Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS

OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21st– 23rd MAY 2013

Professor Susan RoafProfessor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh,

Email: s.roaf@hw.ac.uk

Talk Structure:

1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers• Legislative Drivers – The European Example• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail

2. How ? Ecological Design: Dynamic Networks

3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona

4. Where to next ?

Talk Structure:

1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings

• Climate Change Drivers

The Climate Change ChallengeAtmospheric Carbon and Temperature are linked

http://www.skepticalscience.com/human-co2-smaller-than-natural-emissions.htm

a

b

c

d

9th May 2013 - 400ppm

280 ppm

Change Rate and Magnitude Increase

1958 – 315 ppm

2005

a b

cd

2100 ?Time ?

2012

Global Ice Melts: Sea Level Rises

Coastal and inland flooding

Images of Macedonian floods

Loss of Livlihoods Loss of Lives

Loss of Infrastructure Loss of Communities

2010

EU 2003

NY 2010

HEATWAVES

52,000 People died in Europe in

July 2003

In their own homes in the

July heat wave

The Ozone Challenge

More Unaffordable Climate Impacts

The Peaky Building Problem:

Architecture makes it worse

In 2008 NSW, Australia 10% of all electrical generating capacity was needed for just 1% of the time during hot spells

Importance of Understanding the Problem:

PEAKY BUILDINGS – PEAKY CITIES

PopulationPopulation22

44

66

88

1010

1212

1414

USA citiesUSA cities

European citiesEuropean cities

London : 3.1 CEssen : 4 CFrimbourg (CH) : 5 CGotemborg : 6 CBale - Berne = 6 CMalmoe : 7 CZurich = 7 CFrimbourg (D) : 10 CParis : 14 CAthens : 14 C

Urban Microclimate and Its Impact on the Cooling Needs of Buildings

Source: Matt Santamouris

HEAT ISLAND

It gets hot – everyone has their air-conditioning on – the lights go out - New York 2003 – 50 million without energy for

2 days – July 2012: 250 million people in India for 2 days

Talk Structure:

1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings

• Legislative Drivers – The European Example

EU Rationale for better buildings

The European Commission (EC) wants cost-efficient ways to make the European economy more:

• Ozone and Climate-friendly • Less energy-consuming

The EU 2050 Roadmap for carbon emission reduction:

2020 targets of:

• 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels• 20% EU energy consumption produced from renewables• 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency• 80-95 % by 2050

http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm

1. European Performance Building Directive

EPBD 2002 and Recast 2010

To enable Europe achieve Energy and Greenhouse Gas (ghg) targets. 

Certification is key.

http://www.epbd-ca.eu/

 

EPC Buildings are of 2 grades

2 levels EPC Assessor:

Simple buildings -with “frequently occurring characteristics" such as simple heating systems, simple natural ventilation and small comfort cooling systems.

Complex buildings with advanced features, both of which can be calculated using a National Calculation Methodology (NCM) required under the EPBD.

The EPBD requirement under for Energy Performance Certificates for buildings has been rolled out at different rates across EU countries

http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html

2. Energy Efficiency Directive: 2012

A common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency

Legislating Member States to mobilise investment in the renovation of the national stock of buildings

C. 17 billion euros available in the coming funding round

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_en.htm

3. The Ecodesign Directive 2005 and 2009

Mandates ecodesign requirements for some products - Including ventilation and air-conditioning systems

Ventilation of buildingsEnergy Related Products

ENER Lot 10 Residential VentilationRooms and indivdual

dwelling

Residential ventilation products

-Decentralized products-Centralized products

ENTR Lot 6: ventilation systemsProducts not covered in ENER Lot 10

1. Exhaust AHU(*) & rooftop fans, incl controls2. Supply AHU(*), incl controls

3. Balanced AHU(*), incl controls and HR4. Electrically operated openings/grids

(*) Dedicated ventilation AHU

Reg. 640/2009/EC: Motors 0.75 kW < P < 375 kW

ENER Lot 11: Fans 125 W < P < 500 kW

Applies today to products with capacity up to 12kW

In 5 years applies to larger capacitySystems

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm

• Stricter than Montreal Protocol

• Takes into account the increasing availability of products that can replace those which deplete the ozone layer

4. Directive on Substances which Damage the Ozone Layer 2000 and 2008

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l28064_en.htm

Result = More Expensive Air-Conditioning

Talk Structure:

1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings

• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail to meet their performance targets

http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html

Econ 19 - http://www.targ.co.uk/other/guide19.pdf

www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf

And Poorer Building Design ?

Naturally Ventilated

Naturally Ventilated

AC

AC

August 2009, 40ºC

December 2009, 5ºC

Source: Edward Arens, UC Berkeley, Windsor Conference 9-11 April 2010.

The Problems of Many Modern

Buildings

Poor Climatic Design

Expensive to run+

UNCOMFORTABLE

CONSTRAINTS:

• New 4-storey, open-plan offices

• Tight build programme

• The process was cost-driven

• A year after completion, the M & E systems had not been accepted.

LCBP Case Study: West Suffolk House

The Challenge of Natural Ventilation

actual emissions of 88.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum

Nearly three times the design estimate of 31.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum

REALITY CHECK

Densely occupied

Noise disturbance through lightwell from ground floor café

Too deep for single-sided natural ventilation ? The Architecture was a Problem here …

For more Case Studies see: www.usablebuildings trust.co.uk

Dissatisfied Occupants

Design intent = 236kWh/m2

Marketing pitch = A “sustainable and virtually non-polluting” design

Actual building performance = 376kWh/m2

The 1997 ECON19 good practice level for naturally ventilated office = 112kWh/m2

County Hall LondonPerformance Gap

Paul Gerard Tuohy, Gavin B Murphy (2012). Why advanced buildings don’t work? Proceedings of 7th Windsor Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 12-15 April 2012. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings,

http://nceub.org.uk

Fantasy Reality Gap ?

The Credibility Gapfor a green building award winner

Source: Bill Bordasshttp://www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf

Seduced by our Models?

Source:NBI study 2008

LEED BUILDINGS WORSE THAN CODE

Optimise the Modelled Building ?

1. That only takes you from There to There

2. How do you get

to Here ?

Architectural Engineering

Renewable Energy

Time to Rethink Design ?

TIME

SPACE ARCHITECTURE

21STC Thinking Whole system thinking ‘ ‘out of the Box

20thC Thinking Efficiency Innovation Competition

Fine – but how do we make a living ?

Eco Design……..

Only Way to Meet the Targets - Connect the Flows Social – Physical – Economic – Time – People

Incre

asin

g T

ime

lag

Increasing Time lag

Picture: Jane Matthews5o-10oC temperature differences found in different rooms in the same house

Source: Jane Matthews

TIME AND PLACE AND SPACE

o

SN

Shade

Hot Zone

Cool Zone

People, Buildings and Climate in Dynamic relationships

Talk Structure:

3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona

Building Outline

Name: Porta Fira Application: HotelSurface: 34.700m2

Number of floors: 24Height: 113mRooms: 345

Thanks for these Porta Fira details to Santiago Gonzalez and Daikin Spain

System outline

System Outline (VRV + AHU + chillers)

Outdoor(VRV): 74Capacity VRV(kW): 2280Indoor VRV (Qty): 664 ductedCapacity chiller(kW): 1200

Reasons of selecting VRV

1.Energy efficiency 2.Partial load 3.Multiple outdoors4.Heat recovery

Engineers and Manufacturers working closely with the architects

Toyo Ito

Indoor per room

System outline (floor plan)NW Hot side

SE Cooler side N External skin of Timber shading

Opening window

Individual system controls

Flexible system across floors

Heat recovery VRV

Room layout can

Careful location of different room functions and matching withTime, month and local micro-climate can significantly boost Seasonal efficiency with intelligent patterns of occupation and controls

Centralized Control : I-Manager enables fine tuning of occupied zones

Remote Predictive Maintenance: ACNSS

Centralized Control : I-Manager – people can be located in cooler or warmer zones

Emporis skyscapers

Emporis collects data on full life-cycle of a building, from idea to demolition.

Porta Fira won the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2010.

• Fault free operation – predictive diagnostics – Product • Load shift and shave peak loads – Control • Optimised zoning for energy minimisation - Planning • User choice – higher comfort levels – Behaviour

• Maximize use of ambient energy – Design

Porta Fira Whole System Optimisation

Good Architect Flexible / Adaptable Genuine Co-operation Good Building 21st C Buildings from all involved

Pushes well beyond current Regulation Targets

Eco Design Whole System Thinking

Talk Structure:

4. Where to next ?

The Future is Closer than You Think

1860 1917 1952 1986 ?

2Cwarmer

1Cwarmer

20th Century Buildings Poor Climatic Design – Unaffordable – Without Cheap Energy

throwing energy away

Fossil FuelEnergy

21st Century Buildings

Good Buildings

Eco Design

Design for Occupants

Design with Climate

Time Space

Architecture

Solar Energy