overview
DESCRIPTION
PIA 2574 Resource Guide and Syllabus AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR: Conflict, Governance and Development. Overview. The Bottom Line. Reading: The Bottom Line. 1. Read One Required Text: Alex Thompson, Introduction to African Politics 2. Choose and Read one other policy Text - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PIA 2574 Resource Guide and Syllabus
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR:
Conflict, Governance and Development
Overview
![Page 2: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Bottom Line
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Reading: The Bottom Line
1. Read One Required Text: Alex Thompson, Introduction to African Politics
2. Choose and Read one other policy Text
3. Choose and read one historical policy analysis (Starred *)
4. Read Four Discussion Books
5. Read Weekly discussion and case study assignments (To Be shared within Groups
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The Bottom Line: Requirements
1. Short Bio- Picture, background, and books chosen to read;
2. Weekly participation in discussion;
3. Regional Presentation and Paper
4. Take Home Exam
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Questions?
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Formation of Groups
Francophone
Lusophone
Horn of Africa
North Africa
Anglophone Africa
Southern Africa
![Page 7: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• In early 1983, observers began to pick up rumors that a tragedy of mass proportion was about to occur in the horn of Africa. One projection was that up to thirteen million people in the horn of Africa could starve to death. Six months latter, drought and civil war led to mass starvation in which millions of people in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan and Somalia died. A new era began in post-colonial Africa that continues until today. Instead of social and economic development, journalists and academics focused on, war, collapsed states, humanitarian assistance, donor fatigue and structural adjustment.
• That focus continues today.
African Development: Overview-
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![Page 9: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Question is Why?
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The Image
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Introduction: Theories and Themes
• Regional Failures
• Geography
• Natural Resources
• History
• Institutional Collapse
• Donor Fatigue and Dependence
![Page 12: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DISCUSSION POINT:The Failure of Regional
Integration
IS REGIONALISM THE ALTERNATIVE TO GLOBALISM
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Fifty Four Countries?
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European Languages
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Regions and Integration: An alternative future-Interlocking Regions-
Combines Languages and Culture/History
Culture and Politics: Role of Language
1. North Africa- Arabic (Plus French and English)
2. Horn- Somali, Amharic, Tigrinya (Italian Legacy, inc. Libya)
3. Francophone and ECOWAS (The Problem of Anglophone West)
![Page 16: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
East African Regional Scenarios from Society for International
Development (SID)
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Regions and Integration:
4. SADC and Southern Africa: 15 countries. Alternative Free Trade Association of Eastern and Southern Africa. Lusophone vs. Anglophone (Special role: South Africa and Settlers)
5. The Great Lakes: Eastern and Central Africa as a style of governance: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, the Horn (Swahili)
Central Africa: Anarchy Zone? Former Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi
![Page 18: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A Military Scenario sans Economics
![Page 19: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Geography
1. Tropical Soils
2. Desertification
3. Deforestation
4. Water Loss
5. Land Use
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The African Continent
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Africa:Climatic Regions
1. Tropical Rain Forest
2. Tropical Savanna and Summer Rain
3. Low Latitude Dry Climates
4. Undifferentiated Highlands
5. Mediterranean
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Most of Africa is not rainforest
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Regional Features1. Rift Valley and Lake Systems
2. Deserts: Sahara and Kalahari/Namib
3. River Systems:
Nile
Niger
Congo
Zambezi
Volta
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Big Rivers
![Page 25: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Patterns of Rain• Monsoon
• Alternating Wet and Dry
• Deserts- Sahara, Namib, Kalahari
• Shifting Agriculture
• Slash and Burn
• No Humus/regeneration of soil
• Leaching: Nutrients and Minerals
![Page 26: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
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PROBLEM: Desertification
Overgrazing
The destruction of forests Loss of Top Soil
Patterns of Cyclical Drought
Major Declines in Food Production
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Deforestation
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ISSUE: THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
• Hunters and Gatherers (none or few)
• Subsistence Farming- roots, grain, Bananas
• Cattle and Small Stock
• Commercialization of of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture
• Land Use and Property Rights Issues
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Natural Resource Curse: Elite Extraction and Corruption
1. Oil- Extraction and Short Term Benefits
2. Diamonds- Conflict and Blood Diamonds
3. Gold- Basis of Settler Wealth
4. Forests
5. Wildlife
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Okavango Delta
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HISTORY: Fragmentation, Dependence and Conflict
• HISTORY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
• THE NATURE OF THE PAST
• THE IMPACT OF COLONIALISM AND NATIONALISM
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African History
![Page 34: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
DISCUSSION POINTS: History
• Did Things Fall Apart?
• Did Europe Under-develop Africa?
• Should the Settlers Go Home?
• Was Colonialism in Africa Different?
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History and Political Development
The Nature of The Past• Oral tradition vs. Written Language
• Role of oral history
• Isolation from North Africa/Europe
• African Historical Migration
• Nature of Political Organization- "state vs. Stateless" systems
• Impact of Slavery
![Page 37: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pre-Colonial History
1. Oral tradition vs. Written Language
2. Role of oral history
3. Isolation from North Africa/Europe
4. African Migration
5. Nature of Political Organization- "state vs. Stateless" systems
6. Lack of Political Organization?
![Page 38: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pre-Colonial Polities- Principles
• State vs. Stateless Systems
• Not a dichotomy but a Continuum
• Age Grade
• Kinship
• Lineage
• Hierarchy/Bureaucratic (Weberian)
![Page 39: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Age Grade Systems: circa seven years apart (A Generic Example)
• Children
• Youths
• Circumcised Young Men
• Warriors
• Governors
• Elders
• Governing Age Grade
![Page 40: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
African Political Systems
• Extended Family and Clan Systems: Hunter-Gatherers in Southern Africa and Somalia
• Age Grade Systems- Ibo in Nigeria, Luo in East Africa and Kikuyu in Kenya
• Kingdoms (State Systems)- Ethiopia, Yoruba, Buganda, Zululand and Swaziland
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Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and Sobuza II of Swaziland
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Pre-Colonial History: The Issue of Iron
Iron Age Sites
Meroe: 550 BC
Egypt: 600 BC
Carthage: 840 BC
Nok Culture (Nigeria): 200 B.C.
Axum and Ethiopia: 25 AD
Zimbabwe: 200 AD
Tzaneen (South Africa): 500 AD
![Page 43: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Iron Age Kingdoms
![Page 44: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
African Migration-Theories
• Movement From Northeast to South West
• The Bantu Heartland idea
• Indigenous Occupants: Pygmy, San, Khoisian
• Issue of Arrival in West and South Africa -1600 and 1653
• Myth of Arrival: 1653
• The importance of Carbon Dating
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Jan van Riebeeck and Banu Arrival
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Western Africa Pre-Colonial Systems: Images and Myths?
• Ghana- 300-1100 AD:
Trans-Saharan Trade (Gold For Salt) Feudal Structures Slave Trade to Middle East
• Mali- 1200-1400 (Timbuktu)
Islamic Invasion Hierarchical Part of Middle East and Islamic Cultural Patterns
![Page 48: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
West African Kingdoms
![Page 49: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Western Africa: Historical Kingdoms
• Songrai/Songhay- 1400-1700
Money: Gold and Cowries Laws and Hierarchical Administration Islamic Education Shift to Coastal Trade and Slavery 1600
![Page 50: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Western Africa
Hausa, Mossi, Borno
Islamic Empires: Invasion, Establishment and Puritanism
Futa Jalon and Usman dan Fodio, 1804
Identity of Arab, Berber and African
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Eastern and Southern Africa
• Khoisian 200 BC-1600• Bunyoro from 1300• Buganda from 1500-1800• Mwonomotopa1500-1800• Luba/Lunda 1500-1800• Zulu Empire and Dissolusion 1700-1850
• Portugal 1600-1975• Afrikaners 1652-1994
![Page 52: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Nigerian Kingdoms
![Page 53: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Institution of Slavery
• Roman, Middle Eastern and African Slavery
• African Kingdoms, trade and slavery
• Chattel Slavery and the Overseas Trade
![Page 54: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Slavery: Teacher vs. Chattel
![Page 55: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Issue of religion
• Indigenous
• Christianity
• Syncretistic
• Islam
![Page 56: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Syncretistic Religion
• Zion Christian Church
![Page 57: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Influence of Islam
• Middle Eastern and Asian influences:
Indians and Syrians
• Land based trade- Still little understood
• Puritanism and Revival in the nineteenth century
• Competition with Christianity
![Page 58: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Aga Khan Visits Kenya (with President Mwai Kibaki)
![Page 59: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Africa in the Nineteenth CenturyMajor Events
1. The Moslem Invasions of the Western Sudan and the East African Coast- 1800-1840
2. The Replacement of the Slave Trade with trade in cash crops (palm oil, cocoa, peanuts, and cocoa and minerals (gold, diamonds, coal, copper, etc.)- 1820-1900
3. The Replacement of informal Spheres of Influence with formal partition of the continent and the establishment of Imperial Rule, 1870-1890
4. Foretelling of Islamic Fundamentalism in 20th Century?
![Page 60: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Kingdom of Fouta Djallon , 1776-1896, Islamic Empire
Cheikh Oumar Foutou Tall,1796-1864
![Page 61: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Institutional Collapse: Theories of State Failure and the rise of Sub-national Violent Political
Groups
1. Ethnic Identity, Culture/religious Clash and Violent conflict
2. Authoritarianism: One Party Systems and Military Regimes
3. Over-expansion of state’s economic management function
4. Violation of social contract with middle class
5. Elite Predation- corruption and diversion of public resources
6. Aid dependence and externalization of public sector management
7. Debate over Islamic Fundamentalist Groups
![Page 62: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Discussion: January 13Discussion:
• Thompson, Chapter 2• Young, Colonial State, Chapters 1-3• Van den Berge, Race and Ethnicity in Africa, pp. 79-104• Diop, "Birth of the ‘Negro Myth’," Markovitz, African Politics and Society, pp. 19-25• Oliver and Fage, Chapters 6-9• Hargreaves, Chapters 1-4
Cases:
• Ousmane, "Black Girl," in Larson, African Short Stories• Richard Rive, "No Room in Solitaire," in Richard Rive Quartet• Sentongo, "Mulyankota," From Larson, African Short Stories, pp. 147-170.
Discussion Books
• Achebe, Things Fall Apart • Andre Brink, A Chain of Voices• Ngugi, Weep Not Child
![Page 64: Overview](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5681492e550346895db66a02/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Discussion
“Do Things Fall Apart in Africa After 1870?” Why or Why Not?
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NEXT WEEK
“Bula Matari came to represent [the] alien authority…”
Crawford Young