overview of some chemistry in natural waters gases dissolve according to henry’s law: k h...

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rview of Some Chemistry in Natural Wat ases dissolve according to Henry’s law K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 S, SO 2 , etc. Oxidation-Reduction, Acid-Base, Anaerobic digestion According to pH, can get leaching (dissolution) of various species from soil or rock.

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Page 1: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters

Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law:KH=[X(aq)]/PX; X=O2, CO2, H2S, SO2, etc.

Oxidation-Reduction, Acid-Base,

Anaerobic digestion

According to pH, can get leaching (dissolution) of various species from soil or rock.

Page 2: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

Dissolved Oxygen:

At 25°C, Henry’s law gives 8.7 mg/l, or 8.7 ppm.

Note: This is small, changes greatly with temperature; thermal pollution can lower it significantly.

In acid: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2 H2OIn base: O2 + 2 H2O + 4e- 4OH-

General example for oxidation of organics:

CnH2nOm + kO2 nCO2 + nH2O

Measure of organic content in water:

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (Microbial action)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Na2Cr2O7/ H2SO4)

Total Organic Carbon (Typ. ~1 mg/l, 1 ppm C, in ground water)Dissolved Organic Carbon (Typ. ~5 ppm in surface waters)

Page 3: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

The pE scale:

Analogous to pH; measure of extent to which waters are reducing in nature.

pE=-log[e-]effective, i.e. -log of the activity of e-.

Low pE=strongly reducing (more e-s available)High pE=weakly reducing (fewer e-s available)

Page 4: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

Page 5: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

Alkalinity:

A measure of the actual concentration of the basic anions in solution as carbonate.

total alkalinity = 2[CO32-]+[HCO3

-]+[OH-]-[H+]

For total alkalinity, the titration is done to Methyl Orange endpoint, pH = 4.

For Carbonate only (i.e., no HCO3-), the

titration is done to the phenolphthalein endpoint, pH = 8 to 9 -- “phenolphthalein alkalinity.”

Page 6: Overview of Some Chemistry in Natural Waters Gases dissolve according to Henry’s law: K H =[X(aq)]/P X ; X=O 2, CO 2, H 2 S, SO 2, etc. Oxidation-Reduction,

Hardness:

Measures the total concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.

Titrate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Find the total number of moles of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, then convert to mass per liter of CaCO3 that would have the same number of ions.

For example, if [Ca2+]+[Mg2+]=0.0010 Mthen, since m.w. CaCO3 = 100 g/mol, the hardness value is 0.001 100 = 100 mg /l.

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