overview of earth science 1.1 what is earth science? encompasses all sciences that seek to...

Overview of Earth Science

1.1 What Is Earth Science?

Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand

•Earth

•Earth's neighbors in space

Overview of Earth Science

Earth science includes

4. astronomy, the study of the universe

3. meteorology, the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather

1. geology, the study of Earth

2. oceanography, the study of the ocean

1.1 What Is Earth Science?

Earth's Major Spheres

1.2 A View of Earth

1. Hydrosphere• Ocean is the most prominent feature of the

hydrosphere.

- Is nearly 71% of Earth's surface

- Holds about 97% of Earth's water

• Also includes fresh water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers, as well as that found underground


1.2 A View of Earth

2. Atmosphere • Thin, tenuous blanket of air

• One half lies below 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles)

3. Biosphere • Includes all life

• Life forms of the biosphere are located in the geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.


1.2 A View of Earth

4. Geosphere • Based on compositional differences, it

consists of the crust, mantle, and core.- Crust—the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth.

- Mantle—the 2890-kilometer-thick layer of Earth located below the crust.

- Core—the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle.

Week 1 – Day 2

• In your Week 1 doc answer the following questions:

1.What is the hydrosphere?

2.What is the Atmosphere

3.What is the biosphere?

4.How is the geosphere?

5.How does the biosphere interact with each of the spheres?

Earth as a System

1.4 Earth System Science

Sources of Energy• Sun—drives external processes such as

weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes

• Earth’s interior—drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building

What Is a System?


Closed systems are self contained (e.g., an automobile cooling system).

Open systems allow both energy and matter to flow in and out of the system (e.g., a river system).

A system is any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.

Earth is a System


Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres.

Earth system science studies Earth as a system that is composed of numerous parts, or subsystems.

Week 1 – Day 2

• In your Week 1 doc answer the following questions:

6.In a complete sentence describe how the earth is a system.

Earth as a System


Humans are part of the Earth system.

Consists of a nearly endless array of subsystems (e.g., hydrologic cycle)

People and the Environment


Environment

• Surrounds and influences organisms

• Physical environment encompasses water, air, soil, and rock

• The term environmental is usually reserved for those aspects that focus on the relationships between people and the natural environment.



Resources• Include water, soil, minerals, and energy

• Two broad categories

2. Nonrenewable—cannot be replenished in the near future (e.g., metals, fuels)

1. Renewable—can be replenished (e.g., plants, energy from water and wind)

Resources

• What are some renewable resources used by humans?

• What are some non-renewable resources used by humans?



Population

• Population of the planet is growing rapidly

• Use of minerals/energy has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population

Population

• What are some ways human population could affect the earth system?

Growth of World Population

Population

• How has rapid population growth affected the planet?

Environmental Problems


Caused by people and societies • Urban air pollution• Acid rain

Caused by natural hazards

• Landslides

• Ozone depletion• Global warming

• Earthquakes

Local, regional, and global

How does this affect the earth system?


Forest in Europe destroyed by acid rain


Buildings destroyed by an earthquake

How does population affect the earth system?

Earth as a system

The earth is a complex system because all of its parts constantly interact.

We are going to explore some of these interactions as teams.

Listen for directions and watch as I demonstrate what each of will do for the situations you draw!

Earth Systems Project• You will be in teams• Each team will be given a scenario that would

affect all of Earth’s spheres• YOUR TASK is to draw a concept map (make

it on the computer or draw it by hand)– You need to show how this situation would affect

the earth system with AT LEAST 3 major changes– You then need to identify AT LEAST 2 effects of

those changes

1.4 Stop and Answer1. Explain the difference between a closed system and

an open system. Give examples of each.

2. What are two sources of energy for the Earth?

3. Describe examples of how humans change the environment.

4. Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give examples of each.

5. Draw the growth of World population. What questions are being asked about the world’s rapid growth in population?

6. What are some major environmental problems?

7. Why is studying Earth Science important?

Earth as a system

The earth is a complex system because all of her parts constantly interact.

We are going to explore some of these interactions as teams.

Listen for directions and watch as I demonstrate what each of will do for the situations you draw!

Earth Systems Project• You will be in teams• Each team will be given a scenario that would

affect all of Earth’s spheres• YOUR TASK is to draw a concept map (make

it on the computer or draw it by hand)– You need to show how this situation would affect

the earth system with AT LEAST 3 major changes– You then need to identify AT LEAST 2 effects of

those changes

Warm Up 8/27Answer the following questions in your WEEK 1

document under the title “Day 3”.

1.Which of Earth’s spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes and glaciers?

2.What is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate

3.Name the 4 major themes covered in Earth Science.

4.What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system?

5.Define a system.

Turn in Week 1 document

• Access your school email account:

– mail.vcs.k12.nc.us/exchange

– Username: vcs\sallie.smith– Password: (same as computer)

Pre-Test

• Today we are going to take a test in order to measure your progress.

• Each of you needs a #2 pencil, test and scantron.

• When you finish you may continue to work on the student survey or vocabulary until time expires.

Vocabulary

• Each of you access a vocabulary list on the class website. This covers an introduction to Earth Science and mapping.

• http://nvhsearthscienceolsen.wikispaces.com

• Today you will complete at least the first 5 vocabulary terms using your book, an encyclopedia or scholarly website to help you.

Vocabulary – Due Wed. Aug 30

• Vocabulary Formatting:• Earth Science:1.Definition: Earth Science is the name for the

group of sciences that deals with earth and its neighbors in space. • Source: Prentice Hall Earth Science

• Let’s find another definition together online.1.In your own words: Earth science is any

science that deals with earth and space.2.Picture:

Article Reports

• Part of the goal of this class is to give you a chance to read about what is going on in the Science world and then have you discuss and write the things that you learn.

• One of the ways we do this is by doing article reports.

• Some articles will be given to you, others you will be responsible to find and print out, or attach, when you turn it in..

Article Reports

• You are required to do 5 article reports for every 6 week grading period. They are worth 20 pts each, so 100 pts every 6-week grading period.

• Today we will do our first one together.

• Follow along these steps, and we should all get 100% today!

Article Reports• Step 1:

– Write the articles source information (Title, Author, Journal)

• Step 2:– Read the article. Underline or highlight at least 10

key points.– Number the key points on the article. (1, 2, 3…)

• Step 3:– Rewrite the key points in your own words. (10

sentences)• Step 4:

– Write a paragraph (5-8 sentences) relating the article to how science impacts you, society, or how the article relates to earth science.

Warm up – 8/30• Reminder that vocabulary is due on Tuesday.

Create a new document.

Save it as: Week 2

Make a title for today’s work: Monday 8/30

1. In 3 complete sentences, describe why earth is considered a system.

Science

1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry?

Science assumes the natural world is

• consistent

• predictable

Goals of science are

• to use the knowledge to predict

• to discover patterns in nature

Hypothesis and Theory


An idea can become a• hypothesis—tentative or untested explanation

• theory—tested, confirmed, supported hypothesis

Scientific Method

• Formulate hypotheses

• Gather facts through observation

• Test hypotheses to formulate theories

Science Methods


Scientific knowledge is gained through• following systematic steps

1. Collecting facts

• theories that withstand examination • totally unexpected occurrences that are then investigated

2. Developing a hypothesis

3. Conducting experiments

4. Reexamining the hypothesis and accepting, modifying, or rejecting it

Scientist of the Unit

1.5 Scientists and Scientific Theory

Every few weeks I will introduce a “Scientist of the Unit.”

This week, we will focus on Geologists.What does a Geologist do?How can I become a Geologist?

How do Geologists use Scientific method?

NVHSearthscienceolsen.wikispaces.com

1. What is a hypothesis?

2. What is a theory?

3. Describe steps to the scientific method.

4. How do you think a geologist would use the scientific method?

Vocabulary

• Each of you access a vocabulary list on the class website. This covers an introduction to Earth Science and mapping.

• http://nvhsearthscienceolsen.wikispaces.com

• Today you will complete at least the first 5 vocabulary terms using your book, an encyclopedia or scholarly website to help you.

Vocabulary – Due Wed. Aug 30

• Vocabulary Formatting:• Earth Science:1.Definition: Earth Science is the name for the

group of sciences that deals with earth and its neighbors in space. • Source: Prentice Hall Earth Science

• Let’s find another definition together online.1.In your own words: Earth science is any

science that deals with earth and space.2.Picture:

Introduction to MAPS

Take 2 minutes to brainstorm and jot down everything you can think of about maps in your doc.

Don’t worry about complete sentences or proper grammar, just write everything that comes to mind.

DRAW THE COORDINATE PLANE…AND LABEL NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST EAST

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST EAST

WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES GO?WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES MEASURE?

LINES OF LATITUDE: - extend east to west- measure north and south of the

EQUATOR (00 latitude) - parallel to each other

LATITUDE

(north)

(south)

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST EAST

WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES MEASURE?WHAT DIRECTION DO THESE LINES GO?

LINES OF LONGITUDE:- extend north to south-measure east and west of the PRIME MERIDIAN (00 longitude)-Not parallel

TO DESCRIBE A LOCATION…

• Find the LATITUDE of the location• Remember, “Lat lies flat”• Include whether it’s North or South of the Equator

• Find the LONGITUDE of the location• Include whether it’s East or West of the Prime

Meridian

• This is “giving the coordinates”

Week 2Answer the following three questions in

complete sentences in the form under UNIT 1 DAY 4.

1. Describe latitude.

2. Describe longitude.

3. What is the global grid?

Warm-up 8/31

1. In a complete sentence, why is it critical to put in the N, S, E, and W in the coordinates of a point on a map?

2. Brainstorm at least 4 environmental hazards (events or things that negatively impact the environment) that are created by humans (not nature).

Mapping

• Why is it important and helpful to use maps?

What are the coordinates of these locations?

1 2

3

4

5

TO LOCATE A POINT…

• The first number will be the latitude, check if it’s north or south of the equator

• The second will be the longitude, check if it’s east or west of the prime meridian

• FOLLOW THE LATITUDE LINE TO WHERE IT MEETS THE LONGITUDE LINE… and there it is!

PLOT 300N, 900E, label that #1

Plot 900S 300W, label that #2

Plot 600S, 00 longitude, label that #3

Scale

Every map will have a scale.

Scale – A certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance on Earth’s surface. It can be showed in two ways:

• Ratio – 1:2,400 indicates that 1 unit on the map is equal to 2,400 units on the ground.

• Bar Scale – allows you to use a ruler to measure the distance on the map and then line the ruler up to the bar to determine the distance represented.

Demonstration

• Globe

• Map #1

• Map #2

• Map #3

Brownie Ticket 8/31- complete on post-it note

1. How could two points 35 degrees north of the equator – one in North America, and the other in China – be distinguished using map coordinates?

a. By their elevation

b. By their map projection

c. By their longitude

d. By their latitude

2. On the global grid, the prime meridian is at:a. 90 degrees latitude

b. 0 degrees longitude

c. 90 degrees longitude

d. 0 degrees latitude

Maps – Tracking Hurricane Danielle1. Write both your name and your partner’s name

in the space on the wiki under UNIT 1 DAY 4.2. Plot and label the following points on your map:

1. 27°N, 60 ° W – 11:00 am Fri.2. 28 ° N, 62 ° W – 7:00 pm Fri.3. 29 °N, 62 ° W – 8:00 am Sat.4. 32 ° N, 60 ° W – 6:00 pm Sat.5. 35 ° N, 57 ° W – 8:00 am Sun.6. 38 ° N, 53 ° W – 9:00 pm Sun.

Answer these two questions in the form… 1. In which direction is the Hurricane headed?2. Which country is closest to the Hurricane?

Time Zones!!!• Earth is divided into 24 time zones• Why? Because it takes 24 hours to rotate

once on its axis.

• As you move west across the prime meridian, the time moves backward.

• As you move east across the prime meridian, the times move forward

• Each time zone represents a different hour• Each zone is 15 degrees longitude wide

There are 6 time zones in the U.S.What time is it in California if it is 4:00pm in NC?

Globes LabWith a partner, answer the following questions

using a globe.1. What is the scale on the globe?2. What does this represent?Identify the city or country using the following coordinates:1. 38° S, 145 ° E2. 6 ° N, 0 ° Longitude3. 42 °N, 13 ° E4. 41 ° N, 29 ° E5. 30 ° N, 90 ° W6. 17 ° N, 100 ° W7. 30 ° N, 37 ° W

Write the coordinates of the following cities:1.Lima, Peru2.Brisbane, Australia3.Tokyo, Japan4.Sri Lanka, India5.Antalaha, Madagascar6.Dublin, Ireland7.Henderson, North Carolina

Warm up 9/1

Maps and Mapping

1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface

No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance and direction.

Mercator Projections

• Map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude that shows true direction and correct shapes of land.

Conic Projection

• A map that is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.

Gnomonic Projection

• Map that is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point.

Topographic map

• Map that uses contour lines, symbols and color to show changes in elevation of Earth’s surface and features.

Topographic Maps

1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface

Topographic maps represent Earth’s surface in three dimensions; they show elevation, distance directions, and slope angles.• Contour lines are lines on a topographic map

that indicate an elevation.• Contour interval is the distance in elevation

between adjacent contour lines.

Many maps only deal with the two-dimensional location of an object without taking into account its elevation. Topographic maps on the other hand do deal with the third dimension by using contour lines to show elevation change on the surface of the earth, (or below the surface of the ocean).

Any contour lines that form a circle indicate a hill or mountain.

Topographic Maps

Topographic Maps

1. What is the contour interval of the map?2. What is the elevation of Sugar Loaf Mountain?3. What is the approximate difference in elevation between

point E and point D?4. What is the distance from point B to E? From point B to C?

Topographic Map LabAnswer the following questions using your map:.

1. What is the contour interval?

2. What is the scale ratio of the map? – a) what does that mean?

3. What is the elevation of Fain Mountain?

4. Which is a higher peak: Poor House Mountain or Panther Knob?

5. Which is steeper, Stalcup Top or Grape Creek?

6. What separates Lovers Leap and Texana?

7. If you were stranded without a car would you rather be stranded in the Will Scott Mountain area or the Mary King Mountain area? Describe WHY in at least 1 sentence.

8. What is the elevation of the three peaks of Mary King Mountain (near the “y” of Mary)? (use the contour lines and intervals to help you)

9. What is the elevation of Farmer Top?

Week 2Use your books to answer the following

questions starting on pg. 11. Add these answers to the WEEK 2 document.

1. Describe the Mercator projection map.

2. Describe the Robinson projection map.

3. Describe the conic projection map.

4. Describe the Gnomic projection map.

5. What are topographic maps?

6. What is a contour line? Contour interval?

7. What is a scale?

Brownie Slip 9/11. Which statement about lines of longitude is true?

a) If two locations are along the same line of longitude, the two locations may share a time zone.

b) If two locations are along the same line of latitude, the two locations must share a time zone.

c) Lines of longitude are parallel.

d) Lines of longitude locate positions in north and south directions.

2. On a topographic map, contour lines that form a circle indicate:

a) A stream

b) An ocean

c) A mountain or hill

d) Flat terrain

3. A topographic map is used to show what?

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