Overview of Organic Chemistry 1. Exer Biochem c0-organic chem 2 Organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds >95% of all known compounds contain carbon
How to determine valence 價數 Number of electrons in orbital
2 (s), 8 (sp3), 8 (sp3)
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Number of bonds and structure
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Easier way: omit C, H
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3D structure on 2D
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Cyclic structures
六元環
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Cyclohexane structure
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Stereoisomer 空間異構物 Carbons with 4 different groups attached 不對稱碳 不對稱
中心 Chiral compounds 對掌異構物 Very common in biological compounds
With different biological functions/activities R/S: rank attached groups from heaviest to smallest No relation with d/l or +/-, determined experimentally
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Chirality of Amino Acids
Comparison of the stereochemistry of alanine and glyceraldehyde (Fischer projection formulas)
H NH3+
COO-
CH3
+H3N H
COO-
CH3
D-Alanine L-Alanine
H OH
CHO
CH2OH
HO H
CHO
CH2OH
D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde
the naturally occurring form
the naturally occurring form
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Alkene: easy to react
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Benzene 苯
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Alcohols
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Alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acidreduction 還原 : addition of H, loss of O
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Alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acidoxidation 氧化 : loss of H, addition of O