overview of latest wifi technologies brian su (brian su ... · page wi-fi market momentum 10.5...
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Overview of latest WiFi technologies and test solution
Brian Su
Sr. Project Manager
Oct. 2016
Page
Wireless: 1990 to Beyond 2020
2
TD-SCDMA(China)
802.16e(Mobile WiMAX)
WiBRO(Korea)
802.16d(Fixed WiMAX)
GSM(Europe)
IS-136(US TDMA)
PDC(Japan)
IS-95A(US CDMA)
HSCSD GPRSiMODE IS-95B(US CDMA)
W-CDMA(FDD & TDD)
E-GPRS(EDGE)
HSDPA HSUPA
EDGE Evolution
1x EV-DO0 A B
HSPA+ /E-HSPA
LTE(R8/9 FDD/TDD)
LTE-Adv. (R10 and beyond)
802.16m /WiMAX2
802.11h/n
802.11ac
cdma2000(1x RTT)
802.11a/g
802.11b2G
2.5G
3G
3.5G
3.9G
4G
Market evolutionTechnology evolution
Inc
rea
sin
g e
fficie
nc
y, ba
nd
wid
th a
nd
da
ta ra
tes
5G 802.11ax
802.11ad
Cellular WLAN
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 3
WLAN Market Growth Drivers
• Smartphones, digital cameras, e-readers, media players, gaming consoles, Blu-ray players, HDTVs
Integration of WLAN into more consumer products
• BYOD: Enterprise shift toward use of tablets and smartphones
Increasing adoption and use of WLAN in the Enterprise
• Up to 65% of mobile data traffic can be offloaded to Wi-Fi
Use of WLAN to offload data from cellular networks
• Health/fitness, medical, smart meters, home automation, M2M
The Internet of Things - New applications keep coming
• Displays, TV, Upload/Downloads, Printing, Camera, Gaming
Multi-media Sharing and Streaming
Page
Wi-Fi Market Momentum
10.5 Million
(2018)
5
Million
(2013)
Source: Maravedis-Rethink, 2013
Wi-Fi products sold at the end of 2014
Over 10B*Wi-Fi chipset shipped in 2014
More than 2.3B*
Wi-Fi Enabled Devices Shipped*
(In Million of Units)
2012 2015
Phones/Accessories 685 1,459
Tablets, E-Readers, Media Players 199 360
Laptops, Desktops, Peripherals 392 717
Connected Home 107 287
Others 39 338
TOTAL 1422 3,161
*Wi-Fi shipment & Expanding Device SupportSource: ABI Research, 2012, 2013, 2014
Number of Wi-Fi hotspots worldwide
4
Page
Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond
2.4 GHz 802.11n
5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
60 GHz
802.11aj
802.11ay
802.11af
802.11ah
<1 GHz
802.11a/b/g/j/p
802.11nWidely adopted and large
installed base
802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data
rate for mobile, computing and
CE devices
802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room
wireless display, audio and more
802.11ahHome/building automation,
sensors and more
802.11afTV white space
802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)
6
802.11ad
1999…
802.11ax
802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular
environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz
802.11ax
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 7
Exploiting the Physical LayerEnhancing and extending the mission of WLAN
Bandwidth
More hertz
Modulation Order
More bits per symbol
MIMO
More spatial streams
Error Correction
Closer to Shannon Limit
Spectrum
Additional bands & channels
Beamforming
Page
Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond
2.4 GHz 802.11n
5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
60 GHz
802.11aj
802.11ay
802.11af
802.11ah
<1 GHz
802.11a/b/g/j/p
802.11nWidely adopted and large
installed base
802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data
rate for mobile, computing and
CE devices
802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room
wireless display, audio and more
802.11ahHome/building automation,
sensors and more
802.11afTV white space
802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)
8
802.11ad
1999…
802.11ax
802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular
environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz
802.11ax
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 9
Frequency Channels – 2.4 GHz Band
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
802.11g/n (OFDM)Channel Width = 20 MHz
Channel 1
2.412 GHz
Channel 5
2.432 GHz
Channel 9
2.452 GHz
Channel 13
2.472 GHz
2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz
2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz
Channel 3
2.422 GHz
2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz802.11n (OFDM)Channel Width = 40 MHz
Channel 11
2.462 GHz
Channel 1
2.412 GHz
802.11b (DSSS)Channel Width = 22 MHz
Channel 6
2.437 GHzChannel 11
2.462 GHz
Channel 14
2.484 GHz
14
Page
CCKComplementary Code Keying
IEEE 802.11
Overview 10
Modulation and Coding Techniques Used in the Various 802.11 Standards
OFDMOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex
Page
Review of 802.11n
11
Feature Mandatory Optional
Transmission method OFDM
Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 40 MHz
FFT size 64 128
Data subcarriers / pilots 52 / 4 108 / 6
Subcarrier spacing 312.5 kHz
OFDM symbol duration 4 ms (800 ns guard interval) 3.6 ms (with 400 ns short guardinterval)
Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Forward error correction Binary convolutional coding (BCC) Low density parity check (LDPC)
Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6
MCS supported 0 to 7, 0 to 15 for access points 8 to 76, 16 to 76 for APs
Spatial streams and MIMO 1, 2 for access points direct mapping
3 or 4 streamsTx beamforming, STBC
Operating mode / PPDU format
Legacy/non-HT (802.11a/b/g)Mixed/HT-mixed (802.11a/b/g/n)
Greenfield/HT-Greenfield (802.11n only)
Page
Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond
2.4 GHz 802.11n
5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
60 GHz
802.11aj
802.11ay
802.11af
802.11ah
<1 GHz
802.11a/b/g/j/p
802.11nWidely adopted and large
installed base
802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data
rate for mobile, computing and
CE devices
802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room
wireless display, audio and more
802.11ahHome/building automation,
sensors and more
802.11afTV white space
802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)
12
802.11ad
1999…
802.11ax
802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular
environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz
802.11ax
Page
802.11ac Standards Status:
• Minimum “very high throughput” goal of 1 Gbps
• Standard developed by IEEE 802.11ac Task Group and approved in Dec 11th, 2013
• Wi-Fi Alliance 802.11ac certification launched in 2013
802.11ac Market Situation
• 802.11ac chipsets available from Broadcom, Qualcomm Atheros, MediaTek, Marvell, Intel,
Quantenna etc. Some have already supported 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO.
• 802.11ac routers now available from Asus, Belkin, Buffalo, D-Link, Netgear, and EDIMAX
around $100. Products also support legacy 802.11a/b/g/n.
• Market research firms ABI Research and In-Stat expect 802.11ac products to start
shipping by late 2012 and to grow rapidly, becoming the dominant Wi-Fi standard by 2015
• IDC Research reported that in Q3 2014, 802.11ac represented 39% of WLAN revenues
and 26.5% of access point shipments.
• Infonetics Research estimates that 802.11ac routers will represent 42% of all Wi-Fi routers
shipped in 2015.
WLAN 802.11ac
13
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 14
802.11ac Channelization• Operates in 5 GHz band only, not in 2.4 GHz band
• Mandatory support for 20, 40, and 80 MHz channels
• 40 MHz same as 802.11n. 80 MHz has more than 2x data subcarriers: 80 MHz has 234 data subcarriers + 8 pilots vs. 108 data subcarriers + 6 pilots for 40 MHz
• Optional support for contiguous 160 MHz and non-contiguous 80+80 MHz transmission and reception. 160 MHz tone allocation is the same as two 80 MHz channels.
• U.S. region frequency allocation (shown below) includes 5710-5835 MHz channels not available elsewhere. (Need to avoid weather radars in some areas)
These frequencies
are not available in
Europe, Japan and
other regions
Adapted from Specification Framework, IEEE 802.11-09/0992r15,
Updated based on 802.11ac/D1.0
245 MHz
Page
Changes & Enhancements for 802.11ac
15
Feature Mandatory Optional
Channel bandwidth 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz 160 MHz, 80+80 MHz
FFT size 64, 128, 256 512
Data subcarriers / pilots 52 / 4, 108 / 6, 234 / 8 468 / 16
Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 256QAM
MCS supported 0 to 7 8 and 9
Spatial streams and MIMO 1 2 to 8
Tx beamforming, STBC
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Operating mode / PPDU format Very high throughput / VHT
Data rates: Best case: 6.93 Gbps (160 MHz, 8 Tx, MCS9, short GI)
Typical case: 1.56 Gbps (80 MHz, 4 Tx, MCS9)
Items in red text below are changes compared to the 802.11n standard
• Wider channels
• Higher-order modulation
• More spatial streams and antennas (up to 8)
• Multi-user MIMO
• Operation in 5-6 GHz band only (not in 2.4 GHz band)
Page
Enhanced Multi-Antenna Techniques
Path diversity
– Improves robustness
Spatial multiplexing
– Improves spectral efficiency
and throughput
Spatial multiplexing with
Beamsteering
– Increases signal robustness
w/the added advantage of the
improved throughput through
spatial multiplexing MIMO
16
MIMO
Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity
Space-time block
coding (STBC)
X1, X2
-X2, X1*
y1, y2
MIMO (4x2)
Matrix
X1
X2
y1
y2
Multi-user MIMO
4 streams, 3 users
Transmit Beamforming
Spatial division
multiplexing
MIMO and
Beamforming
Page
802.11ac Wave1 & Wave2
Wave 1 Wave 2
Channel BW 80 MHz 160 MHz
80+80 MHz
Spatial
Streams
Up to 4 Up to 8
MIMO Single-User (SU) Multi-User (MU)
Data Rates Up to 1.3 Gbps Up to 6.9 Gbps
1024QAM
802.11ac Wave1
2013/2014802.11ac Wave2
2015/2016
17
Page
WLAN 802.11ax
– 802.11ax will represent the next generation of Wi-Fi technology.
– Background
• Need for improved performance in dense deployments
• Growing use of WLAN outdoors
• Need for Better support of real-time applications with improved power efficiency
• Focus on improving metrics that reflect user experience in typical conditions
– Taskgroup just started. Targets:
• Four times improvement in the average throughput per station in a dense deployment
scenario.
• Maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station.
• Indoor and outdoor operations in frequency bands between 1 GHz and 6 GHz.
• Enabling backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy IEEE 802.11 devices
operating in the same band.
• Technologies: Uplink MU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO, OFDMA, and 1024 QAM
– Key contributors: Qualcomm, Huawei, Intel, Broadcom
802.11ax Taskgroup for ‘High Efficiency WLAN’ (HEW)
18
Page
Changes & Enhancements for 802.11ax
19
Feature 802.11ac 802.11ax
Channel bandwidth 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz
,160MHz, 80+80MHz
2.4G: 20MHz, 40MHz
5G:20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz
,160MHz, 80+80MHz
FFT size 64, 128, 256,512 256,512,1024,2048
Sub-Carrier Spacing 312.5KHz 78.125KHz
Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM,256QAM
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM,256QAM,1024QAM
CP Length 0.4us(1/8), 0.8us(1/4) 0.8us(1/16),1.6us(1/8),3.2us(1/4)
Symbol Length 3.2us 12.8us
MCS supported 0 to 9 0 to 11
Spatial streams and MIMO 8x8,SU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO 8x8,SU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO, UL
MU-MIMO, OFDMA
Items in red text below are changes compared to the 802.11ac standard
• Higher-order modulation
• More sub-carriers in the same BW
• Multi-user MIMO for both DL and UL
• Operation in both 2.4G and 5-6 GHz band
Page
Multi-User Scenario for both DL and UL
20
Source: Bellalta, Boris (2015). "IEEE 802.11ax: High-Efficiency WLANs,"
Page
OFDMA – Resource Unit (RU)
– Min RU size with 26 Tones (~2M)
– Different RU size, 26, 52, 106, 242, 484, 996 Tones
21Source: IEEE, “11-15-0330-05-00ax-ofdma-numerology-and-structure”
Page
WLAN 802.11p
– A Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11p: Amendment 6, Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environment (WAVE) based technology to support low latency, Vehicle-to-
Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2X) communication
• Vehicle broadcasts its position and velocity and receives broadcasts of neighboring
road users
• Frequency range: 5.85-5.925 GHz
– Main uses:
• Vehicle safety services
• Commerce transactions via cars
• Toll collection
• Traffic management
– The leaders are Cohda/NXP & Autotalks with their automotive specific chipsets,
with much improved RX performance for the moving car use case. Qaulcom
and Broadcom offer 802.11p variants of their standard chipsets.
– USA, China, Europe, Japan and Singapore are working towards hard/soft
mandate or MOU for DSRC installation.
22
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 23
802.11p WAVE1/DSRC2
Vehicular Environment
1 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment2 Dedication Short Range Communication 3 High Availability and Low Latency
3
Channel Allocation
Page
The PHY difference between 802.11a and 802.11p
Feature 802.11a 802.11p
Frequency band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz 5.85 to 5.925 GHz
Bit rate (Mbit/s) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36,
48, 54
1.5, 2.25, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 13.5
18, 24, 27, 36, 48, 54 MHz
Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 5/10/20 MHz
FFT size 64 64
Data Subcarriers 48 48
Pilots Subcarriers 4 4
Subcarrier spacing 312.5 KHz 78.125/156.25/312.5 kHz
OFDM symbol duration 4.0 us 16/8.0/4.0 us
Guard interval 0.8 us 3.2/1.6/0.8 μs
Preamble duration 16 us 64/32/16 us
Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4
Source: IEEE Std 802.11 TM- 2012
24
Page
Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond
2.4 GHz 802.11n
5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
60 GHz
802.11aj
802.11ay
802.11af
802.11ah
<1 GHz
802.11a/b/g/j/p
802.11nWidely adopted and large
installed base
802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data
rate for mobile, computing and
CE devices
802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room
wireless display, audio and more
802.11ahHome/building automation,
sensors and more
802.11afTV white space
802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)
25
802.11ad
1999…
802.11ax
802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular
environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz
802.11ax
Page
WLAN 802.11ad/aj
– 802.11ad MAC PHY standard was completed in 2013
• Channel bandwidth of 2 GHz
• SC and OFDM PHY’s
– Protocol Adaptation Layer specifications developed by the WiGig Alliance (WGA)
– A new 802.11 study group for ‘Next Generation 60GHz’ to start in July 2014
• MIMO and Channel bonding likely to be included. Targeting speeds of up to
24 Gbps for a single channel, 100 Gbps for 3 channels
– 802.11aj is proposed to support operation in Chinese Milli-Meter Wave (CMMW)
frequency bands including the 59-64GHz and 45GHz, which is unlicensed band
in China. Key 5G project of 863 of China.
– Technical details of 802.11aj
• More close to 802.11ac; Add single carrier mode
• Support multiple antenna, up to 4 streams
• BW is up to 512MHz, ¼ of BW of 802.11ad
60GHz/45GHz
27
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 28
60 GHz Channel Plan by Region
CWPAN (China) also
planning
43.5-47.0 GHz deployment
TGaj (802.11aj)
2 31 4
5 6 7 8
Page
IEEE 802.11
Overview 29
802.11aj - 45 GHz Frequency Band
Frequency band: 42.3 to 47.0 GHz, 47.2 to 48.4 GHz
Bandwidth: 1080 MHz, 540 MHz
Frequency tolerance: 100×10-6
Maximum transmit power at antenna port: 20dBm
Maximum EIRP: 36dBm
CH 1
CH 1BW = 1080 MHz
43.065 GHz
BW = 540 MHz CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 CH 8 CH 9 CH 10
42.3 GHz 47.0 GHz 47.2 GHz 48.4 GHz
CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5
46.305 GHz 47.8 GHz
46.575 GHz 47.53GHz 48.07 GHz42.795GHz
Page
HD Computer Display
And HD Multimedia
Computer I/O, Peripherals,
and Mobile Devices
The Bigger PictureA BIG wireless pipe
MAC/PHY
Protocol
Adaptation
Layer
(WDE3 PAL)
1Wireless Bus Extension
Wi-Fi Alliance is
responsible for 60 GHz
MAC/PHY Certification
Test
IEEE 802.11ad
WGA MAC/PHY v1.2
is word-for-word identical to…
Approved IEEE 802.11ad final text
(published in Dec 2012).
Protocol
Adaptation
Layer
2Wireless Serial Extension3Wireless Display Extension4Wireless Secure Digital
WGA / WFA / VESA are
collaborating in
development of
Wireless DisplayPort
(WSD4 PAL)
(WBE1 PAL)
(WSE2 PAL)
30
Page
Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS)
60 GHz Solutions 31
Key Points
• Very robust 27.5 Mbps
Control Channel
• Variable Error Protection
• Variable Modulation
Complexity
- Hence EVM specs.
from -6dB to -25dB
• Variable Data Rates
- from 385 Mbps (MCS1)
to 6756.75 Mbps
(MCS24)
• Mandatory modes ensure
all 802.11ad devices
capable of at least 1Gbps
Control (CPHY)
MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate
0 1/2 LDPC, 32x Spreading p/2-DBPSK 27.5 Mbps
Single Carrier (SCPHY)
MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate
1-12 1/2 LDPC, 2x repetition1/2 LDPC,5/8 LDPC3/4 LDPC
13/16 LDPC
p/2-BPSK,p/2-QPSK,p/2-16QAM
385 Mbpsto
4620 Mbps
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDMPHY)
MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate
13-24 1/2 LDPC,5/8 LDPC3/4 LDPC
13/16 LDPC
OFDM-SQPSKOFDM-QPSK
OFDM-16QAMOFDM-64QAM
693 Mbpsto
6756.75 Mbps
Low-Power Single Carrier (LPSCPHY)
MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate
25-31 RS(224,208) +Block Code(16/12/9/8,8)
p/2-BPSK,p/2-QPSK
625.6 Mbpsto
2503 Mbps
Page
60 GHz PHY Test Solution: Signal Path Interconnect
60 GHz Solutions 32
DUT
M1971E WB Smart Mixer
MXG2: N5183A-520 MXG (Rx LO)
Controlling PC(Could be Desktop, Laptop or Embedded)
Waveform
Acq'd Signal
DSA91304A Infiniium Digital Speed Analyzer
81199A Wideband
Waveform Center (WWC)
89601B VSA SW
Differential IQ
AWG to Scope
5 G
Hz
LO/IF
WARNING: Exit 89600 VSA Software before changing instrument
setup
Dem
od
• Connect 10 MHz Frequency Reference
from PSG to M8190A, MXG1, Scope
• Connect LAN to PC, M8190A, Scope
PSG: E8267D-520-016 (I/Q Modulation)
VDI Up-converter
MXG1: N5183A-520 MXG (Tx LO)
M8190A Wideband AWG (I/Q Generation)
Differential IQ AWG to PSG
AuxRF In
LO/IF
10 MHz
Page
IEEE802.11ad Test items
33
EVM
Transmitter test
21.3.2 Transmit mask
21.3.3.3 Center frequency tolerance
21.3.3.4 Symbol clock tolerance
21.3.3.5
Transmit center frequency
leakage
21.3.3.6
Transmit ramp-up and ramp-
down
21.4.4.1.2 Transmit EVM (Control PHY)
21.4.5.1.2 Transmit EVM (OFDM)
21.5.4.1.3 Tx flatness
21.6.4.1.1 Transmit EVM (SC PHY)
Receiver test
21.3.3.8 Maximum input requirement
21.3.3.9 Receive sensitivity
SEM
Page
802.11ay/NG60 status
– Expect schedule: 2017
– Target Max Data Rate: 20GHz (4,32GHz), 100GHz(8.64GHz)
– Modulation: up to 64APSK (NUC)
– Range: 10m -> 300 ~ 500m (LOS and NLOS)
– MIMO and MU-MIMO up to 4x4
Customizable in
Footer
NUC 64APSKDistance between array
centers - d
PAA #1
PAA #2
PAA elementSignal 1st stream
Signal 2nd stream
Phase shifterV pol
H pol
PAA elementSignal 3rd stream
Signal 4th stream
Phase shifterV pol
H pol
H and V pol
H and V pol
4x4 MIMOChannel Bonding
Source: IEEE, “11-15-1145-00-00ay-su-mimo-configurations-for-ieee-802-11ay”
Page
802.11ay/NG60 use cases
Wireless Video
35
NG60
AP
NG60
AP
LOS AccessN-LOS Access
Backhaul @60GHz
BUS STOP
TV or Display
Set-top box
(TV controller)
Blu-ray player
Smart phone/Tablet
Replacement
of wired interface
Wireless Transfer
from fixed device
Wireless Transfer
from mobile device
8K UHD
Service
Data Center backup connection
VR/AR Backhaul
Page
802.11ay (NG60, Next Generation 60GHz WLAN)
Next Generation of 11ad, Spec ready by 2017
Source: IEEE, “11-15-0636-00-00ay-a-view-on-ieee-802-11ay”Keysight
Restricted
Page
Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond
2.4 GHz 802.11n
5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
60 GHz
802.11aj
802.11ay
802.11af
802.11ah
<1 GHz
802.11a/b/g/j/p
802.11nWidely adopted and large
installed base
802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data
rate for mobile, computing and
CE devices
802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room
wireless display, audio and more
802.11ahHome/building automation,
sensors and more
802.11afTV white space
802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)
37
802.11ad
1999…
802.11ax
802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular
environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz
802.11ax
Page
IoT Key Enabling Technologies
– IoT applications
• IEEE 802.11ah PHY and MAC are specified for IoT type of applications
• Envisioned to provide IP connectivity to all types of devices that are currently not connected to the
internet and yet-to-be-invented devices
– Operation Feature
• Transmission range up to 1 km
• Data rates > 100 kbit/s
• Optimizations for highly robust links and low power consumption required for battery operated devices
– Target use cases
• Large scale sensor networks and meters
• Extended range hotspot
• Outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading
– Standards status:
• The IEEE 802.11 WG is currently developing draft 4.0 of the spec, which typically means it is stable enough to commence WFA MRD activities
• Targeted IEEE specification will be finalized in mid-2016
• WFA has decided to create a Marketing Task Group to start the development of an interoperability program. Potential WFA program launch: H2 2016
38
IEEE 802.11ah
11a/g/n/ac AP
11ah AP
Indoor
IoT/M2M
Page
802.11ah Bandwidth and Data Rates
16 MHz
8 MHz
4 MHz
2 MHz
1 MHz
20 MHz
Minimum 11n/ac bandwidth
11ah Bandwidth Modes
150Kbps* – 4Mbps
650Kbps – 7.8Mbps
1.35Mbps – 18Mbps
2.9Mbps – 39Mbps
5.8Mbps – 78Mbps
Mandatory & Globally Interoperable modes optimized for sensor networking
Optional higher data rate modes for extended range WLAN
6.5Mbps – 78Mbps
High data rates
Extended range
39
Page
The PHY difference between 802.11ac and 802.11ah
Feature 802.11ac 802.11ah
Channel bandwidth 20/40/80/160MHz 1/2/4/8/16MHz
FFT size 64/128/256/512 32/64/128/256/512
Data subcarriers / 52/108/234/468 24/52/108/234/468
Pilot Sub-carriers 4/6/8/16 2/4/6/8/16
Pilot Type Fixed pilot Fixed pilot or Traveling pilot*
Subcarrier spacing 312.5KHz 31.25KHz
OFDM symbol duration 4.0/3.6us 40/36us
Guard interval 0.4/0.8/1.6us 4/8/16us
Preamble duration 16us 320us(1M BW)/160us
Modulation types BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM
Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2 rep2, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6
MCS 0-9 MCS0-9, 10
Transmission Mode VHT mode, non-HT duplicate Mode Normal Mode S1G, 1 MHz Duplicate Mode,
2 MHz Duplicate Mode
Duplicated PPDU Non-HT PPDU S1G_DUP_1M, S1G_DUP_2M
MIMO Up to 8 Up to 4
Multi-user Up to 4 Up to 4, only available in S1G_LONG PPDU
Beamforming Support Support
Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group
40
Page
802.11ah Global Channelization
Max. BW
16 MHz
4 MHz
2 MHz
8 MHz
1 MHz
4 MHz
41
From IEEE 802.11ah draft standard
IoT/M2M
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802.11ah Use Case
– Extended range
• Reach garage, backyard, basement, attic
• 1 MHz and 2 MHz mandatory modes
– Battery operated sensors
• No power amplifiers
– Large numbers of devices (1000s) per AP
– Ultra-low power consumption
• Optimized for small packet size
• Multi-year battery life
• Long sleep time
• Burst traffic
– IP support
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Indoor Low Power Sensors
IoT/M2M
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WLAN 802.11af802.11af – WLAN in TV White Space (TVWS)
• There are gaps and unused channels in the broadcasting spectrum
• Defines enhancement to enable WLAN operation in the TV white space
‒ Cognitive radio techniques will be used to avoid interference with digital TV,
these include: Beacons/Enablement and Geo-location
• US FCC has provided “final rules” for TV White Spaces
‒ Other countries are closely watching and are working on similar plans
• This standard has been published in 2013
• What is 802.11af?
‒ Used <1 GHz spectrum (470-698 MHz
for UHF and 40-230 MHz for VHF)
‒ Physical layer is based on 802.11ac
‒ 6, 7 and 8 MHz bandwidth
‒ Channel bonding up to 4 channels
‒ Spatial stream: up to four streams used
for either space–time block code (STBC)
or multi-user (MU-MIMO) operation
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802.11af TV White Space
– PHY Layer: reuse VHT 40MHz PHY to 11af
802.11af Indoor 802.11af outdoor
Coverage ~100m ~5Km
FFT 128
Bandwidth, MHz 6M, 7M, 8M
CA (contiguous) 2 continuous: 12M, 14M, 16M
4 continuous: 24M, 28M, 32M
CA (non-contiguous) 2 non-continuous: 6+6, 7+7, 8+8
4 non-continuous: 12+12, 14+14, 16+16
Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
FEC Convolutional code
Symbol time, us 30(6M), 30(7M), 22.5(8M)
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40 40 40 40
80 80
160
160
DPD BW
WLAN Design Challenges
• 802.11a/b/g/n only required 40 MHz
• PA digital pre-distortion requires 3-5x system BW
Bandwidth: increase to 80/160 MHz
• 256QAM modulation requires higher SNR, better phase noise
• Analyze I/Q impairments
Better modulation quality and debug tool
• More antennas, more processing, more space required
• Prototyping a multi-antenna radio requires the use of multi-channel test systems
MIMO and Beamforming (up to 8 spatial streams)
• Digital Pre-Distortion for linearity
• Envelope Tracking for power saving
Improve PA efficiency and linearity
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Test Challenge: Generating Wider Bandwidth SignalsVector signal generator hardware needs to support 40, 80, and 160 MHz BW
signals
– Digital Pre-Distortion may require measuring 3 to 5 times the BW of desired
signal: up to 800 MHz for 160 MHz signal
Software: N7617B Signal Studio and SystemVue
Hardware for single-channel measurements:
• N5182B: up to 160 MHz modulation BW
• N5172B: up to 120 MHz modulation BW
• E4438C, N5182A and up to 80 MHz BW
• N5106A: up to 160 MHz
• M9381A PXI VSG: up to 160 MHz BW
• E6640A: up to 160MHz modulation BW
• M8190A 12 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator
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Test Challenge: Analyzing Wider Bandwidth Signals
Analyzer hardware needs to support 40, 80, and 160 MHz BW signals
Digital Pre-Distortion may require measuring 3 to 5 times the BW of
desired signal: up to 800 MHz for 160 MHz signal
Software: all channel BWs supported by 89600 VSA and N9077A
Hardware for single-channel measurements:
• N9040A UXA signal analyzer: up to 510 MHz demod BW
• N9030A PXA signal analyzer: up to 160 MHz demod BW
• N9020A MXA signal analyzer: up to 160 MHz demod BW
• M9391A PXI VSA: up to 160 MHz BW
• E6640A EXM Wireless Test Set: up to 160 MHz BW
• Infiniium or Infiniivision oscilloscopes: 1 GHz or wider BW
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E6640A EXM Wireless Test Set for DVT and Mfg
IoT/M2M 48
Broadest Multi-Format Coverage
TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4Controller Reference
Wireless Connectivity
Cellular• LTE/LTE-A FDD/TDD
• HSPA+, W-CDMA
• 1xEV-DO, cdma2000
• GSM/EDGE/EDGE Evo
• TD-SCDMA/TD-HSPA
• DECT
• PHS
• WLAN802.11a/b/g/n/j/p/ac/ah/af/ax
• Bluetooth 1.0 to 4.2
• ZigBee
• Z-Wave
• Multi-Satellite GNSS
• Plus more
MIMO (2x2, 3x3, 4x4)Frequency: up to 6GHz
BW: up to 160MHz
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EXM MIMO Test SolutionsComprehensive MIMO Test Solutions and Benefits
Multi-channel sequential test with 1 TRX
For Cost-effective manufacturing testing
Switched MIMO
Multi-channel parallel test with Multi TRX
For design and validation
True MIMO
Implicit TxBeamformingcalibration with 1 TRX
Calibration test for Broadcom device
Tx Beam
forming
• Up to 4 TRXs to support 4X4 True MIMO in one box
Small form factor
• Easy to set up, no need complex connection for synchronization Easy set up
• Fast, accurate and reliable MIMO measurement and detailed measurement results
High performance
Comprehensive MIMO Test Solutions
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