overview best management machinaw river watershed kirkham

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Overview of 15 years of best management practice research in the Mackinaw River watershed, Illinois K. G. Kirkham 1 , A. M. Lemke 1 , A. R. Maybanks 1 , W. L. Perry 2 , J. R. Kraft 3 , M. P. Wallace 4 , D. A. Kovacic 4 , K. L. Bohnhoff 5 , A. T. Noto 6 , R. M. Twait 7 1 The Nature Conservancy, Peoria, Illinois. 2 Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois. 3 McLean County Soil and Water District, Normal, Illinois. 4 University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois. 5 Macon County Natural Resources Conservation Service, Decatur, Illinois. 6 Conservation Strategies Consulting, LLC. 7 City of Bloomington, Water Department, Bloomington, Illinois

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Page 1: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

Overview of 15 years of best management practice research in the Mackinaw River watershed, Illinois

K. G. Kirkham1, A. M. Lemke1, A. R. Maybanks1, W. L. Perry 2, J. R. Kraft3, M. P. Wallace4, D. A. Kovacic4, K. L. Bohnhoff5, A. T. Noto6, R. M. Twait7

1The Nature Conservancy, Peoria, Illinois. 2Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois. 3McLean County Soil and Water District, Normal, Illinois. 4University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois. 5Macon County Natural Resources Conservation Service, Decatur, 

Illinois. 6Conservation Strategies Consulting, LLC. 7City of Bloomington, Water Department, Bloomington, Illinois

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Authors

Jackie Kraft, McLean County SWCDKent Bohnhoff, McLean County  NRCS

Dr. Maria Lemke, The Nature Conservancy

Ashley Maybanks, The Nature Conservancy

Rick Twait, City of Bloomington

Dr. Bill Perry, Illinois State UniversityDr. David Kovacic, University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign

Mike Wallace, University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign

Terry Noto, Conservation Strategies Consulting, LLC

Page 3: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

28 million acres of land in Illinois are agricultural (80% of total land area)

Generates $9 billion annually (~40% corn, 35% soybeans, 25% livestock)

Altered hydrology Eutrophication

>12 million acres in Illinois

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2025 Goals:1) Reduce nitrate nitrogen levels 15% 2) Reduce total phosphorus levels by 25%

Target Goal:• 45% reduction in nitrate‐nitrogen 

and total phosphorus  (in accordance with the 2008 Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan)

Illinois:• Contributes 20% of  N, 11% of P 

loadings, but only 7% of the total water flow to the Gulf of Mexico

Page 5: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

Mackinaw River Program Goals

(1) Improve hydrology and water quality of the Mackinaw River watershed for mussels, fishes, and people who depend on it for habitat, water supply, and recreation

(2) Reduce nutrient export from the Mackinaw River to downstream river systems

(3) Develop a model for hydrologic and water quality improvements that is economically viable, compatible with agricultural production, and scalable across the Upper Mississippi River Basin.  

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Land UseCornSoybeanForestedGrasslandDeveloped

Mackinaw River Watershed

730,000 acresc

Illinois River

Mississippi River

Franklin Research & Demonstration Farm

Paired WatershedProject

Bloomington DrinkingWatersheds Project

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XX

Mackinaw River

Bray Creek: Treatment (10,000 acres)

Frog Alley: Reference(10,000 acres)

Paired Watershed Project (13 years)

X

YSIYSI

YSI

Question: How well do conservation practices work to improve water quality, hydrology, and biodiversity at the watershed scale?

ISCO Water Samplers (Storm events, stage height)

Biweekly grab samples: NH4+, NO3

-, SRP, TP, TSS

Met Stations: Air temperature, rain, soil moisture

Water temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, DO

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Conservation tillage

Grassed waterways

Stream buffers

Intensive outreach to famers and landowners for best management practices

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Paired Watershed Project Results: 1999‐2006

• Outreach works• No nutrient/suspendedsediment reduction

• No impact on hydrology or biota

Need to better retain runoff, especially from tile drainage

WETLANDS

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Quantify watershed‐scale effectiveness of constructed wetlands at restoring altered hydrology and reducing nutrient and sediment transport (10,000 acre‐scale)

X

X

D

Mackinaw River

Bray Creek: Treatment

Frog Alley: Reference

Paired Watershed Project‐‐‐Phase II (2007‐present)

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XX

Mackinaw River

Treatment (10,000 acres)

Reference(10,000 acres)

YSIYSINew wetlandsCurrent wetlandsLong term monitoring

Inlet

Outlet

0

5

10

15

20

25

Nitrate‐nitrogen

 (mg/L)

2010                    2011              2012               2013

InletOutlet

29%

24%

38%

36%

Year

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Inlet

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3Tile

3% 3% 3%

6%

9%

Monitornutrients& flow

Monitornutrients& flow

Monitornutrients& flow

Monitornutrients& flow

How well does a wetland perform?

What size of wetland is most effective at reducing nutrients in tile runoff?

3%  6%  9%

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20

40

60

80

100Re

duction in nutrie

nt load

 (%)

Percent of tile‐drained area (%)

East

Gully

West

8‐year Monitoring Results:Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N)

3                                   6                                9

Franklin Research and Demonstration Farm

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USGS gaging stations

Lake EvergreenLake Bloomington

Research and Demonstration Farm

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Paired Watershed

Drinking Watershed Project

Mackinaw River Project SitesIllinois River

Mississippi River

Six Mile Creek Watershed• 25,730 acres• Evergreen Lake

Money Creek Watershed• 43,100 acres• Lake Bloomington

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0

10

20

30NO3‐N (m

g/L)

Finished Water Nitrate Levels

83  84  85  86  87  88   89  90  91   92  93  94  95  96  97  98Year Nitrate‐N sources: 1993‐ 2002

0 5 10 15 20

Tile water: Row Crop Agriculture

Tile water: Organic Agriculture

Surface water runoff: Agriculture

Artesian well

Rain water

Tile water: pasture

Creek water

Nitrate‐N (mg/L)Smiciklas et al., 2008

EPA Drinking Water Standard

Money Creek

Lake Bloomington

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Long‐term goals:• To reduce nitrate loading to Lake Bloomington, the source of water for 80,000 people and Bloomington and Normal, IL.

• To construct tile‐drainage treatment wetlands and nutrient management practices at scale throughout the Lake Bloomington watershed.  

• A proof of concept study that proposes a more sustainable approach to agricultural runoff than solely an engineering solution. 

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X 3

Monitoring equipmentAdaptive managementConstructed wetlands

ConstructedWetlands

Bundled Practices

TreatmentReference

How many wetland acres are needed? (i.e., how much tile is in the watershed?)

What kind of watershed reductions can be expected?

How many wetland acres are possible?

How well does a wetland perform?

Mapping Monitoring Outreach

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Flow netsusing high resolution LiDAR data

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Money Creek Watershed

USDA‐NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant : 2012‐2015

Page 20: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

Wetlands reducing N and P levels  ~50%

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Lessons Learned/Challenges Ahead

(1) Partnerships are critical: Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil and Water Conservation District, universities, non‐profit conservation organizations• Challenge:  Declining funding to support local partners (i.e., SWCD)

(2) Communication: Consistent, transparent

(3) Monitoring is important, but expensive: Federal and state grants, private funding (e.g., match)• Challenge: Keeping pace with agricultural impacts (i.e., tiling)

(4) Leverage Farm Bill dollars for implementation• Challenges: (a) Inconsistency of available programs, (b) Sign‐up 

process is complicated and time‐consuming

(5) Engage agricultural landowners and producers: Planning, Implementation, Outreach and Communication• Challenges:  How to (a) engage more agricultural landowners and 

producers, (b) provide appropriate incentives and financial support

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(1) Alternative funding options: Development of sustainable funding (Water Fund, Environmental Utility)

(2) Engagement with agricultural community: (a) Development of Agricultural Advisory Group (i.e., grass roots support and outreach), (b) Continue partnerships with agricultural agencies (IL Corn, IL Soy, Farm Bureau) to help promote large‐scale adoption of effective practices and community awareness of IL Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy

On the Horizon

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http://mcleancountyswcd.com/

Application to Illinois and beyond

● Over 6 million acres of agricultural landsdrain into surface drinking water sources

● These drinking waters sourcesserve 1.6 million people in Illinois

• Applicability to agricultural watersheds    throughout the Midwest

Corn‐Soybean‐GrainSurface Water SourcesLakes and Rivers

Page 24: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

If you build it……

Page 25: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

Mother Nature will flood it

A farmer will mow over it

Algae will clog it

Page 26: Overview best management machinaw river watershed   kirkham

Build it higher and stronger

Flag it!!

Get creative

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Collaborators, Partners and Funding Sources:Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS)Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD)University of Illinois at Champaign‐Urbana (UIUC)Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)/Walton Family FoundationCity of Bloomington,  IllinoisWorld Wildlife FoundationPrivate landowners and producersIllinois State University (ISU)MonsantoDuPont ‐PioneerLumpkin Family FoundationIllinois State Water Survey (ISWS)AGREM LLC Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR)Southern Illinois University (SIU)Ducks Unlimited (DU)Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS)Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS)Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA)United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)Kellogg Foundation; Mackinaw River Partnership

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Thank you!