Overview of Keyhole Garden & KHG Barrier Analysis Results

Home Garden Network

May 26th 2016, Addis Ababa

Desalegn Hotel, Addis Ababa

Outline of presentation • Session I: Overview of Keyhole Garden (KHG)

– What is KHG, background & components of KHG

– Advantages of KHG

• Session 2: KHG Barrier Analysis Findings

– QIVC-first step to KHG BA

– BA purpose and objectives

– BA sampling & analysis

– Findings, conclusions & recommendations

• Session 3: Designing behavior Change Framework(DBC)

– Next Generation activities

2

Session 1:

Overview of Keyhole Gardens (KHG)

3

What is a Key Hole Garden (KHG)

4

Benefits:Soil enrichment, moisture retention in arid and semi arid areas, labor saving, reduces dependence on external inputs, year-round vegetable production*

* Homestead Gardening, A Manual for Program Manager, Implementers and Practitioners, CRS

This is why it’s called a

‘keyhole’!

Background• Development Food Assistance Program (DFAP) - USAID-

FFP funded, implemented under Ethiopia Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP).

• Objective 2 focuses on include improving nutritional status of mothers & children in 7 Woredas in Oromia including rural Dire Dawa.

• DFAP baseline survey & MTE revealed increased MAD & WDDS from 0.6% & 2.5% to 2.5% & 4.6% respectively.

• With chronic, cyclical food shortage, children and pregnant women are affected by undernutrition and micronutrient (MN) deficiencies

• CRS used KHG to promote improved dietary diversity and consumption of MN rich foods by young children and PLW

5

Different layers of a keyhole garden

6

7

Advantages of Key hole Garden Named ‘keyhole’ garden because of

its shape

Easy to manage

Circular vegetable plot, raised bed

Uses recycled waste water- Grey water for production; good for dry areas

Can provide improved nutrition for a family of 6 year round

Requires small land size; good for densely populated areas or HHs with small landholding; rocky terrain

Incorporates layers of organic matter that are readily available around HH

8

Integrated Ag-Nut intervention- Nutrition sensitive programing

Key hole garden

Cooking demonstrationsRecipes

Farm tools

Storage

PreservationLearning sessions

ConsumptionIncome???

Gen

der

Vegetables Seeds

M&E- LQAS/PDI

Session 2:

KHG Barrier Analysis Findings

9

QIVC – The first step to BA• Quality Improvement Verification Checklist (QIVC)

• Comprehensive quantitative study collected information on adherence to design specifications, vegetable composition, and functional status of 668KHGs

• Constructed a database that contains all the information. This helped to understand how many beneficiaries were practicing the desired behavior, and thus, allowed to determine the barrier analysis sample population

10

KHG Behavioral Definitions Review• The priority group is identified as members of the

WHDA, DAs, KCPs, PLW, and mothers of children < 5 discharged from OTP

• The desired behavior is the maintenance of functionalKHGs for the continuous cultivation of nutrient-dense vegetables

• Functional KHGs are those currently under production, and that have maintained production of at least 2 vegetable varieties continuously year-round for at least 1.5 years (built on or before April, 2014)

11

Doer & Non-doer Definitions• The barrier analysis was designed to measure

sustained use of KHGs; therefore, the study only included KHGs that were older than 1.5 years. KHGs less than 1.5 years old were excluded.

• From the QIVC, 52 doers were identified within the entire project area (Arsi, Dire Dawa, and East Hararghe), from 342 that were at least 1.5 years old

12

Barrier Analysis Purpose & Objective

• From the QIVC we know there is a problem of sustained use (15% of KHGs older than 1.5 years were productive year-round)

• The purpose of a barrier analysis is to identify the behaviors that either promote or inhibit uptake of the desired behavior.

• CRS wanted to measure these behaviors and to develop a more effective framework to promote sustainable use of KHGs

13

Barrier Analysis Sampling• For statistical accuracy, a barrier analysis requires 45

doers to be compared against 45 non-doers

• CRS originally intended to complete 3 barrier analyses categorized by agro-ecological zones; however, the QIVC revealed that only 1 barrier analysis was possible because of the limited number of doers

14

Data Analysis

15

Meaning

How big is the difference

Statistically significant

P-Value< 0.05

RR> 1

Doers more likely to respond

RR< 1

Non-Doers more likely to

respond

Barrier Analysis FindingsOverall study Results

• Among 12 behavioral determinants only 6 turned out to be significant determinants that inhibit or enable priority group to sustainably use keyhole garden for year-round production of vegetables

• The six determinants were:

– Perceived self-efficacy, Perceived positive/ negative consequence, Perceived cues for action, Perceived susceptibility/risk and Perceived action efficacy

16

Barrier Analysis FindingsThe BA revealed factors to sustaining the KHG:

• The non-doers were less likely to respond “Maintaining KHG is not difficult at all” and “KHG has no disadvantage at all” than doers did.

• Non-doers were three times more likely to respond “It is somewhat difficult to remember and maintain KHG” compared with doers. This indicates the non-doers had reasons for finding

the KHG difficult to maintain• Non-doers were more likely to respond “KHG can be used

as a source of income by selling some of the produce,” suggesting they valued the economic aspect of KHG

17

Barrier Analysis …….• Whereas doers were more likely to respond “KHGs build a

healthy family and saves the cost of buying vegetables”

• Non-doers were 2.4 times more likely to respond “It is somewhat likely that their child will become malnourished in the coming months”

• Doers were 3.5 times more likely to respond: “It is not likely at all” to the same question

• Beneficiaries with productive KHGs perceived them as a means to build a healthy family and save on the cost of buying vegetables, KHGs were also perceived as a means of preventing malnutrition.

18

Conclusions From these findings,

• Increase support around positive perceived consequences, e.g. ‘KHGs save the cost of buying vegetables’ and ‘my family will be healthier’

• Decrease the perception of negative consequences, e.g. ‘KHGs are good for growing vegetables for sale’ and ‘there are challenges to maintaining them’

• DFAP has continued to enhance the perception around risk and seriousness of undernutrition and KHG as a means of prevention

19

Recommendations• Utilize the Designing for the Behavior Change Framework

(DBC) as formative research in garden interventions

• There is a new Public Works (PW) provision in PSNP IV “Improvement of nutrition and other services, through behavioral change communication…”

Be aware nutrition sensitive pubic works now include home gardens; this can increase maintenance/sustainability

• DFAP operational Woredas have been affected by drought which affects implementation planning. CRS aims to mitigate this through use of drought-resistant crop varieties for the KHGs and by introducing roof-harvest technologies to reserve water for use in home gardens

20

Session 3:

Leveraging Findings from DFAP Barrier Analysis

21

Next Generation Activity 11. Develop comprehensive IEC/BCC tools for:

• Key ENA & EHA messages

• Food preparation, demonstration & preservation sessions

• Value of home consumption over economic benefit

• Reminder to link functional KHGs with food preparation (rainbow plate)

This strategy will directly link functional KHGs with food preparation/demonstration sessions. This linkage

is currently deficient

22

Next Generation Activity 2

2. Train WHDA lead mothers in:

• Nutrition, malnutrition, and balanced family diets

• Age appropriate complementary feeding (child & PLW) involving fathers and using the comprehensive IEC/BCC tools

This strategy will build the capacity of priority group and increase male involvement

23

Next Generation Activity 33. Create one home demonstration site per WHDA (30 members) where doers/lead mothers can:

• Teach construction, maintenance and cultivation of KHGs

• Facilitate learning sessions on food preparation, demonstration and preservation using vegetables from KHGs

• Give testimonials on the benefits of maintaining KHGs

This strategy will monitor and reinforce the priority groups ability to transmit skills to others

Next Generation Activity 4 & 5

4. Motivate successful mothers by providing different awards;

5. Monitor and compare the growth of children benefitting from nutrient-dense foods as compared to those who are not

This strategy will maintain the sustainability of KHGs and ensure the advantages of nutrient-dense feeding

25

Nutrition Today Matters Tomorrow!!

26

Thank you !!!