Overview of the Bridge Infrastructure Enterprise

Benjamin Tang, P.E. Preservation Managing Engineer

Oregon Department of Transportation

(Ret. Bridge Engineer, FHWA)

January 24, 2011

U.S. Transportation System Logistics• 4.9 trillion passenger miles of travel• 3.8 trillion ton miles of domestic freight generated by 281 million

people • 7.1 million business establishments• 88 thousand units of government• 3.9 million miles of public roads• 1.6 million miles of oil and natural gas pipelinesNetworks: • 122 thousand miles of major railroads• 26 thousand miles of commercially navigable waterways• 5,000+ public-use airportsMore…• transit, rails, water, pipeline & air travel … more trips

Ref: March 2003 DOT Strategic Plan

U.S. Highways EnterpriseU.S. Highways Enterprise

The FederalThe Federal--Aid Highway Program:Aid Highway Program:•• 163,000 miles of Highways in the National163,000 miles of Highways in the National

Highway System (NHS).Highway System (NHS).

•• 1,000,000 miles of road in the Non1,000,000 miles of road in the Non--NHSNHS–– urban and rural roadsurban and rural roads

•• 47,000 miles of Interstate System47,000 miles of Interstate System

•• 600,000 highway bridges600,000 highway bridgesI-93 in Boston, MA

NHS• Important to defense, economy and mobility• 4.0% of Nation’s total route mileage (4 M miles)• 44.6% Vehicular Miles Traveled (VMT)• National Highway Systems (NHS):

– Interstate system– Other rural and urban principal arterials– Other urban freeways/expressways– Strategic highway network and connectors– Intermodal connectors

Eisenhower Interstate System• 50-year span (1956 GNP $421B; 2006 GNP $12T)

• 1991 FHWA reported to Congress:$129 Trillion Total cost estimate for completing the Interstate System (Of which $114 Trillion – Federally funded)

• N-S: Odd #s; lowest from South to North• E-W: Even #s; lowest from West to East• Largest public work in the world and in history

Mobility in America Highway Trust Fund (Hwy Act of 1956)

1956-2006

U.S. Bridge Inventory

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Total No. Deficient Obsolete

R/CP/SSteelTimberOther

~600,000 bridges > 6.1 maverage age = 42 years

Source: FHWA 2006 NBI Data

241,025122,949

193,774

U.S. Bridge Ownership

• Federally owned: 1.4%• State owned: 47.6%• Local Agencies owned: 50.5%• Private and Others: 0.5%

• 46.8% Bridges were built before 1966

• Source: FHWA 2008 Status Report to Congress on Condition and Performance

Why Dedicate a Course to an Enterprise?• Transportation – 11% of GDP ($14.3 T 2008 est)• Its the backbone of the U.S. economy

generating approximately $1.1 trillion annually. – China & Germany 2009 Export Goods ~ $1.2 & $1.17

trillion (USA Today Business Jan11, 2010)

• It accounts for 19 percent of spending by the average American household– Compare as much spent for food and health care

combined – Second only to spending on housing

Ref: March 2003 DOT Strategic Plan

Infrastructure Asset Management/Renewal Wanted: Trained and dedicated engineers

• National stewardship of assets• Requiring preservation and maintenance• Managing growth, expansion and renewal• Creating engineering challenges• Developing innovations• Requiring new ideas, engineering skills,

training, problem solving…

San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge - East

Golden Gate

Exciting Profession in CE

Mike O-Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at the Hoover Dam

Kobe EQ

Charles River Bridge

Winchester Bridge - Historic

Pony Steel Truss

1st Lecture – An Outline• What experience I bring to you• Personal and professional opinions• Who hires you when you graduated?• What you can expect to get out of CIE579?• What is the life cycle of a bridge?• State’s Role and Responsibilities• My best guess – What’s hot going into the 21st Century in

bridge technology developments?• What’s AASHTO top ten transportation topics for 2010?• What’s in TRB Strategic Plan in 2005-2009• Quiz at the end

Ben’s Bios• Current Bridge Preservation Manager in Oregon DOT • Distinguished Career Award - 33 years in FHWA (retired 2008)• DOT Secretary Peters’ Gold Medal Award (I-35W Recovery)• Administrator’s Awards• Technical review authority for all structural matters• Bridge technology development and implementation• International diplomatic relationships in Transportation • National bridge program management, public policy & regulations• State Federal-aid program management • Highway and bridge design• Construction management• Steel Fabrication

Personal and Professional Opinions• Personal Development in Bridge Engineering Career

– Problem solving and creativity– Public and professional service– Leadership role in transportation– Connecting people, communities, markets/industries– Improving our environments and quality of life– Diverse fields and disciplines– High satisfaction, good pay & fringe benefits– More…

• Professional development to the nth degree• Marketable and Valuable ‘Soft’ Skills

Who Hires Bridge Engineers? Alphabet soup, anyone?

• Public Agencies: Federal, State, and Local• Industry – Consultants, AGC, NCBC, PCA, PCI, ACI,

AISI, AISC, NSBA, OSHA, NOISH, NACE, SSPC, CRSI, PTI…

• AASHTO • TRB and NCHRP• NTSB, OIG, GAO, EPA• Manufacturing Companies• Insurance Companies• Global Enterprise - (China, India,… markets)

What’s In For You in CIE-579?1. Overview of the Bridge Infrastructure Enterprise

(Today’s lectures – Tang, OR)2. Role & Responsibilities of Federal (Lwin) & State DOTs

(D’Angelo, NY)3. TRB and AASHTO (Capers) & Professional

Associations’ Influence in Policy Making (Nickas)4. Program (Land) and Project (Detmer, VA) Management5. Project Design & Development (Hohmann, TX) &

Budgeting, Funding, Planning and MPO’s (Kelly)6. Environmental Processes & Approvals (Klinczar) and

Case Study (Darda - invited, FHWA)

What’s In For You? – cont’d7. Performance Measures (Nichols-invited, MO) & Topic?

(TBD)8. Student Presentations9. Laws, Rules, Regulations and Ethics (McLaughlin, NY)

& Community Involvement Case Study (Figg)10. Construction Projects & Contracting (Kerley, VA) &

Accelerating Constr. case study (Swanwick, UT)11. Design QA/QC (Ghara) & Construction QA/QC (Dowd)12. Operations/Emergency Management (Clements) &

Case Study on Emerg’y Bridge Closure (Yannotti)13. Bridge Preservation (Johnson) & NBIS and BMS

(Everett)

Life Cycle of a Bridge Project – 6 Stages

1. Planning – Program & Project Level2. Project Development – Design3. Project Implementation – Construction4. Operations – Keeping it running5. Maintenance and Inspection – Keeping it from

falling apart and keep it safe6. Preservation – (Renewal/Rehab) Protecting

assets

Partial Description of a Project Life Cycle

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

Under CEQ regulations – Implemented theNational Environmental Protection Act(NEPA) - 3 Levels of project classifications:1. Categorical Exclusions (CE)2. Environmental Assessment (EA)3. Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)

CMAQ• Congestion Mitigations and Air Quality

Environmental Permits• Section 4(f) – Involving public lands• Section 9: Rivers and Harbors Act – Navigation (U.S.

Coast Guards)• Section 10: Rivers and Harbors Act – U.S. Corps of

Engineers (Army Corps)• Section 404 of Clean Water Act of 1977• Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act• Coastal Zone Management• Floodplains (FEMA and National Flood Insurance Maps)• Context Sensitive Solutions (1991 under ISTEA)

STATES’ ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

STATES’ ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES• Selects• Plans• Designs• Constructs• Inspect and Maintains • Operates highway systems • Preserving State’s assets

BT’s early 21st Century Bridge Tech. Developments

• Bridge Inspection and Load Rating (LRFR)• Bridge Security and Risk Assessment• Extreme Events - Response and Recovery • Tunnel Safety and Inspection Standards • High Performance Materials – cont. & LRFD for HPMs• Accelerated Bridge Construction & Project Delivery• Seismic Engineering & Retrofitting• Structural Health Monitoring• Fracture Critical Bridges • Assets Management (Structures) and Br. Preservation

TRB Strategic Plan Grand Challenges (2005)

• Extending Service Life

• Optimizing Structural Systems

• Accelerated Bridge Construction

• Advancing AASHTO Specifications

• Monitoring Bridge Condition

• Contributing to National Policy

• Managing Knowledge

AASHTO’s Top Ten Transportation Topics• Adopting a long-term transportation funding• Adopting a New Job Creation Bill • Deterring Distracted Driving• Ensuring Safer Roads (38K deaths to 19K in 20 yrs)• Moving on High Speed Rail Grants• Taking Action to Address Climate Change• Responding to Increased Congestion/Capacity• Adopting Social Media - Latest Traffic/Travel Information• Enhancing Safety Thru Roadway Improvements• Creating more livable communities

AASHTO Press Release, December 30, 2009 by Sherry Appel

After the Break…will discuss• Bridge and Infrastructure Management • Help to frame your learning - valuable roles,

responsibilities, and relationships of several key stakeholders in Transportation

• Legislations and Regulations• Public Policy from various levels of Govt.• Research, Development & Tech Transfer

BREAK

Be back in 15 minutes

2nd Lecture – An Outline• Legislation and Regulations• Metropolitan Planning Organization• FHWA’s Leadership Role• States’ Roles and Responsibilities• Stakeholders’ Roles and Responsibilities• Funding Public Works• Research, Development and Tech Transfer• Take a Quiz

Legislation and Regulations• Legislation Process• Rule and Regulations• Definition of Legislative Actions

Legislation and Regulations• Public Laws (e.g. P.L.109-59 for SAFETEA-LU –

2005-2009) enacted by Congress• U.S.C. (50 titles) - consolidation and codification

of all general and permanent laws in U.S.• C.F.R. (50 titles) – compilation of the general

and permanent rules of the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Govt. as published in the Federal Register

Statutes Passed By Congress• Principal Statutes establishing Fed-aid

Highway Program -23 U.S.C.(USC contains a consolidation and codification of all general and permanent laws of the U.S.)

• FHWA issues regulatory requirements 23 C.F.R.

– Title 23 – Highways– Title 49 – Transportation

(CFR compilation of the general and permanent rules of the executive departments and Fed. Agencies published in the FR)

• NPRM in Federal register for public input

Congressional Actions - Highlights• Authorization Act• Appropriation Act• Authorization• Apportionment• Budget Authority/Contract Authority

Ref: FHWA Website www.fhwa.dot.gov

Authorization Act (Who has the right to implement programs?)

• Basic substantive legislation that establishes or continues Federal programs or agencies for multi-year (6 years)

• And it establishes an upper limit on the amount of funds for the programs.

• The current authorization act for surface transportation programs is the SAFETEA-LU which expired September 30, 2009.

• (extended 6 times to September 30, 2011)SAFE, ACCOUNTABLE, FLEXIBLE, EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT OF 2005 (P.L. 109-59)

Appropriation Act (Who has the checkbook and how much to write?)

• Action of a legislative body that makes funds available for expenditure with specific limitations as to amount, purpose, and duration

• In most cases, it permits money previously authorized to be obligated and payments made

• For the highway program operating under contract authority, the appropriations act specifies amounts of funds that Congress will make available for the fiscal year to liquidate obligations

Authorization (Do you want to get stuck with the bill?)

• Once an authorization is enacted, it empowers an agency to implement a particular program and also establishes an upper limit on the amount of funds that can be appropriated for that program.

• An agency who does the work without prior authorization will be stuck with the bill!

Apportionment (How come he gets the lion’s share?)

• Refers to a statutorily prescribed division or assignment of funds based on prescribed formulas in the law (statutory formula)

• It consists of dividing authorized obligation authority for a specific program among the States.

Budget Authority (Shop Closed - No money, no work!)

• Empowerment by Congress that allows Federal agencies to incur obligations that will result in the outlay of funds.

• This empowerment is generally in the form of appropriations.

• However, for most of the highway programs, it is in the form of contract authority

MPOs• Metropolitan Planning Organizations

Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)• Regional policy body• Required in urbanized areas over 50,000 pop.• Designated by local officials & state governor• Responsible in cooperation with the state and other

transportation providers to implement metropolitan transportation planning requirements of federal highway and transit legislation

• Formed in cooperation with the state• Develops transportation plans and programs for the

metropolitan area.

U.S.D.O.TUnited States Department Of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration Leadership Role

U.S. D.O.T. Modal Agencies• Federal Aviation (FAA)• Federal Highway (FHWA)• Federal Railroad (FRA)• National Highway Traffic

Safety (NHTSA)• Federal Transit (FTA) • St Lawrence Seaway

Development Corporation

• Maritime Adm. Research & Innovative Technology Adm.

• Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Adm.

• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Adm.

• http://www.dot.gov/

FHWA LEADERSHIP ROLE• FHWA Vision, Mission, Stewardship and

O/Sight• NBIS – History and Importance • Highway Systems and Classifications

• http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

FHWA VISION AND MISSIONVISION:

Our Agency and our Transportation Systems are the Best in the World

MISSION:Improve Mobility on our Nation’s Highways through National Leadership, Innovation and Program Delivery

FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM FEDERAL’S ROLE

• Promulgates standards• Reviews and approves• Ensures compliance with Federal laws• Provides technical assistance• Distributes Federal funds• Reimburses state for prior expenditures• Division, RC, FLH & Headquarters

FHWA Stewardship and Oversight 23 U.S.C. 106

• Stewardship: The efficient and effective management of the public funds that have been entrusted to the FHWA

• Oversight: The act of ensuring that the Federal highway program is delivered consistent with applicable laws, regulations and policies.

FHWA Stewardship and Oversight• Rules making published in the Federal

Register• Technical Advisories• Policies and Procedures• Manuals and Guidance• Standards• Training – National Highway Institute (NHI)

Major Projects $500 M+ Section 1904(a), SAFETEA-LU

amended 23 U.S.C. 106(h)• Project Management Plan

– Procedures and Processes to manage scope, costs, schedules, and quality

– Defined roles of Agency and Project Management Team

• Financial Plan– Based on detailed estimates to complete– Annual report and updates to the Secretary (FHWA)

NBIS• Silver Bridge Collapse 1967 (OH & WV)• Federal-aid Highway Act of 1968 (23USC151)• Owner’s Organization for bridge inspection• Inventory of bridges (NBI Data)• Inspections (procedures, types & levels of insp.,

frequency, inspector’s qualifications, reports, QA/QC, follow-up of critical findings…)

• Load Rating and Posting• Structural Deficiency v. Functionally Obsolete

INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEMS

• Federal-aid Highways (Title 23 U.S.C.)– NHS (163,000 miles, est. 1995)– Interstate System (est. 1956)*– State System

• Non-Federal-aid Highways (1 M miles)– those functionally classified as local and rural minor collectors –

23CFR500

*The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways

WHAT ABOUT THE FUNDING?

Last Three Landmark Bills• SAFETEA-LU (2005-2009) – $286 B

(Extended 6X to 9/30/2011)• TEA-21 (1998-2003) with CR to 2005 – $202.3 B• ISTEA (1991-1997)

• SAFETEA-Lu: Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act, A Legacy for Users• TEA-21: Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century• ISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND• Mainly revenues collected from fuel taxes, truck

related sales and tires• Main source of funding most highway and

intermodal programs including mass transit in the Highways Acts

• Established in 1956 Highway Revenue Act• Mass Transit in 1982 Highway Revenue Act and

established Account in the HTF in April 1, 1984

FEDERAL-AID HWY ACT OF 1956

• Development of the Interstate Network from the initial master plan of 1939

• June 29, 1956 signing of the Highway Revenue Act; created the Highway Trust Funds

FEDERAL-AID HWY ACT OF 1956 (Figures are effective as of 1997)

• Motor Fuel tax: 18.4 cents gas tax – 15.44 cents to highways; – 2.86 cents to mass transit; – 0.1 cent to Leakage Underground Storage

Tank (LUST)• Diesel tax: 24.3 cents• Gasohol: 13 cents tax• Finance Hwy Program: Pay-as-you-go

Funding Bridge Programs• Federal-Aid Program (23USC144)

– Special Bridge Replacement Program (SBRP) 1970 replaced by HBRRP under STAA of 1978 (23CFR650D)

– Congress authorizes and appropriates funds• State and Local Agencies

– Matching Fed $ through State General Legislation– Fuel Taxes, Motor-Veh. fees, and Other Funds– Tolls (Public and Private)– Bonds

• SAFETEA-LU: Bridge Funding: $21.6B (of the $286 Billion total for 2005-2009)

2004 Statistics for Highway Spending• All levels of Govt spent:• Fed Govt funded: $33.1 B (22.4%)• States funded: $72.9 B (49.4%)• Local Govt: $41.5 B (28.1%)

total: $147.5 BOf the $147.5 B:• $70.3 B – Capital investments (47.6%)• $36.3 B – Maintenance and Operations (24.6%)• $12.7 B – Admin + Planning and Research • $14.3 B – Highway patrols and safety• $5.8 B – Interest payment • $8 B - for bond retirement

STAKEHOLDERS’ ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND

RELATIONSHIPS

Stakeholders’ Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships

• American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

• Transportation Research Board (TRB)• Government Accounting Office (GAO)• Office of the Inspector General (OIG)• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)• Other Federal Regulatory Agencies

AASHTO’s Vision and Mission (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

VISION AASHTO is the voice for transportation and catalyst for organizational and technical excellence.

MISSIONAASHTO advocates transportation-related policies and provides technical services to support states in their efforts to efficiently and safely move people and goods.

http://www.transportation.org/

TRB MISSION Transportation Research Board – National Academy of Sciences

• TRB provides leadership in transportation innovation, research and information exchange

• Organizational setting - objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal.

• Administered the NCHRP… and others• http://www.trb.org/AboutTRB/Public/TechnicalActivitiesDivision.aspx

TRB Modal Topics• Highway• Public Transportation• Motor Carriers• Pedestrians and Bicyclists• Aviation • Pipeline• Marine Transportation• Rail

NCHRP - TRB• The cooperative research, development,

and technology transfer (RD&T) program directed toward solving problems of national or regional significance

• Which have been identified and submitted by States and the FHWA

• 23CFR420

GAO – Investigating arm of Congress• Mission: to support the Congress in meeting its

constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people.

• Auditing agency operations, investigating allegations and fraud, issuing policy analyses, and advising Congress

OIG VISION Office of Inspector General

Unique role and in-house source for objective examination of its programs and their integrity.

• audit and investigative expertise• responsive to the needs of the Secretary, Congress, and

the American people• identifying opportunities for improvements• protecting programs from fraud, waste, abuse, and

violations of law.

NTSB• An independent Federal agency charged by

Congress• Created in 1967 in DOT to investigate accident• 1974 Independent Safety Board Act- out of DOT• Investigating every U.S. civil aviation accident• Including significant accidents in the other

modes of transportation (such as railroad, highway, marine and pipeline)

• Issuing safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents

NTSBThe Safety Board determines the probable

cause of: • All U.S. civil aviation accidents, and • Certain public-use aircraft accidents • Selected highway accidents; • Railroad accidents involving passenger trains or any train accident

that results in at least one fatality or major property damage; • Major marine accidents involving a public and a nonpublic vessel; • Pipeline accidents involving a fatality or substantial property

damage; • Releases of hazardous materials in all forms of transportation; • Selected transportation accidents that involve problems of a

recurring nature.

RDTTResearch, Development

and Technology Transfer

Research, Development & Technology Transfer

• FHWA Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (Structures R&D)

• State Planning and Research (SPR)*• National Cooperative Highway Research

Program (NCHRP)*• Transportation Research Board (TRB)*• University Transportation Centers (UTC)*• Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP)*

• *slides to follow

SPR (1.5% of Annual Apportionment)• Largest single highway research program• Established 1944 (Highway Planning and

Research Program), 80-20 match• Section 505, Title 23 set aside 2% of

Annual Apportionment; of which 0.25% in RD&T

• Funds TPF, NCHRP, TRB, LTAP, UTC• Academia and Training

NCHRP (5.5% of SPR funds)• Created in 1962 to perform applied research for

all aspect of hwy & bridges• Tackles problem solving, national interest,

immediate results• Improves practice, specifications, standards,

manuals and guidelines• Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis• Synthesis• Strategic Hwy Research Program 2 (SHRP2)

NCHRP Process• State DOTs, FHWA, AASHTO (SCOBS, SCOR)• Reviewed by NCHRP and FHWA• Comments, revisions and resubmitted• SCOR votes & submits for States ballot• Results to Research Advisory Council and

AASHTO Board Of Directors for approval• NCHRP appoints panel – SOW and PI Selection• Complete Research and Publication for

distribution

TRB Strategic Plan Grand Challenges (2005)

• Extending Service Life

• Optimizing Structural Systems

• Accelerated Bridge Construction

• Advancing AASHTO Specifications

• Monitoring Bridge Condition

• Contributing to National Policy

• Managing Knowledge

Transportation Research Board• Annual January TRB Conference in Wash. D.C.• TRB Committees (Feds, States, Locals, Industry, Academia) – To

name a few …• AF000 – Design and Construction Group• AFF00 – Section - Structures• AFF10 – General Structures• AFF20 – Steel Structures• AFF30 - Concrete Structures• (AFF40-NDE, …50-Seismic, …60-Tunnels and u/ground, …• AFH40 – Construction of Bridges and Structures• AFN00 – Section – Concrete Materials• AHD30 – Structures Maintenance…

More… http://trb.org/BridgesOtherStructures/TRBCommittees.aspx

University Transportation Centers (UTC)• Surface Transportation Act (1987) authorized est. 10

UTC in Federal Regions• ISTEA (1991) reauthorized 10 + 4 more UTC + 6 Univ.

Research Institutes (URI)• TEA-21 (1998) reauthorized 20 UTCs + 13 more (NY,

VA, IA, MA, MT, ND, IL, PA, NJ, CA, SC, TX, AL, AR, Fl, ID, MN, MO, RI, TN, WA, WS, UT…)

• Purpose: Advance U.S. Technology and Expertise in Transportation thru Research and Education

LTAP est. 1982• Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP)

[Formerly the Rural Technical Assistance Program (RTAP)]

• 58 LTAP Centers (1 per state, PR + 7 Tribal)• ELIGIBILITY: To provide training and technical

assistance to rural, small urban and tribal governments on roads, bridges, and public transportation.

FHWA Office of Professional and Corporate Development

Some Closing Thoughts• Bridge Engineering is a big enterprise• Bridges and highways are valuable assets (… trillions $)

for the Nation’s surface transportation and mobility• It is sustainable, it must – our livelihood depends on this

enterprise more then we ever know • Wanted – trained and dedicated engineers• Professional development and continuous personal

growth - important to your success• Stay active, get involved in committees…• Enjoy life, enjoy your family, be faithful to your life calling

THANK YOU!• Wishing you every success if you decide

to choose a career in bridge engineering, infrastructure management and public policy.

• Exciting times ahead for CEs• Best of luck to you in your course work.

Quiz Questions (Pick 6)1. Why is it important to sustain the transportation enterprise?2. List the 6 stages of the life cycle of a bridge.3. As a bridge designer/engineer in a consulting firm, what are the potential bridge

life cycle stages that your work might involve?4. Briefly describe FHWA’s role and responsibility5. Briefly describe what is AASHTO6. Name two watchdogs of the transportation enterprise and briefly describe their role

and responsibility7. What is in USC and CFR Title 23?8. What is in USC and CFR Title 49?9. As a public transportation or bridge engineer, what 3 hot topics (technical or

general) are important to you in the next 3 years?10. From question 8, describe how you would position yourself to contribute to

advancing the transportation or bridge engineering. 11. If you have an idea that would help solve congestion in this country, list 3 research

agencies might be interested in funding your research. Why would you choose them?