overview - cdn.cseindia.orgcdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/overview-coastal.pdf · shipbreaking...
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OverviewOverview
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11 240 km Coastline11,240 km Coastline
Supporting 400 million peoplepeople
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LivelihoodsFisheries
• Approx. 5 million tonnes of fish production annually; 3.3 million tonnes in India
• About 6 lakh people in Sri Lanka employed directly or indirectly in fisheries;directly or indirectly in fisheries;
• 70% of the coastal population in Bangladesh70% of the coastal population in Bangladesh are artisan fishers and small farmers
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LivelihoodsTourism• Coastal tourism approx $15 billion industryCoastal tourism approx. $15 billion industry.• 58% of the workforce dependent on the tourism
in Maldives• About one million tourists visited Maldives in
2013; targets a tourist footfall of 1.6 million by 20172017
• About half a million people employed by tourism sector in Sri Lankasector in Sri Lanka.
• In 2012, more than one million tourists visited Sri Lanka. Targeted tourist footfall by 2016 is 2.5 g ymillion
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Coastal ThreatsCoastal Threats
• Population growth and urbanisation
• Industrial/developmental activity• Industrial/developmental activity
• TourismTourism
• Habitat destruction
• Climate change and natural hazards
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PopulationPopulationPopulation along coasts increasing across the world; increasing in South Asia as well but in aworld; increasing in South Asia as well, but in a different trend
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Urbanisation and sewage pollution
• Every day over 5 billion litres of untreated sewage• Every day over 5 billion litres of untreated sewage enters South Asian waters
• Of 4,067 million litres of domestic sewage generated per day along coastal districts in India80% enters the sea untreated
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Industries along Coastsg
• 28 thermal power plants with 20 000 MW• 28 thermal power plants with 20,000 MW capacity already installed along the Indian coast
• 59 more in the pipeline with a capacity of about 100,000 MW
• 50% of the proposed power plants along coasts f T il N d d A dh P d hof Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
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Ports along the Indian Coastg
Since 1992 102 portsSince 1992, 102 ports and related projects have been granted environmental clearance
Another 76 are in thepipeline
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Shipbreakingp g
• About 68% of global ship breaking activities are concentrated in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan
Bangladesh alone accounts for 34% of all• Bangladesh alone accounts for 34% of all shipbreaking in South Asia
• Claims suggest close to 200,000 people dependent on shipbreaking directly or otherwiseg y
• Pollution and labour concerns
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Pollution Burden of
Hazardous Accumulation Remain at Sold/ Reused Formal Unknown/infor
ShipbreakingHazardous Material
Accumulation amount (tons)
Remain at yard/beach
(tons)
Sold/ Reused (tons)
Formal waste
disposal (tons)
Unknown/informal waste
disposal (tons)
Asbestos 79,000 37,525 0 3,950 37,525
PCBs 240,000 24,000 216,000 0 0
ODS 210,000 42,000 2,100 0 165,900
Paints 69,200 3,460 62,280 0 3,460
Heavy Metals 678 169.5 508.5 0 0
World Bank 2010 estimates for Bangladesh
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Habitat DestructionHabitat Destruction• Supports 6.8% of global mangroves and 6% of
coral habitat
16% of the mangrove cover in South Asia has• 16% of the mangrove cover in South Asia has been lost/degraded in the last 25 years; 11% mangroves destroyed in Bangladesh for shrimpmangroves destroyed in Bangladesh for shrimp farming
• One third to half of the coral reefs of South Asia are now effectively dead, 30% more are threatened;B 2100 b t 90 t f th l f ldBy 2100, about 90 percent of the coral reefs could disappear
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Climate change and CoastsClimate change and Coasts
• During 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level roseDuring 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose0.19 m; mean rate of global averaged sea level rise was 3.2 mm/year
• High population density in low lying areas
• Vulnerability to cyclones and flooding
• Erosion and salinity increase
f• Limited options for relocating populations
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How are we trying to manage C ?Coasts?
• Different countries following different methodsDifferent countries following different methods of defining, demarcating and regulating their coastal zones
• India and Sri Lanka has a distance-based d fi iti f t l B l d h f lldefinition of coastal zone; Bangladesh follows a multi-criteria vulnerability based definition
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How are we trying to manage C ?Coasts?
India has a prohibitive list for coastalIndia has a prohibitive list for coastal development; Sri Lanka follows a case-by-case prohibitive approach; Bangladesh and Pakistanp pp ghas no specific regulation for coastal projects –EA based regulatory regime in all
India has provision to make State Coastal Zone Management Plans; in Bangladesh DistrictManagement Plans; in Bangladesh District Development Plans; in Sri Lanka Special Area Management Plans – very few have been madeg y
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What are the Challenges?What are the Challenges?
R l ti d i t l d l t?• Regulating and managing coastal development? (definition, demarcation, mapping, EA, SIA etc.)
• How do we ensure that the livelihoods dependenton the coasts are enhanced and not compromised?p
• How do we integrate and manage climate h i t l d l t?change in coastal development?
• What and how can South Asia learn from each• What and how can South Asia learn from each other?