outside reading books need to be completed by 10/22… 20 days
TRANSCRIPT
Outside reading books need to be
completed by 10/22… 20 days.
Spain under Philip II
Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)
• ruled 1556-1598
• Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.
Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)Philip II of Spain (1527-1598)
• Defender of Catholicism against the spread of Protestantism
• Fought to retain control of the Netherlands
• War with England
• Fought against the Muslims in the Mediterranean & spread of Islam
• Involved Spain in the French civil war against Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots
• Spain became bankrupt under his reign
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
The Spanish Habsburgs & Europe (1556)
Philip II controlled Spanish Habsburg lands at the end of the 16c.
Philip II’s European and Colonial possessions.
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II• One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas• With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems.
• King Philip II devout Catholic
• Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation
• Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism
Religion and Revolt
• Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith
• Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories
Catholicism in Territories
• Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces
• 1560s, bloody revolt began
Revolt in the Low Countries
Spain under Philip II
Reasons for Dutch Revolt
Political: Dutch princes had become semi-autonomous. Charles V had previously ignored the Netherlands.
Religious: Calvinism was becoming dominant religion in the Netherlands.
Reasons for Dutch Revolt
Economic: The Netherlands was the trading and banking center of Europe. Merchants were very wealthy and influential. Spanish control limited their profits.
The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579
The United Provinces still
recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581,
they declared their
independence.
Netherlands refused to declare allegiance to Philip II
To punish them, Philip sent an army under command of the Duke of Alba
Dutch Independence 1581
Alba set up a court to reestablish Spanish controlKnown locally as Court of BloodTortured, executed thousands
suspected of being rebelsCruelties made situation worse;
rebellion broke out anew
Dutch Independence 1581
English Aid to the Netherlands• The Dutch revolt deepened another
rivalry, between Spain & England
• As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels
• England felt that a Dutch defeat would open the door for a Spanish invasion of their country
• Queen Elizabeth’s aid to the Dutch infuriated Philip
Revolt dragged on for decades
In 1609 a truce was reachedSeven northern provinces formed
independent nation, the NetherlandsSouthern provinces remained in Spanish
hands
Belgium today
Luxembourg today
Netherlands today
English Attacks on Spanish Ships
• England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, and steal gold & silver for England.
• This was the period of government sponsored privateering.
Invasion Planned• King Philip II wanted to stop England
from raiding ships and return England to Catholic Church
• He decided to invade England
Spanish Armada• Philip ordered his navy to assemble a
great fleet, the Spanish Armada• Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000
sailors & soldiers• 1588- Spanish fleet sailed into
English Channel• Queen Elizabeth I rallied her navy
and prepared for attack
Naval Battles•Spanish packed ships with soldiers
for land invasion
•They also planned to be joined by Spanish forces from the Netherlands
•The Spanish faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet
Defeat of the Armada• A Large storm had also crippled the
Armada
• English aimed eight fire ships at remaining Spanish
• Spanish ships fled in panic & disarray
• As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked
Defeat of the Armada• The defeat of the Armada was not the
end for Spain, which recovered from the loss.
• But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.
Spain’s Internal Problems•Spain’s real problems were with
the government•Philip’s power was centralized;
he trusted no one, limiting the influence of the nobility
Spain’s Internal Problems•Court riddled by factions &
suspicion•Government action practically
came to a standstill
Colonies cause Spanish problems•Philip spent wealth from the
Americas on constant warfare•He borrowed money often; went
bankrupt four times.•Prices were driven up by inflation
Colonies causes Spanish problems
•Spain did not develop their own industries- they had used their wealth to import from other nations.
Colonies causes Spanish problems
•Relying on a traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.