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TAPS Street Crossing Presentation 9:00-10:00, 10:15-11:45

Wendy Scheffers and Linda Myers

Overview of TAPS Street Crossing Supplement Intersection analysis:

Reducing risk; Extra arcs Intersection analysis for unfamiliar and familiar intersections for

traveler with low vision Street crossing timings

Important reminders Safe times to cross an uncontrolled street Safe times to cross a stop-controlled street

Scanning: left/right and lane-by-lane Charting for low vision travelerShort and long term solutions for unsafe crossings / modifications of intersectionsIntersection analysis for unfamiliar and familiar intersections for traveler who is functionally blind Street crossing timings

Safe time to cross a signalized street Exceptions to near parallel timing at signalized crossings

Charting for traveler who is functionally blindChannelized turn lanes

Tabs for your TAPS Part 4: Supplement: Street Crossings for Travelers Who Are Visually Impaired

Buy 26 removable tabs - suggested wording is listed below for tabs Attach tabs on the pages listed below Once familiar with the content, modify the tabs as desired

Page 31 Intersection Analysis Blind Unfamiliar Page 33 Intersection Analysis Blind Familiar Page 39 Chart BlindPage 59 Intersection Analysis Low Vision Unfamiliar Page 61 Intersection Analysis Low Vision Familiar Page 67 Chart Low VisionPage 69 RisksPage 81 Uncontrolled Criteria Page 101 Teaching APSPage 119 Important Reminders Page 125 TerminologyPage 133 Timings UncontrolledPage 137 Timings Crossing Stop ControlledPage 147 Timings Stop Sign, Crossing Uncontrolled Page 153 Timings 4-way StopPage 163 Timings Signalized Page 191 Timings CTLPage 199 Quick Reference Timings01 Quick Reference Uncontrolled, Stop controlled Page 203 Quick Reference SignalizedPage 217 Lane-by-lane Parallel Street on Right Page 219 Lane-by-lane Parallel Street on Left

ModificationsPage 239 APS Request Letter Page 241 SequencePage 251 Types of Intersections

Quick Reference – Intersection Analysis at Unfamiliar Crossings for the Traveler with Low Vision (8-10 Items)

This quick reference page includes the intersection analysis items for unfamiliar crossings. The Analysis and Street Crossing Chart for the Traveler with Low Vision includes both street crossing mechanics and intersection analysis and can also be used as a quick reference page.It helps to group the intersection analysis steps into "countable" groups – intersection analysis (1 + 2 + 3 items and additional 2 item if crossing is uncontrolled) and street crossing plan (2 items).

Intersection AnalysisStart with the 3 items that must be analyzed at all crossings (unfamiliar or familiar):1 item:

Traffic control(s)2 items that affect corner position:

Visibility – Reposition if necessary. (Especially critical to evaluate at an uncontrolled crossing: is it possible to obtain a crossable gap where the detection time of approaching vehicles – the length of time from the detection of the approaching vehicle to when the vehicle arrives at the crossing position - is longer than the time needed for the traveler to complete the crossing with a safety buffer of extra seconds without relying on drivers yielding to the pedestrian?)

Crosswalk zone – Reposition if necessary.3 items that affect the scanning plan:

Shape of intersection Width of street to be crossed 1-way vs. 2-way streets

2 additional items if crossing is uncontrolled: Speed of traffic on street to be crossed Volume of traffic on street to be crossed

Street Crossing Plan2 options if unsafe place to cross:

Select alternate route, or Solicit public assistance.

2 components if safe place to cross: Street crossing timing(s) Scanning plan

Street Crossing (if determined to be a safe place to cross presently) When a safe timing is detected, move cane in two extra arcs (if the

traveler uses a cane). Begin crossing after confirming the timing. If in doubt for any reason,

wait for the next safe time to cross. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before

and during the crossing to monitor traffic and adjust pace if needed.

TAPS 58-59

Quick Reference – Intersection Analysis at Familiar Crossings for the Traveler with Low Vision (5–7 Items)

This quick reference page includes the intersection analysis items for familiar crossings.The Analysis and Street Crossing Chart for the Traveler with Low Vision can also be used as a quick reference page. It includes both street crossing mechanics and intersection analysis (with notation for items to be analyzed at familiar intersections).At familiar street crossings previously determined to be a safe place to cross, the intersection shape, width of street to be crossed, and direction of traffic flow are known information, and therefore, do not need to be analyzed again. While travelers will know the traffic control, they need to confirm that the traffic is moving as expected. Visibility and the best crosswalk position can change and must be analyzed at familiar crossings. At a familiar uncontrolled crossing, traffic speed and volume must also be analyzed. The number of items to be analyzed at a familiar stop sign or signalized crossing is reduced to five components, with two additional components required at uncontrolled crossings.It helps to group the required steps into "countable" groups – intersection analysis (1 + 2 items – and 2 additional items at uncontrolled crossings), and street crossing plan (2 items).

Intersection Analysis1 item

Traffic control(s) – Verify traffic is moving as expected (or traffic signal is operating).

2 items that affect corner position Visibility – Reposition if necessary. (Especially critical to evaluate at

an uncontrolled crossing – is it possible to obtain a crossable gap where the detection time of approaching vehicles - the length of time from the detection of the approaching vehicle to when the vehicle arrives at the crossing position - is longer than the time needed for the traveler to complete the crossing with a safety buffer of extra seconds without relying on drivers yielding to the pedestrian?)

Crosswalk zone – Reposition if necessary.2 additional items if the crossing is uncontrolled:

Speed of traffic on the street to be crossed Volume of traffic on the street to be crossed

TAPS 60

Street Crossing Plan2 options if unsafe place to cross (due to changes in visibility, traffic patterns, etc.):



Street Crossing (if determined to be a safe place to cross presently) When a safe timing is detected, move cane in two extra arcs (if the

traveler uses a cane). Begin crossing after confirming the timing. If in doubt for any reason,

wait for the next safe time to cross. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before

and during the crossing to monitor traffic and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

TAPS 61

Quick Reference – Safe Times to Cross an Uncontrolled Street

After determining through intersection analysis that the uncontrolled crossing is presently a safe place to cross with a crossable gap (the detection time of approaching vehicles is longer than the time needed for the traveler to complete the crossing with a safety buffer of extra seconds without relying on drivers yielding to the pedestrian), use one of the following sequences.

Safe times to cross an uncontrolled street (a through street or bottom of a T):1. With an all clear, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a

cane).2. Begin to cross after confirming an all clear.3. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane)

before and during the crossing to monitor traffic and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

Additional near parallel timing when crossing the uncontrolled bottom of a T- intersection (the through street on the top of the T is also uncontrolled):1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching and there is no

perpendicular vehicle present, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).

2. Begin to cross the uncontrolled street just before or as the near parallel vehicle (same direction or oncoming) enters the intersection. Be sure to confirm that the near parallel vehicle is driving straight through the intersection on the top of the T, making sure that it is holding its speed and isn't slowing to make a turn.

3. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before and during the crossing to monitor traffic, and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

Additional time when crossing the uncontrolled bottom of a T-intersection (the through street on the top of the T is stop-controlled)

1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching or just as it surges from an idle, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).

2. Begin to cross with the surge of the near parallel vehicle (same direction or oncoming) that is driving straight through the intersection on the top of the T, making sure that it isn't making a right-turn. There should be no uncontrolled perpendicular vehicle present.


Before using these timings, cautions and other information from the documents listed on (page 131) should be understood by the traveler as, applicable.

TAPS 200-202

Quick Reference – Safe Times to Cross a Stop-Controlled Street

After determining through intersection analysis that the stop sign controlled crossing is presently a safe place to cross, use one of the following sequences.

Safe times to cross a stop-controlled street:1. With an all clear, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a


before and during the crossing to monitor traffic, and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

Additional near parallel timing when crossing a stop-controlled street (parallel street is uncontrolled):1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching, move cane in two

extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).2. Begin to cross the stop-controlled street just before or as the near

parallel vehicle (same direction or oncoming) enters the intersection. Make sure that the vehicle is holding its speed and is not slowing to make a turn, but is continuing straight through the intersection. Perpendicular traffic may be present.


Additional time when crossing the uncontrolled bottom of a T-intersection (the through street on the top of the T is stop-controlled)1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching or just as it surges

from an idle, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).

2. Begin to cross with the surge of the near parallel vehicle (same direction or oncoming) that is driving straight through the intersection on the top of the T, making sure that it isn't making a right-turn. There should be no uncontrolled perpendicular vehicle present.

3. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane)



TAPS 200

Quick Reference – Safe Times to Cross A Stop-Controlled Street

After determining through intersection analysis that the stop sign controlled crossing is presently a safe place to cross, use one of the following sequences.

Safe times to cross a stop-controlled street:1. With an all clear, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a



Additional near parallel timing when crossing a stop-controlled street (parallel street is uncontrolled):1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching, move cane in two

extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).2. Begin to cross the stop-controlled street just before or as the

near parallel vehicle (same direction or oncoming) enters the intersection.

3. Make sure that the vehicle is holding its speed and is not slowing to make a turn, but is continuing straight through the intersection. Perpendicular traffic may be present.


Additional near parallel timing at an all-way stop-controlled intersection (both streets are stop-controlled).1. When a near parallel vehicle is approaching or just as it surges

from an idle, move cane in two extra arcs (if traveler uses a cane).

2. When the near parallel lane is same direction, begin to cross the stop-controlled street with the near parallel surge after confirming that the near parallel vehicle is not turning right.

Quick Reference: Visual and/or Auditory Scanning: Left/Right; Lane-by-lane

Wendy Scheffers, 2016

Left/Right ScanningTeach/use left/right scanning first – when crossing a typical 2-way street:

Look/listen left before and during first half of crossing. Look/listen right before and during second half of crossing.

If appropriate, move to lane-by-lane scanning if appropriate. Left/right scanning is the foundation for lane-by-lane scanning!If confused, use left/right scanning (and then within left/right scanning plan, sort out the correct lane-by-lane scanning).

Lane-by-lane Scanning – when going counterclockwise around the intersection (parallel street on the left)Look/listen left before and during the first half (in this order) for:

1 – right turners2 – straight cars 3 – left turners

Look/listen right before and during the second half for:4 – “anybody” (any vehicle coming from the right will cross your path)

Excerpted from TAPS 221-229

Lane-by-lane Scanning – when going clockwise around the intersection (parallel street on the right)Look/listen left before and during the first half for:

1 – “anybody” (any vehicle coming from the left will cross your path)Look/listen right before and during the second half (in this order) for:

2 – left turners3 – straight cars 4 – right turners

Excerpted from TAPS 221-229 11

ANALYSIS AND STREET CROSSING CHART FOR THE TRAVELER WITH LOW VISION

Student Name:

Year:Date:Type of Traffic Control – see codes below:Parallel street on left/right

CHART ON APPROACH CORNER:

Analyzes intersection to determine:

1 item D Traffic control(s)

Selects best corner position after considering:

2 items D Visibility (ability to see and/or hear vehicles from a sufficient distance)

D Crosswalk zone (clear of obstructions)Intersection features that affect scanning plan:

3 items Shape of intersection

Width of street to be crossed

1-way and/or 2-way streets

If an uncontrolled crossing, analyzes:

Speed of traffic on street to be

crossedVolume of traffic on street to be crossed

Determines the street crossing plan:

D If an unsafe place to cross:

Selects alternate route – or

Solicits public assistance

D If a safe place to cross presently:

States safe timing(s) to cross

States and/or points scanning pattern

CHART REMAINING ITEMS ON DESTINATION CORNER:Began two extra arcs with safe timing (if cane traveler)

Began crossing after confirming timing:

All clear (stop sign or safe uncontrolled)Near parallel vehicle holding its speed (2-way stop)Near parallel surge (all-way stop)

Pressed pedestrian button, if present (traffic signal)

Near parallel surge, after confirming no right turners or “red-light runners” (traffic signal)

Visual fresh green/WALK sign, after confirming no right turners or “red-light runners” (traffic signal)

APS walk indication, after confirming no right turners or “red-light runners” (traffic signal)

Used good judgment to wait for safe timingUsed correct visual and auditory scanningWalked a faster than normal pace

Adjusted pace or stopped per traffic seen/heardCleared with cane (if cane traveler)

Stepped out of street at destination corner

D Intersection Analysis Steps for Familiar Crossings✦ Important Factors to Analyze if Crossing is Uncontrolled

Traffic control codes: Student performance codes:

U - uncontrolled intersection I - Independent

2SC - 2 way stop - crossing controlled street

V - Verbal prompt

2SU - 2 way stop - crossing uncontrolled street

P - Physical prompt

4S - 4-way stop

TS - traffic signal

TAPS 66

LEFT/RIGHT SCANNING AND LANE-BY-LANE SCANNING CHART FOR THE TRAVELER WITH LOW VISION

Student Name:

Left/Right Scanning

Year: Date:

Pre-scan only for all clear timing:

Looked left and right to verify all clear visually (and auditorily)

Looked and listened left BEFORE stepping into street

Looked and listened left for 1st half

Looked and listened right for 2nd half

Lane-by-Lane Scanning – Parallel Street on Right (Crossing Clockwise Direction)

Year: Date:


Looked lane-by-lane to verify all clear visually (and auditorily)


Looked and listened left for 1st half for any vehicles

Looked and listened right for 2nd half for:

Left turners

Straight through vehicles

Right turners

Lane-by-Lane Scanning – Parallel Street on Left (Crossing Counterclockwise Direction)

Year: Date:


Looked lane-by-lane to verify all clear visually (and auditorily)


Looked and listened left for 1st half for:

Right turners


Left turners

Looked and listened right for 2nd half for any vehicles

TAPS 6713

Quick Reference – Intersection Analysis at Unfamiliar Crossings for the Traveler who is Functionally Blind (10-11 Items)

This quick reference page includes the intersection analysis items for unfamiliar crossings. The Analysis and Street Crossing Chart for the Traveler who is Functionally Blind includes both street crossing mechanics and intersection analysis and can also be used as a quick reference page.It helps to group the intersection analysis steps into "countable" groups – arrival at the approach corner (2 items), intersection analysis (2 + 4 items and additional 1 item if crossing is uncontrolled), and street crossing plan (2 items).1. Arrival at the Approach Corner

2 items before completing intersection analysis: Two streets present at the correct distance. (Also note how the

two streets should be positioned in relation to the traveler after the crossing.)

Alignment with parallel & perpendicular traffic2. Intersection Analysis

Start with the 2 items that must be analyzed at all crossings (unfamiliar or familiar):

Traffic control(s) Visibility (Especially critical to evaluate at an uncontrolled

crossing: is it possible to obtain a crossable gap where the detection time of approaching vehicles - the length of time from the detection of the approaching vehicle to when the vehicle arrives at the crossing position - is longer than the time needed for the traveler to complete the crossing with a safety buffer of extra seconds without relying on drivers yielding to the pedestrian?)

4 items that affect the scanning plan: Shape of intersection Width and volume of street to be crossed (width and volume

group together: traffic volume helps estimate width)

1-way vs. 2-way streets1 additional item if crossing is uncontrolled:

Speed of traffic on street to be crossed3. Street Crossing Plan

2 options if unsafe place to cross: Select alternate route, or Solicit public assistance


4. Street Crossing (if determined to be a safe place to cross presently) When a safe timing is detected, move cane in two extra arcs. Begin crossing after confirming the timing. If in doubt for any

reason, wait for the next safe time to cross. Use auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before and during

the crossing to monitor traffic and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

TAPS 30-31

Quick Reference – Intersection Analysis at Familiar Intersections for the Traveler who is Functionally Blind (6-8 Items)

This quick reference page includes the intersection analysis items for familiar crossings.The Analysis and Street Crossing Chart for the Traveler who is Functionally Blind can also be used as a quick reference page. It includes both street crossing mechanics and intersection analysis (with notation for items to be analyzed at familiar intersections).At familiar street crossings previously determined to be a safe place to cross, the intersection shape, width of street to be crossed, and direction of traffic flow are known information, and therefore, do not need to be analyzed again. While travelers will know the traffic control, they need to confirm that the traffic is moving as expected. Visibilty can change and must be analyzed at familiar crossings. At a familiar uncontrolled crossing, traffic speed and volume must also be analyzed. The number of items to be analyzed at a familiar crossing is reduced to six components, with two additional components required at uncontrolled crossings.It helps to group the required steps into "countable" groups - arrival at the approach corner (2 items), intersection analysis (2 items - and 2 additional items at uncontrolled crossings), and street-crossing plan (2 items).1. Arrival at the Approach Corner

2 items Two streets present at the correct distance (note how the two

streets should be positioned in relation to the traveler after the crossing)

Alignment with parallel & perpendicular traffic

2. Intersection Analysis2 items

Traffic control(s) – Verify traffic is moving as expected. Visibility (Especially critical to evaluate at an uncontrolled crossing:

is it possible to obtain a crossable gap where the detection time of approaching vehicles - the length of time from the detection of the approaching vehicle to when the vehicle arrives at the crossing position - is longer than the time needed for the traveler to complete the crossing with a safety buffer of extra seconds without relying on drivers yielding to the pedestrian?)

2 additional items if the crossing is uncontrolled: Speed of traffic on the street to be crossed Volume of traffic on the street to be crossed

3. Street Crossing Plan2 options if unsafe place to cross (due to changes in visibility, traffic patterns, etc.):



4. Street Crossing (if determined to be a safe place to cross presently) When a safe timing is detected, move cane in two extra arcs. Begin crossing after confirming the timing. If in doubt for any

reason, wait for the next safe time to cross. Use auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before and during

the crossing to monitor traffic and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.

TAPS 32-33

Quick Reference – Safe Time To Cross A Signalized Street

After determining through intersection analysis that the signalized crossing is presently a safe place to cross, use the following sequence.1. Press the pedestrian pushbutton (if present).2. Detect the beginning of the pedestrian walk interval or "fresh green"

signal (if no pedestrian signal) using the: Walk indication: "Fresh WALK" sign visually, Or Accessible pedestrian signal (APS) walk indication auditorily and/or

tactually (vibration of the pushbutton, speech message, tone such as rapid tick or cuckoo/chirp);

“Fresh green” signal (only if pedestrian signal is not present). Near parallel surge (same direction or oncoming) auditorily and/or

visually (unless crossing is determined to be an exception to the near parallel surge).

Be sure that the near parallel traffic goes straight (vs. a surge of a left-turn phase).

3. Move cane in two extra arcs (if the traveler uses a cane).4. Confirm:

No right turners in motion at the approach corner that will cross the traveler's path

and No "red-light runners" in the near perpendicular lane (near

perpendicular traffic, if present, has stopped).5. Begin to cross.6. Use visual and/or auditory scanning (left/right or lane-by-lane) before and

during the crossing to monitor traffic, and adjust pace and line of travel as needed.


TAPS 203

ANALYSIS AND STREET CROSSING CHART FOR THE TRAVELER WHO IS FUNCTIONALLY BLIND

Student Name:

Year: Date:

Type of Traffic Control – see codes below:

Parallel street on left/right

CHART ON APPROACH CORNER:

Arrival at the approach corner:

Locates down curb/street edge and plants feet

2 arrival items

D Confirms two streets present at the correct distanceD Verifies correct alignment with parallel &

perpendicular trafficClears & re-anchors cane, assumes waiting position

Analyzes intersection to determine:

2 items at familiar or unfamiliar

D Traffic control(s)

D Visibility (ability to hear vehicles from sufficient distance)

✦

4 items affecting scanning

Shape of intersection

Volume of traffic on street to be crossed ✦Width of street to be crossed ✦1-way and/or 2-way streets

If an uncontrolled crossing, analyzes:

Speed of traffic on street to be crossed ✦Determines the street crossing plan:

D If an unsafe place to cross:

Selects alternate route – or

Solicits public assistance

D If a safe place to cross presently:

States safe timing(s) to cross

States and/or points scanning pattern

CHART REMAINING ITEMS ON DESTINATION CORNER:Began two extra arcs with safe timing

Began crossing after confirming timing:

All clear (stop sign or safe uncontrolled)

Near parallel vehicle holding its speed (2-way stop)Near parallel surge (all-way stop)

Pressed pedestrian button, if present (traffic signal)

Near parallel surge, after confirming no right turners or “red-light runners” (traffic signal)

APS walk indication (traffic signal), after confirming no right turners or “red-light runners” (traffic signal)

Used good judgment to wait for safe timing

Used correct auditory scanning

Walked a faster than normal pace

Adjusted pace or stopped per traffic heard

Located destination corner:

With straight line of travel

Corrected for veer toward parallel street

Corrected for veer away from parallel street

Cleared the sidewalk and stepped out of the streetVerified orientation (2 streets in correct positions)

D Intersection Analysis Steps for Familiar Crossings✦ Important Factors to Analyze if Crossing is Uncontrolled

Traffic control codes: Student performance codes:U - uncontrolled intersection I - Independent

2SC - 2 way stop - crossing controlled street

V - Verbal prompt

2SU - 2 way stop - crossing uncontrolled street

P - Physical prompt

4S - 4-way stop

TS - traffic signal

TAPS 38

LEFT/RIGHT SCANNING AND LANE-BY-LANE SCANNING CHART FOR THE TRAVELER WHO IS FUNCTIONALLY BLIND

Student Name:

Left/Right Scanning

Year: Date:


Listened to verify all clear

Listened left BEFORE stepping into street

Listened left for 1st half

Listened right for 2nd half

Lane-by-Lane Scanning – Parallel Street on Right (Crossing Clockwise Direction)

Year: Date:




Listened left for 1st half for any vehicles

Listened right for 2nd half for:

Left turners


Right turners

Lane-by-Lane Scanning – Parallel Street on Left (Crossing Counterclockwise Direction)

Year: Date:




Listened left for 1st half for:

Right turners


Left turners

Listened right for 2nd half for:

Any vehicles

TAPS 39

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