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Overview of Minnesota Agriculture
D.J. MullaDept. Soil, Water, and Climate
University of Minnesota
Minnesota Pre-Settlement Vegetation
N
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
Classification Aspen-Birch (trending to Conifers) Aspen-Birch (trending to Hardwoods) Aspen-Oak LandBig Woods - Hardwoods (Oak, Maple, Basswood, Hickory) Brush Prairie Conifer Bogs and Swamps Jack Pine Barrens and Openings Lakes (open water) Mixed Hardwood and Pine (Maple, White Pine, Basswood) Mixed White Pine and Red Pine Oak openings and barrens Open Muskeg Pine Flats (Hemlock, Spruce, Fir, White Pine, Aspen) Prairie River Bottom Forest Wet Prairie White Pine
N40 0 40 80 Kilometers
Minnesota Land Use andLand Cover
ClassificationUrban or Built-Up LandAgricultural LandRangelandForest LandWaterWetlandBarren Land
Introduction
• Minnesota has a wide range of soil types, climatic variables, and agricultural systems
• Minnesota has 39 agroecoregionsrepresenting unique combinations of soil, landscape, climatic, and crop production characteristics
Agroecoregions with County Boundaries
Alluvium and OutwashAnoka Sand PlainsBlufflandsCentral TillCoteauDrift and Bedrock ComplexDrumlinsDryer Blue Earth TillDryer Clays and SiltsDryer TillForested Lake SedimentsForested MoraineInner CoteauInter-Beach Sand BarsLevel PlainsMahnomen Lake SedimentsMesabi RangeNorthern TillNorthshore MorainePeatlandsPoorly Drained Blue Earth TillPoorly Drained Lake SedimentsRed Lake LoamsRochester PlateauRolling MoraineSomewhat Poorly Drained Lake SedimentsSteep Dryer MoraineSteep Poorly Drained MoraineSteep Stream BanksSteep Valley WallsSteep Wetter MoraineSteeper AlluviumSteeper TillStream BanksSwelling Clay Lake SedimentsUndulating PlainsVery Poorly Drained Lake SedimentsWetter Blue Earth TillWetter Clays and Silts
Agroecoregions with Major Watershed
Boundaries
Alluvium and OutwashAnoka Sand PlainsBlufflandsCentral TillCoteauDrift and Bedrock ComplexDrumlinsDryer Blue Earth TillDryer Clays and SiltsDryer TillForested Lake SedimentsForested MoraineInner CoteauInter-Beach Sand BarsLevel PlainsMahnomen Lake SedimentsMesabi RangeNorthern TillNorthshore MorainePeatlandsPoorly Drained Blue Earth TillPoorly Drained Lake SedimentsRed Lake LoamsRochester PlateauRolling MoraineSomewhat Poorly Drained Lake SedimentsSteep Dryer MoraineSteep Poorly Drained MoraineSteep Stream BanksSteep Valley WallsSteep Wetter MoraineSteeper AlluviumSteeper TillStream BanksSwelling Clay Lake SedimentsUndulating PlainsVery Poorly Drained Lake SedimentsWetter Blue Earth TillWetter Clays and Silts
CropCrop Rank Nationally (2004)Rank Nationally (2004)Sugarbeets 1stSpring Wheat 2ndHay/Alfalfa 3rdCorn 4thEthanol 4thSoybean 4thOats 4thBarley 6thBeans 6thPotatoes 8th
Minnesota Crop Production RanksMinnesota Crop Production Ranks(22,729,158 ac cropland)(22,729,158 ac cropland)
Minnesota Farm Size Distribution
8%1000 or more ac11%500-999 ac
26%180-499 ac
30%50-179 ac
21%10-49 ac4%1-9 ac
Percent of FarmsPercent of FarmsSize Range (ac)Size Range (ac)
Minnesota Corn Yield Trends 1970-2005
Long-Term Trends in "Legume" Crops (All Hay and Soybeans) during 1921-2004
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1921 1929 1937 1945 1953 1961 1969 1977 1985 1993 2001
Year
Acr
es in
1,0
00 In
crem
ents Soybeans
Hay
200000
220000
240000
260000
280000
300000
320000
340000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Tons
of P
2O5
Phosphate (P2O5) Sales in Minnesota from 1990 to 2004
N40 0 40 80 Kilometers
Agroecoregion Land Use Classifications
ClassificationAgriculture/ForestForest/Wetland/AgricultureAgricultureForestForest/BarrenWetland/ForestWetland/Forest/Water/AgricultureForest/Water/AgricultureAgriculture/Urban
N
ClassificationCorn/SoybeanCorn/HayCorn/Soybean/HayHayWheat/Soybean/MixedWheat/Hay/Mixed
40 0 40 80 Kilometers
Agroecoregion Cropping System Classifications
Lake PepinWatershed
• Upper Mississippi• Metro Area• St. Croix River• Minnesota River• Cannon River• Vermillion River• Local tributaries
Landuse in the Lake Pepin Watershed
Minnesota Pollution Controal Agency
Cultivated Land
Hay/ Pasture/ Grassland
Forested/ Brushland
Water/ Bog/ Marsh/ Fen
Urban and Rural Development
Lake Pepin
Type of ProductionType of Production Rank NationallyRank NationallyTurkeys raised, 2002 2ndHogs Marketed, 2002 3rdTotal Cheese Produced, 1999 4thMilk Production, 1999 5thRed Meat Production, 1999 7thEggs produced, 1999 9thCattle/calves on Feed, 2002 11th
Minnesota Animal Product Minnesota Animal Product Production RanksProduction Ranks
Minnesota Registered Animal Feedlots (23,912 total)
4%1000 or more AU7%500-999 AU
7%300-499 AU
40%100-299 AU
26%50-100 AU16%10-50 AU
Percent of FeedlotsPercent of FeedlotsSize Range (Size Range (AUsAUs))
N40 0 40 80 Kilometers
Proportion of Statewide Animal Unitsper Agroecoregion
Percent0 - 23 - 56 - 78 - 10
N40 0 40 80 Kilometers
Agroecoregion Animal System Classifications
ClassificationSparse CattleCattle/HogCattle/Hog/TurkeyHog/CattleCattle/Turkey
Conclusions
• Minnesota is a top agricultural producing state
• Dairy production is decreasing, while hog production is increasing
• Soybean acreage is increasing, and corn productivity is increasing
• Agroecoregions are useful for delineating broad patterns in land use, cropping systems, and animal production