outline loading –concentrations littoral-open water interactions cyanobacteria and nutrients, n:p...
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Outline
• Loading –concentrations• littoral-open water interactions• cyanobacteria and nutrients , N:P• nitrogen-macrophytes• temperature cyanobacteria• diffuse loading problem
• focus on Lake Taihu…
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Plake= Pin/(1+tw), tw = y-1
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After 10 years
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Chen et al, 2003
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P-lake/P-in*100
Hydraulic retention time (years
P-lake=P-in/(1+retention time**0.5)
Lake Taihu retetention estimated:39% - ”measured”35% (Qin, 2007)
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Zhu et al, 2006
Bioavailable P
Bioavailable P typically >500-2000 in DK lakes
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Lake Arresø
Area 40 km2
% of country area 0.09
Mean depth 3.1 m
Max depth 5.9m
Tw 3.5 y
Lake Taihu
Area 2338 km2
% of country area0.02!!!
Mean depth 1.9 m
Max depth 4.5m
tw 0.8 y
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Hydraulic retention time:3.5 years
Simple dilutionThree retention times (10.5 years) reduced by 95%
Jeppesen et al ,2007
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Jeppesen et al ,2007
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Resuspenion does not prevent improvements-even in relatively large shallow lakes
Fraction of suspended solidsmade up by detritus and inorganic SS
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Seasonal phosphorus concentrations (relative to winter values) in 265 shallow Danish lakes with different P levels.
Seasonal changes in P concentration
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Seasonal P concentration and retention in 14 shallow Danish lakes with reduced P
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Phosphorus release mechanisms/factors
•Physical: temperature• Chemical• Biological
Thickness of oxidised surface layer in four lakes at 7, 14 and 21 oC
Cumulative P release from four lakes at 7, 14 and 21 oC.Based on Jensen et al. (1992)
• P release increases at rising temperatures due to increased mineralization and oxygen/nitrate consumption, thus diminishing the oxidised surface layer.
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Temporal variation in P
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Model
dPV/dt = (Q/V)*[Pin]-SED+REL waterdPS/dt = SED-REL-IMM sediment
SED = bS*PV/ZREL = bF*(tF^(TEMPV-20))*PSIMM = bI*PS
parameters from the Danish model: bS=0.0695, bF=0.000468, tF=0.0867, bI=0.0000923. - 16 lakes-many years
PV og PS [g/m^2], rates [g/m^2/d].
Time step 1 month
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TP (mg P l 1)
0.00.10.20.30.4
Time (days)
0 720 1440 2160 2880
TP (mg P l 1)
0.00.51.01.52.02.5
Time (days)
0 720 1440 2160 2880Borup
Examples of the seasonal P-model
Useful for Lake Taihu?Maybe if including the hydrodynamics
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Lake Engelsholm
Before fish removal: 1989-1993
After fish removal : 1994-1999
Søndergaard et al,2003
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P dynamics
Simple models useful?
Complex models taking hydrodynamicsinto account better?
Sediment –water interactions – how to do realistic experiments
Spatial and temporal variability
Role of N for P release, role of macrophytes (bays), role of fish
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What happens when N is passing through a lake
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log (NTOT) =
-0.80±0.08 +0.82±0.03 log (TNOTin) +0.13±0.03 log (Z) -0.20±0.02 log (TW) r2 = 0.75
log (NO) = -2.17±0.08 +0.95±0.03 log (NOin) +0.53±0.04 log (Z) -0.43±0.02 log(TW) r2 = 0.92
lake intercept inlet mean depth retention time
Lake Taihu: 1.9 m mean depth, 5month retention time
prediction 56% loss - ”measured” 49%
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N-lakerelated to:-Depth-TW-N-in-Temp
Loading
Retention
Retention (%)
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Transformations within the nitrogen cycle in shallow aquatic systems(Slide modified from version of Soonmo An)
PONNO3
-
NO2-
NH4+
DON
N2
N2O
PON
DON
NO3-
NO2-
NH4+
N2
N2ONO3-
Sinking
DENITRIFICATION
Fixation
Assimilation
Excretion
Sediment
Water column
DNRA
N-dynamics (chemical perspective)
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Mark in Actionat Lake TaihuChina
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McCarthy et al,2007
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McCarthy et al,2007
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N dynamicsSimple models useful?
Complex models taking hydrodynamicsinto account better?
Sediment –water interactions – how to do realistic experiments
Spatial and temporal variability
Role of macrophytes (bays), role of fish
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Lake water changes during 10 days at changing wind speed (from 0-2 to 5-7 m/s to 2-3 m/s) in Western Stadil Fjord, Denmark (450 ha, mean depth: 0.8 m).
•Physical: resuspension by wind/benthivorous fish
•Resuspension increases turbidity and sediment-water interactions, particularly in very shallow lakes.
•Submerged macrophytes and floating leaved plants may put a damper on the impact of resuspension. (Huang et al,2007)
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Pelagic- littoral zone interaction , Bay-main lake interactions
Huang et al, 2007 - resuspension 50% of open water in Trapa beds.
Wang ,2007 - Higher concentration of nitrate in the reedzone than 200 m away – indicating that trapped nutrients are released from in here and trabsported to theopen water.
Littoral-open water interactions (trap-release) an important research area . Redsistribution of sediment as well.
Local removal of sediment a relastic symptom treatment?
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Diatoms
Silicate
Cyanobacteria
green algae
Lake ArresøJeppesen et al ,2007
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Chen et al,2003
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Water clarity increases not leastafter zooplanktonbiomass and body size increases
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Shallow Danish lakes
N-fixing Cyanothennon-N fixing Cyanothen Green algae
with increasing TP
Jensen et al, 1994
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N fixers at intermediate TN:TPnot low TN:TP
Green algae and not N fixingcyanoes at the lowestinorganic N
Jensen et al, 1994
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Søndergaard et al, 2005
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Deep
Shallow
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Deep
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High N input-- Enhances or reduces importance of cyanobacteria?
or is P affinity the important factor ?
is N:P at all of importane in shallow lakes?
Should we focus on nutrient release /turnover insteadand on benthic pelagic coupling
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Changes in water temperature in Danish survey lakes 1989-2005
simpel lineær regression
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Model: log(cyanobacteria biomass) = log(TP), log (mean depth), log(wat. temp.)
Jeppesen et al, in prep.
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Model: log(cyanobacteria biomass) = log(TP), log (mean depth), log(wat. temp.)
Jeppesen et al, in prep.
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Climate warming will likely enhance the risk of cyanobacteria dominance and the duration of blooming during the year
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Gonzales Sagrario et al, FWB , 2005
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Biomass submerged plants
last day
one with plants
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Perihyton and phytoplankton growth stimulated by N thereby out-shading the submerged macrophytes
N threshold not a constant!!!various with fish density and probably climate
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Comparative studies
Uruguay (30°-35°S)
Denmark (55°-57°N)
Meerhoff et al, in press,submittedand on the road
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Littoral communities structure
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High N may lead to losses of macrophytes in temperate lakesat intermediate high TP
How about Lake Taihu plant communities?
Warmer winters than in DK , much warmer summers
Role of fish different or?.
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A challange with diffuse loading!!!
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Nett accumulation of phosphorus in Danish agriculture
(Dalgaard & Kyllingsbæk, 2003)
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TN and TP in Danish lakes
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Søndergaard et al, in press
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Søndergaard et al, in press
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Shallow
all seasons, but see spring May, June ,autumn
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TP TN
Slope for log chla = x log TP + y log TN
month
TP
TN
FLORIDA - DENMARK
month
X Y
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Weyhenmeier et al, in press