï yxUS , ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷
CØUPÆ, 1946¿ ¡¢u A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS ,
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ BQد¡ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¯¡® ˆ£”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶¬fl vmhÆ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
9. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄µım]® £SvP“ C¯n®§¿
¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜hºfl £[S £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
1919&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh
¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ ©ı÷£mh PıªPmhz¯uU S‘®£uıP
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110
A¯©¢ux. 1919&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x 1947 ¡¯µ Pı¢v‚
_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU ˆPıshı∫.
G⁄˜¡ CUPıª PmhÆ Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£kQ”x. A¡∫ Pzv∞fl‘ Cµzu™fl‘ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ
Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıh C¢vØ ©UP¯Õz uØı∫£kzv⁄ı∫.
¡fl¨¯”US® £vªıP \zvØıUQµPÆ, AQƯ\ BQØ
¨¯”P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫.
ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 : ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919&BÆ Bsk
CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ Ezuµ¬fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø B[Qª Aµ_US AvPıµÆ AŒzux. Aa\mhzvfl
≠ªÆ ¬\ıµ¯n∞fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUPªıÆ.
ˆµÕªm \mhzv¯⁄ Gv∫USÆ£i Pı¢v‚ C¢vØ∫P–US
A¯«®¶ ¬kzuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ık ¨ ¡xÆ
P¯hدh®¶Æ, Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 : ˆµÕªm
\mh Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımhÆ ˆuıh∫£ıP \zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
\ı¥®¶wfl Qaæ (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQØ ¨UQØz
u¯ª¡∫P“ £g\ı§¿ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \mhzvÿS®
¶”Æ£ı⁄ AU¯Pv¯⁄ Gv∫zx ©UP“ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ E“Õ
·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU Gfl›™hzv¿ ß[Pı Jfl‘¿ Ti⁄∫.
A®ß[Pı¬ÿS J∏ £UPÆ ©mkÆ ]÷ ~¯«¡ı∞¿
C∏¢ux. ©ÿ” G¿ªı £UP[P–Æ EØ∫¢u _¡∫PÕı¿
`«®£mi∏¢ux. Aufl ¯©Øzv¿ J∏ Qn÷ C∏¢ux.
A™∫u\µ]fl Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØı⁄ ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ A¢u
~¯«ƒ ¡ı∞ÿ£Sv¯Ø ≠kÆ£i ufl £¯hP–US Ezuµ
¬mhı∫. §fl G¢u¬u ¨fl⁄‘¬®¶™fl‘ A¯©vØıPƒÆ,
|µı≤u £ıoØıPƒÆ TiØ ©UP¯Õa _kÆ£i ufl £¯h
P–US Ezuµ¬mhı∫. AUTmhzv¿ £ª ˆ£si∏Æ,
S«¢¯uP–Æ Th C∏¢u⁄∫. Aa\Æ£¡Æ J∏ ˆPık¯©
Øı⁄ £kˆPı¯ªØı⁄x. Azx®£ıUQa `mi¿ H”US¯”Ø
500 ˜£∫ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. 1200 ˜£∫P–US ˜©¿ PıØ©¯h¢u⁄∫.
Aa\Æ£¡Æ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª A¿ªx
£££££g\ı®g\ı®g\ı®g\ı®g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Pı¢v‚
Aa\Æ£¡z¯uU Psizuı∫. Ax¨u¿ A¡∫ B[Qª
Aµ_hfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª®
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111
˜£ı∂¿ ]”®¶™UP u¯ª¡µıPz ˜uıfl‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ 1920&BÆ
Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uz ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
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Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 :Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 :Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 :Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 :Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ & 1920 : Pı[Qµ_U Pm]
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ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 :ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa] & 1922 : Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
P¯h®§iUP®£mh ˜£ıx Ezvµ®§µ˜u\zv¿ ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµıˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµıˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµıˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµıˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı
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AÆ©ıımi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂h™∏¢x ¨ ¬ku¯ª ¨ ¬ku¯ª ¨ ¬ku¯ª ¨ ¬ku¯ª ¨ ¬ku¯ª A¿ªx
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A®£Ønzvfl ˜£ıx "¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ' Gfl” ¨«UPÆ
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A¡∫ H®µ¿ 6&BÆ ˜uv usi¯Ø A¯h¢x AUPhÿ
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C¢vØı ¨ UP ©UP“ CØUPÆ ˆ¡izvh J∏ w®ˆ£ı‘
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E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ E®¶ \zvØıUQµPÆ A¿ªx \mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ G⁄
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\mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvº∏¢x
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_u¢vµÆ ˆ£÷¡x BSÆ. Aa_u¢vµz¯u, \mh[P¯Õ ´‘
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ˆ\غ«UPaˆ\¥Ø, \mh ©÷®¶ CØUPÆ ysiØx.
¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ııkP“ 1930 & 32
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©÷®¶ CØUPz¯u AhUP ¨iج¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ∫
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Bsk Cªsh¤¿ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıık Jfl‘ÿS Hÿ£ık
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¯PˆØ zuı⁄x. A∆ˆ¡ı®£¢uzvfl£i Pı¢v‚ \mh
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º∏¢u ¶µm]z u¯ª¡∫PÕı⁄ £Pz][, Cµı·S∏ BQ˜Øı∂fl
¬ku¯ªUS ¡» ¡SUP¬¿¯ª.
CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık:CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık:CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık:CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık:CµshıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık: 1931&BÆ Bsk CµshıÆ
¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıık ¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Pı¢v‚ AÆ©ıımi¿
Pª¢x ˆPıshı∫. B⁄ı¿ AÆ©ıımi¿ G¢u J∏ C÷v
¨iƒÆ Gmh®ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©⁄¨¯h¢u Pı¢v‚ C¢vØı
v∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Aµ_® §µv|v¯Øa \¢vUP ˜©ÿˆPısh
¨Øÿ] £Ø¤fl‘® ˜£ı⁄x. §fl B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_U
Pm]¯Øa \mh ¬˜µıu©ı⁄x G⁄ A‘¬zux. Pı¢v‚≤Æ
©ÿ” ¨UQØ Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P–Æ ]¯”∞ª¯hUP®
£mh⁄∫.
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117
≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık, 1932 :ık, 1932 :ık, 1932 :ık, 1932 :ık, 1932 : Pı[Qµ_z u¯ª¡∫P“
G¡∏Æ £[S ˆ£”ı©˜ª˜Ø ≠fl”ıÆ ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ıık
¯hˆ£ÿ”x. Ax ˜uı¿¬∞¿ ¨i¢ux.
¡S®¶ ¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡¨Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢u¨Æ,
1932 : 1932¿ Pı¢v‚ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUP®£mi∏¢u˜£ıx
CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿kCµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿kCµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿kCµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿kCµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ B[Qª Aµ_
¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡z vmhz¯u A‘¬zux. Aufl
£i ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∏USÆ, uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UP–USÆ
u¤ Ch JxURk ¡«[P®£kÆ G⁄ A‘¬UP®£mhx. Az
vmhz¯uz uıÃzu®£mh C⁄ ©UPŒfl u¯ª¡µı⁄ hıUh∫hıUh∫hıUh∫hıUh∫hıUh∫
§.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zPı∫ ¡µ˜¡ÿ”ı∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØa \≠Pz
v¯⁄ ˜©æÆ §∂zuı–Æ J∏ vmh©ıP Pı¢v‚ Au¯⁄U
P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. Au¯⁄z ˆuıh∫¢x
A¡∫ \ıSÆ¡¯µ Esnı¬µuz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. 1932&BÆ
Bsk AƘ£zPı∏hfl Hÿ£mh ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®ß⁄ı Ehfl£iU¯PUS®
§fl A¡∫ u⁄x Esnı ¬µuzv¯⁄U ¯P¬mhı∫. A∆
ƒhfl£iU¯P∞fl£i uıÃzu®£mh ©UP–UPı⁄ u¤
JxURk ¯P¬h®£mhx. AuÿS® £vªıP \mh \¯£PŒ¿
Cªsh¤¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıımi¿Cªsh¤¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıımi¿Cªsh¤¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıımi¿Cªsh¤¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıımi¿Cªsh¤¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ıımi¿
Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿Pı¢v Pª¢x ˆPı“Õ ˆ\¿æu¿
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118
JkUP®£mh, §flu[QØ ¡S®§⁄∫P–US AvP AÕƒ
GsoU¯P∞¿ Ch[P“ ¡«[P J®¶UˆPı“Õ®£mhx.
A∆¡ı÷ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl §∂zuı–Æ vmhÆ ¨‘ØiUP®
£mhx.
1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ :1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ :1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ :1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ :1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ : C¢vØ Aµ_a
\mhÆ 1935&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ ¯\©fl¯\©fl¯\©fl¯\©fl¯\©fl
S ¬fl A‘U¯P S ¬fl A‘U¯P S ¬fl A‘U¯P S ¬fl A‘U¯P S ¬fl A‘U¯P ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ııkPŒfl ¨iƒP“ Ai®
£¯h∞¿ CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ A‘¨P®£kzvØ
©ıÿ”[P“ (1) ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ufl⁄ım], (2) ©ıPın[PŒ¿
Cµm¯h Bm]¨¯” UPÆ, (3) ©zv∞¿ Tmhım] Aµ_,
(4) ©zvØ, ©ıPın ]UP¿P¯Õz w∫UP Tmhım] v©fl”Æ
|÷ƒu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ (5) Tmhım] ∂\∫∆ ¡[Q (Federal Reserve
Bank) |÷ƒu¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
Aa\mhÆ Pı[Qµ]fl Gv∫£ı∫®¶P¯Õ ß∫zva ˆ\¥Ø
¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ Pı[Qµ_ u⁄x ˜£ıµımhz¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
ux. G¤›Æ 1937¿ A©¿£kzu®£mh Aa\mhzvfl
Ai®£¯h∞¿ h¢u ˜u∫uº¿ Pı[Qµ_ ˜£ımi∞mhx.
Pı[Qµ_ 8 ©ıPın[PŒ¿ ©¢v∂ \¯£ A¯©zux.
CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫:CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫:CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫:CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫:CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫: CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ 1939&BÆ
Bsk Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿ §∂mh¤fl |¯ª¯© Ch∫
£ık ™UPuı⁄x. B[Qª Aµ_ Pı[Qµ_ u¯ª¡∫P¯Õ˜Øı
A¿ªx \mh\¯£ E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ˜Øı Pª¢x B˜ªı]UPı
©¿ C¢vØı¯¡ A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvØx. C¢vØı¯¡
A®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£kzvدuU Pı[Qµ_ ˆuıhUPzv¿ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª. §fl⁄∫ ˜£ı∂fl ¨i¬¿ C¢vØı¬ÿSa _u¢vµÆ
AŒUP®£h ˜¡skÆ Gfl” |£¢u¯⁄≤hfl Au¯⁄U
Pı[Qµ_ Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx.
‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 :‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 :‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 :‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 :‚fl⁄ı¬fl C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P, 1940 : ¨P©xAº¨P©xAº¨P©xAº¨P©xAº¨P©xAº
‚fl⁄ı‚fl⁄ı‚fl⁄ı‚fl⁄ı‚fl⁄ı 1940&BÆ Bsk u⁄x C∏ ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø
ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¡∫ ¨_ºÆP–US £ıQÏuıfl Gfl” J∏
u¤ ık ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
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119
BPÏk flˆPı¯h 1940 :BPÏk flˆPı¯h 1940 :BPÏk flˆPı¯h 1940 :BPÏk flˆPı¯h 1940 :BPÏk flˆPı¯h 1940 : CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ∫
P¯Õ Dk£kzuU Pıµn©ı¥ C∏¢u¡∫ B[Qª Aµ\®
§µv|v ºflºz˜Pıºflºz˜Pıºflºz˜Pıºflºz˜Pıºflºz˜Pı B¡ı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ¯\z v∏®v®
£kzu ]ª \æ¯PP¯Õ A‘¬zuı∫. Aufl£i ˜£ı∫ ¨iƒÿ”
Ehfl C¢vØı¬ÿS ˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏxˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏxˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏxˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏxˆhı™¤Øfl A¢uÏx (Dominion Status)¡«[P®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷vØŒzuı∫. ˜©æÆ C¢vØ Aµ]Ø
ª¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¢vh J∏ S A¯©UP®£kÆ Gfl”ı∫.
Aµ_® §µv|v∞fl ˜£ı∫ |∫¡ıPU S ¬¿ C¢vØ∫ J∏¡∫
|Ø™UP®£k¡ı∫ Gfl÷Æ E÷v T‘⁄ı∫. A∆¡‘ ¬®¶P“
1940&BÆ Bsk BPÏk ©ıuÆ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡
A¯¡ BPÏk flˆPı¯hBPÏk flˆPı¯hBPÏk flˆPı¯hBPÏk flˆPı¯hBPÏk flˆPı¯h Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQfl”x.
Pı[Qµ_ A∆¡‘U¯P¯Ø ¨ ¡x©ıP |µıP∂zux.
C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 :C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 :C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 :C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 :C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡Æ, 1942 : ˜uı‚ (u¯ª¡∫ G⁄
ˆ£ı∏“ £kÆ) _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ ¶Pà ˆ£ÿ” ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫
PŒ¿ J∏¡∫. A¡∫ Pı¢v‚ ˜©ÿ
ˆPısh A¯©v® ˜£ıµımh ¨¯”
PŒ¿ v∏®v دhج¿¯ª. A¡∫
1927&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ ˜u]ØU
Pı[Qµ]¿ ˜\∫¢uı∫. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿
˜∏ƒhfl C¯n¢x £oØıÿ‘
⁄ı∫. ˜uı‚ C¯Õb∫P–USÆ
ˆ£ıx ©UP–USÆ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ
ˆ£” Pıµn©ı¥z vPâu¡∫. A¡∫
HµıÕ©ı⁄ C¯Õb∫P¯Õ ˜u]Ø
CØUPzv¿ £[S ˆ£” ¯¡zuı∫.
A¡∫ 1938&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ
˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£mhı∫.
1939¿ A¡∫ ¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø¨ÿ˜£ıUSU Pm]¯Ø (Forward Bloc Party)ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ £ª ıkP–USÆ _ÿ÷® £ØnÆ
˜©ÿˆPısk C¢vØı ´x A¢ıkPŒfl A›uı£z ¯u®
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. A¡∫ ]‘xPıªÆ √mka ]¯”∞¿ (House arrest)¯¡UP®£mhı∫. A[Q∏¢x A¡∫ B®Pı¤Ø∫ ˜£ı¿ ˜¡h
™mk C¢vØı¬º∏¢x u®§ ˆ·∫©¤¯Ø A¯h¢uı∫.
ˆ·∫©¤∞fl u¯ª¡∫ Ómª¯µa \¢vzx C¢vØı¬ÿS
_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ_£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ
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120
A¡µx Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. §fl ·®£ıfl ˆ\fl÷ A¢ımk
§µu©¯µa \¢vzuı∫.
§fl⁄∫ 1942¿ £∫©ı ˆ\fl”ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ £∫©ı
·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¡\™∏¢ux. ·®£ı¤Ø∫ B[Q˜ªØ∂hÆ £o
¶∂¢u ˆ£∏©Õ¬ªı⁄ C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU ¯Pxˆ\¥x ]¯”U
¯PvPÕıP ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P 20,000USÆ
˜©¿ C∏USÆ. ˜uı‚Øı¿ A¡∫P¯Õ ·®£ı¤Ø∫ ¬k¬z
u⁄∫. A¡∫P¯ÕU ˆPısk _£ıË \¢vµ ˜£ıÏ C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¯⁄ (Indian National Army) E∏¡ıUQ⁄ı∫.
§fl 1943¿ A¡∫ ][P®ß∫ ˆ\fl”ı∫. A[S C¢vØ ¬ku¯ªUC¢vØ ¬ku¯ªUC¢vØ ¬ku¯ªUC¢vØ ¬ku¯ªUC¢vØ ¬ku¯ªU
P«PzvflP«PzvflP«PzvflP«PzvflP«Pzvfl (Indian Independence League) u¯ª¯©® ˆ£ı÷®¯£
CµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏCµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏCµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏCµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏCµıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ _£ıÊhÆ J®£¯hzuı∫.
C¢vØı¯¡a ˜\∫¢u Cµı˧Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ 1915&BÆ
Bsk ¨u¿ ·®£ı¤¿ ¡]zx ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ 1942&BÆ
Bsk ©ı∫a ©ıuÆ ˜hıUQ˜Øı P∂¿ _u¢vµ ©ıık
Jfl¯” hzv⁄ı∫.
B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ B\ız Ó¢z L£ı‰ (Azad Hind Fauj) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvflC¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvflC¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvflC¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvflC¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zvfl uÕ£vØıP _£ıË
ˆ£ı÷® ˜£ÿ”ı∫. Ax ¨u¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ ˜uı‚˜uı‚˜uı‚˜uı‚˜uı‚
(u¯ª¡∫) Gfl÷ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. C¢vØ
˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ·ıfl] µıo Cªm_™ £ı¥ ˆ£Ø∂¿
A¯©UP®£mh ˆ£sP“ Ao® §∂¬ÿS Cªm_™ Gfl”
u™Ãımk® ˆ£s©o u¯ª¡µıPa ˆ\تıÿ‘⁄ı∫.
ˆ·¥Ó¢z ˆ·¥Ó¢z ˆ·¥Ó¢z ˆ·¥Ó¢z ˆ·¥Ó¢z Gfl” _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ı]fl ¨«UPÆ ¶PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨P©⁄ıP ©ı‘ C¢vØı ¨ UP Gvˆµıºzux.
"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜ıUQaˆ\¿'"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜ıUQaˆ\¿'"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜ıUQaˆ\¿'"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜ıUQaˆ\¿'"ˆh¿º¯Ø ˜ıUQaˆ\¿' (Delhi Chalo) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ¶PÃ
ˆ£ÿ” ¨«UP¨Æ ˜£ı]›¯hØuıSÆ. A¡∫ Hÿ£kzvØ
Cµıq¡Æ C¢vØı¬fl ¡hQ«US® £SvØı⁄ ©o®ß∫
¡¯µ ¨fl˜⁄‘Øx. xµv∏Ëh¡\©ıP AvP ©¯«∞⁄ıæÆ,
˜©ı\©ı⁄ `Ã|¯ªPÕıæÆ A¢u Cµıq¡Æ ™Pz xØ∫
P¯Õa \¢vzux. G⁄˜¡ A®£¯h §fl¡ı[P˜¡siØ |¯ª
Hÿ£mhx. A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¿¯P∞¿ A¡∫PŒ¿ A˜P∫ £∫©ı
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£Sv∞¿ uÆ E∞¯µ C«¢u⁄∫. EªP® ˜£ı∂¿ 1945&BÆ
Bsk ·®£ıfl \µn¯h¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØ ˜u]Ø
Cµıq¡ √µ∫P“ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. A¢|¯ª∞¿ ˜uı‚
£ı[PıUQº∏¢x ˜hıUQ˜Øı¬ÿS ¬¯µ¢uı∫. A∆¡ı÷
ˆ\¿æÆ ¡»∞¿ A¡∫ ¬©ı⁄ ¬£zv¿ E∞∂«¢uuıP
Æ£®£kQ”x.
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬k¬UP ˜uı‚ Psh P⁄ƒ A¡∏¯hØ
Pıªzv¿ |¯”˜¡”¬¿¯ªˆØ¤›Æ A¡∏¯hØ √µa
ˆ\Ø¿ C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø Bâu ˜u\£Uv¯Ø ¡Õ∫zux.
A¡µx ¡ıÃU¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl En∫ƒP¯Õz umi
G ®§Øx.
Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 :Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 :Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 :Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 :Q∂®Ï yxUS , 1942 : \∫ Ïhı˜£ı∫k Q∂®Ï ]ª vmh[
P–hfl C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ Pı[Qµ]fl Jzx¯«®¯£
ıi⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ufl vmhz¯uU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¬ÕUQ⁄ı∫.
C¢vØ∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x ˆPısi∏¢u ˆ¡÷®§¯⁄
©”¢x ˜£ı∂¿ A¡∫P–US Eu¬Pµ©ı¥ C∏UP ˜¡skÆ.
˜£ı∫ ¨i¢uƒhfl C¢vØ Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ¡uÿ
Pı⁄ ¶vØ vmhÆ A‘¬UP®£kÆ G⁄U T‘⁄ı∫. B⁄ı¿
C¢vØı¬ÿS _u¢vµÆ ¡«[S¡x£ÿ‘ A¡∫ Gzu¯PØ P∏z
v¯⁄≤Æ S‘®§h¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ ©Pız©ı Pı¢v A¡µx
vmhzv¯⁄ v¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uvv¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uvv¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uvv¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uvv¡ıªıQU ˆPısi∏¢u ¡[QUS §fl˜uv
∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª∞mh Pı˜\ı¯ª (A post dated cheque on a failing bank) ¡«[S¡«[S¡«[S¡«[S¡«[S
¡x¡x¡x¡x¡x ˜£ı¿ C∏®£uıPU T‘ A¯u |µıP∂zuı∫. G⁄˜¡
Q∂®Ï yxU S ˜uı¿¬ Pshx.
ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ, 1942 (Quit IndiaMovement) : Q∂®Ï yxUS ¬fl ˜uı¿¬ Pı¢v‚∞fl
˜£ıUQ¿ ©ıÿ”[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ¡¢ux. Ax¡¯µ A¡∫
§fl£ÿ‘ ¡¢u AQƯ\ ¡»P“ Gzu¯PØ £Ø¯⁄≤Æ AŒUP
¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u En∫¢uı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫
C¢vØı¯¡ ¬mk ¨ ¡x©ıP ˆ¡Œ˜Ø” ˜¡skˆ©⁄U
˜Pı∂⁄ı∫. C[Qªı¢vÿSÆ C¢vØı¬ÿS™¯h∞¿ G∆¬u
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122
m¶”ƒÆ Jzx¯«®¶Æ C¤ C∏UPıx G⁄ A¡∫
ˆ¡Œ®£¯hØıP A‘¬zuı∫.
Ì∂·fl Ì∂·fl Ì∂·fl Ì∂·fl Ì∂·fl Gfl” £zv∂¯P∞¿ Pı¢v‚ ˆuıh∫¢x £ª
Pmk¯µP¯Õ G v⁄ı∫. Av¿ A¡∫ ¬ÕUQØ
P∏zxUP“, Pmk¯µP“ Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¡µªıÿ÷® ¶PÃ
™UP ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
C¢vØ∫P“ C¤≤Æ ˆ£ı÷zxU ˆPı“Õ¨iØıx G⁄z
ˆuŒƒ £kzv⁄ı∫. ""ıfl ˆ£ı÷zv∏®£¯uz ˆuıh∫¢
˜u⁄ı⁄ı¿ Gflˆ”fl¯”USÆ ˆ£ı÷zv∏UP ˜¡siØx
uıfl'' Gfl÷ T‘⁄ı∫. ˆ£ı÷¯©¯Ø C«¢u Pı¢v‚,
""Ai¯©zu⁄zuı¿ u¤®£mh ¨¯”∞¿ EÕa˜\ı∫ƒÿ”
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Aµ_ \mhÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
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129
8. ©ın¡∫ ªıT∫ ©ıık, BPÏk flˆPı¯h C¢vØ
¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∂¿ ˜uı‚∞fl £[S BQØ⁄ £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
9. ©ın¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS , ©ƒsm˜£mhfl
vmhÆ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
10. ©ın¡∫ _˜u\ Aµ_PŒfl C¯n®§ÿS £m˜h¿ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
11. ©ın¡∫ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ √µ∫PŒfl ˆuıskP¯Õ≤Æ
vØıP[P¯Õ≤Æ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1919 B. 1917
C. 1918 D. 1921
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤hfl ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ
B[Qªz uÕ£v
A. ˜©·∫ Ϻˆ©fl B. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫
C. \∫ B∫u∫ ˆ¡¿ªÏº D. P∫⁄¿ ©ıfl\fl
3. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Cµ√¢vµız
uıT∫ x”¢u £mhÆ
A. u¯ª¡∫ B. ¯mƒm
C. §µ¶ D. Aµ\∫
4. x∏UQUS GvµıP §∂miË Aµ_ ˆ\¥u |ØıØ©ÿ”
ˆ\دªU Psizx Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“ BµÆ§zu CØUPÆ
A. ¨_ΩÆ ΩU B. _Ø µı‰‚ØU Pm]
C. Qªı£z CØUPÆ D. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
5. _صı‰‚ØU Pm] ˜uıfl‘Ø ChÆ
A. Aº®ß∫ ]¯” B. ˆh¿º
C. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı D. AªPı£ız
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130
6. 1929&BÆ Bsk h¢u ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ_ ©ıımiÿSz
u¯ª¯© ¡Qzu¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜∏‚
C. ˜uı‚ D. Cµı·ı‚
7. ˆufl C¢vØı¬¿ E®¶a \zvØıUQµPz¯u ¨fl¤fl÷
hzvØ¡∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫
C. Pı©µı\∫ D. Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
8. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ˆuıh[QØ Bsk
A. 1937 B. 1939
C. 1941 D. 1942
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A. ].B∫. uıÏ B. ˜uı‚
C. Pı¢v‚ D. Cµı·ı‚
10. ¨_ºÆP–USz u¤ ık ˜¡skˆ©fl÷ ˜Pmh¡∫
A. ¡ı® \º¨¿ªı B. ˜uı‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“
11. C¯hUPıª Aµ]¿ §µu©∫ £u¬ ¡Qzu¡∫
A. ˜∏‚ B. Cµı·ı‚
C. £m˜h¿ D. Pı¢v‚
12. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–∫
A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜∏‚
C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Cµı·ı‚
13. C¢vØı Siص_ B⁄ ı“
A. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1935 B. 15 BPÏk 1947
C. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1950 D. 26 BPÏk 1950
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131
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. 1919&BÆ Bsk ¯Pxˆ\¥Ø®£mh C∏ ¶PÈ£ÿ” £g\ı®
u¯ª¡∫P“ ________ ©ÿ÷Æ________B¡∫.
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Pı¢v‚ ˆufl
B®§∂UP Aµ_ A¡∏USU ˆPıkzu________ £uUPz¯u
v∏®§U ˆPıkzuı∫.
3. C¢vØı¬¿ Aº \˜Pıuıµ∫PÕı⁄ ________≤Æ ________≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
4. ________fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
P¯ªUP®£mhx.
5. ________ Gfl£¡∫ G¿¯ªUPı¢v Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
6. 1940&BÆ Bsk ªıT∫ Tmhzv¿ ________ Gfl£¡∫
C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫.
7. C¢vØ∫P“ CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£hU Pıµn©ıP
C∏¢u B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–∫ ________ B¡ı∫.
8. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ˆ£sP“ Ao®§∂ƒ
________ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ CØ[QØx.
9. CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ ________&BÆ Bsk ¨iƒ
A¯h¢ux.
10. C¯hUPıª Aµ_ A¯©UP ˜∏‚ ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl
u¯ª¡µı⁄ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.
11. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ¨u¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–∫
________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.
12. ©x C¢vØU Siص]fl ¨u¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ________B¡ı∫.
13. ·˙⁄ıPzvfl ©fl⁄∫ J∏ ________ B¡ı∫.
14. ________ Aµ\µı⁄ Ì∂][ G¢u ımkh›Æ ˜\µı©¿
u¤zv∏UP ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫.
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15. C¢vØı¬º∏¢x §ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[P“ ________ BÆ
Bsk C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢u⁄.
16. 1961&¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”® £SvPÕı⁄ ________,
________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ BQد¡ C¢vØıƒhfl
C¯nUP®£mh⁄.
17. \∫uı∫ £˜h¿ C¢vØı¬fl ________ Gfl÷ ¶P«®£kQ”ı∫.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
A
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ && Pı¢v‚
2. usi® £ØnÆ && ˜uı‚
3. ˆ·¥Ó¢z && Cµıq¡z uÕ£v
4. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ && 1927
5. ¯\©fl S && 1919
B
1. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜∏ && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ
2. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı && _صı‰‚ØUPm]
3. £g\ı§fl ][PÆ && Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
4. G¿¯ª Pı¢v && CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k
5. ¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡Æ && Cªıªı ª·£vµı¥
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Pı[Qµ_UPm] Hfl ˆµÕªm \mhz¯u Gv∫zux?
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
3. Qªı£z CØUPÆ Hfl ˆuıh[P®£mhx?
4. _صı‰‚ØUPm] Hfl BµÆ§UP®£mhx?
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133
5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?
6. Q∂®]fl vmhzv¯⁄ Pı¢v‚ Hfl |µıP∂zuı∫?
7. A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S ¬fl E÷®§⁄∫P“ Øı∫?
8. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvfl ≠fl÷ |¯ªP¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
2. usi® £Ønz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ
¬¡∂UP.
3. ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ııkPŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
4. 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ ˆPısk¡¢u
©ıÿ”[P“ Øı¯¡?
5. ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUSP.
6. _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ, C¢vؘu]Ø
Cµıq¡zvfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘ G xP.
7. £˜h¿ Hfl C¢vØı¬fl C∏ƶ ©¤u∫ Gfl÷
A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?
8. §fl¡∏Æ |PÃa]P–US PıªU˜Pık Jfl÷ ¡¯µP.
A. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
B. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]
C. _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
D. E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ
E. ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ııkP“
9. 1930 ¨u¿ 1945 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ I¢x ¨UQØ |PÃa]P¯ÕU
PıªU˜Pımi¿ S‘®§kP.
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134
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh Ch[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :
Iuµı£ız, ·˙⁄ıPz, PıË´µÆ, ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥, hı©fl,
£ısia˜\∂, H⁄ıÆ, ©ıÓ
2. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zx
£hHk (Album) Jfl÷ uØı∂UPƒÆ.
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135
£ıhÆ & 7
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı
(1947 & 2000) & \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh \≠P
\¡ı¿P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ wshı¯© J»®§ÿPıP ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh
h¡iU¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh
uıUP[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
_u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ” §fl C¢vØı £ª \¡ı¿P¯Õa \¢vUP
˜∫¢ux. \≠P Hÿ”zuıÃP“, ˆ£sP“, ]÷¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫ §µa\¯⁄P–US C¢vØı w∫ƒ Pın
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ G zu‘¬fl¯© C¢vØı¬fl ™P
˜©ı\©ı⁄ £ª√⁄©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. A¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz u¯hP¯Õ E∏¡ıUQ⁄. G⁄˜¡ \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ˜u¯¡ Bâx Enµ®£mhx. C¢vØı¬¿
\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ £ª h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡ \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“,
\≠Pªa \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ≠ªÆ ¯h
¨¯”®£kzu®£mh⁄.
AªS & IV
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ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUPzv¯⁄ 1951&BÆ Bsk
H®µ¿ 18&BÆ ı“ B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ x¡UQ⁄ı∫.
Aufl ˜ıUPÆ |ØıØ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ \©zx¡ \¨uıØ
A¯©®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUS¡uıSÆ. C∆¬ØUPÆ AvP AÕ¬¿
|ª[P¯Õ ¯¡zv∏¢u |ªa_¡ıfluı∫PŒh™∏¢x E£∂
|ª[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ A¡ÿ¯” |ª©ÿ” H¯« ¬¡\ı∞P–US®
£Q∫¢uŒ®£¯u ˜ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. |ª¨¯h˜Øı∫
uı©ıP ¨fl¡¢x |ª[P¯Õz uı⁄©ıP ¡«[S¡¯u C∆
¬ØUPÆ FUS¬zux. C∆¬ØUPÆ Hÿ£kzvØ ¬»®
¶n∫¬⁄ı¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘ |ª
Ea\ ¡µÆ§¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. |ª©ÿ” H¯«PŒfl
£∂uı£ |¯ª∞¯⁄ C∆¬ØUPÆ ˆ¡Œa\®£kzvU
PımiØx.
\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUP¨Æ ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ A¡∫P
Õı¿ x¡UP®£mhx. C∆¬ØUPÆ ©x ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
B]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux. C∆¬ØUPÆ A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl
EØ∫¬¯⁄≤Æ, ª¯⁄≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzx¡¯u ˜ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux. Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ ˜©Æ£ık, Pu∫ Eÿ£zv
BQØ⁄ C∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨ufl¯©® £oØıSÆ. C¢vØı
¬¿ AQƯ\, A¯©v ¡»∞¿ J∏ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ®
¶µm]∞¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡¯u C∆¬ØUPÆ ˜ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısi∏¢ux.
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ : _u¢vµzvÿS ¨fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª ¡∏¢uzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ C∏¢ux. 1947 ¨u¿
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzu £ª \≠Pa \mh[P“
CØÿ”®£mh⁄. ©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ Bs, ˆ£s
\©zx¡zv¯⁄ ¡º≤÷zxQfl”x. ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
vÿPıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ
h¡iU¯PP“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :
1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ Pª®¶z
v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ, \©Ø Pª®¶z v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ \mh®
£i ˆ\¿æ£iØıUQØx. ˜©æÆ BsP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄
21 BPƒÆ ˆ£sP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄ 18 G⁄ƒÆ \mh
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137
ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u A¿ªx £ı¿Ø
¬¡ıPz¯u ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux.
1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı : C¢vØı¬¿
ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” ¡µªıÿ‘¿ Ca\mhÆ J∏ ©Pı
\ı\⁄©ıPU P∏u®£kQ”x. v∏©nÆ, ©n¨‘ƒ (Divorce)
A¿ªx ¬¡ıPµzx, ¡ı∂_∂¯©, Pı®£ıÕ∫ E∂¯©, uzx
Gkzu¿ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ca\mhÆ ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
J∏¡›US J∏zv Gfl›Æ J∏ uıµ ©nz¯u (Monogamy)
\mh® ß∫¡©ıUQØx. C¢xUP“ £ªuıµ (Polygamy) ©nÆ
¶∂¢x ˆPı“¡¯u Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x. Ca\mhÆ
BsP“, ˆ£sP“ C∏£ıª∫P–USÆ ©n¨‘ƒ A¿ªx
¬¡ıPµzv¿ \© E∂¯©∞¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥,
u¢¯uØ∂fl ˆ\ızv¿ ©P›USÆ, ©P¤fl S«¢¯uP–USÆ
E“Õx ˜£ıª ©P–USÆ ©PŒfl S«¢¯uP–USÆ \©
E∂¯© A¿ªx £[Sˆ£” ¡» ¡SUQfl”x.
1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a
\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥USU S«¢¯uP“ ´uı⁄ CØÿ¯PU
Pı®£ıÕ∫ Gfl” E∂¯©¯Ø® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ˜©æÆ
Ca\mhÆ BsP¯Õ® ˜£ı¿ ˆ£sP–Æ ©Pfl A¿ªx
©P¯Õz uzx GkUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[SQfl”x.
1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®
£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) : Ca\mhÆ ¡µum\¯n Gfl›Æ _µshºº∏¢x
ˆ£sP¯Õ® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ¡µum\¯n ˆ£÷u¿
Ca\mhzvfl£i Pk¯©Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”©ıSÆ.
1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ
£oØıÿ÷Æ ˆ£sP“ ©P®˜£÷ ¬k®¶ ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©¯Ø
¡«[Q≤“Õx.
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1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :
P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ
ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø
Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x.
1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US
|PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU
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£ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x.
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1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P ª
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\mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø
ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆
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S UP–US (Self-Help Groups) C¢|vØzvº∏¢x |v Eu¬
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1997&BÆ Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 2&BÆ ı“ ˆuıh[P®
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£mhx. 1999&¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø®£mh CzvmhÆ ¡÷¯©U
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Azu¯PØ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“ J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ Ag\ªPÆ
A¿ªx ¡[Q∞¿ π£ı¥ 500/& ¯¡®¶z ˆuı¯PØıP
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_¡ & \Uv vmhÆ _¡ & \Uv vmhÆ _¡ & \Uv vmhÆ _¡ & \Uv vmhÆ _¡ & \Uv vmhÆ (Swa & Shakti Project) : CzvmhÆ 1998&BÆ
Bsk AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 16&BÆ ı“ ¨u¿ ˆ\Ø¿£mk
¡∏Qfl”x. Czvmhzvfl ≠ªÆ 15 ¨u¿ 20 ˆ£sP¯ÕU
ˆPısh _Ø Eu¬U S UPÕı¿ ˆuıh[P®£kÆ BUPß∫¡
£oUS Aµ_ |v Eu¬ AŒzx ¡∏Qfl”x.
C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ˜ıUP©ıPU
ˆPısk Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“ (Non-Governmental Organisations) ˜©æÆ £ª h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”⁄. IUQØ ıkP“ \¯£ (I.ı. \¯£)
1978&BÆ Bsi¯⁄ \∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk\∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk\∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk\∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk\∫¡˜u\ ˆ£sP“ Bsk G⁄
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˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®§¿ Ch JxURk ˆ\¥Ø®£mk“Õx. E“Õım]
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E÷®§⁄∫PÕıPƒÆ, (M.P.) E“Õ⁄∫. C¢vØı ˆ£s
§µu©¯µ≤Æ, B–∫P¯Õ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\∫P¯Õ≤Æ Psk
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Hÿ£mk“Õ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”[P¯Õ≤Æ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”
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J∏ ˆ£∏Æ \≠P® §µa\¯⁄ØıSÆ. H¯«a ]÷¡∫P“
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`Ã|¯ªPŒfl PmhıØzv⁄ı¿ £oUSa ˆ\¿ª ˜¡si
≤“Õx. ©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ ]÷¡∫P¯Õz ˆuı»¿
A¯©®¶PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ1948&BÆ Bsk C¢vØz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ \mhÆ 14
¡ØvÿSm£mh Bs A¿ªx ˆ£so¯⁄z ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª
PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz u¯h ˆ\¥Qfl”x. 1951&BÆ1951&BÆ1951&BÆ1951&BÆ1951&BÆ
Bsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆBsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆBsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆBsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆBsk ˜uımhz ˆuı»ªıÕ∫ \mhÆ 12 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ
E“Õ ]÷¡∫P¯ÕU Pı®§ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµ®£∫ ˜uımhz
ˆuı»º¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. 1952&BÆ1952&BÆ1952&BÆ1952&BÆ1952&BÆ
Bsk _µ[Pa \mhÆBsk _µ[Pa \mhÆBsk _µ[Pa \mhÆBsk _µ[Pa \mhÆBsk _µ[Pa \mhÆ 15 ¡ØvÿSU RÃ E“Õ¡∫P¯Õa
_µ[P[PŒ¿ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uU Pmk®£kzxQfl”x.
1960&BÆ Bsk1960&BÆ Bsk1960&BÆ Bsk1960&BÆ Bsk1960&BÆ Bsk ]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i]÷¡∫PŒfl \mh®£i G¿ªı
©ı|ª[PŒæÆ ]”ı∫ ª ¡ı∂Ø[P“ A¯©UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
1961&BÆ Bsk ˆ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhƈ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhƈ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhƈ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhƈ£s ]_¡¯ua \mhÆ ˆ£s S«¢¯uP“
ˆPı¿ª® £k¡¯uz ukUQfl”x. u¡÷ C¯«®˜£ı¯µ
Ca\mhÆ usiUQfl”x. ]”ı∫ ˆuı»º¯⁄ UPƒÆ,
]÷¡∫P¯Õ® £∞ÿ÷¬UPƒÆ, £¿˜¡÷ h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® £mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. G¤›Æ ]”ı∫ §µa\¯⁄
£¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[PŒ⁄ı¿ ımifl J∏ ]ª £SvPŒ¿
Cfl⁄¨Æ izx ¡∏Qfl”x.
JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl ªÆ :JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl ªÆ :JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl ªÆ :JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl ªÆ :JkUP®£mh ©UPŒfl ªÆ : \ıv ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£kÆ
Hÿ”zuıà C¢vØı¬ÿS ©ÿˆ”ı∏ \¡ıªıSÆ. ©x
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ G¢u ¡¯PØı⁄ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄≤Æ
ukUQfl”x. 1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ
wshı¯©¯ØU P¯h®§i®˜£ı∏USz ush¯⁄ ¡«[S
Qfl”x. 1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫1989&BÆ Bsk uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si∞⁄∫
(AvP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ,(AvP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ,(AvP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ,(AvP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ,(AvP“ uk®¶a) \mhÆ, uıÃzu®£mh £«[Si∞⁄∏US
GvµıP C¯«UP®£kÆ AvP¯ÕU P¯ÕØ Pk¯©Øı⁄
ush¯⁄ AŒUP ¡¯P ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ \mhß∫¡
h¡iU¯PP¯Õz u¬µ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ uıÃzu®
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BQØ h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØı¬¿ J∏[Q¯n¢u \≠P
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]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ªÆ : ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ªÆ : ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ªÆ : ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ªÆ : ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ªÆ : C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P“ A¯©zvhƒÆ,
u[PÕx, \≠P, £s£ımk E∂¯©P¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzvU
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ E∂¯©∞¯⁄ AŒUQfl”x. 1992&BÆ Bsk1992&BÆ Bsk1992&BÆ Bsk1992&BÆ Bsk1992&BÆ Bsk
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ ˜u]Ø B¯nØa \mhÆ ˜u]Ø, ©ı|ª
]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∫ B¯nØ[P¯Õ A¯©zvh ¡»
ˆ\¥Qfl”x. Czu¯PØ h¡iU¯PP“ ©x ımiæ“Õ
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Hÿ£kzv≤“Õ⁄.
F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ªfl :F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ªfl :F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ªfl :F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ªfl :F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ªfl : F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫PŒfl S¯”P¯ÕU
P¯Õ¢vh Aµ_ ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ_ \ıµı ˆuısk |÷¡⁄[P“
£oØıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. 1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ1955&BÆ Bsk F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ \mhÆ
Eh¿ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ©÷¡ıà ˆ£ÿ‘h CØÿ”®£mhx.
1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿1976&BÆ Bsk Pıflß∂¿ C¢vØa ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eh¿
E÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄ÆE÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄ÆE÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄ÆE÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄ÆE÷®¶P“ Eÿ£zv |÷¡⁄Æ (Artificial Limb Manufacturing Cor-poration of India) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ
˜”ı∏USz ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ©¤u E÷®¶P¯Õa ˆ\Øÿ¯PØıP
Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥x ¡∏Qfl”x. 1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z1997&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂z
v[P“ 24&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |vv[P“ 24&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |vv[P“ 24&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |vv[P“ 24&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |vv[P“ 24&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v
|÷¡⁄Æ|÷¡⁄Æ|÷¡⁄Æ|÷¡⁄Æ|÷¡⁄Æ (The National Handicapped Finance and DevelopmentCorporation) A¯©UP®£mhx. C¢|÷¡⁄Æ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫P“
P¿¬, ©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¯⁄® ˆ£” Phfl Eu¬ØŒzx
¡∏Qfl”x.
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Aµ_ Eu¬P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] :P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] :P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] :P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] :P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a] : \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡v¿
P¿¬∞fl £[S ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢uuıSÆ. P¿¬ J∏[Q¯n¢u
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\≠P ¡Õ∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk¡µ E÷x¯n® ¶∂Qfl”x.
1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ A‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢˜uı∂fl
¬ UPık 16.1 BSÆ. ˆ£sP“ P¿¬ ™P® §flu[QØ
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C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzxÆ ˆ£ı÷®¶ ©zvØ,
©ı|ª C∏ Aµ_P–¯hØx©ıSÆ. C¢vØ Aµ_ 1948&BÆ
Bsk hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl A¡∫P“ u¯ª¯©∞¿
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬US ¬¯⁄ |Ø™zux.
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ BskÆ hıUh∫ \∫. CµıuıQ∏Ënfl
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A¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞ªı⁄ S AŒzu 1949&BÆ Bsk
A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ©x ımifl P¿¬ ¨¯”
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Cªm_©n \ı™ ¨uºØı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ P¿¬U
S A¯©UP®£mhx. AUS £∂¢x¯µ∞fl£i £“ŒU
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A¯©¢ux. EªP, C¢vØ, ·⁄ıØP Cªm]ØU Si©UP¯Õ
E∏¡ıUS¡˜u EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬∞fl ˜ıUP©ıP
A¯©Ø˜¡skˆ©⁄ AUS £∂¢x¯µzux. EØ∫|¯ª®
£“Œ |¯ª∞¿ ]÷¡∫PŒfl Jmkˆ©ızu ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄U
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Bsk ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US ˜Pızuı∂ P¿¬US A¿ªx ˜u]ØU P¿¬U S
|Ø™UP®£mhx. AUS ¬fl 1966&BÆ Bsk £∂¢x¯µ
A‘U¯P C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ J˜µ ©ıv∂Øı⁄ P¿¬
A¯©®§¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ GsoØx.
AUS ¬fl A‘U¯P ˆuı»¿, ˆuı»¿~m£,
ˆ£ı‘∞Ø¿, ˜¡Õıs¯© ©ÿ÷Æ A‘¬Ø¿ P¿¬US
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. 1986&BÆ Bsifl ¶vØ P¿¬U¶vØ P¿¬U¶vØ P¿¬U¶vØ P¿¬U¶vØ P¿¬U
ˆPı“¯P≤ƈPı“¯P≤ƈPı“¯P≤ƈPı“¯P≤ƈPı“¯P≤Æ 1992&BÆ Bsifl ˆ\Ø¿ vmh¨Æ 21&BÆ
°ÿ”ısk ˆuıh[SÆ ¨fl 14 ¡Øx¡¯µ E“Õ A¯⁄zx
S«¢¯uP–USÆ |¯”ƒhfl TiØ uµ©ı⁄ P¿¬¯Øz
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143
u∏¡¯u ˜ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. Czu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]PŒ
⁄ı¿ 1951&BÆ Bsk 42.6 ¬ UPıhıP C∏¢u ˆuıhUPU
P¿¬ ˜\∫U¯P 1999&BÆ Bsk 94.9 ¬ UPık |¯ªUS
EØ∫¢ux. EØ∫|¯ª® £“ŒU P¿¬, EØ∫ P¿¬ ©ÿ÷Æ
£¿P¯ªUP«PU P¿¬USÆ \© ¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP®£mk
¡Õ∫a]≤ÿ”x. C¢vØı¬¿ 1.10 Cªm\zvÿSÆ ˜©ÿ£mh
EØ∫|¯ª® £“Œ, ˜©¿|¯ª® £“Œ |÷¡⁄[P“ E“Õ⁄.
A˜u ˜£ı¿ ˆ£ıx, ˆuı»¿~m£, ©∏zx¡ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜¡Õıs¯©U P¿¬US 12,350 P¿ø∂P“ E“Õ⁄.
C¢vØı¬¿ 250USÆ ˜©ÿ£mh £¿P¯ªU P«P[P“ (Universi-ties) ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄. ˜\∫U¯P GsoU¯P
AvP∂®§⁄ıæÆ |÷¡⁄[PŒfl GsoU¯P ¡Õ∫a]∞
⁄ıæÆ 2000&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl
¬ UPık 65 ¢vÿSÆ ˜©¿ EØ∫¢ux.
1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
\≠P, P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP S‘®§hzuUP \≠P
©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk“Õx. \ıv A¯©®§¿ \∂ƒ Hÿ£mk“Õx.
\≠P Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ Hx¡ıQ≤“Õx (Social mobility), √⁄
©Ø©ıuº⁄ı¿ \¨uıØzvfl A¯⁄zx §∂ƒ ©UP–USÆ
fl¯©P“ ˆ\fl÷ ˜\∫Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı¬¿ \©zx¡
\¨uıØÆ ˜uıfl‘¡∏Qfl”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ß™uı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl
˜ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯©
∞⁄∫ ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
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144
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®£mh Bsk
A. 1960 B. 1950
C. 1952 D. 1951
2. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1961 B. 1960
C. 1962 D. 1963
3. u™Ã ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¿ Ch
JxURmifl AÕƒ
A. 30 ¬ UPık B. 33 ¬ UPık
C. 31 ¬ UPık D. 32 ¬ UPık
4. B]∂Ø∫ v⁄Æ ˆPıshıh®£kÆ ı“
A. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 10
C. ˆ\Æ£hÆ£∫ 15 D. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 25
5. ˜Pızuı∂U S |Ø™UP®£mh Bsk
A. 1966 B. 1962
C. 1960 D. 1964
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPzv¯⁄z ˆuıh[QØ¡∫ ________ B¡ı∫.
2. C¢xz v∏©na \mhÆ ________ ©nz¯ua \mhß∫¡
©ıUQØx.
3. ˆ£sP“ \© FvØÆ ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥≤Æ \mhÆ________
BSÆ
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ ]÷¡∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz
ukUSÆ \mhÆ ________ BSÆ.
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145
5. wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk ________.
6. hıUh∫ H. Cªm_©n\ı™ ¨uºØı∫ S |Ø™UP®£mh
Bsk________.
III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ && 1953
2. ©zvØa \≠P ª ¡ı∂ØÆ && 1986
3. ˆ£s ]_¡¯uz uk®¶a \mhÆ && ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ
4. ¶vØ P¿¬U ˆPı“¯P && 1961
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
2. C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ u∏Æ E∂¯© Gfl⁄?
3. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª, \≠P ª ¡ı∂Ø[PŒfl £o Gfl⁄?
4. 1952&BÆ Bsk _µ[Pa \mhzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
5. ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v |÷¡⁄Æ G®˜£ıx
A¯©UP®£mhx?
6. 1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl ¬ UPık Gfl⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh
h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
2. 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ S‘zx G xP.
3. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘
J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.
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146
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶ £ÿ‘ J∏ ˆ\ıÿ˜£ı∏US Hÿ£ık
ˆ\¥P.
2. C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh
h¡iU¯PP“ S‘zx ¬⁄ı&¬¯h |PÃa] hzxP.
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147
£ıhÆ & 8
C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P“, vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“
©ÿ÷Æ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ A¯h¢u
\ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫©ØÆ, uıµıÕ©ØÆ, EªP©ØÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ
C¯¡ S‘zu C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
B[Qª Bm]ØıÕ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¯⁄U Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏m
P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ J∏ ıhıP˜¡ ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄®
¶”UPozu⁄∫. ¨u¿, CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫PŒfl ˜£ıx
Hÿ£mh ˜u¯¡PŒ⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿ ]‘x ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]
Hÿ£mhx. B⁄ı¿ A∆¡Õ∫a] £ıµımhzuUP AÕƒ
C¿¯ª. §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ™PƒÆ
£ıvUP®£mhx. §∂UP®£hıu C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _©ı∫ 68
¬ UPık ∫®£ı\⁄® £Sv £ıQÏuı›USa ˆ\fl”x.
Au⁄ı¿ ©x ımifl Enƒ Eÿ£zvU S¯”¢ux. Aufl
¬¯Õ¡ıP C¢vØı¬¿ Enƒ uı¤Ø® £ÿ”ıUS¯”
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148
Hÿ£mhx. ımifl u¤£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ ™PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄
uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª
∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿
˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ
ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ
Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ UQh
C¢vØı vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄
˜©ÿˆPıshx.
vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ
Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh
˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmh™h¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.
ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmh™h¿ £o∞¯⁄® ¶∂¢vh
˜∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhUvmhUvmhUvmhUvmhU
S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.
vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ
¡Szu¿, 2. ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,
©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”
P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU
ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ ´uı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk ımifl vmh™mh®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U
S S S S S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®¶Æ
Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷
ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.
vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmh™hºfl ¨UQØ
˜ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤£∫
¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl
¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª
∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®¶UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.
Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏Õı
uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl
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149
ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“)
u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk
ˆuı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ.
1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ˆuı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“
G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ
ˆuı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk
|¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“
A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz
ˆuı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Air-
ways), P®£¿ Pmku¿, ™fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ˆuıh∫
¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ˆuı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥
©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ™fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”
£ª ˆuı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄
h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ,
Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk®
£ımifl Rà ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ®
£ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \¨uıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u
Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜ıUP©ıP
Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa
ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ≠ªÆ ¯h ˆ£÷Æ
Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫
x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“
A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm,
˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ˆuı»¿, ]÷ ˆuı»¿P“
©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US
¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ˆuıh[QØ
uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ
°ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP
©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿
Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx.
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150
I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ : C¢vØı Cx¡¯µ
Jfl£x I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ ¯h¨¯”®£kzv≤“Õx.
uÿ˜£ıx £zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (2002&-2007) ˆ\غ¿
E“Õx. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhƨu¿ I¢uıskz vmhƨu¿ I¢uıskz vmhƨu¿ I¢uıskz vmhƨu¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951&1956) 1951&BÆ Bsk
ˆuıh[P®£mhx. AzvmhÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. ∫®£ı\⁄Æ, ™fl Eÿ£zv, ˆuı»¿, ˜£ıUS¡µzx
˜£ıfl” ©ÿ” x¯”PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]USÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®
£mhx. £¿˜ıUS v ∫z vmh[PÕı⁄ uı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆ
(˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ, •Pı∫), J∂\ı¬¿ ©Pıv∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®
£mk“Õ ÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯n (EªQfl Õ©ı⁄ A¯n), \mª‰
v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®£mk“Õ £Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n
(C¢vØı¬fl ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¿˜ıUS v∫z vmhÆ),
x[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆ (B¢vµı, P∫ıhPÆ), ˜Pı]z vmhƘPı]z vmhƘPı]z vmhƘPı]z vmhƘPı]z vmhÆ
(•Pı∫), \ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ (©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ, Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ),
©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ (˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ), ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ
(B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ) BQØ⁄ A¯©UP®£h h¡iU¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. Cµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ
(1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) P⁄µPz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–US ¨UQØzx¡Æ
AŒzux. §ªı¥, ˆ£ıUPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, π∫˜Pªı BQØ
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1949&50&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆ©ızu Enƒ uıflØ
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vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“ (Annual Plans) ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄. ıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡x
I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) ˜¡Õıs¯© ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
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BsiÿS 9 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ C∏UP CªUS |∫n∞zux.
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1980&BÆ BskPŒ¿ C¢vØ Aµ_ ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P
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& 2001&BÆ Bsi¿ π£ı¥ 16,500 AÕ¬ÿS EØ∫¢ux. 1974&BÆ
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P∏v⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡µx Aµ_, A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£
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1. vmhUS A¯©UP®£mh Bsk
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1. vmhUS ¬fl £oP¯ÕU T÷P.
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2. ©ın¡∫ u[P“ £Sv∞¿ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
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§µu©µı⁄ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ I.˜P. S‰µı¿ (I.K. Gujral) 1996&BÆ Bsk I¢xI¢xI¢xI¢xI¢x
AÆ\[PŒflAÆ\[PŒflAÆ\[PŒflAÆ\[PŒflAÆ\[PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ C¢vØı¬fl "As¯h"As¯h"As¯h"As¯h"As¯h
ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ımkU ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄' ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. A¯¡ (1) Gv∫£ı∫®
§¿ªı m¶ £ıµımku¿, (2) ©ÿ” ımk Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø
©vzu¿, (3) §” ımk E“ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ u¯ª∞hı¯©,
(4) u⁄x ımk® £Sv¯Ø ©ÿ” ımiÿˆPvµıP®
£Øfl£kzu A›©vØı¯©, (5) §µa\¯⁄¯Øz w∫zxU
ˆPı“¡v¿ ˜µi® ˜£a_ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. C¯¡ S‰µı¿S‰µı¿S‰µı¿S‰µı¿S‰µı¿
˜Pım£ık˜Pım£ık˜Pım£ık˜Pım£ık˜Pım£ık G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄.
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8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ :8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ :8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ :8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ :8. \ı∫U ≠ªÆ ©shªU Tmk”ƒ : C¢vØı, ©shªU
Tmk”¬¿ ƧU¯PU ˆPısk“Õx. Cu⁄i®£¯h∞¿
£Ø›” ¡[PıÕ˜u\Æ C¢vØıƒhfl Jzx¯«zvh ¨fl
¡¢ux. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˆuÿS B]Ø ıkP“ \ı∫UˆuÿS B]Ø ıkP“ \ı∫UˆuÿS B]Ø ıkP“ \ı∫UˆuÿS B]Ø ıkP“ \ı∫UˆuÿS B]Ø ıkP“ \ı∫U
A¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆA¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆA¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆA¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆA¿ªx ©shªU Tmk”¬ÿPı⁄ ˆuÿPı]Øa \[PÆ
(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) Gݮ
A¯©®¶ E∏¡ıUP®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§fl ¨u¿ ©ıık
1985&BÆ Bsk i\Æ£∫ v[P“ ¡[PıÕ ˜u\z u¯ªPµı⁄
hıUPı¬¿hıUPı¬¿hıUPı¬¿hıUPı¬¿hıUPı¬¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ”x. 1986&BÆ Bsk ˜£ıÕzvfl
u¯ªPµı⁄ Pız©sk (Kathmandu) C∆¡¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©
ØP©ı⁄x, C∆¡¯©®§¿, (1) C¢vØı, (2) ¡[PıÕ ˜u\Æ,
(3) £ıQÏuıfl, (4) ˜£ıÕÆ, (5) ßhıfl, (6) Cª[¯P,
(7) ©ıªzwƒP“ ˜£ıfl” 7 ıkP“ uÿ˜£ıx A[PÆ ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õ⁄. C∆¡¯©®¶ J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ,
£s£ımkz x¯”PŒ¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥x ˆPı“¡¯u ˜ıUP
©ıPU ˆPısk“Õx. C∆¡¯©®¶ Gzu¯PØ Aµ]Ø¿ P∏x
ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısiØ[P¬¿¯ª. E÷®¶ ıkP“ Si∫,
G∂\Uv, uP¡¿ˆuıh∫¶, ˜£ıUS¡µzx, _ÿ÷a`«¿, Ch®
ˆ£Ø∫ƒ, _ÿ÷ªı, ¡oPÆ, ¨uΩk ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
u[P–US“ Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl ˆ\Ø¿£h J®¶U ˆPısk“Õ⁄.
C¢ıkP“ 1993&BÆ Bsk \ı®hı A¿ªx ˆuÿPı]؈uÿPı]؈uÿPı]؈uÿPı]؈uÿPı]Ø
¨fl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uƨfl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uƨfl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uƨfl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uƨfl›∂¯© ¡∫zuP J®£¢uÆ (South Asian Preferential TradeAgreement (SAPTA) Jfl‘¯⁄a ˆ\¥x ˆPısh⁄. C∆
¡¯©®¶ uÿ˜£ıx¡¯µ 12 Ea] ©ııkP¯ÕU Psk“Õx.
C¢vØı ˆuÿPı]Ø® £Sv∞¿ A¯©v¯Ø≤Æ E÷v¯Ø≤Æ
|¯ª|÷zu u⁄x As¯h ıkP–hfl Jzx¯«®£v¿
™PƒÆ B∫¡©ıP C∏¢x ¡∏Qfl”x.
9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S :9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S :9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S :9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S :9. Pı©flˆ¡¿zv¿ £[S : C[Qªı¢vfl ¨fl⁄ı“ Si˜Øÿ”
ıkP“ u[P–US“ ¡oP, £s£ımkz ˆuıh∫¶P¯ÕU
ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. A¯¡P“ Pı©flˆ¡¿z Gfl” A¯©®§¯⁄
Hÿ£kzv⁄. C¢vØıƒÆ A∆¡¯©®§¿ E÷®§⁄µı¥a
˜\∫¢ux. Pı©flˆ¡¿z ıkP“ u[P–US“ P¿¬,
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£Æ, £s£ık ˜£ıfl” x¯”PŒ¿
Jzx¯«®¶hfl ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄. A¢ıkP–hfl
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169
C¢vØı u⁄x E”¬¯⁄z xsizxU ˆPı“Õ ¬∏Æ£
¬¿¯ª.
10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ :10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ :10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ :10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ :10. £Ø[Pµ¡ıu Gv∫®¶ : £Ø[Pµ¡ıu A¯©®¶P–Æ
£Ø[Pµ¡ıu¨Æ uÿ˜£ıx A¯©vUS Aa_÷zuªı¥ ¬Õ[Q
¡∏Qfl”⁄. C¢vØı £Ø[Pµ¡ıuzv¯⁄ Gv∫UQfl”x.
C¢vØı u⁄x As¯h ıkP–h›Æ, ©ÿ” EªP
ıkP–h›Æ ˜\∫¢x \∫¡˜u\ AÕ¬¿ £Ø[Pµ ¡ıuzv¯⁄
Gv∫®£v¿ Jzx¯«zvh Gfl÷Æ uØıµıP E“Õx.
As¯h ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” ıkP–h›Æ
C¢vØı¬fl E”ƒP“
^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ :^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ :^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ :^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ :^⁄ & C¢vØ E”ƒP“ : 1957&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿, ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”ƒPŒ¿ £ıv®¶P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. 1959&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı
C¢vØıƒhfl G¿¯ªz uPµıÿ‘¯⁄ ¡Õ∫zux. A∆¡ısk
vˆ£zv¿ ^⁄ıƒUˆPvµıP G ¢u ¶µm]¯Ø JkUP ^⁄ı
x∏®¶P¯Õ A›®§Øx. vˆ£zvfl uªı¥ ªı©ı uªı¥ ªı©ı uªı¥ ªı©ı uªı¥ ªı©ı uªı¥ ªı©ı C¢vØı
ƒUS Ki ¡¢uı∫. ^⁄ı C¢vØıƒhfl ˜£ı∂hz uØıµı⁄x.
1962&BÆ Bsk ^⁄ı C¢vØı¯¡z uıUQØx. A®˜£ı∂⁄ı¿
C¢vØı £ª Cfl⁄¿P–US“Õı⁄x. A®˜£ı∂¯⁄z
ˆuıh∫¢x 1976&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P
|¯ª Aÿ÷®˜£ı⁄x. 1988&BÆ Bsk ¨fl⁄ı“ C¢vØ®
§µu©∫ Cµı„∆ Pı¢vCµı„∆ Pı¢vCµı„∆ Pı¢vCµı„∆ Pı¢vCµı„∆ Pı¢v ^⁄ı¬ÿS® £ØnÆ ˆ\¥u˜£ıxuıfl
´skÆ C¢vØa&^⁄ E”¬¿ _¨P |¯ª Hÿ£mhx.
A∆¡ısk C¢vØıƒÆ ^⁄ıƒÆ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿
~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄~m£Æ, ¡ıfl˜£ıUS¡µzx, £s£ımk £∂¡∫zu¯⁄
˜£ıfl” ≠fl÷ J®£¢u[PŒ¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1993&BÆ
Bsk C∏ıkP–Æ A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿A¯©v ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©v Pızu¿
G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ J®£¢uzvæÆ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄. 1996&BÆ
Bsk ^⁄z u¯ª¡∫ ‚Øı[ˆ·™fl‚Øı[ˆ·™fl‚Øı[ˆ·™fl‚Øı[ˆ·™fl‚Øı[ˆ·™fl (Jiang Zemin)C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡∏¯P ¶∂¢uı∫. A®˜£ıx C¢vØıƒÆ
^⁄ıƒÆ ƧU¯P ¡Õ∫USÆ h¡iU¯P J®£¢u[P“
ıflQ¿ ¯PˆØ z vmh⁄. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk ^⁄&C¢vØ
E”¬¿ |¯ªØı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk ¡∏Qfl”x.
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170
£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ :£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ :£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ :£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ :£ıQÏuı›hfl E”ƒP“ : C¢vØı¬ÿSÆ £ıQÏuı›USÆ
C¯h∞¿ §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ Hÿ£mh PıØ[P“ B÷¡uÿS
shımP“ B∞⁄. Cfl⁄¨Æ PıË´µ® §µa]¯⁄ w∫UP®
£hıu Jfl”ıPƒÆ C∏ ıkP–US™¯h∞¿ ¡ıuzvÿS∂Ø
uıPƒ¨“Õx. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl PıË´µzvfl ©fl⁄∫
PıË´¯µ C¢vØıƒhfl C¯nzuı∫. B⁄ı¿ £ıQÏuı¤¿
E“Õ PıË´µ ¬∏ƧP“ Cfl”ÕƒÆ C¯n®¯£
Gv∫®£xhfl A¯©v ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ¨‘Øi®£væÆ
Dk£mk ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫. Azu¯PØ ¨Øÿ]P–US A¢|Ø
\UvP“ G∂ w∞¿ Gsˆn¥ Fÿ÷¡x˜£ıª Eu¬
¡∏Qfl”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØı&£ıQÏuıfl C¯h∞¿ 1948,
1965, 1971 ©ÿ÷Æ 1999&C¿ (Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫) ˜£ı∫P“
¯hˆ£ÿ”⁄. 1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,1966&BÆ Bsk uıËPsm J®£¢u¨Æ,
1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ 1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ 1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ 1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ 1972&BÆ Bsk ]ƪı J®£¢u¨Æ ˜µi® ˜£a_ ¡ı∫z¯u,
Ehfl£ımifl ≠ªÆ §µa]¯⁄P¯Õz w∫zxU ˆPı“Õ ¡»
¡SUQfl”⁄. C¢vØ Aµ_ PıË´∂¿ ©UPÕım]¯Ø
A¯©zx“Õx. £ıQÏuı¤fl shPıª Cµıq¡ Bm],
Cµıq¡zvfl ≠ª¨Æ, w¬µ¡ıuzv⁄ıæÆ PıË´¯µ
C¢vØı¬h™∏¢x §∂UP ¨Øÿ]UQ”x. B⁄ı¿ C∏ımk
©UP“ ©zv∞¿ G∆¬u P\®¶n∫a]≤Æ C¿¯ª.
C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ :C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ :C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ :C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ :C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ : C¢vØıƒÆ Cª[¯P≤Æ ¿ª
As¯h ıkP“. Cª[¯P G®ˆ£ı xÆ C¢vØı¬fl
|ØıØ©ı⁄ |¯ª∞¯⁄ Bu∂zx ¡∏Æ ıhıSÆ. 1990&BÆ
Bsk u™«∫ C⁄®§µa]¯⁄z ˆuıh∫£ıP C¢vØı u⁄x
A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄A¯©v PıUSÆ £¯h∞¯⁄ Cª[¯P Aµ]fl ˜¡sk
˜Pı–UQn[P Cª[¯PUS A›®§Øx. ©ÿ” ¡¯P∞¿
C∏ıkPŒfl E”ƒÆ _¨P |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢x
¡∏Qfl”x.
EªP ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ :EªP ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ :EªP ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ :EªP ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ :EªP ıkP–h⁄ı⁄ E”ƒP“ : 1973&BÆ Bsk ¡¯µ
C¢vØ&Aˆ©∂UP E”ƒP“ £ıµımkÆ ¡¯P∞¿ A¯©Ø
¬¿¯ª. 1974&BÆ Bsk Aˆ©∂UP ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒa ˆ\ت∫
ˆÌfl‘ QÏ][P∫ C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. Ax ¨uÿˆPısk C∏
ıkP–USÆ C¯h∞¿ ¡oPÆ, A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿~m£Æ
BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ Jÿ÷¯© |ª¬ ¡∏Qfl”x. C¢vØı
1953&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ CµËØıƒhfl ¿ª E”¬¯⁄ ¯¡zx
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¡¢x“Õx. C¢vØı u⁄x GLSz ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ
A¯©zvh CµËØı, §µıfl_, ˆ·∫©¤, C[Qªı¢x ˜£ıfl”
ıkPŒfl Eu¬∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. C¢vØı B]Øı¬fl
©ÿ” ıkPÕı⁄ ·®£ıfl, ˆufl ˆPı∂Øı, ©˜ª]Øı,
][P®ß∫ ˜£ıfl” ıkP–hfl ˆuıh∫¢x Jÿ÷¯©≤hfl
ˆ\تıÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”x. A˜u ˜£ıfl÷ B®§∂UP ıkP“,
©zvØ Q«US, P⁄hı, BÏv˜µºØı, Cªzwfl Aˆ©∂UP
ıkP–h›Æ C¢vØı ¿æ”¬¯⁄® ˜£o ¡∏Qfl”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢v؈¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¨UQØ
AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªÆ, Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ^⁄&C¢vØ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡ıvUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ S‰µı¿ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı EªP ıkP–hfl ˆPısk“Õ
E”ƒP¯ÕU ˜PıimkU Pımh ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı I.ı. \¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄∫ B⁄ Bsk
A. 1944 B. 1945
C. 1947 D. 1946
2. "A£ı∫ wm' ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø ık
A. ˆufl B®§∂UPı B. B]Øı
C. ^⁄ı D. B®§∂UPı
3. ¨u¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP ©ıık ¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ˆP¥˜µı B. hıUPı
C. ˆ£¿Q˜µm D. ·Pı∫zuı
4. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
A. hıUPı B. Pız©sm
C. ©ı˜ª D. ¶x v¿º
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172
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. £ıflk[ ©ıık ¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________ BSÆ.
2. £g\ ^ªÆ __________ ˜Pım£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx.
3. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl ¬∂¡ıUPÆ ________ _______ ________.
4. ^⁄&C¢vØ® ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
5. Pı∫Q¿ ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk __________.
II. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. v∏©v. ¬·Øªm_™ £sim && 1985
2. \ı∫U && 1996
3. \ı®hı && ≥˜PıϘª¬Øı
4. im˜hı && 1993
5. S‰µı¿ ˜Pım£ık && I.ı. \¯£∞fl ¨u¿
ˆ£s u¯ª¡∫.
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ˜£µµ_U ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Ao˜\µı CØUPzvfl ¨UQØz u¯ª¡∫P“ Øı∫?
3. \ı®hı¯¡ ¬∂¡ıUSP.
4. \ı∫U ıkP“ ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
5. Cµı„∆ Pı¢v G®ˆ£ı x ^⁄ıƒUS® £ØnÆ ˆ\fl”ı∫?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
2. C¢vØı As¯h ıkP–h›Æ ©ÿ” EªP ıkP–h›Æ
ˆPısk“Õ E”ƒP¯Õ ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ¡¯µ £hzv¿ C¢vØı¬fl As¯h ıkP¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
2. ©ın¡¯µ ˜∏, `&ˆØfl&ªı¥, im˜hı, ı\∫, C¢vØı
¡¢u ©ÿ” EªPz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPa
ˆ\ı¿ªƒÆ.
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Si¯©∞Ø¿
AªS & I
£ıhÆ & 1
Tmhım] Aµ_ A¯©®¶
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Tmhım] A¯©®§fl ufl¯©¯Øz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ©zvØ®£SvP“,
(≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) C¯h∞ªı⁄ E”¬¯⁄® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
Tmhım] G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ ˆ£h˜µ\flˆ£h˜µ\flˆ£h˜µ\flˆ£h˜µ\flˆ£h˜µ\fl (Federation)
Gfl” B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "§ˆhÏ'"§ˆhÏ'"§ˆhÏ'"§ˆhÏ'"§ˆhÏ'
(Foedus) Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. J∏ Tmhım]
Aµ_ Gfl£x ©ı|ª[P“ Jfl‘¯n¡vfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿
˜uıfl÷¡uıSÆ. G⁄˜¡ J∏ Tmhım] Aµ]¿ ©zv∞¿ K∫©zv∞¿ K∫©zv∞¿ K∫©zv∞¿ K∫©zv∞¿ K∫
Aµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–ÆAµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–ÆAµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–ÆAµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–ÆAµ_Æ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–Æ G⁄ C∏ Aµ_ A¯©®¶P“ E“Õ⁄.
C∆¬∏ Aµ_ A¯©®¶P–Æ G u®£mh (Written), ˆQ«ız
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Aµ_, Huı¡ˆuı∏ ©ı|ªÆ A¿ªx ©ı|ª[P“ Cflˆ⁄ı∏
¶”¨Æ ˆPısh ]UP¿P“, A¿ªx (C) Cµsk A¿ªx
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G Æ ]UP¿P–Æ Ea\ v©fl”zvfl u⁄U˜P≤∂Ø v ¡¯µ
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C÷v ˜©¿¨¯”±mk v©fl”©ıSÆ. ©ı|ª EØ∫v
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Criminal) ¡«USP“ ´uı⁄ w∫®¶P–US Gvµı⁄ ˜©¿¨¯”
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A. Ea\ v©fl”Æ §”®§USÆ \mhÆ C¢vØı¬fl
A¯⁄zx® £Sv∞æ“Õ v©fl”[P¯Õ≤Æ Pmk®
£kzxÆ.
B. Siص_z u¯ª¡∂fl J®¶u¿ ˆ£ÿ÷ v©fl”zvfl
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“, ¡»¨¯”P¯Õ J [S
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AvPıµÆ ¡«[P®£mk“Õx.
C. Ea\ v©fl”Æ u⁄x A¯©®§fl ´uı⁄ ¨ UPmk®
£ımi¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısk“Õx.
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u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ
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3. ©ın¡∫ ıhı–©fl”zvfl A¯©®¶, ©zvØ Aµ]fl
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1. ıhı–©fl”zv¿ ___________ A¯¡P“ E“Õ⁄.
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2. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ___________fl u¯ª¡µı¡ı∫.
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4. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ___________vÿS Jmk ˆ©ızu©ıP
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III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ &-& RÃa\¯£
2. §µu© A¯©a\∫ &-& ≠fl”ıÆ A[PÆ
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1. Siص_z u¯ª¡µıPz ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄ uSvP“
Gfl⁄?
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V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ©zvØ Aµ]fl A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. §µu© A¯©a\∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
3. Ea\ v©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ
¬ÕUSP.
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2. ©zvØ |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, vzx¯” u¯ª¡∫PŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.
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˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £o
P¯Õ≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ vzx¯” A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
C¢vØı £ª ©ı|ª[P¯Õ E“ÕhUQØ K∫ Jfl‘ØÆ
BSÆ. C¢vØı¬¿ uÿ˜£ıx 28 ©ı|ª[P–Æ 6 ≥¤Øfl
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AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £oP¯Õ≤Æ ˆuŒ¡ıP ¬ÕUSQfl”x.
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˜u¯¡ Hÿ£ifl ©ı|ª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ≤Æ ©ıÿ÷Æ
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J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıP¨Æ B–¯µ≤Æ, ¨uª¯©a\¯µz
u¯ª¡µıPU ˆPısh A¯©a\µ¯¡¯Ø≤Æ E“ÕhUQØ
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µıP B–∫ ˆ£ØµÕ¬¿ ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”ı∫. A¯©a\∫P˜Õ
Es¯©Øı⁄ |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”⁄∫.
G¤›Æ \mh®£i G¿ªı |∫¡ıP AvPıµ[P–Æ B–∂h˜©
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B–∫ £u¬˜ØÿSƘ£ıx A¡µx E÷®§⁄∫ £u¬ uı⁄ıP
PıºØı⁄uıP® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ, (4) A¡∫ FvØÆ ˆ£÷Æ
G¢u® £u¬∞¯⁄≤Æ ¡Qzu¿ Thıx.
B–∂fl £u¬UPıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP I¢x BskPÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ¬∏Æ¶Æ ¡¯µ∞¿ A¡∫ £u¬∞¿
iUPªıÆ. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ G¢u¬u Pıµnz¯u≤Æ
S‘®§hı©¿ B–¯µ® £u¬∞º∏¢x UPªıÆ.
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C. C©Ø©¯ªz ˆuıh∫ D. £“Õz uıUS
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. C¢vØı¬¿ AvP ©UPmˆuı¯P E“Õ ©ı|ªÆ
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2. _________ £Sv∞¿ ©UP“ ¡ıáuÿS Hÿ” `«¿
C¿¯ª.
3. C©Ø©¯ª∞fl _________ £Sv∞¿ £«[Si ©UP“
(©¯ª ¡ıà ©UP“) ©mkÆ ¡]UQfl”⁄∫.
4. _______________ ©ı|ªzvfl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv £ı¯ª |ª©ıP
E“Õuı¿ ™u©ı⁄ ©UPmˆuı¯PØıP E“Õx.
5. ˜©ÿS PhÿP¯µ∞¿ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ ©UP“
Pın®£kÆ £SvP“ _________
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. A\ıÆ && C©Ø©¯ª,
SŒ∫ & S¯”¢u ©UP“
2. PıË´∫ £“ÕzuıUS -&& u¯ªP∫, £fl⁄ımk ©UP“
PµÆ (Cosmopolitan)
3. ˆh¿º && ¡hQ«US ©ı|ªÆ,
©¯ª\ıv∞⁄∫
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4. •hß™® §µ˜u\Æ && Q«USU PhÿP¯µ
5. Cµı·Ïuıfl && EØ∫|ª[P“ £ı ª¡⁄®£Sv &--
S¯”¢u Ah∫zv
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ©UPmˆuı¯PU PnUˆPk®¶ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. G¢u ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ AvP ©UPmˆuı¯PP“ E“Õ⁄?
3. £ıº⁄ ¬QuÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ ¡¯µP.
4. P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ Hfl AvP ©UPmˆuı¯P¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ÷
E“Õx?
5. ©¯ª®£Sv∞¿ S¯”¢u ©UP“ ¡]UPU PıµnÆ
Gfl⁄?
V. ¬∂¡ı¯⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. C¢vØı¬fl ©UPmˆuı¯P® £µ¡¯ª® £ÿ‘ ¬∂¡ıP
¬¡∂.
2. C¢vØ ¡Õ∫a]US® ˜£ıh®£mhz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘
¬∂¡ıP ¬¡∂.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ C¢vØ ¡¯µ®£hzv¿ ©UPm
ˆuı¯P® £µ¡¯ª GŒØ ¡¯P BµoP“ (patterns)
≠ªÆ ¡¯µP.
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AªS IX : ¡Õ∫¢x ¡∏Æ C¢vØı
£ıhÆ 9
G a]≤÷Æ C¢vØı
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄® £ÿ‘z
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿, C¢vØı¬fl \ıu¯⁄P“,
u¯hP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ¡Õ∫a]UPıPz vmh™mh
I¢uısk vmh[P“, Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP“,
\ıu¯⁄P“, u¯hP“ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ vmh Cªm]Ø[P“, ˜ıUP[P“,
©UP–Æ, Aµ_Æ ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ ˆ\Ø¿P“ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ |Pâx¡∏Æ G a]¯Ø≤Æ
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡PÕı⁄ Enƒ, E¯h,
C∏®§hÆ BQد¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØx
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ımk Aµ]fl u¯ªØıØ Ph¯©ØıSÆ.
Azxhfl ©UPŒfl Gsn[P“, Pÿ£¯⁄P“, P¯ªP“,
˜£ıUS¡µzx, P¿¬, _PıuıµÆ, ©∏zx¡Æ ˜£ıfl” Cuµ
¡\vP¯Õ≤Æ ¡Õ®£kzv ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµzv¯⁄≤Æ EØ∫zu ˜¡skÆ.
Cfl÷ C¢vØı £ª x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
A¯h¢x C∏¢u˜£ıxÆ, ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ©UPŒfl
Ai®£¯hz ˜u¯¡P¯Õ ¨ ¯©ØıP® ß∫zvˆ\¥Ø
¨iج¿¯ª. C¢vØı¬fl u¤£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄Æ ™PƒÆ
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S¯”ƒ. Cx Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl u¤£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄zv¿ 60¿
J∏ £[Suıfl. AvP AÕ¬ªı⁄ ©UP“ ¡÷¯©U
˜PımiÿSU RÃ ¡ıÃQfl”⁄∫.
G⁄˜¡, C¢vØ Aµ_ C¢|¯ªP¯Õz v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø
vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ, \≠P
¡Õ∫a]z vmh[P¯Õ≤Æ ¡Szx ˆ\Ø¿£kzxQfl”x.
™P ˜¡P©ı⁄ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P AvP∂®¶ ©x ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø
ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ £ıvUQfl”x.
1950&BÆ Bsk ¨u¿ ˜u]Ø vmhUS ¬¯⁄
|÷¬ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ª wmi ˆ\Ø¿£kzv
¡∏Qfl”x. I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜ıUPÆ
©UPŒfl ˜u¯¡P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥x ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµz¯u
EØ∫zx¡xÆ, ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z
vÿPı⁄ ¡»P¯ÕU Psh‘¢x ım¯h G¿ªı
¡»PŒæÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”® £ı¯u∞¿ A¯«zxa ˆ\¿¡x
©ıSÆ.
¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ 1951&56&¿ wmh®ˆ£ÿ”x.
Cx¡¯µ Jfl£x I¢uısk vmh[P“ |¯”˜¡ÿ”®
£mk“Õ⁄. C¢uz vmh[PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜ıUPÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^∫v∏zuÆ, ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫
©Ø©ıUSu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P¯Õa ^µ¯©®£x
©ÿ÷Æ u¯hØÿ” ¡ıo£Æ ˆ£∏US¡x BQد¡
PÕıSÆ.
C¢vØ Aµ\ı[PÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ ımifl
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Psk“Õx.
S‘®£ıP 1991&º∏¢x Hÿ£mh ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz uıµıÕ
©Ø©ıu¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ |v |¯ª¯©∞¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Pın Eu¬ÿ÷. ˜©æÆ ˆuı»¿P“,
˜¡Õıs¯©, Enƒ Eÿ£zv BQد¡ S‘®§hzuUP
¡¯P∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õ⁄. ƨ¯hØ
Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒıkPŒ¿ ¬ÿPƒÆ, AvP
˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§ÿSÆ, ¡∫zuP ¡Õ∫a]USÆ ¡»
Pıs§zx“Õx. I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ ık £ª
x¯”PŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx Gfl£v¿ G∆¬u
Iب™¿¯ª.
_©ı∫ 40 & 50 ¡∏h[P–US ¨fl¶ ©x
¨fl˜⁄ı∫P“ £«¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜¡Õıs¯©∞¿
Dk£mi∏¢u⁄∫. ¶vØ A‘¬Ø¿ ~m£® £ıxPı®¶
¨¯”P“ ¡«UQ¿ C¿ªı©¿ C∏¢u Pıµnzuı¿
uı¤Ø[P“ ¨v∫a] ˆ£” AvP PıªÆ GkzxU
ˆPısh⁄. ˜©æÆ \ıS£i∞fl AÕƒÆ S¯”¡ıP
C∏¢ux. £∞∫zˆuı»º¿ ¶vØ ¨¯”P“, £∞∫
£ıxPı®¶, ˆ\Øÿ¯P Eµ[P“ £Øfl £kzx¡x
˜£ıfl”¯¡ C¿ªıu Pıµnzuı¿ Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”≤Æ |ª¬Øx. E £¡∫ Th Enƒ® £ÿ”ıU
S¯”Øı¿ Hï©∞¿ C∏¢u⁄∫.
1960&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S ˜¡Õıs ˆuı»º¿
˜¡P©ı⁄ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx. √⁄¨¯”∞¿ w¬µa
\ıS£i ˆ\¥Ø®£mhx. £_¯©®¶µm] £µ¡ªıP A‘¨P®
£kzu®£mk uµ©ı⁄ ¬¯uP“, Eµ[P“, ßa]UˆPı¿º
©∏¢xP“, iµıUh∫P“ £Øfl£kzu®£mk Eÿ£zv
AvP∂UPz ˆuıh[QØx. Cfl÷ C¢vØı 200 ™¿ºØfl
hflP“ Enƒ uı¤Ø[P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥Qfl”x.
˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ EªQ¿ ^⁄ı, IUQØ Aˆ©∂UPı
¬ÿS Akzu£iØıP ≠fl”ı¡x Chzv¿ C¢vØı
E“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ˜¡Õıs Bµı¥a] |÷¡⁄Æ
Cfl›Æ J∏ ]ª BskPŒ¿ C¢vØı Aˆ©∂UPı¯¡
¬h ˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄‘ Cµshı¡x
Chz¯u® ˆ£ÿ÷¬kÆ Gfl÷ T÷Qfl” AÕ¬ÿS
¨fl˜⁄‘≤“Õx.
C¢v¯õÂß I¢uõskz vmh[PÒ £ØÔ Kº £õºøÁ
1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ¨u¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) : CzvmhÆ
˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzx ımifl
˜¡Õıs, ∫£ı\⁄, ™fl Eÿ£zvz x¯”PŒ¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z¯u Hÿ£kzv≤“Õx.
2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) : Cz
vmhÆ ˆuı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzux.
Cufl ≠ªÆ £ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P“ |÷¡®£mh⁄.
389388
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ˆuı»¿ ˆPı“¯P∞¿ £ª©ı÷u¿P¯Õ≤Æ Hÿ£kzv⁄.
Afl¤Ø Eu¬ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˜Pıµ®£mhx.
3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) : Cufl
˜ıUPÆ ık ufl¤¯”ƒ ˆ£÷¡xuıfl. B⁄ı¿ ˜u]Ø
¡Õz¯u® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ Hÿ£mh ]UPªıæÆ
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P“ Afl¤Ø ¨uΩm¯ha
\ı∫¢x C∏¢uuıæÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø®
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :
≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmh ˜uı¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ™S¢u
ˆ∏UPi¯Ø \©ıŒUP Bskz vmh[P“
˜£ıh®£mh⁄. ˆuıh∫a] ØıP ≠fl÷ BskP“,
Bskz vmh[P“ ©mk˜© vmh™mk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄.
5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) : Cufl
˜ıUPÆ ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], ˜©æÆ
\≠Pzvæ“Õ Hÿ”z uıÃP¯ÕU P¯Õ¡x, ¡ıÃU¯Pz
uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡x BSÆ. Czvmhzv¿ §flu[QØ
£SvP–US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒUP®£mhx. |¯ªØı⁄,
ufl¤¯”ƒ A¯h¢u ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz¯u® ˆ£”, Au¯⁄
˜©Æ£kzx¡xuıfl Cufl S‘U˜Pı“. B⁄ı¿ £n
√UP¨Æ, £ª ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ, \≠Pzv¿ Hÿ£mh
S«®£[P–Æ, u¯hP–Æ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Øz
uµ¬¿¯ª.
6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :
Hï©¯Ø US¡x, shPıª Ai®£¯h∞¿ 1974 &
75&º∏¢x 1985 & 86 ¡¯µ ˜£ıh®£mhx. §fl⁄∫
Bskz vmh[PÕıP ©ıÿ”®£mhx. _«¿ vmh[P“
E∏¡ıUQ §fl⁄∫ Au¯⁄≤Æ u“–£i
ˆ\¥x¬mh⁄∫.
7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]˜Ø Cufl S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. I¢uısk
vmh[PŒ ⁄ı¿ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx Gfl£x C¢u
I¢uıskz vmhzv¿ C∏¢xuıfl ˆu∂Ø¡¢ux.
8. H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) : Enƒ
uı¤Ø[PŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø® ˆ£∏US¡x ˜¡¯ª
¡ı¥® §¯⁄ AvP∂®£x ¨UQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.
B⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕ¬¿
ˆ\Ø¿£hıu Pıµnzuı¿ CzvmhÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.
9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,
1991&92, BQØ ≠fl÷ BskP–US Bskz
vmh[P“ wmh®£mh⁄. 1992 ¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ
wmh®£mhx. Cufl ¨UQØ ˜ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ
˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[
P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^µ¯©®¶ ˆ\¥u¿
BQد¡ØıSÆ. Cx KµÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ” vmhÆ
BSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ _u¢vµÆ ˆ©x¡ıP E∏¡ı⁄x.
10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :
©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫
x¯”US ¡ı¥®¶U ˆPıkzu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS AvP
¨UQØzx¡Æ AŒUP® £mhx. ^µ¯©®¶
ˆuıhµ®£mhx. EªP©Ø©ıuºfl Pıµn©ıP
ˆ¡Œımk ¨uΩkP“ C¢vØı¬¿ ¨uΩk
ˆ\¥Ø®£mk ˆuı»ªP[P“ BµÆ§UP®£mh⁄. C¢vØ
©UPmˆuı¯P Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿP ¿ª
\¢¯u Gfl£¯u |π§zux.
2001 ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 9/11 ¿ Hÿ£mh ]‘x uÕ∫a]US® §”S
C¢vØı uP¡¿ ˆuı»¿ ~m£zv¿ (IT) ¨fl˜⁄‘
¡∏Qfl”x.
11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :11. £zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmh[P“ (2002 & 2007) :
Enƒ uı¤Ø[P“, £∏®¶ ¡¯PP“, Gsˆn¥
¬zxUP“ BQد¡P“ Eÿ£zv AvP∂USÆ Gfl÷
Gv∫£ı∫UP®£kQ”x. AvP ©UP“ ˆuı¯P
ˆ£∏UPzvæÆ S‘®§hzuUP AÕ¬¿ ¡÷¯©U ˜Pım
iÿSURà E“Õ¡∫PŒfl GsoU¯P S¯”≤Æ Gfl”
Gv∫£ı∫®¶ E“Õx.
391390
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I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˆuı»¿ ˜¡P©ıP
¡Õ∫¢ux. £sim ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏ C¢vØz
ˆuı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø I¢uıskz vmh[P“ ≠ªÆ
ˆuıh[Q ¯¡zuı∫. ©ımk ¡siP“, C∏ \UPµ
¡ıP⁄[P“, ™v ¡siP“, ˜£∏¢xP“, Cµ∞¿
ˆ£miP“, ˆ£∂Ø ¬©ı⁄[ PŒfl Eÿ£zv ˆ£∏QØx.
ˆ£ıxzx¯”, u¤Øı∫ x¯”∞¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mk
£ª P⁄µPz ˆuı»ªP[P–Æ, ˆ©flˆuı»ªP[P–Æ
|÷¡®£mh⁄. ˆ£∂Ø, ]‘Ø ˆuı»ªP[PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]
˜¡P©ıUP®£mhx. ˆuı»ÿ ˜£m¯hP“ E∏¡ıUP®
£mh⁄.
C¢vØı¬fl ˜¡P©ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ¬¯Õ¡ıP
£ªx¯”PŒ¿ Cfl÷ C¢vØı ¨fl⁄o∞¿ E“Õx.
Aq\Uv, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], ˆ\Øÿ¯PU˜Pı“
Eÿ£zv, Au¯⁄ ¬sˆ¡Œ∞¿ A›®¶u¿,
Po®ˆ£ı‘, ˆ©fl ˆ£ı∏“ Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ ™S¢u
¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õx. ©¤uz v”¯©∞¿ C¢vØı
EªQ¿ ≠fl”ı¡x Chz¯u® ˆ£÷Qfl”x.
Ph¢u ≠fl”ıskPÕıP C¢vØı¬fl Hÿ÷©v
AvP∂zx“Õx. £fl⁄ımk ≠ªu⁄[P“ C¢vØU P⁄µPz
ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ, ©ÿ” ˆuı»¯ª≤Æ FUS¬zu⁄.
C¢vØ Aµ_Æ, u¤Øı∫, Aµ]fl ¨uΩmkU ˆPı“¯P∞¿
^µ¯©®¶P¯Õ Hÿ£kzvØx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜ıUPÆ
C¢vØ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
£fl⁄ımka \¢¯u¯Ø® §izx ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Afl¤Ø
ˆ\ª¡ıo¯Ø Dmk¡˜u BSÆ. ˜©æÆ ˜uı¿
ˆ£ı∏mP“, B¯hP“, uØı∂UP®£mh B¯hP“
Eÿ£zv∞æÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzx Qfl”x. ˜¡¯ª
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(2) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Economic Data),
(3) Pªıa\ıµ® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Cultural Data) Gfl£
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غ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡ G∆¬uÆ,
G¢ˆu¢u ¡»¨¯”PŒfl ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄
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£k¡x Gfl÷ T‘⁄ı¿ Ax ™¯PØıPıx.
¶“Œ∞تı⁄x ""˜uıµıØ©ı⁄ J∏ ¬gbı⁄Æ''
Gfl÷ (Science of approximation) T”ªıÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ ¶“Œ
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C¯\Øı ˆ£Õ©fl Gfl” ¡¿æ⁄∫ A¡∫P“ flS GkzxU
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J∏ T÷USÆ AÕƒ Gfl£x ™PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu
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¶¬∞Ø¿ £i®§ÿS ¶“Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡Æ
Gfl£¯u flS A‘Ø ¨iQfl”x.
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£h[P“, ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £h[P“, ©ÿ÷Æ £¿˜¡÷ £µ¡¿
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£h[P“ A¿ªx |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ ¡¯µØ®£kQfl”⁄.
˜©æÆ J˜µ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿSU Th,
£ª¨¯”PŒfl ≠ªÆ £ª¡¯PØı⁄ ¬ÕUP® £h[P“
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ˆ£ıx¡ıP ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP® £h[PÕıPU
Pımk¡v¿ Cµsk ¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄ :
1. u¤®£mh ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ (Representation is madewithout a map)
2. £ª¡¯PØı⁄ ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u AÆ\[PŒfl
£µ¡¯ªUPıs§UP ¡¯µØ®£kÆ £µ¡¿ ¬ÕUP®
£h[P“.
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www.kalvisolai.com
ÂÍUP¨ £h[PÒ (DIAGRAMS)
¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kÆ AÕ¯¡US
ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄ £h[P“ ¡¯µ¡˜u ¬ÕUP® £h©ıSÆ.
¬ÕUP® £h[P¯ÕU RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ¡¯P®
£kzuªıÆ.
1. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ (GkzxUPımk : £m¯h®
£h[P“ (Bars) ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £h[P“ (Line Graphs).
2. Cµsk £∂©ın® £h[P“ (¡mh®£h[P“,
ˆ\∆¡P®£h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ \xµ®£h[P“
¨uºØ⁄).
3. ¨®£∂©ın® £h[P“ (P⁄a\xµ[P“, ˜PıÕ®
£h[P“ ¨uºØ⁄).
˜©æÆ ]zvµU S‘P“ ≠ª¨Æ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
£h[PÕıPU Pımh®£kQfl”⁄. AuÿS ]zvµU
S‘±mk® £h[P“ (Pictorial diagrams) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
£møh¨ £h[PÒ (BAR DIAGRAMS)
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯ÕU ˆPısk £m¯h® £h[P“
¡¯µ¡x ™PƒÆ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. Cv¿
¡¯µØ®£kQfl” £m¯hPŒfl APªÆ J˜µ AÕ¡ıPƒÆ,
EØµÆ ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvÿ˜Pÿ£ƒÆ
¡¯µØ®£kÆ. £m¯hP¯Õa ˆ\[SzuıP˜¡ı A¿ªx
Q¯hØıP˜¡ı ¡¯µØªıÆ. J˜µ ufl¯©Øı⁄ ¶“Œ
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Jfl÷US ˜©ÿ£mh ¶“Œ ¬¡µzv¯⁄U Pımk¡uÿS
Tmk® £m¯h® £h¨Æ (Compound Bar) ¡¯µØªıÆ.
˜©æÆ, £m¯h® £h[P“ Q¯hØıP˜¡ı (Horizontal bar),
ˆ\[SzuıP˜¡ı (Vertical bar) ¡¯µØ®£hªıÆ. Tmk®
£m¯h £hzv¿ ˜¡÷£mh ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvÿ˜Pÿ”
£m¯hP“ £ª §∂ƒPÕıP® §∂zxU Pımh®£kÆ.
GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :
RÃUPsh ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvÿS J∏ u¤® £m¯h® £hÆ
(Simple bar) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.1).
£møh¨£h®
uıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØıuıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØıuıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØıuıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØıuıx®ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl Eÿ£zv & C¢vØı
2000 & 2001 2000 & 2001 2000 & 2001 2000 & 2001 2000 & 2001 to 2001 & 2002 2001 & 2002 2001 & 2002 2001 & 2002 2001 & 2002
¡∂¯\ Eÿ£zv AÕƒ
Gsuıx® ˆ£ı∏mP“
(100 hflPŒ¿)
1 £ıU¯Èm 7,993
2 S˜µı¯©m 1,972
3 u[PÆ 712
4 ©[P‹_ 1,595
5 _snıƶUP¿ 3,078
6 ‚®\Æ E®¶ 2,644
Áøµ÷Põmk¨£h® (GRAPH)
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ ≠ª¨Æ
ˆ¡Œ®£kzuªıÆ. Cv¿ Q¯hU˜Pımi¿ (X Aa]¿) Pıª
C¯h ˆ¡Œ¯Ø≤Æ, ˆ\[SzxU ˜Pımi¿ (Y Aa]¿)
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ≤Æ, ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄ AÕ¯¡®£i
S‘zxU ˆPısk §fl¶ C∆¬µs¯h≤Æ ˆuıh∫¶
£kzv, (Co-ordinates) ¶“ŒP“ S‘UP®£h ˜¡skÆ.
C®¶“ŒP¯Õ §fl¶ C¯nzx ˜Pık ¡¯µu¿
˜¡skÆ. CU˜Pımifl Hÿ”uıì¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h
¶“Œ¬¡µzvfl ufl¯©¯Ø GŒuıP® ¶∂¢xˆPı“Õ
¨i≤Æ.
405404
www.kalvisolai.com
GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk :GkzxUPımk : ˆPıkUP®£mh ¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS J∏
¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ (Graph) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.2).
C¢v¯õÂß C¸®¦zuõx HØÖ©v
¡∂¯\ Hÿ÷©v
GsBskP“
(™¿ºØfl hflPŒ¿)
1 1980 & 81 22.4
2 1990 & 91 32.5
3 1995 & 96 31.7
4 1997 & 98 29.5
5 1999 & 2000 16.1
£µÁÀ |»Áøµ¨ £h[PÒ (DISTRIBUTION MAPS)
£µ¡¿ £h[PŒfl & E£˜ØıP[P“ ı–USı“
G¿ªı x¯”∞⁄µıæÆ AvP AÕ¬¿ £Øfl£kzu®£mk
¡∏¡uı¿ & ¨UQØzx¡Æ AvP∂zx ¡∏Qfl”x.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫¶ E¯hØ |ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ £µ¡¿
£h[P“ ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ £[Q¯⁄ ¡QUQfl”⁄.
C®£h[P“ ¶¬∞Ø¿ ∑v∞æÆ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ Pÿ§zu¿
¡¯P∞æÆ ˆ£∂xÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡PÕıP E“Õ⁄.
]ª S‘®§mh ¡¯P® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £hzv¿
£ı∫UQfl” ˆ£ı x ¶∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ £µ¡¿ BµoP“
(pattern of distribution) Pımh® £mi∏USÆ. Cx ¨UQØ©ıP
£∞∫P“, Pı¿¯hP“ (Livestock), ©UP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
£µ¡¿P“ S‘±k A¿ªx ¡snÆ ˆPısk Pımh®
£kQfl”⁄.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP, £¿˜¡÷ AÆ\[PŒfl £µ¡¿ £h[P“
¡¯µØ ˜¡÷£mh ¨¯”P“ ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”⁄.
A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
407406
TPm 10.1.
www.kalvisolai.com
1. ¶“Œ¨¯” 1. ¶“Œ¨¯” 1. ¶“Œ¨¯” 1. ¶“Œ¨¯” 1. ¶“Œ¨¯” (Dot Method): C¢u ¨¯”Øı⁄x ˆ£ıx¡ıP
©UP“ ˆuı¯P, Pı¿¯hP“, £∞∫P“, uıx®ˆ£ı∏mP“,
©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒfl Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏mP“ BQØ
¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§UP £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
©UPm ˆuı¯P® £µ¡¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £ª¡ÿ‘fl £µ¡¯ªU
Pıs§UP Cƨ¯”∞¿ J˜µ AÕ¬ªı⁄ ¶“ŒP“
Pıs§UP® £kQfl”⁄. ©UPm £µ¡¯ªU PımkÆ £µ¡¿
|ª¡¯µ® £h[PŒ¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¶“Œ≤Æ J∏ S‘®§mh
AÕ¬ªı⁄ ©UPŒfl GsoU¯P¯ØU ˆPısi∏USÆ.
2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” 2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” 2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” 2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” 2. ¡snÆ wmkÆ ¨¯” (Shading Method) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ £µ¡¯ªU Pıs§®£uÿS ˜¡÷£mh
¡sn[P–Æ, A¿ªx P∏®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ¡“¯Õ
Cµsi›¯hØ (Black and White) Pª®¶hfl TiØ
¡sn˜©ı E£˜ØıQUP®£kQfl”x.
3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ 3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ 3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ 3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ 3. ¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ (Pie graph) : : : : : Cƨ¯” £S®¶®
£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¡mh©ı⁄x AÕ¯¡US Hÿ£ £ª
§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂UP®£kQfl”x. §fl¶ §∂ƒP“ ˆ¡∆˜¡÷
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzv Pıs§UP®£kQfl”⁄.
4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ 4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ 4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ 4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ 4. £m¯h ¬ÕUP® £hÆ (Bar Graph) : C¢u
¡¯P®£h©ı⁄x S‘®£ıP ¡∫zuP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P¯ÕU Pıs§UP® ˆ£∂xÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”x. Cx AÕ¬¯⁄ J®§mk® £ı∫®£uÿS ™PƒÆ
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, ©UPmˆuı¯P
BsiÿS Bsk G∆¡ı÷ ˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnU ˆPk®¶ BsiæÆ
(Census year) ©UPmˆuı¯P∞fl GsoU¯P G∆¡ı÷
˜¡÷£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ Pıs§UP® £Øfl£kQfl”⁄.
GkzxUPımk : GkzxUPımk : GkzxUPımk : GkzxUPımk : GkzxUPımk : u™Ãımifl 2001 Bsifl
©UPmˆuı¯P ¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS ¶“Œ ¨¯”¯Ø®
£Øfl£kzv |ª¡¯µ® £hÆ ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.3).
409408
TPm 10.2.
www.kalvisolai.com
¦ÒÎ ¬øÓ (DOT METHOD)
uªÌõmiß ©UPÒöuõøP 2001 (÷uõµõ¯©õÚx)
¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs ©ı¡mh[P“©ı¡mh[P“©ı¡mh[P“©ı¡mh[P“©ı¡mh[P“ ©UPm ˆuı¯P©UPm ˆuı¯P©UPm ˆuı¯P©UPm ˆuı¯P©UPm ˆuı¯P
1. v∏¡“—∫ 2,738,866
2. ˆ\fl¯⁄ 4,216,268
3. Pıg]¶µÆ 2,869,920
4. ˜¡ø∫ 3,482,970
5. u∫©¶∂ 2,833,252
6. v∏¡snı©¯ª 2,181,853
7. ¬ ®¶µÆ 2,943,917
8. ˜\ªÆ 2,992,754
9. ı©UP¿ 1,495,661
10. D˜µık 2,574,067
11. ªQ∂ 764,826
12. ˜PıØƶzy∫ 4,224,107
13. vskUP¿ 1,918,960
14. Pπ∫ 933,791
15. v∏a]µı®£“Œ 2,388,831
16. ˆ£µÆ£ø∫ 486,971
17. A∂Øø∫ 694,058
18. Phø∫ 2,280,530
19. ıP®£mi⁄Æ 1,487,055
20. v∏¡ıπ∫ 1,165,213
21. ug\ı≈∫ 2,205,375
22. ¶xU˜Pım¯h 1,452,269
23. ]¡P[¯P 1,150,753
24. ©x¯µ 2.562,279
25. ˜u¤ 1.094,724
26. ¬∏xP∫ 1,751,548
27. Cµı©ıu¶µÆ 1,183,321
28. yzxUSi 1,565,743
29. v∏ˆ¿˜¡º 2,801,194
30. Pfl¤ØıS©∂ 1,669,763
411410
TPm 10.3.
RtúTôÕ JÚ
UôYhPm
www.kalvisolai.com
Ámh¨ £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
¡mh ¡i¡®£h[P“ \UPµ® £hˆ©fl÷Æ, ¡mh®
£S®¶® £hˆ©fl÷Æ A¯«UP® £kQfl”⁄. Cu¯⁄
¡¯µ¡uÿS ¶“Œ¬¡µ[PŒfl ˆ©ızu AÕ¯¡
¡mh©ıPU ˆPısk (360 iQ∂), §fl¶ ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvfl
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ §∂¬ÿSÆ ˜Pın AÕƒP“ Psk §izx,
¡mhz¯uU ˜Pın AÕ¬ÿ˜Pÿ£® §∂zx ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. C®£h©ı⁄x |ª® £Øfl£ık,
ˆuı»ÿ§∂ƒP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¯⁄ Pıs§UP ™PƒÆ
ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄uıSÆ.
GkzxUPımk:GkzxUPımk:GkzxUPımk:GkzxUPımk:GkzxUPımk: R˜« ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õ |ª®
£Øfl£ımk® ¶“Œ ¬¡µzvÿS J∏ ¡mh® £S®¶®
£hÆ (Pie Diagram) ¡¯µP (£hÆ 10.4).
¡mh® £S®¶®£hÆ ¡¯µ¡uÿS ¨uº¿
C¢vØı¬fl ˆ©ızu® £µ®§¯⁄U Pımh J∏ ¡mhÆ
¡¯µ¢x ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª
E£˜ØıPzvÿSÆ £ı¯P AÕƒP“ RÃUPsh¡ı÷
Psh‘¢x Au¯⁄ ¡mhzv¿ §∂zxU Pımh ˜¡skÆ.
§fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P |ª® £Øfl£ımk® §∂¬¯⁄≤Æ
£¿˜¡÷ ¡sn[P¯ÕU ˆPısk ˜¡÷£kzvU
Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.
Ámh £S¨¦¨ £h® (PIE DIAGRAM)
C¢v¯ |»¨ £¯ß£õmk¨ £h® (1995 & 1996)
¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs |ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ £µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ
B∞µÆ ˆÌU˜h∂¿
1 PıkP“ 40.48
2 ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷
£Øfl£ımi¿ E“Õ |ªÆ 48.52
3 ˜¡Õıs¯©
ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
4 u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12
5 |Pµ ˜¡Õıs |ªÆ 132.89
ˆ©ızuÆ 397.46
413412
TPm 10.4.
www.kalvisolai.com
¡mh £S®¶® £hzvÿPı⁄ ˜Pın AÕƒP¯ÕU
Psk§izu¿
1. PıkPŒfl ˆ©ızu £µ®¶ 40.48
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 40.48 x 360/397.46
2. ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷
£Øfl£ımi¿ |ªÆ 48.52
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 48.52 x 360/397.46
3. ˜¡Õıs¯© ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 49.45 x 360/397.46
4. £ı¯P AÕƒ = 28.12 x 360/397.46
u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12
5. |Pµ £∞∂h®£mk“Õ |ªÆ 132.89
£ı¯P AÕƒ = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46
C∆¡ı÷ Psk§iUP®£mh ˜Pın
AÕƒP–U˜Pÿ£, ¡mhzv¯⁄ §∂zxU ˆPı“Õ
˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ |ª E£˜ØıPzv¯⁄≤Æ
¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzvU Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ¶¬∞غ¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl
¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl Buıµ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯P ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP®
£h[PÕıPU PımkÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. G zx¡i¬¿ E“Õ ¬¡µz¯uU PımiæÆ
£h[P“ ≠ªÆ Pıs§UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x
P∏zxUP¯Õ flS ˆ¡Œ®£kzu ¨i≤Æ Gfl”
Es¯©¯Ø ©ın¡∫P“ flS A‘¢x
ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
5. £µ¡¿ £hÆ ¡¯µ≤Æ ¨¯”P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. u¤®£mh¡∫P“, SkÆ£zv⁄∫P“, Qµı© ©ÿ÷Æ Pµ
©UP“ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
A. uªÆ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
B. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
C. Pªıa\ıµ® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
D. \≠P® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
2. J∏ £SvUSa ˆ\fl÷ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. PÕ®£o B. ¬⁄ı® £miØ¿
C. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ D. CµshıÆ |¯ª
3. J∏¡¯µ ˜∫UPın¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿS E£˜ØıP®£k¡x
A. ¨xˆ©ı» B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
C. £h[P“ D. PÕ®£o
4. ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜µiØıP˜¡ı, A¿ªx ˜∫Pın¿
≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. ©ıv∂ B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿
C. P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ¨u¿|¯ª®
¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
5. J∏ ChzvÿSÆ, ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ChzvÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø
E“Õ P∫¬¯⁄ (Flow) Pıs§USÆ
|ª¡¯µ®£hzvÿS
A. ˜P“¬®£miØ¿ B. ¡¯µ˜Pımk®£hÆ
C. P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ©ıv∂
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µzv¯⁄a ˜\P∂UP Buıµ©ıP
E“Õx _________.
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2. PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ
¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS _________Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
3. £µ¡¿ Bµo¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿P¯Õ
ˆ¡Œ®£kzxÆ |ª¡¯µ® £hzvÿS _________ Gfl÷
ˆ£Ø∫.
4. J˜µ AÕƒ¯hØ £ª Ch[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ
˜PımiÿS _________ Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
5. ¡mh®£S®¶ A¿ªx \UPµ®£hzv¿, ¡mh©ı⁄x
_________ BP §∂UP®£kQfl”x.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u && P∫ƒ®£hÆ
2. \≠P®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ ≠ªÆ
Pıs§zu¿
3. ¬⁄ı®®£miØ¿ && C¢vØı¬fl CØÿ¯P
A¯©®¶
4. £m¯h®£hÆ && ˜∫UPın¿
5. ©UP“ Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ && PnUˆPk®¶
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. £µ®¶\ı∫¢u (Spatial data) ¶“Œ¬¡µÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. ¶“Œ (Dot Map) |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP?
3. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hz¯u® (Line Graph) £ÿ‘ _∏UP©ıP
G xP.
5. H˜u›Æ J∏ £µ¡¿ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘ (distri-bution Map) _∏UP©ıP G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP©ıP G xP.
2. ˜\P∂UP®£mh® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £h[PÕıPU
Pıs§USÆ ¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘ G xP.
3. ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂®£uÿPı⁄
Buıµ[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUPÆ u∏P.
4. uS¢u GkzxUPımkhfl ¡mh®£S®¶® £hÆ (Pie dia-gram) £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
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AªS AªS AªS AªS AªS XI : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o
£ıhÆ 11
PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄U P∏zv¯⁄≤Æ,
¡«UQ¯⁄≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ızˆuıS®§¯⁄
uØı∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u ©ıv∂P¯Õ (human samples) G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ ˆuk®£x Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ £µ®¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø (area sample) ˜u∫¢ˆukzx,
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl£ıPa ˆ\¥Ø˜¡siØ
¨uÿPmh £o¯Ø® (pilot survey) £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ ˜\P∂®¶ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ]”®¶
©¤u ©ıv∂P“ (Key informants) ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¯ª®
£ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US, ¶¬∞دª® £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿS, £µ®¶\ı∫ ˜¡÷£ıkP“ (areal
differences) Ai®¯hU P∏zuıSÆ. Cufl Ai®£¯h∞¿
uıfl CØÿ¶¬∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤u® ¶¬∞Ø¿ BQØ
Cµsi¯⁄® £ÿ‘ flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x.
¶¬∞fl ˜©ÿ£µ®§¿ E“Õ ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿSÆ PÕ®£o
™PƒÆ Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞fl Cfl‘
د©Øı¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ C¢u® £ıhzv¿ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
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¶¬∞دª® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ,
¶¬∞Ø¿ Bµı¥a]USÆ ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
(Primary data) ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿS
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ BQد¡P˜Õık, ©ÿ”
CµshıÆ |¯ª ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P–Æ Cfl‘د©Øıu¯¡
BSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US |ª®£Sv˜Ø ¨UQØ
B¥¬fl Buıµ©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x. |ª®£Sv
Qµı©©ıP˜¡ı A¿ªx Pµ©ıP˜¡ı C∏¢uıæÆ,
AuÿˆP⁄ E∂zuı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. CUPÕ®
£oØı⁄x ¶¬∞ØæUS ™PƒÆ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ,
Cfl‘د©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ.
ìPÕ®£o ˆ\¥u¿í Gfl£x J∏ ]µ©©ı⁄ ˆ\ت¿ª.
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS RÃUPsh ]ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
1. ™S¢u B∫¡¨Æ, Psh‘≤Æ v”¯©¯Ø≤Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘ ∏zu¿.
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏ƶ˜¡ı∫, £ı∫zu‘¡v¿
™S¢u B∫¡Æ (must keep their eyes open) ˆPısi
∏zu¿.
2. ˜u¯¡Øı⁄, ˆuŒ¡ı⁄, ¨¯”Øı⁄ uP¡¿P¯ÕU
S‘®ˆ£kzu¿ (notes).
PÕ®£o¯Ø, PÕzv¯⁄a _ÿ‘®£ı∫zx (Sightseeing) §fl¶ uP¡¿P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPz x¡[Su¿.
3. ]”¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl Eu¬≤hfl,
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞®£v¿
P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzxu¿.
¶¬∞غ¿ Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¯ª (Observation) A¯©
¬hz˜uık ˆuıh∫¶ £kzxÆ ˆ£ı xuıfl Aufl £Ø›Æ
©v®¶Æ TkuªıQfl”⁄.
PÕzvÿS |ª¡¯µ®£h[P¯Õ Gkzxa ˆ\¿æu¿
˜¡skÆ.
PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ Chzv¯⁄, |ª¡¯µ®£hzxhfl
ˆuıh∫¶£kzvU PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x PÕ®
£o¯Ø ™PƒÆ x¿ºØ©ıPa ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞UP EªPÕı¬Ø
A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘≤Æ P∏¬ (Global Positioning Systems -
GPS) ∞¯⁄® £Øfl£kzuªıÆ.
EªPÕı¬Ø A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘u¿ (GPS)
P∏¬Øı⁄x ™PƒÆ ˜ª\ı⁄uıP E“Õuı¿, Gkzxa
ˆ\¿¡x GŒx. B⁄ı¿ Ax AvP ¬¯ª©v®¶
E¯hØx Gfl£¯u ©⁄v¿ |÷zu ˜¡skÆ.
Cx x¿ºØ©ıP ˆ\Øÿ£hUTiØx (quite accurate).
©ıv∂ B¥¬hz¯uz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥Ø (Sample location),
Po®ˆ£ı‘ ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ uP¡¿ ˆuıSv ∞¯⁄≤Æ
(Geographical Information System) £Øfl £kzuªıÆ.
4.4.4.4.4. ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ (Be consistent) : PÕ®£o
Gfl£x ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zuªıSÆ.
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ Gx¡ıP C∏®§›Æ (GkzxU
PımhıP, ©s, uı¡µÆ, ©u[P“) AvP
©ıÿ”zv¯⁄U Pınıu¯u® ˆ£ı∏zxuıfl ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P“ x¿ºØ©ı⁄uıP C∏USÆ.
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£xhfl ©mkÆ PÕ®£o
¨iƒ÷¡v¿¯ª. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿P“ ¨¯”®
£kzu® ˆ£ÿ÷, ¶“Œ¬¡µ ©ÿ÷Æ Pou ¨¯”P“
¯¡zx B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
¡¯µ £h[P“ ¬ÕUP®£h[P“ ¡¯µ¢x ¬ÕUP
©Œzu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
¦Â°¯¼À Pͨ£o (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)
ˆ£ıx¡ıP PÕ®£o¯Ø ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[
P¯Õa (Primary data) ˜\P∂UPUTiØ J∏ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜”
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T”ªıÆ. Caˆ\غ¿, |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ıv∂®
£h[P“ uØı∂zu¿, Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¿ (Observations),A∆¡ı˜” J∏ ]ª¡ÿ‘ÿS AÕƒhflTiØ ¬¡µ©‘u¿
(Measurement), ©ÿ÷Æ u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ hzu®£kÆ
˜∫UPın¿ (Interview) Gfl£¯¡ Ah[SÆ. CµshıÆ
|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data) ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıP
C∏USƈ£ı x PÕ®£o∞fl A¡]ØÆ S¯”تıÆ.
¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, PÕ®£o¯Ø® ¶¬∞غfl J∏
]”®¶® §∂¡ıP˜¡ P∏xQfl”⁄∫ Gfl”ıæÆ, 1950&BÆ
Bsk ¨u¿ 1960&BÆ BsiÿS C¯h®£mh
Pıªzv¿ CµshıÆ |¯ª®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õzuıfl
ˆ£∏Æ£ı˜ªı∫ £Øfl£kzv ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫. ]ª∫
A®ˆ£ı xÆTh ¨u¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂zu¯ª
Bu∂zu˜uık Au¯⁄ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUSÆ, B¥¬ÿSÆ
Cfl‘د©Øıu J∏ ¨¯”ØıPU P∏v⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿
PÕ®£o∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ ı–US ı“ AvP∂zx
¡¢ux. Cfl˜”ı, PÕ®£o ∞¿ªı©¿ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥ƒ
Gfl£x C¿¯ª. \≠P ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ
B¥¬ÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ©UPŒfl Afl”ıh
h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘Ø PÕ®£o ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıP®
£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. PÕ®£o, B¥¡ıÕ∫PŒfl
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ, ˜ıUPzv¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ
A¯©Qfl”x.
G¢uˆ¡ı∏ PÕ®£oUSÆ RÃUPsh¡ÿ‘¯⁄®
ˆ£ı∏z˜u ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.
PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ımk h¡iU¯PP–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄¯¡P“ :
1. PÕ®£o∞fl ˜ıUP¨Æ ufl¯©≤Æ.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫PŒfl ªÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
ª¡ıà £ÿ‘د¡.
3. PÕ®£o £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µz¯u A桪P[P“
©ÿ÷Æ \Æ£¢u®£mh¡∫P–US ¨fl Tmi˜Ø
ˆu∂Ø® £kzxu¿.
4. PÕ®£o ˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ Chz¯u® £ıxPızu¿
(Conservation)
5. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ £Sv∞æ“Õ
©UPŒhÆ, J∏ ¿ºnUPzv¯⁄ (rapport)Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“–u¿.
PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£k˜¡ı∏US, £¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄
A›£¡ A‘ƒ Q¯hUP ¡ı¥®¶ E“Õx. Au⁄ı¿uıfl
PÕ®£o¯Ø ì_¡∂¿ªı £“ŒUThÆ' (Classroom withoutwalls) Gfl÷ ¡S®£¯”US J®§mkU T÷Qfl”⁄∫.
PÕ®£o ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ §∂ƒPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ.
1. PÕ®£o¯Øz vmh™ku¿
2. PÕ®£o¯Ø hzxu¿
3. PÕ®£o ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂zuz uP¡¿P¯Õ ¨¯”®
£kzxu¿.
PÕ®£o¯Øa \∂ØıPa ˆ\¥x¨iUP, RÃUPsh
£i® £iØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯ÕU ¯PØı–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
1. PÕ®£o∞¯⁄ ˜ıUPzvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØ £oP¯Õ® £miغku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
2. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl vmh™ku¿
˜¡skÆ.
3. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø®˜£ıSÆ ChzvÿSa
ˆ\¿¡uÿSÆ A[S u[S¡uÿSÆ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.
4. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ≤Æ,
P∏¬ P¯Õ≤Æ uØı∫ |¯ª∞¿ ¯¡zu¿
A¡]ØÆ.
5. ˜\P∂UP® ˜£ıQfl” ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¿ ˜¡skÆ.
6. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øƒ“Õ £Sv¯Ø A¯huæÆ,
PÕ®£o¯Øz ˆuıh[Q hzxuæÆ.
¶“Œ¬¡µÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄® £∞ÿ]PŒ¿ RÃUPsh
¯¡P“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄¯¡PÕıSÆ :
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1. Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¿ (Observation)
2. ˜∫UPın¿ (Interview)
3. £[˜Pÿ”¿ (Participation)
4. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £Szuı¥u¿ (Data Processing)
5. £Szuı¥¢u¡ÿ¯” ¬¡∂zu¿ (Interpretation)
C¡ÿ÷“ PÕ®£o∞¿, ˜µiØıPU ˜Pmh‘≤Æ
˜∫UPın¿ J∏ Ai®£¯h ¨¯”ØıSÆ. Cufl ≠ªÆ
ˆ£”®£kÆ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ C÷v∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
A‘U¯P∞¯⁄ G x¡uÿS ™PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
G¿ªı¬u©ı⁄ PÕ®£o∞æÆ ¬¡µÆ u∏Æ A‘U¯P
G xu¿ (Interpretation / Explanation) uıfl ¨i¡ı⁄a
ˆ\تıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£mh G¢u J∏
©ın¡⁄ıæÆ Psh‘≤Æ v”¯⁄≤Æ, A‘U¯P G xÆ
¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP,
PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuæÆ
(Observation), A‘U¯P G xuæÆ (Report Writing)¨UQØ©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿PÕıSÆ.
£µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ (Types ofSpatial Sampling) : : : : : ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
(((((Exploratory Sampling ) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ Gxƒ˜©
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¿ªx ˜£ıx©ı⁄ uP¡¿P“
ˆu∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¢u £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“¡uÿS ¨uº¿ ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø (Exploratory Sampling) P¯h®§izu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Cx J∏ ¨u¿ ¨Øÿ]ØıP A¯©¢x, ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄z
uP¡¿P“ ©USU Q¯hUP Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.
GkzxUPımhıP, FµP ¡Õ∫a] ¯©ØÆ Jfl‘¿
£o¶∂≤Æ J∏¡¯µ J∏ S‘®§mh Qµı©zv¿ Gzu¯⁄
√kPŒ¿ √miÿS E“˜Õ usp∫ S«ı¥ C¯n®¶
E“Õx Gfl÷ PnUˆPkUSÆ£i £ozx“ÕuıP
¯¡zxUˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C¢u®£o¯Ø ˆ\¥Ø ¨fl
¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯Ø
RÃUPsh¡ı÷ £Øfl£kzuªıÆ. A¯⁄zx® £SvUSÆ
ˆ\fl÷ ˆ¡Œ®¶” A¯”P“ E“Õ √kP¯Õ ©mkÆ
£ı∫zx A¡ÿ‘¿ Gzu¯⁄ √kPŒ¿ Em¶” S«ı¥
C¯n®¶ E“Õx Gfl÷ Psk A‘تıÆ. C¢u
PnUˆPk®§fl˜£ıx, A¢u® £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ©ÿ”
uP¡¿P–Æ ˆu∂Ø¡∏Æ. C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØı–¡ufl
≠ªÆ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫P“ Cx¡¯µ ˜Pı∫¯¡®£kzu®
£hıu uP¡¿ (Undocumented) £ÿ‘Ø |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“
uØı∂UP ¡»¡SUSÆ.
C¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ ¨ ¡xÆ ¡¯µØ®£hıu
|¯ª∞¿ C∏¢uı¿ Th, C¤ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® ˜£ıSÆ
B¥¬ÿS Cx J∏ ¨uÿ£iØıP A¯©≤Æ.
£ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (ReconnaissanceSampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ KµÕƒ uP¡¿P“
˜\P∂UP® £mk, ˜©æÆ ˜¡÷£ª uP¡¿P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h
˜¡si ∞∏®§fl, £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
¨¯”¯Ø P¯h®§iUPªıÆ. C¢u ¨¯” S÷QØ
Pıªzv¿, S¯”¢u ˆ\ª¬¿ ¯PØıÕ®£mk, ¨fl
¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”¯ØU PımiæÆ ¨i¢u
AÕƒ Tkuªı⁄z uP¡¿P¯Õ ˜\P∂UP®
£Øfl£kQfl”x. 1920&BÆ Bsk ˆ©U͘Pı ımifl
¡h˜©ÿS ¡mhıµzv¿ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]
¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u Ch[P¯Õz ˆu∂ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿPıP,
Czx¯”¯Ø E∏¡ıUQØ hı⁄ı¿m i. §µısm (Donald D.Brand) A¡∫P–Æ A¡∏¯hØ ¡»PımiØı⁄ Pı∫¿ K.
\ıØ∫ (Carl O. Sauer) A¡∫P–Æ C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU
¯PØıshx J∏ ]”¢u GkzxUPımhıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
C¡∫P–US ¨fl Bµı¥a] ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“
Bµı¥a] Ch[P“ ]ª C∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u ©mk˜©
¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ˆu∂¢ ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” ≠ªÆ A‘¢uı∫P“.
§µıskÆ, \ıØ∏Æ Pı∂¿ ˆ\¿æƈ£ı x ]ª
\©ØÆ Pı∫ £ u¯h¢x |fl÷¬kÆ. A®£i |ÿSÆ
ˆ£ı ˆu¿ªıÆ, A∏Q¿ H˜u›Æ Sfl÷ C∏¢uı¿ \ıØ∫
A[S ˆ\fl÷ Bµı¥a] hzx¡ı∫. Pı∫ £ x
£ı∫UP®£mk, Pı∂fl CØ¢vµÆ CØ[P BµÆ§zuƒhfl
Aufl \zuÆ ˜Pmk Pı∏USz v∏Ƨ ¡∏¡ı∫. Hˆ⁄¤¿,
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Aa\©Ø[P“ A¡∏US ™PƒÆ £Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP
C∏¢u⁄. A¡µx Bµı¥a]PŒfl ¡»˜Ø Q¯hzu
¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ, Pı∫ £ u¯h¢u¯u≤Æ \ıØ∫
G®˜£ıxÆ J®§mk® £ı∫zx ©Qáı∫.
¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Extensive
Sampling) :
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ¨ ¬¡µ[P“, ˆ£∏Æ £µ®£Õ¬
º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, ¡mhıµ
AÕ¬¿ Pın®£kÆ ¶¿ˆ¡ŒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯ª≤v∫U
PıkP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄® £ÿ‘ A‘بi≤Æ.
wµ B´Ä ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ S¯”¢u £µ®§¿ ™SvØı⁄
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, uı¡µ®
£Sv¯Ø ©ıv∂ØıP GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆ£ı x,
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv ∞æÆ E“Õ uı¡µ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄
Cƨ¯”∞fl ≠ªÆ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQfl”x
(GkzxUPımk : ¶¿ ˆ¡ŒP“ |¯”¢u PıkP“).
B´Ä ©õv¶ A»SPÒ (SAMPLING UNITS)
¦ÒÎ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (POINT SAMPLING)
Cƨ¯” ≠ªÆ, S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ uP¡¿P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. §fl¶ A¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ai®
£¯hØıPU ˆPısk A¢u Chzv¯⁄®£ÿ‘Ø
uP¡¿P¯Õ KµÕ¬ÿS FQzxU T”¨iQfl”x.
GkzxUPımhıP, J∏ £Sv∞¿ Pın®£kÆ ©s¯n®
£ÿ‘ A‘Ø ˜¡sk ©ı⁄ı¿, A¢u® £Sv∞fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ ¶“Œ¨¯” ©ıv∂P“ Gkzx §fl¶ J˜µ
©ıv∂ ©s E“Õ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ ©s ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄®
£ÿ‘≤Æ GkzxU T”ªıÆ.
£µ¨¦ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (AREA SAMPLING)
™PƒÆ £µ¢x£mh £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
A‘Ø, J∏ ]‘Ø |ª®£Sv¯Øz ˆu∂¢ˆukzx
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£k¡uÿS £µ®¶ ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Area Sampling) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. Cx Cµsk
¡¯P®£kÆ. Jfl÷ |¯ªØı⁄x (Fixed), ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©ı÷Æ
ufl¯©≤¯hØx (variable). ¨uªı¡v¿, ©ıv∂US GkzxU
ˆPısh £Sv∞fl AÕƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡i¡Æ
|¯ªØı⁄uıSÆ. C®£Sv H”U S¯”Ø, S‘®§mh
Bµzv¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh ¡mh ¡i¡zv˜ªı A¿ªx
J∏ S‘®§mh AÕ¬¿ E∏¡ıUP® £mh J∏
\xµzv¯⁄® ˜£ıfl˜”ı C∏USÆ. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿
|ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¡ı⁄x (Sample Areas) B¥¬ÿˆP⁄
GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mk“Õvfl Ah∫zv ¯Ø≤Æ,
ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ı∏z˜u A¯©Qfl”x. GkzxU PımhıP
Ah∫zvØı⁄ B⁄ı¿ uıáı⁄z uı¡µ[P“ £ÿ‘
B¥¬ÿSz (low and dense vegetation) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®
£Sv∞fl AÕƒ ]‘ØuıPƒÆ (_©ı∫ 1 \xµ´mh∫
£µ®£Õƒ), PıkP“ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ™P® ˆ£∂Ø
AÕ¬ªı⁄ |ª®£SvØıPƒÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ®£kQfl”x.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ |ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¬¯⁄z
w∫©ı¤UP RÃUPsh T÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯Õƒ
(Phenomena - Area curve) ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”x. Auı¡x
|ª® £Sv¯Ø 'X' Aa]æÆ (X-axis) B¥¬ÿS GkzxU
ˆPı“Õ® £mh¯u "Y' Aa]æÆ, (Y-axis) ˆuıh∫¶£kzv
¡¯µ£hÆ ¡¯µØ®£k Qfl”x. Cv¿ ¡¯ÕU˜Pımi¿
G¢u J∏ ¶“ŒUS® §”S ¡¯ÕU˜Pık Q¯hØıP
E“Õ˜uı, A¢u S‘®§mh ¶“Œuıfl ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £SvUS (Sampling Area) ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄
AÕ¡ıSÆ (Ideal size).
Ò©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (LINEAR SAMPLING)
Cv¿ |ª®£SvUS k¬¿, S÷UPıP Õ¡ıUQ¿
(Transect) ˜Pık ˜£ıh®£mk, Aufl Ai®£¯h∞¿,
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AuÿS A∏Q¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP® £kQfl”⁄.
Cu¯⁄ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\¿ªı©˜ª˜Ø |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ
A¿ªx ¡ıfl ˆ¡Œ® ¶¯P®£hzv¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukUP ˜¡siØ £Sv¯Øz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥x
§fl¶ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\fl÷ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. C¢u
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu |ª®£Sv Õ©ı⁄ ˜Pık ˜£ıfl˜”ı
sh £m¯h ˜£ıfl˜”ı ¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©U˜Pÿ£
˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x.
Aø©Âh©À»õu ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ(PLOTLESS SAMPLING)
Cx ıflPı¡x ©ıv∂ØıSÆ (Sampling Unit). Cx
™PƒÆ ]UPªı⁄xÆ, AvP ˜µÆ GkzxU
ˆPı“ÕUTiØx©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡, Cx J∏ EP¢u ©ıv∂
A¿ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G¢u J∏ ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¶¯hØ
B¥¬ÿSÆ ¶“Œ¨¯”, £µ®¶ ¨¯” A¿ªx “©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯” (Linear Method) BQØ¡ÿ‘¿
H˜u›Æ Jfl˜” £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.
£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿ (Spatial SamplingDesign) : ˜©ÿPsh ©ıv∂P¯Õzu¬µ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥˜¡ı∫
RÃUPsh ©ıv∂ ¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
£i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Hierarchical Sampling).CÆ ¨¯”∞¿ ¡mh® §∂ƒ, PµÆ, ©ı|ªÆ, ık ˜£ıfl”
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £µ®§¿ C∏¢xÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄.
S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (RandomSampling) : ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§ÿS Cƨ¯” £Øfl
£kzu®£kQfl”x. Cvæ“Õ S¯”£ık Gfl⁄ˆ¡¤¿
¡mhıµ[P“ ¨ ¡uÿS©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø
¨i¡v¿¯ª. Cƨ¯”∞¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu
©ıv∂ ©mkÆ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ.
¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Systematic Sampling) :
Cv¿ ©ıv∂P“ ˆu∂ƒ J∏ S‘®§mh C¯hˆ¡Œ∞¿
¨¯”ØıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, J∏
PÕ®£oØıÕ∫ Pµ[P“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı A¿ªx
\ı¯ªP“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı PınUQ¯hUQfl”
A¿ªx C¿ªıu T÷P¯Õ Gkzx ©v®•k ˆ\¥ØªıÆ.
AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Stratified Random Sampling) : _∏UP©ıPU
T‘⁄ı¿, Cx S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ©mkÆ
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (random samping), ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂
ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (systematic Sampling) BQØ CµskÆ
˜\∫¢u J∏ \ıµıÆ\Æ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. Cƨ¯” KµÕ¬ÿS
\©a^µı⁄ ¨¯”Øıuªı¿ ˆ£∏Æ £Sv∞¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µ
˜\P∂®§ÿS Hx¡ı⁄uıSÆ.
¨i¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzuæUˆP⁄
u¤®£mh Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ C¿¯ªˆØfl˜”
T”ªıÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, EªPÆ £¿˜¡”ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
Ah[QØ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ GŒ¯©ØıUQ
¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©UP–USU Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥¡x PÕ®£o
Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G⁄˜¡, uµ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ
Hÿ÷U ˆPı“ÕUTiØ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£Øfl£kzv ¶“Õ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.
G¢u ¨¯”∞æÆ, uª˜¡÷£ık, `Ã|¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ
A¯©¬hzvÿS Hÿ£zuıfl £ØflP“ A¯©≤Æ.
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h
˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“ (Designing Schedule of Questions orQuestionnaire)
¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ˆuıSzˆu xu¿ Gfl£x J∏
Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. AuÿS £¿˜¡÷
¡»¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄xÆ
©ÿ÷Æ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¡»¨¯”PÕı¡⁄ :
~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿
(Micro Issues - Item Design)
1. ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ (General Rules)
2. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Non-threatening questions)
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3. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threatening questions)
4. A‘ƒa \ı∫¶ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Knowledge questions)
II. ¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”
˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“ (General Rules for wording)
1. ˆ©ı» GŒØ ¯h∞¿ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
2. ¬⁄ıUP“ ]‘uıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
3. uıUSÆ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz u¬∫zu¿
˜¡skÆ (Avoid double - barrelled questions).
4. Gv∫£ı∫USÆ £v¿ u∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ≤Æ
u¬∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ (Avoid leading questions).
5. ©¯”¨P©ı⁄, ≥PÆ ˆ\¥ØUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz
u¬∫zu¿ (Avoid implicit questions).
6. S«®£©ı⁄ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh¯µ® £Øfl£kzxÆ
ˆ£ı x P¡⁄©ıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
III. Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threaten-ing vs Non-threatening Questions)
1. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ı Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. Aa_÷zu¿ Gfl£x Cµsk ¡¯P :
(i) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.
(ii) \¨uıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£zuPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.
3. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUPŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£hUTiØ
§µa\¯⁄P“ bı£P \Uv¯Ø® ˆ£ı÷zux.
IV. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x
1. |¯⁄¬¿ |ÿPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® £Øfl£kzu
˜¡skÆ.
2. ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU S‘®§mh Gv∫˜ıUQ £v¿ u∏Æ
¡¯P∞¿, E∏¡ıUP ˜¡skÆ.
3. u¯ª®¶ Pıªzvÿ˜Pÿ” ¡¯P∞¿ \∂Øı⁄uıP
C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
V. Aa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x
1. ˜©ˆª ¢u¡ı∂Øı⁄¯¡P“.
2. vmh™h®£hıu¯¡ØıP C∏zu¿.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜µÆ §iUPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“
4. ¬⁄ı ˜©¿ ¬⁄ı¡ıP (AkUPıP) C∏zu¿.
VI. \≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ
¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“ (asking socially desirable questions).
1. ¯h¨¯” AqS¨¯”≤hfl TiØx.
2. Pıµnzxhfl TiØ ¬⁄ıUP“.
3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜µÆ §iUPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.
4. AÕƒUS AvP©ıP ™¯P®£kzvU T”ıu
¬⁄ıUP“.
VII. A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ (asking knowledgequestions)
A‘ƒß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pm£uÿPı⁄U
PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?
1. GkzxUPımk & ˆ©m∂U ¨¯”∞¿ 1977&BÆ
Bsk hzu®£mh \∫˜¡.
2. ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒß∫¡©ıP A¯©Ø
˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ :
(i) ¬»®¶n∫ƒhfl C∏zu¿
(ii) £ª¬u ¬¯hPŒº∏¢x \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
¬⁄ı¬ÿS Hÿ£ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿.
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(iii) ¬⁄ı ¬ÕUP©ıP C∏zu¿.
(iv) x¿ºØ©ı⁄ AÕƒÆ ¬⁄ıƒÆ ˜\∫¢v∏zu¿.
¦ÒÎ ÂÁµa ÷\P¶¨¦ (DATA COLLECTION)
¶¬∞دª® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®¶
Gfl£x ™PƒÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕzvÿSa (field)
ˆ\fl÷ uUP ¬⁄ıUP“ ≠ª©ıP ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. A∆¡ı÷ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x 3
GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”P“ P¯h§iUP®£kQfl”⁄.
1. Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSu¿ ¬¡µ[P“ (Observed data)
2. ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ª©ıP ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(Interview data)
3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ≠ª©ıP® ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“
(schedule or questionnaire based data)
1. Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
(Observed data)
¶¬\ı∫¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ı∫zu ©ızvµzv˜ª˜Ø
Psh‘¡x Gfl£x A∆¡Õƒ GŒu¿ª. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl ufl¯©, £Øfl£ık
BQØ ¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ˆ£ı∏zxzuıfl C®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP® £ku¿ ˜¡skÆ. Cv¿ ¨UQØ©ı⁄,
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄, A‘¡ı∫zu©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.
2.2.2.2.2. ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ (Interview data)
Cƨ¯”∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜∫UPın¿
≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. CuÿS ˜PmP®£kQfl”
˜P“¬ P¯Õz uØı∂zx ¯¡zxU ˆPısk §fl⁄∫
¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. Cƨ¯”∞¿
¬⁄ıUP¯Õ Efl¤® £ıPU P¡¤zx Auÿ˜Pÿ£ \∂Øı⁄
£v¯ª AŒzu¿ ™PƒÆ A¡]ØÆ.
3.3.3.3.3. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa
˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿ (schedule or questionnaire based data)
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ uØı∂zu˜ª J∏ ¨UQØ©ı⁄
ˆ\تıSÆ. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ Cµsk ¡¯P®£kÆ.
1. ˜∫UPın¿ hzx£¡∫, ˜∫UPın¯ª hzx
¡uÿSU ¯PØıÕ®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.
2. ˜∫UPın¿ hzx£¡µı¿ uØı∂UP®£mh ¬⁄ız
ˆuıS®£ı⁄x, ˜∫UPınº¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫P–US
ˆPıkUP®£mk ¬⁄ıUP–UPı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø
|µ®£®£mh §fl¶ v∏Æ£® ˆ£”®£kQfl”
¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶.
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sampling)
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zu¿ Gfl£x ™PƒÆ Ai®
£¯hØı⁄ Jfl÷. \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B¥¬¿ ©UP“
A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£x
Gfl£x GŒu¿ª. G⁄˜¡, A¡∫P–“ ]ª¯µ ©mkÆ
˜u∫¢ˆukzx ¬⁄ıUP–US ¬¯hPıqÆ ¨¯”US
©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sample selection) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. ıÆ
˜\P∂UQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, Cµsk ¡¯PPÕıP®
§∂UPªıÆ Gfl£¯u ¨fl˜£ £ı∫z˜uıÆ. A¯¡ :
1. ¨u¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“
1. ¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“¨u¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Primary data)
C¢u ¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©ıv∂P“
(samples) ˆu∂¢ˆukzu §fl⁄∫ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. Auı¡x, ¬⁄ıUP“ uØı∂UP®£mk
A¡ÿ÷“ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP® £mk“Õ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ¬⁄ıU
P–US ¬¯hP“ ˆ£”® £kQfl”⁄. C∆¬¡µ[P“ §fl¶
B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£mk (analysed) ¶∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ A‘U¯P
(Interpretation) uØı∂UP®£kQfl”x.
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2.2.2.2.2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data)
C∆¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PÕı⁄x ¶zuP[P“,
B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. C∆¡¯P∞¿ ©UPmˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶
≠ªÆ (Census Tract) ˆ£”®£kQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P–Æ
Ah[SÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. J∏ S‘®§mh ˜ıUPzvÿPıP, vmh™h®£mk
hzu® £kÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©ın¡∫P“
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
2. ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄ (InterviewSchedule) uØı∫ ˆ\¥≤Æ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
3. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P–UPıP ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (Sample)≠ª©ıP ˆ£”UTiØ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
4. B¥¬ÿPı⁄ Chzv¯⁄ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥¡x
Gfl£¯u ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
5. ¨UQØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘Ø ¨uªı¡uıPa
ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Pilot Survey) ©ÿ÷Æ
¨i¡ıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Survey),©ÿ÷Æ ˜∫UPın¿ ¨¯” BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄
©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Cfl¯”Ø |¯ª∞¿ ©UP“ \ı∫¢u PÕ®£o∞¿ ˆuıh∫
¶¯hØx
A. h¡iU¯P B. |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ uØı∂zu¿
C. ©ıv∂®£hÆ D. P¯u T÷u¿
2. ˜u¯¡®£hUTiØ, J∏ S‘®§mh ¡¯PØı⁄ ¶“Œ
¬¡µ[P“
A. √kPŒ¿ B. u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ
C. ©ıv∂∞fl ≠ªÆ D. s£∫PŒhÆ
3. ıÆ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£hƒ“Õ Chzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø
¬⁄ıU P–UPı⁄ £v¿, ˜\P∂UP®£mk“Õ RÃUPsh
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ≠ªÆ A‘تıÆ.
A. Psh‘u¿ B. ˜∫UPın¿
(Observation) (Interview)C. ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®¶ D. E¯µØıh¿ (Dialogue)
(Schedule)
4. J∏ S‘®§mh ©UP¯Õ ©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzx A¡∫P“
≠ªÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£uÿS
A. ©ıv∂ £∫P“ B. Psh‘£¡∫P“
C. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ D. ˜Pm£¡∫P“
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. ¬⁄ıUP“ Ah[QØ J∏ _______ ¯ª ¶“Œ ¬¡µÆ
˜\P∂®£uÿS PÕ®£o∞fl˜£ıx £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl˜”ıÆ.
2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜\P∂®£uÿS _______ Gfl£x J∏
¨UQØa ˆ\تıSÆ.
3. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£v¿ PÕ®£o J∏ ________¨¯”ØıSÆ.
4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤ƈ£ı x____________Gfl£x ¨UQØ
ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ.
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. ˜∫UPın¿ && ˆ©ızu ©UPŒ¿ J∏ S‘®§mh
GsoU¯P≤¯hØ £∫P¯Õ
©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ˆukzu¿
2. ¨u¿|¯ª® B¥¬ÿPı⁄U ˜P“¬P¯Õ
¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && uØı∫ ˆ\¥u¿
3. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ ¨¯”®£kzu®£mh ¶“Œ
(Sampling) && ¬¡µ[P“
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434
4. ¬⁄ızˆuıS®¶ && ¶¬∞غ¿, ©ıv∂ ≠ªÆ
¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿
5. uP¡¿ && u¤®£mh¡∫P¯Õa \¢vzx
uP¡¿ ˜\P∂zu¿
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ˆ\Ø¿P¯ÕU
T÷P.
2. PÕ®£o∞¿ Gflˆ⁄fl⁄ ¨¯”P“ §fl£ÿ”®
£kQfl”⁄?
3. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ¨UQØ ¨fl
ˆ⁄a\∂U¯P h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU T÷P.
4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ˜¡siØ B÷ |¯ªPŒ¿
(Steps) H˜u›Æ Jfl‘¯⁄®£ÿ‘ G xP.
5. ¶“Œ ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. PÕ®£o∞¿, ¶¬∞Ø¿ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
¬ÕUQ G xP.
2. PÕ®£oz ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¨flˆ⁄a\∂U¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
3. G¢u PıµnzvÿPıP, G∆¡ı÷ PÕ®£o
ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUSP.
4. PÕ®£o∞¿ G¢ˆu¢u £∞ÿ]P“ (practices) ¯PØıÕ®
£kQfl”⁄?
5. ©ıv∂ ˆu∂¢ˆukzu¿ (sampling) Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
©ıv∂P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄?
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ] (Practical Exercise)
1. J∏ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¬⁄ız ˆuıS®§¯⁄z uØı∫ ˆ\¥x,
\≠PÆ, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ˆuıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“
˜\P∂USÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ
£Sv∞¿ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.
www.kalvisolai.com
AªS XII : £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k
£ıhÆ 12
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k
Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“Pÿ”¿ ˜ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”P“ Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ
ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P¯ÕU Pÿ”æÆ ˆ©a_uæÆ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•kPŒ¿
S‘®£ıP CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯© ˆ\¥¡x
£ÿ‘Ø ]ª ¨¯”P¯Õ Pÿ÷z ˆuŒu¿.
Cfl¯”Ø B¥ƒPŒ¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄a
\ı∫¢x ¡«UQº∏USÆ ©v®•k ¨¯”PŒ¿ Cµsk
ˆ∏[QØ AqS¨¯”P“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡P“ :
1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Rapid Rural Appraisal -RRA)::::: Cx 1980&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘ ¬¯µ¡ıP® £µ¬Øx.
Cv¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄ ©v®§hz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
uP¡¿P“ EØ∫©mhzv¿ ˆ¡Œ£∫ PÕı¿ ˜\P∂UP®
£kQfl”⁄. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿
FµP[PŒfl ˜u¯¡P“ ©v®§h® £kQfl”⁄.
2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Participatory RuralAppraisal) ::::: CxƒÆ 1990&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘
Av˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Øx. Cv¿ E“—∫ ©UP˜Õ £[˜Pÿ÷
A¡∫uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £∂©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥x ˆPısk
©v®•k ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄∫.
£[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞¿ u[PÕx Qµı©zvfl ¡Õ ©ÿ÷Æ
`«¿ ˜©Æ£ımk |¯ª∞¯⁄ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥x u[PŒfl
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A›£¡Æ, A‘ƒ BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £Q∫¢x ˆPısk
Qµı©z¯u ˜©Æ£kzuz vmh[P“ wmhƒÆ, ˆ\Ø¿
£kzuƒÆ, PsPıoUPƒÆ, ©v®§hƒÆ AUQµı©
©UP˜Õ ¡»¡SUQfl”⁄∫. £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl Ai®
£¯hØı⁄x Qµı© ©UPŒfl Afl”ıha ˆ\Ø¿PŒfl
¡«UQ¿ ˜uıfl‘Øx.
£[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” ≠fl÷ ˜ıUP[P¯Õ
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. A¯¡
Øı¡⁄ :
1. BvUPÆ ˆ\æzuı©¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ¡Œ£∂fl
©⁄®£ıfl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ hz¯u.
2. AqS ¨¯”P“ ©¯”¨Pzvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ®
£¯hØıPƒÆ, u¤£∂º∏¢x S ¡ıPƒÆ,
G zx ≠ª©ıP C∏®£vº∏¢x ˜∂¯hØıPU
Pıs£x ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, AÕ¬k¡vº∏¢x
J®§ku¿ ¡¯µ∞æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õx.
3. Tmk”ƒhfl uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ, A›£¡[
P¯Õ≤Æ, Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ £∞ÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ E“—∫
©UPŒh¨Æ ˆ¡Œ£∂h¨Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©®¶
P–US C¯h∞æÆ £Q∫¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
£[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k ¨¯”≤Æ ≠fl÷ ˜ıUP[P¯ÕU
ˆPıshx. A¯¡P“:
1. J∏ u¯ª®§¯⁄ B¥¢x Bµı¥a]∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ
ˆPı“¡x.
2. E“—∫¡ı]P–USÆ, ˆ¡Œ£∫P–USÆ J∏[
Q¯n¢u £∞ÿ] AŒ®£x.
3. ©v®•mk ¨¯”∞¿ Bµı¥¢x, vmh™mk
ˆ\Ø¿£kzv, PsPıozx ©v®§ha ˆ\¥≤Æ
v”¯⁄≤Æ, \Uv¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[Su¿. £[˜Pÿ¶
¨¯”PŒ⁄ı¿ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯©
ˆ\¥¡xhfl, ˆ£sP“, H¯«P“, ˜¡Õıs¯©,
ª¡ıà ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ®£ıxPı®¶ ˜£ıfl”
ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzu ¨i≤Æ. C¢u ¨¯”P“
™PƒÆ ©v®¶ ¡ı¥¢u uıPƒÆ Æ£Pzufl¯©
ˆPıshuıPƒÆ C∏®£uıP ¬¯ÕƒPŒfl
\ıfl÷P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.
C¢u® £ıhÆ ˜u¤ ©ı¡mhÆ, PÆ£Æ £“ÕzuıUQ¿
E“Õ ]ª©µzx®£mi Gfl” Qµı©zv¿ hzu®ˆ£ÿ”
Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯” B¥¬fl Ai®£¯h∞¿
ˆuıSUP®£mk“Õx. C¢u B¥ƒ ˆ¡Œımi⁄∫
J∏¡µı¿ usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ, _PıuıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
ª¡ıà £ÿ‘ hzu® ˆ£ÿ”x. ©ÿ÷Æ C¢u® £ıhzv¿
ˆPıkUP®£mk E“Õ G¿ªı GkzxUPımkP–Æ C¢u
B¥¬fl Ai® £¯h∞¿ G u®£mh¯¡ØıSÆ.
£[÷PØ£Áº (P»¢xöPõÒ£Áº) £õºzx AÔÁx
£[˜Pÿ£¡∫ £ı∫zx A‘¡x Gfl£x PÕ®£o
B¥¬fl J∏ S‘®§mh ¡i¡©ıSÆ. Cv¿ B¥¡ıÕ∫
uıÆ hzvØ B¥ƒ |PÃPŒfl K∫ ıØP⁄ıP®
£[˜PÿQ”ı∫. ¡i¡¯©U P®£hıu (unstructured) Po®§¿
Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU
PıµoPŒfl £s§¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ
A¡ÿ‘ÿQ¯h∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ A‘¢x
ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏UQfl”⁄. usp∏USÆ
_Pıuıµ PıµoP–USÆ C¯h∞ªı⁄ ˆ\Øÿ£ıkP–US,
\≠Pa \mhvmh[P“ ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Pıµn©ıSÆ. §”S
£ı∫zx A‘¡v¿ E“Õ S«®£[P¯Õ
A‘¨P®£kzuªıÆ. £[˜Pÿ £¡∫ £ı∫zxA‘¡v⁄ı¿
FµP ©UPŒfl \≠P& Pªıa\ıµ ¡ıì¯⁄ flS ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“Õ CØæÆ.
£ı∫zx A‘¢x, QµQUSÆ ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ usp∫
¬|˜ØıPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ _ÿ÷®¶” _Pıuıµ ¡\vP¯Õ ©mkÆ
Cfl‘ ©US Gv¿ B∫¡Æ E“Õ˜uı Au¯⁄≤Æ
A‘تıÆ. Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫ Bµı¥a] ¨i≤Æ ¡¯µ Qµı©
©UPÕx ¡ıÃU¯P≤hfl Jfl‘ A¡∫PŒfl A›£¡[
P¯Õ≤Æ, Afl”ıh §µv£º®¶P¯Õ≤Æ u©x ¯h∂∞¿
£vƒ ˆ\¥Qfl”ı∫. A¢u ¯h∂US‘®¶P“ B¥¡ıÕ∂fl
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S¯”P¯Õ UQ C÷vØı⁄ ¬⁄ızuı“ A¯⁄zx ¡¯P
¬⁄ıUP–hfl ˆ¡Œ∞h®£h ˜¡skÆ.
C¢u® £ıhzvfl ≠ªÆ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶
©v®•k J∏ \Uv¡ı¥¢u B¥ƒ ¨¯”PŒfl ˆuıS®£ıP
A‘¨P®£kzu®£mhx. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¯µ¡ıPa
˜\P∂UP®£k¡uı¿ Cx Av˜¡P©ı⁄x BSÆ. Gfl”ıæÆ
A¯⁄zx uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ x∂u©ıPa ˜\P∂UP ˜¡skÆ
Gfl£x PmhıØÆ C¿¯ª. Cx J∏ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”,
Hˆ⁄fl”ı¿ A¯⁄zx ¨¯”P–Æ ¬¡ıvUP®£kQfl”⁄.
©UPŒfl £[˜Pÿ¶Æ, Pª¢x ˆPı“¡xÆ ¨UQØ©ı⁄z
˜u¯¡ØıSÆ. £[˜Pÿ¶ E“Õuı¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“
Pıµn¨¯hØuıPƒÆ, Jzx¡µU TiØuıPƒÆ E“Õ⁄.
£[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k Gfl£x G®ˆ£ı xÆ Qµı©
©v®•m¯h ©mk˜© T÷¡x A¿ª. P∫®¶”[PŒæÆ
Th £Øfl£kÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬¿ Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl
£Øfl£ık £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
2. Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl £¿˜¡÷ ¨¯”P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘≤Æ ©ın¡∫P“ flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
_Ø ©v®•k
I . \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆQÃz ufl¯©≤hfl TiØ, £i®£iØı⁄ ˆuıh∫¢u
¡i¡¯©zu¿
A. AÕƒ\ı∫¢ux B. uµÆ \ı∫¢ux
(Quantitative) (Qualitative)C. Av˜¡P©ı⁄x D. £[˜PÿPUTiØx
(Rapid) (Participatory)
2. G¿¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ |ª¡¯µ®£hzv¯⁄ Øı∫ ™PƒÆ
\ı∫¢x“Õı∫P“.
A. B¥¡ıÕ∫P“ B. Eu¬ØıÕ∫P“
C. £[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫P“ D. ˆ¡ŒØıÕ∫P“
3. ˜∫UPın¿ CuÿˆPı∏ ¡ı¥®£ı¥ A¯©Qfl”x
A. §µa]¯⁄P“ B. ¨fl›∂¯©P“
C. £ıxPı®¶ D. C¯¡ ≠fl÷Æ
4. £h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡¯µ£h[P“ BQØ⁄ FUS¬USÆ
_ª£U P∏¬ØıP® £Øfl£k¡x.
A. ˆ¡Œ®£ık (Expression) B. ˆuıh∫¶ (Communication)
C. ¡\⁄Æ D. ©v®§h¿
5. ©v®•k ˆ\¥¡uÿS uªzvÿSa ˆ\¿æÆ ˆ£ı x
¨UQØ©ıPz ˜u¯¡®£k¡x.
A. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u B. ˜∫UPın¿
C. S÷US ¯h (Transect) D. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜∫UPın¿
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. _______ ¬⁄ıUP“ E∏¡ıP, £[˜Pÿ£¡∫
Eÿ÷˜ıUP¿ (Participant Observation) ™PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP
E“Õx.
2. \≠P ¡¯µ£h[P“ _______ Bµı¥a]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ
¿ª J∏ ˆuıhUP©ıSÆ.
3. §µa\¯⁄P–US (Problem situations) ¨fl⁄˜µı,
§fl⁄˜µı T”®£kÆ P¯uP“ _______
4. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜∫UPınº¿ _______ G⁄®£k¡x
ufl¤a¯\ Øı⁄ ¬ÕUP©ıSÆ.
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III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £[˜Pÿ¶ Eÿ÷˜ıUP¿ &&- ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ E∏¡ıUP
2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ && Qµı© ©UP–hfl ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ
3. S÷US ¯h && £ıº⁄zˆuıh∫¯£®
¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿
4. ¨¯”\ı∫¶ ˜∫UPın¿ && \≠PU Pªıa\ıµ ∑v∞¿
5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u && S÷US ¯hUS AizuÕÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Av˜¡PU P∏zx T”º¿ "Av˜¡PÆ' Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
3. S÷US ¯h®£Ønzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?
4. £ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜∫UPınºfl \ıuP©ı⁄
fl¯©P“ Øı¯¡?
5. Hfl ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿P“ Bµı¥a]US® £Øfl£kzu®
£kQfl”⁄.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®§hº¿ £Øfl£kÆ ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄
¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ˆu∂¢ˆukUSÆ EzvP“ Øı¯¡?
2. ¬⁄ıUPŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¯hˆ£÷Æ \∫˜¡UPŒ¿
SkÆ£zu¯ª¡∫ Gfl£ufl A∫zuÆ Gfl⁄?
3. Qµı© £[˜Pÿ¶U P∏zxUT”¿ Gfl£x Tmhı⁄
¨¯”P“ & Pıµnzxhfl ¬¡∂.
4. £[˜Pÿ¶ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§¿ S÷US ¯h
G∆¡ı÷ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”x?
5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u & C®¶x¯©Øı⁄ ¶“Œ ¬¡µa
˜\P∂®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zv¿, ¡÷¯© |¯ª £ÿ‘Ø
£[˜Pÿ¶U P∏zxUT”æUS C[S ¬¡ıvUP®£mh
H˜u›Æ Cµsk ¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ.
2. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zvfl _Pıuıµ |¯ª¯Ø®
£ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘¡uÿPı⁄ ˜P“¬z
ˆuıS®§¯⁄ ¡iƒ A¯©UP B]∂Ø∫P“
©ın¡∫P–US Eu¬ØıP C∏®£x.
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