overview of evidence of a link between air pollution and diabetes · 2019. 12. 19. · who 2009,...
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Overview of evidence of a link between air pollution and diabetes
Barbara Hoffmann Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
HEI Annual ConferenceChicago, 2018
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Diabetes mellitus or „Honey-sweet urine“
• Honey-tasting urine, attracts ants when spilled on floor (India, 600 BCE)
• Unquenchable thirst, excessive drinking, incessantflow of urine (Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 1st century CE)
• Ultimate proof of glucose in urine: Francis Home (Scot, 18th century)
+ tastes like
CO2
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Major types of Diabetes mellitusType 1 (T1DM)
• Autoimmune reaction• Destruction of beta-cells in
pancreas• Absolute insulin deficiency• Without insulin quick death• Therapy requires daily insulin• RF: Genetic susceptibility plus
environmental triggers(viral, toxic, ?)
• Acute disease onset in childhood• Infrequent, but rising
Type 2 (T2DM)• Insulin resistance of cells• Relative insulin deficiency,
inadequate production of insulin• RF: high BMI and poor diet,
inactivity, ethnicity, geneticsusceptibility
• Therapy: lifestyle modificationand mostly oral medication
• Slow onset mostly in older adults, long predetection period
• Frequent (90%) and rising(children and adolescents)
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Major types of Diabetes mellitus
Gestational D.m. (GDM)
• Pathogenesis similar to T2DM• Insulin resistance aggravated by hormones
during pregnancy• Risk factors similar to T2DM• Often transient• Risk for T2DM elevated in mothers and
babies -> children/adolescents
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Diabetes mellitusPrevalence in adults
Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2000 (per 1,000 inhabitants) — world average was 2.8%.
WHO 2009, IDF Atlas 2017
Oral health
Kidneydisease
Nerve damage
Pregnancycomplications
Diabeticfoot
CVD and stroke
ComplicationsEye
disease
415 million in 2015>600 million in 2040Appr. 30% -80% undiagnosed
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6% to 15% of total health expenditures
IDF Atlas 20157
Worldwide healthcare expenditure
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Diabetes mellitus - prevention
High prevalenceComplications
Financial burden
Paradigm shiftfrom therapy to
prevention
Focus on modifiablerisk factors
Understanding of behavioural and
environmental causes
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DM
Sedantary lifestyle
Obesity
Modified after: Rajagopalan and Brook, Diabetes 2012
modifiable
Not modifiable
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What can be done?
Ma et al. JAMA 2013; Fianou et al. PlosOne 2016
9-year follow-up of lifestyleintervention in low SES
community
Randomized lifestyleintervention, 15 months in
primary care setting
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DM
Sedantarylifestyle
Obesity
Modified after: Rajagopalan and Brook, Diabetes 2012
Role of airpollution???
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Role of air pollution in diabetic disease
• Etiologic factor– Incidence of T2DM or
prediabetes– Effects on glucose regulation
in healthy individuals– Effects in vulnerable
populations (i.e. pregnantwomen and their babies, other subgroups)
– Incidence of T1DM
• Susceptibility factor– Stronger adverse effects of
air pollution on diverse outcomes in diabetics
• Possible intermediate– Possible mediator of air
pollution action on cardiovascular disease
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Early measures – prediabetes and IRImpaired glucose
tolerance (IGT)• Fasting glucose <126
mg/dL and • Glucose elevated
(140-199 mg/dL at 2h oral glucose tolerancetest (OGTT))
Impaired fastingglucose (IFG)
• Fasting glucoseelevated, but not diabetic (110-125 mg/dL) and
• OGTT normal
• High risk for T2DM, • IGT and IFG already increased insulin resistance• Risk factors same as for T2DM
Insulin resistance(IR)
• (Glucose x insulin) elevated
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Proposed biological effects– air pollution
Rao et al. Toxicol Sci 2015
Activation of sympathetic NS
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Epidemiological evidence foretiological role
• Incidence of diabetes:– Relatively few prospective studies with diverse exposures
and findings-> presented by Robin Puett
• What other clues do we have?– Metabolism in potentially vulnerable groups, i.e. children
exposed to air pollution at young age-> presented by Abby Fleisch