overview of heat pump technologies
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TOP-UICSpecial Topics in Mechanical Engineering
An overview of heat pump
technologies
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Heat pumps with multiple circuits, each ofwhich is capable of operating in three
different configurations:
Heating onlyCooling only
Heating and Cooling
Multiple circuit Heat Pumps
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Advantages:Heat recovery
Simultaneous and independent
production of hot and cold water
Load matching
No seasonal changeover required
Multiple circuit Heat Pumps
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COOLING ONLY
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HEATING ONLY
EVAPORATORE
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HEATING + COOLING
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CIRCUIT 2COOLING ONLY
CIRCUIT 1 HEATING+ COOLING
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CIRCUIT 2HEATING ONLY
CIRCUIT 1 HEATING+ COOLING
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COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
(air-cooled condenser with axial fans)
H R A Q
W R A Q
S R A Q
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Cooling power kW
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HRAQ (2 scroll compressors)
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HRAQ (4 scroll compressors)
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BE/SRHQ (screw compressors)
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BE/SRHQ (screw compressors)
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Heat pumps with total heat
recovery
Summer operation:
Chilled water production on primary circuit.
Chilled water production on primary circuit+ hot water on recovery circuit.
Hot water production only on recovery
circuit.
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CHILLED WATER
ONLY ON PRIMARY
CIRCUIT
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CHILLED WATER ON
PRIMARY CIRCUIT + HOT
WATER ON RECOVERY
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HOT WATER ONLY
ON RECOVERY
CIRCUIT
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Heat pumps with total heat
recovery
Winter operation:
Hot water production on primary circuit
Hot water production on recovery circuit Hot water production on both circuits
(multi-compressor units only)
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HOT WATER ONPRIMARY
CIRCUIT
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HOT WATER ON
RECOVERY
CIRCUIT
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HOT WATER ON
PRIMARY CIRCUIT
(compressor 1)
HOT WATER ON
RECOVERY CIRCUIT
(compressor 2)
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Heat pumps with total heat
recovery
Primary circuit produces either hot (winter) or cold(summer) water: seasonal changeover required
Hot water production on recovery circuit always
possible (indipendently on primary circuit use).
Priority operation may be selected (hot water onprimary or recovery circuit).
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Advantages of heat pumps with
total heat recovery
Simultaneous production of chilled and hot
water in a single unit
Heat recovery linked to chilled water
production (typically summer operation)
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Heat pumps with partial heat
recovery
Recovered heat: generally comparable to
the energy input to the compressors.
High-temperature hot water production.
Hot water production strictly linked to
chilled water production on the primary
circuit.
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Water-loop HP system
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Water-to-water reversible heat pump with
lake water
The heat pump system
is installed in the
Information Center part
of the ENEA research
laboratory of
Brasimone,
Camugnano (BO)
The building volume
(about 1750 m3) is heated
and cooled with fan-coil +
primary air HVAC system
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Heat pump characteristics
Tonon Forty s.p.a.
EPH 58-2 Cooling power 60 kW
Heating power 68 kW
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AHU
FAN COILS
LAKE
HEATPUMP
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Monthly average COP as a function
of outdoor temperature
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,53
3,5
4
4,5
Maggio Giugno Luglio Agosto Settembre
C.O.P.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
[ C ]
C.O.P. Outdoor temperature
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Specific supplied energy as a
function of outdoor temperature
Supplied energy
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
20,00 21,00 22,00 23,00 24,00 25,00 26,00 27,00 28,00 29,00 30,00
Outdoor temperature [C]
[kJ/m^3]
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Evolution of refrigeration
compressors for AC applications
Piston compressors
1965 1990
Screw compressors
1990
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COP AI CARICHI PARZIALI - ARI STD
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% POTENZA FRIGORIFERA
COP
DUAL+ INVERTER
MONO
+ INVERTER
DUAL
MONO
PARTIAL LOAD COP (ARI Standard)
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Turbocorcentrifugal compressor
- Magnetic bearings- Oil-free
- Inverter control
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IPLV (Integrated Partial Load Value)
IPLV = (FA x A ) + (FB x B ) + (FC x C ) + ( FD x D )
FX indicates the time fraction for which the chiller
operates at X% load (e.g.: FA = 0.17; FB = 0.39;
FC = 0.33; FC = 0.11)The corresponding Energy Efficiency Ratio
values are:
A = EER at 100% loadB = EER at 75% load
C = EER at 50% load
D = EER at 25% load
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IC engine-driven heat pumps
IC Engine-driven heat pumps are units in which
the electric motor is replaced by a gas-fired
engine directly coupled with the compressor
Generally the compressor is of the open type Hybrid solutions (engine + alternator + semi-
hermetic compressors) are globally less efficient
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IC engine-driven heat pumps
The strong point of this solution is the presence of:
primary circuit producing a hot water (at about
45C) in winter and chilled water in summer secondary circuit producing high-temperature
hot water (at about 70 C) from engine cooling,
which can be used separatley for SHW
production or can be integrated with the primaryheat production
S S ff
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Summer operation SHW off
SHW
S ti SHW
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Summer operation SHW on
SHW
Wi t ti SHW ff
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Winter operation SHW off
Wi t ti SHW
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Winter operation SHW on
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Power output control may be achieved:
by continuous variation of engine speed
by partializing the compressor at engine
constant speed
This units are particularly convenient where
frequent defrosting cycles are required (the
engine provides the heat necessary for
defrosting with no penalty on cooling
power)
Noise emission is comparable to a standard
electrical HP (i.e. 80 dB(A) at 1 m)
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ENGINE HEAT PUMP
Ep = 100
P = 20
Em =30
Er =50
Ecf =96 Eu =146
Energy balance HP with IC engine
Ep = primary energy input (fuel)
P = engine losses (including exhaust gases)
Em = mechanical energy input at compressor shaft
Ecf = cooling energy output (HP COP = 3.2)
Er = thermal energy recovered from engine coolingEu = useful energy output
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POWERPLANT HEAT PUMP
Ep = 100
Pce = 60
Eem = 35 Ecf = Eu = 96
Energy balance HP with electric motor
Ep = primary energy input (fuel)
Pce = electric roduction lossesPd = transmission losses
Eem = electric energy input to compressor
Pme = electric motor losses
Ecf = Eu = useful energy output (cooling)
(HP COP = 3.2)
Pd = 5
Pme = 5
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OPEN
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IC ENGINE OPENCOMPRESSOR
PRIMARY CIRCUIT
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HEAT RECOVERY
HEAT EXCHANGER
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IC ENGINE
REDUCTOR JOINT
OPEN
COMPRESSOR
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R.S.A. - Torino
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