overview of biomass utilization options and processing challenges john r. shelly university of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges
John R. ShellyUniversity of California Cooperative Extension
www.ucfpl.ucop.edu
Woody Biomass Utilization Forum
Redway, California
September 24, 2003
Partial Support – USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry
![Page 2: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Challenges for Manufacturing Biomass-Based Products
• Insure a Long-Term Supply of Biomass Raw Material
• Overcome Material Property Limitations (biomass is a low quality raw material)
• Reduce the High Handling and Production Costs
• Improve Processing Knowledge • Develop New Markets• Encourage Research Funding and Investment
Capital
![Page 3: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel
Chips• Pulp Chips• Solid Wood Products• Composite Panels• Fiber/Plastic Composites• Organic Chemicals
![Page 4: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments– Mulch – minimal equipment needs– Compost – require large volume, permits,
turning equipment– Decorative/landscape soil covers
Markets are very competitive, current demand being met, pathogen concerns
![Page 5: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments
• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel Chips– Firewood – market effected by residential
burning regulations– Hog Fuel (furnace, boilers)
• Limited market
– Densified fuels (pellets, fire logs)• Improve fuel density, MC uniformity, and ease of
handling
![Page 6: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tub Grinder
![Page 7: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Low value logs sorted for firewood or landscape materials
mulch processed with tub grinder
![Page 8: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Combustion of Woody Biomass to produce electricity
California has biomass power plants that consume large quantities of
woody biomass
![Page 9: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1999 CA Electricity Production
Coal13.17%
Oil0.02%
Natural Gas30.71%
Geothermal4.80%
Solar & Wind 1.55%
Imports17.94%
Nuclear14.66%
Hydro15.09%
Biomass & Waste2.05%
Total Production: 275,793 GWhBiomass & Waste: 5,663 GWh
Source: California 1999 Gross System Electricity Production, California Energy Commission
![Page 10: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
20 MW Biomass Powerplant
![Page 11: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Typical CA Biomass Powerplant
• 20 MW plant produces about 130 GW/yr• New plant construction cost = $65 million +• Processes 140 - 200 thousand tons/yr
(1BDT/MW/hour)• Biomass transported up to 50 miles• Delivered Biomass valued at $15 - 25 per ton• Average production cost = $0.05/kWh• Market value for power = $0.025/kWh -- ???
![Page 12: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
30 + MW 20 - 30 MW 10 - 20 MW 0 - 10 MW
Sawmill Cogen
Other Biomass Power Plants
California Biomass Energy Facilities
A 10 MW (megawatt) generator can supply electricity to about 10,000 homes.
Use about 9 to 10 million tons of green biomass per year (4-5 BDT/yr)
• 75% forest base
• 15% Urban woody
• 15% Ag residue
![Page 13: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Type Total MWMillion BDT/y
Cogen
Urban & Ag 8 213 1.52 1
Urban, Ag, Forest, Sawmill
10 189.5 1.46 5
Forest & Sawmill
16 242 1.98 11
Total 34 645 5 17
Last one Built in 1997 Source: Biomass Energy Facilities, California Air Resources Board, April 25, 2001.
CA Biomass-Based Power Plants
![Page 14: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Costs for Chipping Operation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HaulChipSkidFell&Bunch
$ per bone dry ton
DBH (inch) Source: Hartsough, 2002
![Page 15: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Environmental ImpactAir Emissions Hogged Fuel Boiler
lb/Million Btu
Natural Gas Boiler
lb/Million Btu
CO 2.267 0.058
CO2 fossil 0 114.6
CO2 non fossil 350.0 0
NOx 0.250 0.301
SOx 0.013 0.073
Non methane VOC 0 0.009
Methane 0 0.003
Particulates 0.028 0.009
Slide provided by Wilson, Oregon State Univ.
![Page 16: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Life Cycle Assessment of Wood Processing
CO2Air Emissions
NOX, SOX, CO2, …
Products
Recycle
CO2, Methane,… Disposal/Landfill
CarbonStorage
SUN
Log
Slide modified from original provided by Wilson, Oregon State Univ.
![Page 17: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Densified Fuels
• Pros– Higher fuel density than biomass chips– Consistent size/shape good for automated feed
• Cons– Saturated market at present– Difficult to use green biomass in processors
![Page 18: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Densified Fuel
![Page 19: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gasification
Converts biomass to a gaseous fuel that can be burned cleaner than direct combustion of the biomass
![Page 20: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Gasification Process
Biomass Pyrolysis Producer gas Micro-turbines
or Combustion
Char Conversion
Combustion
Char & Ash
Char & Ash
Heat
Heat Ash & Exhaust Gases
Producer gas
SO2 ~ 0.15 lbs per million BTU NOx ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTU CO ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTU Particulates ~ 0.025 lbs per mill ion BTU
(In excess of 600 oC)
*producer gas - a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water.
![Page 21: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Community Power Gasifier: 12.5 KW
![Page 22: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chiptec Gasifier and Combustion/Boiler Unit
![Page 23: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
– Deregulation policies– Relative price of natural gas and electricity– Implementation air quality regulations
• CO2
• Particulate size
– Carbon Sequestration -- does biomass CO2 have a zero emission impact?
– Societal value on biomass disposal/use
The Future of Biomass Power Plants Depends on …
![Page 25: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel Chips
• Pulp Chips– Volatile markets – off shore or out of state– Limits to chips from small diameter (juvenile
wood)– Old pulp mills closing, new pulp plants in
Western US unlikely
![Page 26: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel Chips• Pulp Chips
• Solid Wood Products– Landscape posts, poles, fencing – Structural roundwood– Lumber and derivative wood products
![Page 27: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Round Wood Products
• Pros– No saw kerf waste– Mechanical strength advantage– Dimensional stability is high
• Cons– Limited markets
![Page 28: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pole Pole PeelerPeeler
![Page 29: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Small-Log, Pole Construction
Slide provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab
![Page 30: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Small-log Roof System
Slide provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab
![Page 31: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Connections are Difficult
Slide provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab
![Page 32: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lumber Products
• Pros– Commodity markets well established– Processing equipment readily available
• Cons– Small wood processors can’t compete with
commodity producers (high processing costs)– Dimensional stability low
![Page 33: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Small Sawmills for Small logs?
![Page 34: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Small Log Processor
Slide provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab
![Page 35: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Slide provided by USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab
Dimension Lumber ? – Warp is a problem
![Page 36: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Treatments
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 5 6 3 4 7 8
Tw
ist
(mm
)
Restraint No restraint
![Page 37: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Costs for Sawlog Operation
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
11 13 15 17 19
HaulLoadProcessSkidFell&Bunch
$ / MBF
DBH (inch) Source: Hartsough, 2002
![Page 38: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel
Chips• Pulp Chips• Solid Wood Products• Composite Panels – OSB, MDF
– Unlikely, few plants in CA, raw material quality requirements are high.
![Page 39: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Oriented Strandboard Sheathing
![Page 40: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel Chips• Pulp Chips• Solid Wood Products• Composite Panels• Fiber/Plastic Composites
– few plants in CA, raw material quality requirements are high.
![Page 41: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Plastic Composite Lumber
![Page 42: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Potential Products for Biomass
• Soil Additives/Amendments• Firewood/Fuelwood, Combustion Fuel Chips• Pulp Chips• Solid Wood Products• Composite Panels• Fiber/Plastic Composites• Organic Chemicals
![Page 43: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Organic Chemicals from BiomassMany Valuable Chemicals can be Made from Wood
• Ethanol -- Hydrolysis/Fermentation
• Charcoal, phenolic oils, methanol -- Pyrolysis
• Bio-Gases (low BTU, high CO) -- Gasification
• Levulinic and Lactic acid (“building blocks”) –– Hydrolysis/Conversion
• Pharmaceuticals -- Extraction
• Fragrances -- Extraction
![Page 44: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Biomass-to-Ethanol Technology
50%CelluloseG-G-G-G-G
25% Lignin (youngclean coal)
25%Hemicellulose S-S-S-S-S
Lignin
Distillation
EE EE E
Biomass
Lignin
SGSGSGSG
Lignin
EEEEEEEE
Hydrolysis
Yeast/other organisms
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)S = Other sugarsE = Ethanol
Gasoline
Low-gradesteam Power Plant Electricity
FermentationConcentrated acid
Dilute acid
Enzyme/acid
or
or
Modified from source slide supplied by USDOE NREL
![Page 45: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The MTBE/Ethanol Issue
• MTBE was Oxygenate of Choice in CA
• MTBE leakage from storage tanks has contaminated ground water
• Governor mandated the removal of MTBE in the states gasoline by January 2004.
• EPA recently denied CA request to reformulate gasoline without oxygenates
![Page 46: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mill
ion
Gal
lons
per
Y
ear
Projected Need CurrentProduction in
California
Biomass BasedUnder
Consideration
Ethanol Production in California
600
8 40
![Page 47: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Proposed CA Ethanol PlantsGridley Project• Dilute sulfuric
acid/Enzymatic• Rice straw + other
biomass• 20 million gal/yr• 300,000 BDT per year
(1/3 rice straw)• Online—2004?
Collins Pine Project• Dilute sulfuric Acid • Forest thinnings and
mill residue• 20 million gal/year• 250,000 BDT per year• Online—2005??
Estimated Cost Per Plant = $ 60+ Million
![Page 48: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Marketing
• Focus on Local and/or Niche Markets
• Need Survey of Local Wood Users– Raw Material Requirements– Directory of Primary and Secondary
Manufacturers
• Emphasize the “Public Good” Angle
![Page 49: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Biomass Uses that make the most sense to me
• Large-scale powerplants– Perhaps small-scale (<1MW) in certain situations but need to look
carefully at long-term economics
• Roundwood products (poles and posts)
• Composite (non-panel) products– Wood/plastic, wood/cement, etc.
• Ethanol ?
• Local Market Opportunities
![Page 50: Overview of Biomass Utilization Options and Processing Challenges John R. Shelly University of California Cooperative Extension Woody](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649ed25503460f94be1bc3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Summary• Many woody biomass utilization challenges
– Raw material quality, economics, markets
• Slim Profit Margins – little room for mistakes• Small-Scale can’t compete in commodity markets• CA needs diversity in powerplants• CA needs gasoline oxygenates & alternative fuels• Focus on niche and environmental markets• Political and market issues are strong “drivers”• Important to understand the true cost of “doing
nothing”