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DE LA SALLE HEALTH SCIENCES INSTITUTECOLLEGE OF MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE

CM2 SY 2011-2012

REVISED OUTPUT 4: SAMPLING METHOD

SUBMITTED ON:

AUGUST 31, 2011

SUBMITTED TO:

DR. JOVILIA M. ABONG

SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP 1A

ARCAIRA, JOSHUA A.

ABAD, RAINA

ANCHETA, JONATHAN B.

BASUL, CHARINE

CARAVEO, JULIEN NICOLE

CRUZ, SPICA

ESPINOZA, FAITH KRISTINE

GARCIA, RAY WILSON

KALALO, GERARD MICHAEL


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OUTPUT 4: SAMPLING METHOD (REVISED)

I. Group 1A, Dr. Jovilia M. Abong

II. Research Question: Among second year high school students with allergic rhinitis of selected schools

in Dasmarias, Cavite, will exposure to air-conditioned school rooms affect the severity of their

allergic rhinitis?

General Objective: To determine if the exposure to the air-conditioning system affects the severity

of allergic rhinitis in second year high school students of selected schools in Dasmarias, Cavite.

Specific Objectives:

1. To identify the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among second year high school students of

selected schools in of Dasmarias, Cavite based on their exposure to air-conditioned rooms.

2. To identify the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among second year high school students of

selected schools in Dasmarias, Cavite based on their exposure to non-air-conditioned

classrooms.3. To determine the severity of allergic rhinitis according to ARIA classifications.

4. To identify the risk factors of allergic rhinitis present in the classroom or school, such as the

presence of pollen, molds, and cockroaches.

5. Compare the severity of allergic rhinitis in students who are exposed to air-conditioned

classrooms and those who are not exposed to air-conditioned classrooms.

III. Research Design: Cross-Sectional Study

IV. Definition of:

1. Study Population: Second year high school students with allergic rhinitis2. Sample Population: Second year high school students of selected high schools in Dasmarias,

Cavite with allergic rhinitis.

3. Sampling Frame: List of Schools in Dasmarias, Cavite4. Sampling Unit: Two selected schools (1 school with air conditioned classrooms and 1 without)5. Elementary Unit: Second year high school student with allergic rhinitis

V. Selection of:

1. SubjectsThis study will be conducted using Multi-Stage SamplingDesign to select the subjects. In doing

so, the list of schools in Dasmarias, Cavite will be obtained from Municipal Hall of Dasmarias

City. Then, the schools will be divided into two strata, one having air-conditioned classrooms and

the latter without an air-conditioning system. One school will be chosen to represent each group

via a fishbowl method. Then, a letter will be sent to the chosen schools asking permission for

their involvement in the study. After the school has granted permission, we will then ask for a list


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of the sections of second year level and again, by fishbowl method, select particular sections from

which we will screen students.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Multi-Stage Sampling Design to be employed in the study.

2. Cases and ControlsThe cases for the study, defined as those who have exposure to air-conditioned classrooms, will

be chosen by screening each subject using a questionnaire that follows the International Study of

Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) guidelines. The control group, who will have no

exposure to air-conditioning system in the classroom, will also be chosen by screening each

student with the same questionnaire. Based on the results, only those with allergic rhinitis will be

chosen as the subjects for the study. The selected students are those who experience sneezing or a

runny or blocked nose when they do not have a cold or flu. Those who have experienced hay

fever before will also be selected for the studys control group. Those who do not present withsymptoms or have never experienced hay fever will be removed from the study. Figure 2

illustrates the screening procedure and is seen as follows:

List of Schools in Dasmarinas, Cavite

1 Representative School

Selected Randomly

School with Air-

conditioned classrooms

School without Air-

conditioned

classrooms

1 Representative School

Selected Randomly

Class list of Second

Year Sections

Random Selection of

Sections to Participate

in the Study

Class list of Second

Year Sections

Random Selection of

Sections to Participate

in the Study


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Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the selection of cases and controls to be included in the study.


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APPENDIX A

ISAAC QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SCREENING STUDENTS

Study Instruments for 13/14 year olds

Instructions for Completing Questionnaire and Demographic Questions (Section 7.1)

On this sheet are questions about your name, school, and birth dates. Please write your answers to these

questions in the space provided.

All other questions require you to tick your answer in a box. If you make a mistake, put a cross in the box

and tick the correct answer. Tick only one option unless otherwise instructed.

___________________________________________________________________________________

SCHOOL:

TODAYS DATE:

Day Month Year

YOUR NAME:

YOUR AGE: years

YOUR DATE OF BIRTH:

Day Month Year

(Tick all your answers for the rest of the questionnaire)

Are you: MALE FEMALE


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Core Questionnaire for Allergic Rhinitis (Section 7.3)

All questions are about problems which occur when you DO NOT have a cold or the flu.

1 Have you ever had a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or

blocked nose when you DID NOT have a cold or the flu?

Yes

No

IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED NO PLEASE SKIP TO QUESTION 4.

2 In the past 12 months, have you had a problem with sneezing,

or a runny, or blocked nose when you DID NOT have a cold

or the flu?

Yes

No

IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED NO PLEASE SKIP TO QUESTION 4.

3 In the past 12 months, has this nose problem been

accompanied by itchy-watery eyes?

Yes

No

4 Have you ever had hay fever? Yes

No

Interpretation:

If the student answers yes to question number 1, it will indicate the presence of allergic rhinitis. If the

patient answers no to question number 1 but answers yes to question number 4, then the patient has

allergic rhinitis that does not manifest. Questions 2 and 3 are important only to characterize further the

frequency and severity of the allergic rhinitis.


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APPENDIX B

CHECKLIST FOR CLASSROOM CONDITIONS

Checklist for the presence of MOLDS (http://www.moldunit.com/mold-detection.html)

Yes No 1. Presence of water leaks from ceiling, walls and pipes or stagnant water.

Yes No 2. Wet cellulose materials such as paper, cardboard, ceiling tiles and wood products.

Yes No 3. Appearance of a cottony, velvety, granular or leathery like dirt (in any shade of color).Yes No 4. Inspect walls, under carpeting, under cabinets and air ducts for hidden molds.

Checklist for the presence of COCKROACHES(http://www.ehow.com/how_7744440_tell-

roaches.html) (http://www.roebourne.wa.gov.au/Assets/environment/hs-

0025%20cockroach%20management.pdf)

Yes No 1. Presence of dripping faucets and bathrooms.

Yes No 2. Presence of eggs of roaches, dead roaches, insect parts or feces (black gritty substance,

pepper-like) under the cabinets or behind walls and appliances, and sight of cockroaches

themselves.

Yes No 4. Evidence of holes from chewing such as paper and cardboards.

5. Describe hygiene of area.

Checklist for the presence of HOUSE DUST

Yes No 1. Presence of curtains, pillows, carpets, and describe each.

Yes No 2. Presence of dust above the tables, chairs, window sills, fans, etc. (even the floor is

checked)

Checklist for the presence of CHALK DUST

Yes No 1. Presence of chalk (for writing on the board) and specify if it is dustless or not.

Yes No 2. Presence of chalk dust in corners of the board, on the floor, on the board eraser.

3. Describe the method of cleaning the chalk board eraser and black board.

Interpretation:

Presence of Molds:

If the classroom is positive for questions 1, 2, and 4, it may indicate possible growth of molds. If question

3 is positive, regardless if the other questions are negative, will confirm the presence of molds.

Presence of Cockroaches:If the classroom is positive for question number 2, it confirms the presence of cockroaches. Positive

results 1, 3, and 4 may suggest the presence of cockroaches.

Presence of House Dust:If either one of the questions is positive, it will indicate the presence of dust.

Presence of Chalk Dust:If the chalk produces dust, and there is presence of chalk dust in the corners of the board, on the floor, and

on the board eraser, and there is absence of a container to collect the chalk dust for cleaning purposes orjust by means of clapping the board erasers together.


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APPENDIX C

ARIA QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What symptoms do you have?(Answer Yes for any of the symptoms listed below that apply. Answer No for all that do not.)

Watery runny nose Yes No

Sneezing (especially violent and in bouts) Yes No

Nasal obstruction (feeling of being unable to breathe through your nose) Yes No

Itchy nose Yes No

Watery, red, itchy eyes Yes No

2. How long do your symptoms last?(Answer Yes or No for each time frame below.)

More than four days a week Yes No

More than four weeks in a row Yes No

3. How do your symptoms affect you?(Answer Yes for any of the symptoms listed below that apply. Answer No for all that do not.)

My symptoms disturb my sleep. Yes No

My symptoms restrict my daily activities (sports, leisure, etc.) Yes No

My symptoms restrict my participation in school or work. Yes No

My symptoms are troublesome to me. Yes No

4. How much do your symptoms bother you?

(On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being Not at all and 10 as Very much, indicate how much your symptoms bother you Tick onlyone.)

0 4 8

1 5 9

2 6 10

3 7


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Interpretation:

Presence of symptoms of allergic rhinitis gives an insight and may be indicative of having allergic

rhinitis. Symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction or blockage, nasal itching, sneezing, and

postnasal drip that are reversible spontaneously or under treatment. Under the ARIA classification, AR

may be classified according to frequencyintermittent or persistentand severitymild or moderate to

severe. Descriptions of each classification are as follows:

Classification of allergic rhinitis

Frequencyo Intermittentsymptoms are present less than 4 days a week or for less than 4 weeks.o Persistentsymptoms are present at least 4 days a week and for at least 4 weeks.

Severityo Mildnone of the following is present.o Moderate-severeat least one of the following is present:

Sleep disturbance Impairment of daily activities, leisure and/or sport Impairment of school or work Troublesome symptoms

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