overview of cellular respiration copy the slides with the smiley face
TRANSCRIPT
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
Copy the Slides with the Smiley Face
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ATP Supplies Energy for Cellular Function
• What activities require ATP?
• Where does this energy come from?– Food and O2 are needed to make ATP.
• How does it work?
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Figure 9.1
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The big picture
• Photosynthesis light
6 CO2 + 12 H20 -------> C6H12O6 + 6 H20+6O2
• Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 H20+6O2 -----> 6 CO2 + 12 H20 +energy
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The big picture
• Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H20 ---> C6H12O6 + 6 H20+6O2
• Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 H20+6O2 -----> 6 CO2 + 12 H20
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Figure 9.2
Lightenergy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
Cellular respirationin mitochondria
CO2 H2O O2
Organicmolecules
ATP powersmost cellular workATP
Heatenergy
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Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
• The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic
• Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
• Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
• Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Energy Procurement
• Chemical bonds are broken in small steps that maximize the energy that is made available to the cell from food.
• Energetic Electrons are not haphazardly thrown throughout the cell...
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NADH and FADH2 ARE ELECTRON SHUTTLES
• NAD is reduced to NADH, FAD is reduced to FADH2
• These high energy e-s are carried to inner mitochondrial membrane to make ATP.
• Electron cascade-- e-s then pass down a complex of carriers on a membrane, releasing packets of energy in small increments.
• We talked about enzyme complexes (ch 8), this uses several. (see page 175, electron transport chain, ETC)
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Figure 9.5
(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
H2 1/2 O22 H 1/2 O2
1/2 O2
H2O H2O
2 H+ 2 e
2 e
2 H+
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electro
n tran
spo
rt
chain
(from food via NADH)
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Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain• In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic
molecules are broken down in a series of steps
• Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme
• As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
• Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9.4
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
NAD
(from food)
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
NADH
This is NAD+
Does this remindyou of anything?
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Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration
• During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized, and O2 is reduced
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Principle of Redox• Chemical reactions that transfer electrons
between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions
• In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
• In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2 ways to make ATP• Oxidative Phosphorylation-Proton gradient across
membrane stores potential energy. – This occurs alongside ETC– - Chemiosmosis-Protons pass thru ATP synthase to make
ATP
• Substrate level phosphorylation– Simpler, not membrane bound– Phosphate transferred from a substrate to ADP, forms ATP– GYCOLYSIS AND KREB’S
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Aerobic Respiration occurs in four stages1) Glycolysis-
1) Glucose to pyruvate, in cytoplasm
2) Pyruvate Oxidation1) Pyruvate ---> Acetyl CoA, in Mitochondrial
Intermembrane Space
3) Citric Acid Cycle (same as Kreb’s Cycle)1) Acetyl CoA---> CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 in
Mitochondrial Matrix
4) Electron Transport Chain1) NADH, FADH2 ----> High Levels of ATP and water
Inner mitochondrial membrane
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Figure 9.6-3
Electronscarried
via NADH
Electrons carriedvia NADH and
FADH2
Citricacidcycle
Pyruvateoxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidativephosphorylation:
electron transportand
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where processes take place:
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Figure 9.9-4
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
ATP ATPGlucose Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
Tostep 6
ADP ADP
Hexokinase Phosphogluco-isomerase
Phospho-fructokinase
Aldolase
Isomerase
12 3 4
5
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Figure 9.9-9
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 ATP 2 ATP2 NADH
2 NAD + 2 H
2 P i
2 ADP
1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate
3-Phospho-glycerate
2-Phospho-glycerate
Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
2 ADP2 2 2
2 H2O
Phospho-glycerokinase
Phospho-glyceromutase
Enolase Pyruvatekinase
67 8
910
Triosephosphate
dehydrogenase
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Figure 9.12-8
NADH1
Acetyl CoA
CitrateIsocitrate
-Ketoglutarate
SuccinylCoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Citricacidcycle
NAD
NADH
NADH
FADH2
ATP
+ H
+ H
+ H
NAD
NAD
H2O
H2O
ADP
GTP GDP
P i
FAD
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
CoA-SH
CO2
CoA-SH
CoA-SH
CO2
Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid Cycle(Kreb’s Cycle)
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Figure 9.14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Rotor
StatorH
Internalrod
Catalyticknob
ADP+P i ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
What are we looking at? _____________
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Figure 9.15
Proteincomplexof electroncarriers
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATPsynth-ase
I
II
III
IVQ
Cyt c
FADFADH2
NADH ADP P i
NAD
H
2 H + 1/2O2
H
HH
21
H
H2O
ATP
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Figure 9.19
CarbohydratesProteins
Fattyacids
Aminoacids
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
NH3 Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
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Figure 9.20
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose
GlycolysisAMP
Stimulates
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Pyruvate
Inhibits Inhibits
ATP Citrate
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Acetyl CoA
NEGATIVE FEEDBACKEXAMPLE
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Anaerobic Respiration
• ATP is made in glycolysis only
• NADH needs to be recycled
• Ethanol (Alcohol) fermentation– Acetaldehyde intermediate
– CO2, ATP and ethanol are products. How do products benefit humans?
• Lactic Acid fermentation– Only lactate and ATP produced. What is the benefit to
humans?
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Anaerobic Respiration
• See animation
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Remember: Protein Kinase
• A protein kinase or kinase is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein.
• HARVARD MITOCHONDRIA ANIMATION
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Effect of poisons and toxins
• Cyanide- competive inhibitor of cytochrome C oxidase. Blocks ATP production.
• Rotenone (rat poison and insecticide)- competive inhibitor of NADH producing enzyme, which inhibits ATP production
• Carbon monoxide (CO) – binds with Hb 300 X more efficiently than O2. No oxygen, no final electron acceptor
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What you will be tested onin Respiration
• These notes
• Major Products and Reactants of each stage
• Meaning what goes in, and what comes out. You need to know number of ATP derived from each stage.
• Fill in the blank items on handouts.