Overview & Applications Power Meters

Ben Kemink

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Agenda

Watt is power? Why do we measure power? Overview of power meters Applications and markets

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Watt is Power?

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Watt is power?

Apparent power (a calculated value)

Apparent power is the total electrical energy available from the connection point, to do work.

Ps = Papparent = P available

Formula:

Ps = Urms x Irms [VA]

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Watt is power?Average power, Pavg (a calculated value)

Also called “True power”, “Active Power”, “Effective Power” or

“Converted Electrical Power”

The Average Power is the calculated average of the instantaneous transmitted electrical energy.

This is the part we have to pay for and the accumulated value over time can be read out from the Kilowatt hour meter (Kwh-meter).

Formula:

Pavg = Urms x Irms x Cos φ [W]

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Watt is power?

Cos φ (a calculated value)

Cos φ, is an indication for the efficiency of energy conversion from

electrical energy into any other kind of energy (Heat, Motion, etc.)

Φ, is the phase difference between voltage and current.

The smaller the phase angle (φ = ideal 0), the better Cos φ = 1, the

higher the power conversion efficiency.

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Watt is power?

Reactive power (a calculated value)

Reactive power is that part of the energy made available at the destination, not used (converted) by the end users application.

This energy is continuously transported back and forward through the

power cables.

Due to the resistance of these transportation cables some of this reactive power is lost (converted into heat). This is at the cost of the generator power station.

Formula :

Pq = Urms x Irms x sin φ [var]

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Watt is power?

Apparent Power

Reactive Power

Average Power

Available

Not Used

Used

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Watt is power?

The “Power Triangle”

Ps = Pq + Pavg

Apparent power S = Ps = U x I [VA] Reactive power

Q = Pq = U x I x sin φ [var]

Active power P = Pavg = U x I x cos φ [W]

φ

These are all calculated average values!

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Why do we measure power?

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Why do we measure power?

Electrical Power Plants are designed and built to generate electrical power. After completion this needs to be verified for an acceptance test.

If energy is traded between an Electrical Power Plant and Industrial Company, the amount of energy needs to be measured correctly at both ends. A power standard and reference is required.

Power supplies of daily used instruments are designedand built as small as possible and as light-weight as possible. Still they need to work correctly even under the most severe circumstances. This needs to beverified.

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Why do we measure power?

In the past mechanical power was driven by horses, wind, steam and explosion engines. Today the majority of mechanical power is generated by an electric motor.

Every household has a so called kWh-meter or energy meter to measure the used electrical power over time. Every kWh has to be paid for, so you better measure it correctly!

Steam engine

The electrical specifications of this motor must be measured, in order to

verify if its electrical power is sufficient to do the required mechanical job.

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Why do we measure power?

Under pressure of environmental control legislation, manufacturers of electrical equipment are forced to minimize power consumption. If two washing machines perform an evenly good job in washing, the one using less energy is favorite. It will rank higher in the list of preferred products made by the Consumer Test Associations.

Power transformers delivered to Power Stations are locally verified before installation.

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Energy Saving : Electric Power

Power : Power equipment(motor, pump, fan, machine tool) Electromagnet (solenoid)

Heat : Heating (heater,furnace)

Light : IlluminationOthers: General purpose

electrical machinery,

Electric and electronic

equipment, etc.Effective power

+Power loss

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Overview of Power Meters

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History models

Most important power meters in the past were:

1990-1996 2531 digital power meter 1990-1997 2533 digital display power meter

1995-2000 WT110 / WT130 digital power meters 2000-2002 WT200 digital power meter (successor of

WT110) 1996-2001 WT1000 digital power meter (successor of 2533) 1997-2002 WT2000 digital power meter (successor of 2531)

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CW100 & CW200 hand-held power meter series

CW100 & CW200 series

Light weight, small sized battery powered electric energy and power meter for field applications

Wiring check High speed field data logging. Up to 1 per second Efficiency measuring two 3-phase loads at the same time

Bandwidth: 45 – 65 Hz

Sample Speed: 8.3 kS/s

ADC: 16 bits

Power accuracy: 0.6 %

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WT210 / WT230 digital power meters

WT210 (1-phase) & WT230 (2-3 phase) series

One compact instrument to measure voltage, current, phase angle, power factor, harmonics etc.

The most used power meter in production facilities Extremely good price/performance ratio Down to a 5mA range (WT210) to measure standby/sleep mode power

with 25µA resolution. Go-NoGo test output for quality control

Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-100 kHzSample speed: 51 kS/sADC: 16 bitsPower accuracy: 0.1%

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WT1600S digital power meterWT1600S

The WT1600S offers electrical pump and motor tester a free selection of input elements and a wide choice of measurement ranges for a higher accuracy.

Highest accuracy for electrical energy measurements by offering a continue sample speed of 200kS/s.

Mechanical torque and rotation speed input for efficiency measurements.

Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-300 kHzSample speed: 200 kS/sADC: 16 bitsPower accuracy: 0.1 %

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WT1600 digital power meter

WT1600

With 6 elements the WT1600 allows efficiency measurements of 3-phase-4 wire input/output systems.

Standard Master-Slave function allows synchronize operation of four WT1600 power meters or 24 power elements.

Wide input frequency range DC, 0.5-1MHz. Trend display Up to the 100th higher harmonic

Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-1 MHzSample speed: 200 kS/sADC: 16 bitsPower accuracy: 0.1 %

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WT3000 digital power analyzer

WT3000

Worlds most stable and most accurate power analyzer. The WT3000 supports the 50/60 Hz (10/12 cycles) of inter-harmonic

measurement required by IEC61000-4-7 edition 2. Is able to measure on IEC compliant harmonic measurements and Voltage Fluctuation & Flicker measurements.

4 input modules. 8.4 inch LCD screen. USB & Ethernet interface.

Bandwidth: 0.1 Hz-1 MHzSample speed: 200 kS/sADC: 16 bitsPower accuracy: 0.02 %

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PZ4000 power analyzerPZ4000

By combining a high precision power measurement and long memoryoscilloscope technologies, Yokogawa created the instrument suitable for measuring and analyzing the power in varying loads andin the faster transients, like robotics and soft starters.

DSO type of triggering and cursor measurements. Harmonic analysis up to the 500th order. 4 input elements (modular). Torque and speed inputs.

Bandwidth: 2 MHzSample speed: 5 MS/sADC: 12 bitsPower accuracy: 0.1 %

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Markets

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Markets

Lighting Pumps Inverters Transformers Hybrid Fuel Cell Wind energy Solar UPS Power supplies

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Markets

Lighting

Characterize the lamp (R&D): Excellent PZ4000 application

Production: WT3000 / WT1600(S)

Energy measurements (consumption): WT210 / WT230

Customers:

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Markets

Pumps

Characterize the pump (start-up behavior): PZ4000 application

Testing: WT3000 / WT1600 / WT230

Customers:

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Markets

Inverters

Research &Developments: PZ4000

Testing : WT3000/WT1600

Production : WT230

Customers:

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Markets

Transformers

Excellent WT3000 application!

Customers:

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Markets

Hybrid Cars

Perfect WT1600 application!

Customers: Most car manufactures!

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Markets

Fuel cell

A WT1600FC application

Customers:

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Markets

Wind energy

Research & Development : WT3000 PZ4000

Testing : WT1600

Customers:

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Markets

Solar

Research & Development : PZ4000

Testing : WT1600 / WT230

Customers:

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Markets

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

Research & Development : PZ4000

Testing & production : WT1600

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