ovulation,fert preg
TRANSCRIPT
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OVULATION, FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY
IMAN SUPRIATNANI WAYAN KURNIANI KARJA
BAGIAN REPRODUKSI DAN KEBIDANAN
DEPARTEMEN KLINIK, REPRODUKSI DAN PATOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
2010
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OVULATION
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Mechanisms of Ovulation
1. Endocrine mechanisms
steroids switch from 2.0 0.15 (E:P ratio)
LH
Prostaglandins2. Neurobiochemical mechanisms
Plasmin formation
theca collagenaselysome rupture
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3. Neuromuscular mechanisms-
PGF2 release occurs 30-40h after LH
surge
1. Inhibition of PGF2 production inhibits
ovulation
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Cyclic activity
Spontaneous ovulators Continually polyestrous
Seasonal polyestrous
Induced ovulators Monoestrous
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FERTILISASI
Proses bersatunya/fusi antara sel kelamin betina(oosit) dan sel kelamin jantan (spermatozoa)
Fertilisasi terjadi apabila oosit telah mencapai tingkatkematangannya yaitu stadium metafase II.
Spermatozoa telah mengalami kapasitasi
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Dalam prosesnya, proses fertilisasi dapat
dibagi menjadi tiga proses yaitu :
Proses kapasitasi spermatozoa
Aktivasi oosit oleh spermatozoa untuk dapatberkembang
Fusi genetikmaterial antara inti jantan danbetina
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Akrosom mengandung sejumlah enzim yaitu :
Hyaluronidase
Acrosine
ProacrosineAcid proteinase
Esterase
Neuraminidase
Phosphatase
-N Acetyl hexosaminidase galactosidase
glucoronidase
-L Fucosidase
-Phospholipase
-Cathepsine
-Peptidyl peptidase
-N Acetyl glucosa minidase
-Ornithine decarboxylase
-Arysulfatase
-Arylamidase
-Collagenase
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Reproductive System
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FERTILISASI
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FERTILIZATION- fertilization in the upper third of the oviduct/fallopian tube- fertilization = union of egg and sperm
- sperm must undergo capacitation after ejaculationincrease rate of tail beating
- during capacitationfemale system removes glycoproteins and proteins from the acrosome
- plasma membrane of the egg is surrounded by an extracellular matrix (glycoproteins) =zona pellucidaand a ring of follicular cells = corona radiata (nourishment in the follicle)
- after fertilization = zygote
1. sperm penetrate corona radiata
2. several sperm enter zona pellucida
sperm bind to ZP3 receptor protein in
zonatriggers release of acrosomal
contents and zona digestion
3. ONE sperm penetrates the plasma
membrane of the egg
4. immediate change in the zona
pellucida (depolarizes or fast block to
polyspermy)also the ZP3 protein is
inactivated which makes the zona physically
harden (slow block to polyspermy)
- impervious to more sperm
5. egg releases the zona pellucida
away from the egg surface
6. fusion of the sperms pronucleus with the
pronucleus of the egg = zygote
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OVIDUCT:
-union of sperm and egg nuclei (zygote) -> first cell division (embryo) -> cell
division continues -> formation of the morula (cell division without growth resultsin a mass of tiny, uniformly sized cells with equal amounts of cytoplasm)
UTERUS:
-morula forms a blastocyst (assymetrical ball of cells with a cavity) -> implantation
into the endometrium (6th day)
-cells of morula = blastomeres
embryonic stage:
1st week to week 8
-first cell divisionwithin 24 hrs & takes 6 hrs
to complete
-second dayfour cells
-end of third day16 cells
-fourth daymorula stage
-fourth to fifth dayblastocyst stage
-end of fifth dayhatching of blastocyst from
zona pellucida-6th dayimplantation of blastocyst into
endometrium
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Figure 117: Specific cleavage stages at given times after fertilization in the
cow (281-day gestation) and the sow (114-day gestation). (Source: Bearden and
Fuquay, 1997, p. 91. Used with permission.)
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Placenta
Classification is based on:
1) The gross shape ofthe placenta andthe distribution ofcontact sites
between fetalmembranes andendometrium.
2) The number of layers of tissuebetween maternal
and fetal vascularsystems.
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A cow has a cotyledonary placenta.
Cotyledonary: Multiple, discrete areas of attachment called cotyledons are formed by
interaction of patches of allantochorion with endometrium. The fetal portions of this type of
placenta are called cotyledons, the maternal contact sites (caruncles), and the cotyledon-
caruncle complex a placentome. This type of placentation is observed in ruminants.
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The three potential maternal layers in a placenta are:1.Endothelium lining endometrial blood vessels.2.Connective tissue of the endometrium.
3.Endometrial epithelial cells.
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Type of Placenta
Maternal Layers Retained
ExamplesEndometrial
Epithelium
Connective
Tissue
Uterine
Endothelium
Epitheliochorial + + +
Horses,
swine,
ruminants
Endotheliochorial - - + Dogs, cats
Hemochorial - - -Humans,
rodents
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/equine.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/pigs.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/ruminants.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/dog_cat.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/primates.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/rodents.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/rodents.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/primates.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/dog_cat.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/ruminants.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/pigs.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/equine.html -
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PLACENTA COMMON EXAMPLES
Diffuse,epitheliochorial
Horses and pigs
Cotyledonary,epitheliochorial
Ruminants(cattle, sheep, goats, deer)
Zonary,
endotheliochorial
Carnivores
(dog, cat, ferret)Discoid,
hemochorialHumans, apes, monkeys
and rodents
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The function of the placenta. The placenta combine in one organ many activities of the
Fetus -- hormones, respiration, digestion and excretion -- that are separate in adult
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PLASENTA (exchange organ, Austauschorgan, dg fungsi spesifik)
1) Sintesa enzim
2) Thermoregulator
3) Sebagai sistem respirasi, gastrointestinal, excretion
4) Metabolisme (osmose, difusi, resorpsi, transport aktif metabolit)
5) Sintesa hormon (eCG, hCG, estrogen, progesteron, relaxin,protein B, placental lactogen)
6) Barrier pasase mikroba (infeksi). Dalam keadaan patologis
plasenta dapat dipasase oleh virus, bakteri, shg dpt menimbulkankerusakan irreversible dari fetus abortus
7) Pasase Ig transplasentar dari Ig/Ab tgt dari tipe plasenta.Pada sapi, domba, kambing, babi dan kuda plasenta tidak dapatdipasase oleh Ig. Pada anjing dan kucing dapat dipasase oleh Ig.
Pada manusia dapt dipasase hanya oleh Ig G (mol. kecil).Umumnya neonat memperoleh Ig/Ab melalui kolostrum
8) Plasenta tidak dapat dilalui oleh pharmaka spt antibiotik,sulfonamide.
Aplikasi narkotik intrapartum depresi respirasi neonatlemah
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Parturition Initiated by the fetus stress
Corticosterone from Adrenal
Decreased progesterone
Foals and lambs like cattle
Piglets either way
Oxytocin contractions
Relaxin birth canal expansion
Estrogen, Prostaglandin
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